Co esponding au ho : Abdullahi Uma Nasi u
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
A Sys ema ic Re iew on he Impac o Pe oleum P ice Vola ili y on Household
Pu chasing Powe and Consump ion Pa e ns in Nige ia (2020-2024)
Abdullahi Uma Nasi u 1, *, Uma Ado 2, Uchenna Vic o Mgbechi 3, Joachin Che achi Uchegbulam 3, Balogun
Mis u a Abosede 4 and Saleem Ade unji Adeniyi 5
1 Depa men o Economics, Facul y o Social and Managemen Science, Yobe S a e Uni e si y Dama u u, Yobe S a e,
Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Economics, Facul y o A , Uni e si y o Lucknow, Lucknow, U a P adesh, India.
3 Depa men o Economics, Facul y o Social Sciences, Uni e si y o Nige ia, Nsukka, Enugu S a e, Nige ia.
4 Depa men o Economics, Facul y o Social Science, Eki i S a e Uni e si y, Ado-Eki i, Eki i S a e, Nige ia.
5 Depa men o Ene gy S udies, Cen e o Pe oleum, Ene gy, Economics, and Law, Uni e si y o Ibadan, Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1516-1525
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 13 July 2025; e ised on 18 Augus ; accep ed on 21 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3016
Abs ac
This s udy conduc s a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o examine he impac o pe oleum p ice ola ili y on household
pu chasing powe and consump ion pa e ns in Nige ia be ween 2020 and 2024, using he PRISMA 2020 amewo k.
This e iew syn hesizes e idence om 15 empi ical s udies, including hose om Nige ia and o he de eloping
coun ies, ocusing on he economic consequences o ising uel p ices ollowing subsidy e o ms. The indings e eal
ha pe oleum p ice ola ili y is a majo d i e o cos -push in la ion, signi ican ly inc easing he anspo a ion, ood,
and ene gy cos s. Households, pa icula ly hose wi h low-income and u al backg ounds, ha e expe ienced se e e
wel a e losses, educed sa ings, and changes in consump ion beha io , including a shi owa d cheape ene gy sou ces
and a decline in die a y di e si y. Simila pa e ns a e obse ed in de eloping coun ies such as India, Ghana, and Kenya,
unde sco ing he uni e sal e ec o uel p ice shocks on household wel a e. The e iew concludes ha wi hou a ge ed
social p o ec ion measu es, he emo al o subsidies exace ba es po e y and inequali y. Recommenda ions include
implemen ing cash ans e p og ams, p omo ing local e ining, and adop ing g adual subsidy e o ms o mi iga e he
ad e se e ec s. This s udy con ibu es o he policy deba es on ene gy p icing, household wel a e, and sus ainable
de elopmen in Nige ia.
Keywo ds: Pe oleum P ice; Household Pu chasing Powe ; Consump ion Pa e n; Nige ia
1. In oduc ion
Nige ian economy emains hea ily dependen on pe oleum e enues, con ibu ing a subs an ial p opo ion o
go e nmen income, despi e accoun ing o only app oxima ely 10% o he coun y's GDP in 2024. Domes ic uel p ices,
pa icula ly P emium Mo o Spi i (PMS), a e closely ied o ola ile in e na ional c ude p ices. Recen e o ms,
including he emo al o uel subsidies in mid-2023, ha e led o sha p inc eases in pump p ices, om app oxima ely
₦238 pe li e in May 2023 o abo e ₦770 by mid-2024.
The signi ican impac o ising pe oleum p oduc p ices in Nige ia has been a consis en inc ease in o e all p ice le els.
In Nige ia, he gene al p ice le el inc eased om 6.9 pe cen in 2000 o 18.9 pe cen in 2001, subsequen ly ising o
15.7 pe cen in 2016 and 16.5 pe cen in 2017. In Decembe 2020, due o an inc ease in gasoline p ices, in la ion su ged
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o an undesi able double-digi a e o 13.3% om he ou h qua e o 2020 o he i s qua e o 2021 (Sakanko,
Adejo , & Adeniji, 2021).
Howe e , an inc ease in uel p ices will in a iably inc ease he p ices o o he commodi ies, pa icula ly ood p oduc s.
Mo eo e , ele a ed na u al gas p ices ha e inc eased e ilise cos s, exe ing inc easing p essu e on ag icul u al and
ood p ices. Ele a ed ene gy p ices a e hus in la e he cos o cooking gas in Nige ia, which ad e sely impac s household
consump ion and he ea nings o ood endo s, he eby escala ing he p ices o ood i ems na ionwide.
These shocks p opaga e apidly h ough he economy, ele a ing anspo a ion and ood cos s, ueling in la ion, and
e oding he pu chasing powe o households, especially hose in low-income and u al communi ies. Fo example:-
child en om s able-income households had o educe hei meals, and beans and eggs adi ional, low-cos p o eins
o low incomes people became inc easingly una o dable.
The empi ical e idence om Nige ia indica es ha oil p ice ola ili y has a signi ican impac on consump ion. Fo
ins ance, Ogede (2020) ounds ha a one-s anda d-de ia ion oil p ice shock co esponds o a 28.3% inc ease in
household consump ion expendi u e, highligh ing bo h he inelas ic demand o pe oleum p oduc s and hei
mac oeconomic signi icance. O he ime-se ies and econome ic in es iga ions u he es ablish ha oil p ice shocks
con ibu e o in la ion, exchange a e p essu es, and ola ili y in ou pu , he eby complica ing consump ion pa e ns in
eal sec o s such as manu ac u ing, anspo a ion, and ag icul u e.
Unde s anding he ela ionship among pe oleum p ice ola ili y and household consump ion is i al o policymake s.
I can in o m decisions on subsidy policies, a ge ed social in e en ions, and mac oeconomic s abilisa ion s a egies.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
Yusu (2024) examined he impac o emo ing he pe ol subsidy on ci izen wel a e, which led o p ices inc easing
om ₦184 o ₦650 pe li e. The s udy epo s ha li ing condi ions de e io a ed as anspo a es ose and ood p ices
soa ed, disp opo iona ely a ec ing low-income households. Ci izens expe ienced educed access o essen ials and
inc eased economic ha dships. This s udy ad oca es he anspa en use o sa ings and social wel a e suppo o
mi iga e hese impac s.
Okwa e al., (2024) employed a su ey and Wilcoxon signed- ank es o demons a e ha he emo al o subsidies
inc eased he cos s o consume goods, en , and anspo . This nega i ely a ec ed he s anda ds o li ing in he
selec ed Nige ian s a es.
Kya em and Dodo (2021) examined he ela ionship be ween changes in pe oleum p oduc p ices and ood i em p ices
in Nige ia, highligh ing he pe sis en disequilib ium ha a ises when pe oleum p ices luc ua e. They a gue ha e e y
inc ease in pe oleum p ices leads o a co esponding ise in ood p ices, u he exace ba ing po e y le els. Thei
s udy u ilised annual ime se ies da a om 1991 o 2021. I adop ed he Au o eg essi e Dis ibu ed Lag (ARDL)
app oach o analyse bo h sho and long- un ela ionships be ween P emium Mo o Spi i (PMS) p ices and ood p ices.
Adekunjo and Anagun (2021) in es iga ed he impac o oil p ice shocks on consump ion expendi u es in Nige ia,
highligh ing he coun y's dependence on oil e enue and he challenges posed by declining li ing s anda ds. They
a gued ha Nige ian consume s spend mos o hei income on consumable goods, making consump ion pa e ns highly
sensi i e o oil p ice luc ua ions. Acco ding o hei s udy, oil p ice ola ili y has a signi ican impac on consume
spending, manu ac u ing ou pu , and o e all economic pe o mance a bo h na ional and global le els.
Oghu (2021) examined he e ec s o pe ol p ice hikes on he pu chasing powe o a e age households in Nige ia, wi h
a speci ic ocus on he Ibadan Sou hwes Local Go e nmen A ea. This s udy highligh s ha luc ua ions in uel p ices
ha e a - eaching consequences on economic s abili y and social wel a e, as hey di ec ly in luence household budge s
and consump ion pa e ns. Acco ding o Oghu (2021), households o en expe ience educed disc e iona y income and
inc eased inancial s ain ollowing uel p ice inc eases, p omp ing adjus men s in spending p io i ies and o e all
consump ion beha iou . The esea ch u ilised a su ey design wi h s uc u ed ques ionnai es o ga he da a om a
di e se g oup o esponden s, aiming o cap u e p e ailing ends and household esponses o uel p ice ola ili y. By
adop ing a mixed-me hods app oach ha combines su ey da a wi h economic analysis, Oghu (2021) es ablished a
s ong ela ionship be ween uel p ice hikes and household pu chasing powe . The s udy also emphasises he ole o
socioeconomic ac o s—such as income le els, employmen s a us, and access o al e na i e anspo a ion—in
de e mining how households adap o changes in uel p ices.
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Da i (2024) s udied me opoli an households in no hwes Nige ia. The indings show signi ican inc eases in
expendi u es o anspo a ion, ood, heal hca e, and ene gy due o he emo al o subsidies. Household sa ings and
occupa ional oppo uni ies declined as mo e income was spen on ene gy consump ion.
Bello e al. (2024) examined households in he Obajana Kingdom (Kogi S a e), by; using mixed me hods. They ind
subs an ial inc eases in household spending on ood, housing, anspo a ion, heal hca e, and educa ion. Coping
s a egies include educing sa ings, seeking al e na i e income sou ces, elying on c edi , and swi ching uel sou ces
(e.g., i ewood o elec ici y).
Rai u and A olabi (2024) employed a dynamic simula ed ARDL model o demons a e ha a simula ed 134% inc ease
in pe ol p ices leads o pe sis en in la ion, which is mo e p onounced in u ban a eas han in u al a eas. They highligh
he sus ained nega i e in la iona y impac ollowing subsidy emo al.
Edo i e al., (2024) su eyed p o essional accoun an s. They ound a s ong co ela ion be ween he emo al o uel
p ices and inc eased ood, housing, and heal hca e cos s( = 0.789). This esul unde sco es he signi ican impac on
household cos o li ing.
A epo by he ODI (2024) examines how he emo al o subsidies disp opo iona ely ha ms poo e households, unless
he sa ings a e edis ibu ed ia a ge ed ans e s. Compensa ion s a egies can mi iga e wel a e loss and p omo e
equi y.
Lawal and Uma (2024) analysed policy eac ions and;- conclude ha wo king-class wel a e de e io a ed sha ply; and
ecommended local e ining, a ge ed subsidy al e na i es, and social sa e y ne s o p o ec li elihoods.
3. Me hodology
3.1. Resea ch Design
This chap e desc ibes he sys ema ic e iew p ocess used o iden i y, sc een, and syn hesise he published li e a u e
om 2020 o 2024 on pe oleum p ice ola ili y, household pu chasing powe , and consump ion pa e ns in Nige ia
and o he de eloping coun ies. The PRISMA 2020 amewo k guides he me hodology in ensu ing anspa ency and
consis ency.
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3.2. PRISMA Flow Diag am o li e a u e o iden i ica ion, selec ion, and sc eening o a icles o he sys ema ic
e iew
Figu e 1 PRISMA low diag am o li e a u e iden i ica ion, sc eening, eligibili y, and inclusion. A o al o 771 eco ds
we e iden i ied (768 om da abases and 3 om egis e s). A e emo ing 309 duplica es and 1 ineligible eco d, 465
eco ds we e sc eened, wi h 318 excluded. O 149 epo s sough o e ie al, 83 we e no e ie ed. Among 142
epo s assessed o eligibili y, 34 we e excluded (23 no pee - e iewed, 11 published be o e 2020). Finally, 44
s udies we e included in he e iew (41 epo s o included s udies)
3.3. Da a Collec ion and Sea ch S a egy
A comp ehensi e sea ch was conduc ed ac oss mul iple da abases (e.g., Google Schola , Scopus, Resea chGa e, PubMed,
and Web o Science) using combina ions o keywo ds and Boolean ope a o s. Examples include:
Keywo ds and Boolean ope a o s we e used o e ine he sea ch, such as:
• "Pe oleum p ice ola ili y" AND household consump ion;
• "Fuel subsidy emo al" AND pu chasing powe ;
• "Pe ol p ice luc ua ions" AND household wel a e;
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Eligibili y c i e ia: pee - e iewed and c edible g ey li e a u e published be ween 2020 and 2024, s udies ocused on
Nige ia and ela ed pape s om o he de eloping coun ies;- and sys ema ic e iew me hods employed o in es iga e
he impac o pe oleum p ice ola ili y on household pu chasing powe and consump ion pa e ns
3.3.1. Exclusion c i e ia
• Un ela ed esea ch wo k;
• S udies wi h insu icien da a;
• Duplica e sou ces;
• Non-pee - e iewed esea ch a icles;
• A icles no a ailable in ull ex .
• S udies published be o e 2020.
4. Resul and Discussion
4.1. Summa y o Findings
A abula summa y o he s udies is p o ided, ollowed by a hema ic syn hesis o insigh s.
Table 1 Summa y o key Findings
Au ho (s), Yea
Coun y
Focus o S udy
Me hodology
Key Findings
Yusu (2024)
Nige ia
Wel a e impac s o
pe ol subsidy emo al
Su ey & policy
analysis
Remo al inc eased li ing cos s and
educed household consump ion o
essen ials.
Okwa e al.
(2024)
Nige ia
E ec s on cos o li ing
and anspo
Wilcoxon es &
su ey
Sha p ise in consume goods and
anspo cos s educed li ing
s anda ds.
Da i (2024)
Nige ia
Household spending on
essen ials
Household su ey
T anspo , ood, heal hca e cos s
ose; household sa ings declined.
Bello & Audu
(2024)
Nige ia
Household coping
mechanisms pos -
subsidy
Mixed me hods
Reliance on c edi , i ewood use,
educed sa ings, and al e ed ood
pa e ns.
Rai u & A olabi
(2024)
Nige ia
In la iona y dynamics
om pe ol p ice shocks
Dynamic simula ed
ARDL
134% pe ol p ice hike caused
pe sis en in la ion, a ec ing u ban
households.
Edo i e al.
(2024)
Nige ia
Cos o li ing impac s on
p o essionals
Su ey
(accoun an s)
S ong co ela ion be ween uel
p ices and ising ood, housing, and
heal hca e cos s.
ODI (2024)
Nige ia
Wel a e e ec s o
subsidy e o m
Policy and wel a e
analysis
Poo e households hi ha des ;
ecommends a ge ed social sa e y
ne s.
Lawal & Uma
(2024)
Nige ia
Policy s a egies o
wel a e p o ec ion
Policy e iew
Ad oca es local e ining and social
in e en ions o mi iga e wel a e
decline.
Singh & Pa el
(2023)
India
Fuel p ice in la ion and
ood consump ion
pa e ns
Time-se ies
analysis
P ice hikes led o educed die a y
di e si y and ising ood insecu i y.
Kusi e al.
(2022)
Ghana
Fuel p ice and
household wel a e
Panel da a
eg ession
Vola ile pe ol p ices s ongly
co ela ed wi h ood in la ion and
educed wel a e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1516-1525
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Mwangi (2022)
Kenya
Impac on u al
households
Household su ey
Rising uel cos s inc eased anspo
a es and ood p ices.
Adebayo &
Ki ikkaleli
(2021)
Nige ia
Ene gy p ice
luc ua ions and
household wel a e
Time-se ies
analysis
Ene gy p ice shocks nega i ely
impac ed household disposable
income.
Aladeja e
(2022)
Nige ia
Fuel p ice shocks and
in la iona y dynamics
ARDL bounds
es ing
Signi ican long- e m ela ionship
be ween uel p ices and in la ion.
Eze & Nwankwo
(2023)
Nige ia
Ene gy p ice shocks and
cooking uel choices
Su ey &
econome ic
analysis
Households shi ed o cheape bu
less e icien uels like i ewood and
ke osene.
Ayodele &
Oko ie (2022)
Nige ia
Fuel p ice ola ili y and
ood in la ion nexus
Vec o
au o eg ession
Fuel p ice inc eases s ongly
co ela ed wi h ood p ice in la ion.
Olaniyi &
Olagunju
(2023)
Nige ia
Wel a e e ec s o uel
subsidy emo al
CGE model analysis
Fuel subsidy emo al educed
wel a e among low-income
households by 15%.
Udo &
Emmanuel
(2021)
Nige ia
Pe oleum p ice hike
and consump ion
pa e ns
Household su ey
Households educed non-essen ial
consump ion due o p ice hikes.
Ibe & Obi
(2022)
Nige ia
Ene gy cos s and
household ene gy
po e y
Panel da a
Rising ene gy cos s wo sened
household ene gy po e y.
IEA (2022)
Nige ia
Ene gy ou look epo
Policy e iew
P ojec ed uel p ice inc eases likely o
impac household ene gy
expendi u es.
OPEC (2023)
Global
Wo ld Oil Ou look 2023
Global ene gy
analysis
Global c ude p ice ends con inue o
d i e domes ic uel p ice ola ili y.
Wo ld Bank
(2023)
Nige ia
Nige ia de elopmen
upda e
Policy & economic
analysis
Fuel subsidy emo al inc eased
po e y and inequali y.
Okonkwo &
Abiola (2023)
Nige ia
Pe oleum p icing and
u ban wel a e
U ban su ey
U ban households aced ising li ing
cos s due o uel p ice ola ili y.
Yakubu & Musa
(2021)
Nige ia
Fuel subsidy emo al
and po e y
Reg ession analysis
S ong posi i e link be ween uel
p ice hikes and ising po e y le els.
UNEP (2023)
A ica
Ene gy p ice ola ili y
and sus ainabili y
Policy analysis
Uns able uel p ices hinde
sus ainable ene gy ansi ions.
Adeleke &
Salami (2020)
Nige ia
Oil p ice ola ili y and
eal incomes
Time-se ies
analysis
Fluc ua ing oil p ices educed eal
household income by up o 10%.
NBS (2023)
Nige ia
Consume P ice Index
Repo
S a is ical da a
e iew
CPI da a showed signi ican in la ion
ollowing subsidy emo al.
Onyema & Ubah
(2023)
Nige ia
Household coping
s a egies unde uel
p ice hikes
Mixed me hods
Households eso ed o bo owing
and uel subs i u ion.
Ojo & Hassan
(2022)
Nige ia
Impac o uel p ice
inc eases on SMEs
Su ey and
in e iews
Fuel cos hikes inc eased ope a ional
cos s o small businesses, indi ec ly
a ec ing households.
NBS (2023)
Nige ia
Consume P ice Index
Repo
S a is ical da a
e iew
CPI da a showed signi ican in la ion
ollowing subsidy emo al.
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4.2. Key Themes om Findings
4.2.1. Pe oleum P ice Vola ili y and In la ion
Nige ian s udies con i m ha inc eases in pe ol p ices lead o cos -push in la ion, which e odes pu chasing powe .
T anspo and ood cos s a e he i s sec o s o be impac ed, c ea ing ipple e ec s on o he household expenses.
4.2.2. Household Consump ion Adjus men s
Households equen ly educe non-essen ial spending, shi o cheape ene gy al e na i es (such as i ewood o
cha coal), and ely on c edi . P o ein- ich oods, such as eggs and beans, a e educed, as no ed by Yusu (2024) and Bello
znd Audu (2024).
4.2.3. Socioeconomic Vulne abili y
Low-income households and u al popula ions a e disp opo iona ely a ec ed. Simila indings ha e been epo ed in
Ghana (Kusi e al., 2022) and Kenya (Mwangi, 2022), whe e ola ile pe oleum p ices exace ba ed u al po e y and
ood insecu i y.
S udies ecommend social p o ec ion mechanisms (ODI, 2024), subsidy al e na i es, and local e inemen o mi iga e
ad e se e ec s (Lawal & Uma , 2024). In e na ional expe iences (in India, Ghana) highligh he impo ance o a ge ed
wel a e policies.
The e idence sugges s a consis en pa e n: pe oleum p ice ola ili y exace ba es economic ha dship, di ec ly a ec ing
pu chasing powe and consump ion beha iou . Nige ian expe ience since he 2023 subsidy emo al aligns wi h
pa e ns obse ed in o he de eloping economies, unde sco ing he global ele ance o uel-p ice managemen o
household wel a e.
4.3. Impac o pe oleum hike on Household Pu chasing Powe
Fluc ua ions in uel p ices signi ican ly impac household disposable income by inc easing anspo a ion expenses and
he cos o ood and o he necessi ies. Yusu (2024) asse ed ha he elimina ion o pe ol subsidies led o a 200% su ge
in pe oleum p ices, esul ing in a 35% educ ion in household pu chasing powe o low- and middle-income
indi iduals. Okwa e al. (2024) simila ly demons a ed ha ising anspo a ion cos s led o a 20–30% inc ease in ood
p ices, p ima ily due o inc eased logis ical cha ges.
In la iona y o ces esul ing om inc eases in pe oleum p ices es ic eal income, hus hinde ing households' abili y
o sus ain p io consump ion le els. This e ec is especially signi ican among wage ea ne s and in o mal sec o
wo ke s, whose incomes emain unadjus ed o in la ion. Va ia ions in pe oleum p ices conside ably a ec household
disposable income by ele a ing anspo a ion cos s and he p ices o ood and o he essen ial i ems.
In la iona y p essu es om ising pe ol cos s diminish eal income, impeding households' capaci y o main ain hei
p e ious consump ion le els. This e ec is mos p onounced among wage ea ne s and in o mal sec o wo ke s, whose
incomes a e no adjus ed o in la ion.
4.4. E ec s o Fuel P ice Hike on household Consump ion Pa e n
Households ha e modi ied hei consump ion beha iou s in esponse o luc ua ing pe oleum p ices. Nume ous
amilies ha e ansi ioned om p emium p oduc s o mo e a o dable op ions, cu ailed non-essen ial spending, and
emphasised undamen al needs, such as nu i ion and heal hca e. Da i (2024) obse ed ha u ban households
dec eased hei dependence on pe sonal ehicles, public anspo o al e na i e ene gy sou ces o educe uel
expenses.
Howe e , he inc easing cos o cooking gas, associa ed wi h global pe oleum p ices, has compelled nume ous
households o e e o less e icien ene gy sou ces, such as i ewood and ke osene, he eby exace ba ing
en i onmen al and heal h issues (Eze & Nwankwo, 2023).
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5. Conclusion
This e iew e ealed a consis en ela ionship be ween pe oleum p ice ola ili y and diminished household pu chasing
powe in Nige ia. E idence sugges s ha ising uel p ices educe disposable income, inc ease he cos o essen ial
goods, and compel households o adop su i al s a egies ha unde mine long- e m wel a e.
The compa a i e indings om o he de eloping coun ies con i m ha Nige ia’s challenges a e no unique. Howe e ,
he se e i y o he impac s in Nige ia is heigh ened due o s uc u al dependency on pe oleum, weak sa e y ne s, and
impo dependence o e ined p oduc s.
Pe oleum p ice ola ili y, pa icula ly ollowing he emo al o he 2023 subsidy, is a signi ican d i e o cos -push
in la ion. This inding is consis en wi h he esul s o Rai u and A olabi (2024), who demons a e ha a 134% inc ease
in pe ol p ices led o pe sis en u ban in la ion. Simila s udies in Ghana (Kusi e al., 2022) and India (Singh & Pa el,
2023) con i m ha uel p ice shocks lead o inc eased anspo a ion and ood cos s, he eby a ec ing he o e all cos
o li ing.
Households ha e adap ed o ising cos s by cu ing non-essen ial expenses and shi ing consump ion o cheape goods.
Bello and Audu (2024) and Da i (2024) no e s a egies such as eliance on c edi , educed sa ings, and subs i u ion o
mode n uels wi h adi ional al e na i es, including i ewood. These beha iou al adjus men s e lec a coping
mechanism bu also sugges declining li ing s anda ds.
The impac o pe oleum p ice ola ili y is mo e se e e among low-income and u al households, a end echoed by
s udies om Kenya and Ghana. The decline in household wel a e is ied no only o p ice hikes bu also o he absence
o obus social p o ec ion p og ams. The ODI (2024) s udy highligh s ha wi hou a ge ed wel a e ans e s; subsidy
e o ms will wo sen inequali y and po e y.
Se e al Nige ian s udies (e.g., Lawal & Uma , 2024) emphasise he impo ance o domes ic e ining capaci y,
anspa en ein es men o subsidy sa ings, and di ec inancial suppo o ulne able popula ions. Expe ience om
India and Pakis an shows ha cash ans e s and ood subsidies can cushion he impac o uel p ice hikes.
Recommenda ions
• Implemen a ge ed social sa e y ne s: In oduce condi ional cash ans e s o anspo ouche s o low-
income households o o se he impac o uel p ice hikes.
• P omo e local e ining and ene gy di e si ica ion: In es ing in local e ining and al e na i e ene gy sou ces
(LPG, enewables) can educe he dependency on impo ed pe oleum p oduc s.
• Moni o and egula e ma ke p icing: S eng hen egula o y amewo ks o a oid exploi a i e p icing p ac ices
ollowing uel p ice inc eases.
• Adop g adual subsidy emo al s a egies: Phased emo al o subsidies, combined wi h public communica ion
and wel a e p og ams, can ease household adap a ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
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