Co esponding au ho : Oluseyi Feyise an Fape u
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Assessmen o solid was e collec ion in Aku e me opolis (A Like Scale App oach)
Vic o Oluwadamilola Fape u 1, Oluseyi Feyise an Fape u 2, * and Olaleke Ola e u-Olagbegi 1
1 Depa men o Public Adminis a ion, Ru us Giwa Poly echnic, Owo, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Ru us Giwa Poly echnic, Owo, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1556-1563
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 13 July 2025; e ised on 20 Augus 2025; accep ed on 22 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3011
Abs ac
Solid was e managemen emains a majo u ban challenge in de eloping coun ies, including Nige ia. Despi e he
impo ance o solid was e managemen , he e is a dea h o esea ch on he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices
in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e. This s udy aims o b idge his knowledge gap by e alua ing he e iciency o solid was e
collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, iden i ying he challenges acing he exis ing was e managemen in as uc u e,
and ecommending s a egies o imp o ing he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in he s udy a ea. This
s udy assesses he e iciency o solid was e collec ion se ices in Aku e me opolis, Ondo S a e, using a Like scale-
based su ey me hodology. Da a we e ga he ed om 400 households ac oss i e majo dis ic s. The indings e eal
signi ican dissa is ac ion wi h he equency, eliabili y, and cos o collec ion se ices. Recommenda ions o
imp o emen include all-inclusi e communi y pa icipa ion, inc eased se ice equency, public sensi iza ion, and
s akeholde collabo a ion.
Keywo ds: Solid Was e Collec ion; Aku e Me opolis; Like Scale; Was e Managemen ; Public Pe cep ion
1. In oduc ion
Solid was e gene a ion in u ban cen e s has inc eased d ama ically due o popula ion g ow h, u baniza ion, and
economic ac i i ies[27,13]. Aku e, he capi al ci y o Ondo S a e, Nige ia, expe iences challenges in was e managemen ,
pa icula ly in he e iciency o collec ion p ac ices. Despi e go e nmen e o s h ough he Ondo S a e Was e
Managemen Au ho i y (OSWMA), issues such as i egula was e collec ion, inadequa e s o age acili ies, and imp ope
disposal p ac ices pe sis . [16].
To p o ide a s uc u ed unde s anding o esiden s' sa is ac ion le els, his s udy adop s a Like scale app oach o
e alua e he pe o mance o was e collec ion se ices in Aku e me opolis.
The nea - o al igno ance o poo was e managemen on inhabi an s, ga e ise o indisc imina e dumping o ga bage in
gu e s o e en bu ning o bu ying po en ial oxic was e by communi y membe s. These nega e he p inciple o
sus ainable de elopmen .[2,29] . I is common o ind la ge accumula ion o solid was e in open dumps wi hou ega d
o sa e y, heal h haza d and en i onmen al deg ada ion. The e use dumped in he gu e s gi e ise o Hooding,
deg ada ion o land and wa e esou ces and ai pollu ion. I also poses a po en ial heal h haza d o plan , animals and
human beings. In some cases in ec ious was es om hospi al decompose in o oxic liquid called leacha e which is
o med as wa e Hows h ough a dump si e. I s in u n con amina e he g ound wa e . [25].
The absence o public sani a ion acili ies and poo en i onmen al p o ec ion en o cemen encou age eckless dumping
o e use. This is u he compounded by he absence o adequa e dissemina ion o in o ma ion on he po en ial dange s
o eckless dumping o was e in illages, owns and ci ies. I is on his p emise his pape a emp s he iden i ica ion o
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how was es could be p ope ly managed o minimize i s haza d and sugges ions on how i could be b ough unde
con ol.
Solid was e managemen is a c i ical componen o u ban en i onmen al managemen , and i s e ec i eness is essen ial
o main aining public heal h, en i onmen al sus ainabili y, and economic de elopmen . The apid u baniza ion and
popula ion g ow h in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e, ha e led o an inc ease in solid was e gene a ion, posing signi ican
challenges o he exis ing was e managemen in as uc u e.
The apid u baniza ion and popula ion g ow h in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e, ha e led o an inc ease in solid was e
gene a ion, posing signi ican challenges o he exis ing was e managemen in as uc u e.
1.1. Resea ch Objec i es
This li e a u e e iew seeks o p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew o cu en knowledge on solid was e collec ion
p ac ices, wi h a speci ic ocus on assessing he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo
S a e.
1.2. Signi icance o he S udy
This s udy is signi ican because i will p o ide aluable insigh s in o he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in
Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e. The indings o his s udy will be use ul o policymake s, was e managemen p ac i ione s,
and esea che s seeking o imp o e he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in u ban a eas. Addi ionally, he
s udy will con ibu e o he exis ing body o knowledge on solid was e managemen in Nige ia.
1.3. Theo e ical F amewo k/Li e a u e Re iew
E ec i e was e collec ion is essen ial o main aining u ban heal h and aes he ics [8]. P e ious s udies in Nige ia and
simila de eloping economies ha e highligh ed key challenges, including insu icien co e age, lack o public
coope a ion, and poo unding [5, 24].
The Like scale is a widely accep ed ool o measu ing a i udes, opinions, and sa is ac ion le els. I p o ides nuanced
insigh s beyond bina y "yes/no" answe s [12,25]. By applying his echnique o solid was e managemen s udies, mo e
de ailed e alua ions o se ice quali y and communi y pe cep ions can be achie ed.
Solid and liquid was es a e p oduc s o daily human ac i i y, i s managemen in ol es he collec ion, anspo a ion
p ocessing and disposal. To adequa ely manage solid was e wi h minimum e o and cos , emphasis mus be a
household le el, his could be achie ed h ough he c ea ion o awa eness among policy make s, implemen e s and he
communi y alike, o he need o he exe cise. This could gene a e g ea po en ials in heal h and en i onmen al
p o ec ion, ecycling and euse o was e, employmen gene a ion and p o ision o ene gy secu i y.
Was e collec ed om he ma ke place and o he public places which could no be managed a household le el could be
handled a communi y le el. Apa om he highligh ed bene i s o was e managemen abo e, he ul ima e o was e
managemen is i s educ ion o a minimum be o e i s inal disposal in land ills, incine a o s o compos pi s. Was e
educ ion a sou ce is he mos e ec i e s a egy o was e managemen . Hence, as a daily p oduc o human ac i i y,
was e managemen should in ol e ac i e pa icipa ion o he communi y. In suppo o his, he Uni ed Na ions
en i onmen p og amme (1992) in i s Agenda 21 epo , upholds he iew ha en i onmen al issues a e bes handled
wi h he ac i e pa icipa ion o he conce ned ci izens. The majo p oblem o was e managemen in any communi y
Among o he s, is he lack o awa eness o he people o he implica ions o he was e managemen . The has c ea ed a
gap in knowledge which p omp ed he esea che o b ing o he o e, o e e y communi y, he bene i s o in es ing on
was e managemen is-a- is sani a ion wi h i s long- e m impac on he heal h p o ile and quali y o li e o he gene al
public. e alua ion o he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ice in Aku e co e A ea, Ondo s a e.
2. Li e a u e e iew
In Nige ia, solid was e managemen is a sha ed esponsibili y be ween he ede al, s a e, and local go e nmen s.
Howe e , he lack o e ec i e was e managemen p ac ices, inadequa e in as uc u e, and insu icien unding ha e
hinde ed he e icien collec ion and disposal o solid was e. The Nige ian go e nmen has implemen ed a ious policies
and egula ions o add ess hese challenges, including he Na ional En i onmen al [20] and [21].
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2.1. Solid Was e Collec ion P ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea
Aku e Co e A ea, he capi al ci y o Ondo S a e, gene a es a signi ican amoun o solid was e daily. The Ondo S a e Was e
Managemen Au ho i y (OSWMA) is esponsible o solid was e collec ion and disposal in he ci y. Howe e , he
e iciency o he solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea has been a subjec o conce n. The lack o adequa e
was e collec ion in as uc u e, insu icien unding, and inadequa e public awa eness and pa icipa ion ha e hinde ed
he e ec i e collec ion and disposal o solid was e.
2.2. Con ex ual View o Solid Was e Collec ion P ac ices.
Solid was e collec ion is a c i ical componen o solid was e managemen , and i s e ec i eness is essen ial o
main aining public heal h and en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Se e al s udies ha e in es iga ed solid was e collec ion
p ac ices in a ious con ex s. in es iga ed he solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e, Nige ia, and ound ha he lack
o adequa e was e collec ion in as uc u e and insu icien unding hinde ed he e ec i e collec ion and disposal o
solid was e. [16].
E ec i e solid was e managemen is i al o main aining a hygienic socie y, public heal h, en i onmen al sus ainabili y,
and economic de elopmen [29]. Rapid u baniza ion and popula ion g ow h in Aku e A ea, Ondo S a e, ha e inc eased
solid was e gene a ion, posing challenges o exis ing was e managemen acili ies [4] .
In Nige ia, solid was e managemen is a sha ed esponsibili y among ede al, s a e, and local go e nmen s (Fede al
Republic o Nige ia, 2009). Howe e , inadequa e was e managemen p ac ices, bu eauc a ic bo lenecks, inadequa e
in as uc u e, and unding cons ain s hinde success ul solid was e collec ion and disposal p ac ices [14] .
To add ess hese challenges, he Nige ian go e nmen has implemen ed policies and egula ions, including he Na ional
En i onmen al [21] and [20] he Ondo S a e En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency (OSEPA) Law (2013).
2.3. Pa adox o Was e Collec ion P ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea.
Despi e being licensed o gene a e e enue h ough solid was e collec ion, he Ondo S a e Was e Managemen Au ho i y
(OSWMA) aces c i icism o poo was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e [21] (Ondo S a e Was e Managemen Au ho i y,
2020). Inadequa e was e collec ion in as uc u e, insu icien unding, and inadequa e public awa eness and
pa icipa ion comp omise he e iciency and e ec i eness o solid was e collec ion p ac ices [7].
2.4. Op imizing Solid Was e Collec ion P ac ices o Sus ainable U ban Managemen
The e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices is pa amoun o main aining public heal h and en i onmen al
sus ainabili y in u ban a eas [29] . Resea ch has in es iga ed he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in a ious
con ex s, highligh ing s a egies o imp o emen .
S udies ha e demons a ed ha adop ing e ec i e was e managemen s a egies can signi ican ly enhance he
e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices. Fo ins ance, a s udy conduc ed in Abuja, Nige ia, ound ha u ilizing
compac o s and was e ans e s a ions imp o ed was e collec ion e iciency [22]. Simila ly, esea ch in Po Ha cou ,
Nige ia, e ealed ha p i a e sec o pa icipa ion in was e managemen can also op imize was e collec ion e iciency
[7].
2.5. O e coming he Challenges Facing Solid Was e Collec ion P ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea
Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e, aces nume ous challenges in solid was e collec ion p ac ices, which hinde he
e ec i eness o was e managemen in as uc u e. Resea ch has iden i ied a ious obs acles ha impede e icien solid
was e collec ion in his egion.
2.6. In as uc u e, Funding, and Public Awa eness Challenges
A s udy by [7] Adeyemi, e ealed ha inadequa e was e collec ion in as uc u e, insu icien unding, and inadequa e
public awa eness and pa icipa ion in was e managemen ac i i ies a e signi ican challenges acing Aku e Co e A ea's
was e managemen in as uc u e [1,5]. These challenges unde sco e he need o a ge ed in e en ions o enhance
was e collec ion e iciency.
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2.7. Policy, Regula o y, and Coo dina ion Challenges
Fu he mo e, esea ch by [16] highligh ed he lack o e ec i e was e managemen policies and egula ions, as well as
inadequa e coo dina ion among s akeholde s, as signi ican challenges acing Aku e Co e A ea's was e managemen
in as uc u e [6]. Add essing hese challenges equi es a mul i ace ed app oach ha in ol es policy e o ms,
s akeholde engagemen , and capaci y building. Examined he solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Ibadan, Nige ia, and
ound ha he lack o public awa eness and pa icipa ion in was e managemen ac i i ies was a signi ican challenge
acing he exis ing was e managemen in as uc u e.
2.8. E iciency o Solid Was e Collec ion P ac ices
The e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices is c i ical o main aining public heal h and en i onmen al
sus ainabili y. Se e al s udies ha e in es iga ed he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in a ious con ex s. Fo
example, a s udy by [3] e alua ed he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Abuja, Nige ia, and ound ha he
use o compac o s and was e ans e s a ions imp o ed he e iciency o was e collec ion. Simila ly, a s udy by [4]
examined he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Po Ha cou , Nige ia, and ound ha he use o p i a e
sec o pa icipa ion in was e managemen imp o ed he e iciency o was e collec ion.
2.9. Challenges Facing Solid Was e Collec ion P ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea
Se e al s udies ha e in es iga ed he challenges acing solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e.
Fo example, a s udy by [5] ound ha he lack o adequa e was e collec ion in as uc u e, insu icien unding, and
inadequa e public awa eness and pa icipa ion in was e managemen ac i i ies we e signi ican challenges acing he
exis ing was e managemen in as uc u e in Aku e Co e A ea. Simila ly, a s udy by [6] ound ha he lack o e ec i e
was e managemen policies and egula ions, and he lack o coo dina ion among s akeholde s, we e signi ican
challenges acing he exis ing was e managemen in as uc u e in Aku e Co e A ea.
2.10. Gaps in he Li e a u e
Despi e he impo ance o solid was e managemen , he e is a dea h o esea ch on he e iciency o solid was e
collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e. Mos o he exis ing s udies ha e ocused on he challenges acing
solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, wi hou e alua ing he e iciency o he exis ing was e managemen
in as uc u e. This s udy aims o b idge his knowledge gap by e alua ing he e iciency o solid was e collec ion
p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e.
This li e a u e e iew has p o ided an o e iew o he cu en s a e o knowledge on solid was e collec ion p ac ices,
wi h a ocus on he e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e. The e iew has
highligh ed he challenges acing solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, including he lack o adequa e
was e collec ion in as uc u e, insu icien unding, and inadequa e public awa eness and pa icipa ion in was e
managemen ac i i ies. The e iew has also iden i ied a gap in he li e a u e, highligh ing he need o esea ch on he
e iciency o solid was e collec ion p ac ices in Aku e Co e A ea, Ondo S a e
3. Me hodology
3.1. S udy A ea
The s udy ocused on Aku e me opolis, encompassing a eas such as Alabama, Igapó, Oke A o, A ak ale, and Isika.
3.2. Sampling Technique
A mul is age andom sampling me hod as sugges ed by [23] (Pi es) was used o selec 400 households, 80 om each
o he i e (5) dis ic s.
3.3. Da a Collec ion
The s uc u ed ques ionnai es we e designed using a 5-poin Like scale as 1,2,3,4 and 5 indica ing s ongly
dissa is ied, dissa is ied, neu al, sa is ied and s ongly sa is ied espec i ely.
The key a iables assessed includes: F equency o collec ion, Reliabili y o se ice, Cos o se ice A i ude o was e
collec o s and Cleanliness o collec ion poin s
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3.4. Da a Analysis
Desc ip i e s a is ics (mean, s anda d de ia ion) and in e en ial analysis (ANOVA) we e pe o med using SPSS e sion
25.0.
4. Resul s and Discussion
4.1. Socio-Demog aphic P o ile
The Figu e 1. indica ed 57% o esponden s we e emale while 39% we e male. Majo i y (65%) we e wi hin he age
ange o 26–45 yea s as shown in Figu e 2. Howe e , he su ey e ealed ha 73% had e ia y educa ion, sugges ing
good comp ehension o was e managemen issues.
Figu e 1 Demog aphic Dis ibu ion
Figu e 2 Age Dis ibu ion
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4.2. Like Scale Analysis
Table 1 The a e age sco e o he esponden s wi h in e p e a ion
Va iable
Mean Sco e
In e p e a ion
F equency o Collec ion
2.10
Dissa is ied
Reliabili y o Se ice
2.35
Dissa is ied
Cos o Se ice
2.85
Neu al
A i ude o Was e Collec o s
3.10
Sa is ied
Cleanliness o Collec ion Poin s
2.20
Dissa is ied
Table 1 Mean Sco e
Figu e 3 Like cha o solid was e collec ion
The Like su ey esul depic ed in Table 1 and Figu e 3 showed ha esponden s we e la gely dissa is ied wi h he
equency and eliabili y o solid was e collec ion se ices. Al hough he a i ude o was e collec o s ecei ed a
mode a ely posi i e a ing, he gene al dissa is ac ion unde sco es sys emic ine iciencies.
These indings a e consis en wi h he esul s o [19] and [18] Olubukola, who no ed ha i egula collec ion schedules
and high se ice cha ges o en lead o illegal dumping p ac ices.
In e en ial Analysis om he ANOVA esul s showed a s a is ically signi ican di e ence (p < 0.05) be ween dis ic s
ega ding sa is ac ion wi h collec ion se ices, indica ing une en se ice deli e y ac oss Aku e me opolis.
5. Conclusion
The assessmen using a Like scale app oach shows ha he cu en solid was e collec ion sys em in Aku e me opolis
is subop imal, especially conce ning collec ion equency, se ice eliabili y, and main enance o collec ion poin s.
Imp o ed go e nmen in es men , he in oduc ion o pe o mance-based con ac s, and g ea e public awa eness
ini ia i es a e c ucial o achie ing an e icien was e managemen sys em in Aku e.
The s udy ecommends he ollowing; An inc ease collec ion equency by scheduling mo e egula was e pickups,
especially in densely popula ed a eas. Public-P i a e Pa ne ships h ough Engagemen p i a e ope a o s wi h s ic
pe o mance moni o ing. An all-inclusi e communi y in ol emen h ough sensi iza ion p og ams o encou age
esiden s’ coope a ion. Moni o ing and E alua ion by Se ing up an independen moni o ing eam o assess se ice
quali y pe iodically using simila Like -based ools.
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Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla ed ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionship ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
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