Global Jou nal o Economic and
Finance Resea ch
Vol. 02(11): 1270-1282, No embe 2025
Home Page: h ps://gje .com/
e-ISSN: 3050-5348
p-ISSN: 3050-533X
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1270
Vi ual Teams in he Wo kplace: A Global Pe o mance-Based Bibliome ic
Re iew Ac oss Th ee Decades (1990–2024)
Saleh Alkoud
Depa men o Business Adminis a ion, Facul y o Economics and Managemen Sciences, In e na ional Islamic Uni e si y
Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia
1. INTRODUCTION
Vi ual human esou ces de elopmen (VHRD) has ga ne ed a en ion la ely due o he g ow h o communica ion channels and he
inc easing demand o hem in he ace o global c ises, like he mos ecen one, COVID-19. One o he mos c ucial me hods o
c ea ing i ual human esou ces is he use o i ual eams (Benne & Bie ema, 2010; Alkoud e al., 2023b). Global i ual eams
(GVTs) ha e eme ged as he go- o me hod o collabo a ion in he global indus y. Resea ch indica es ha o e 70% o wo ke s in
global co po a ions desi e o wo k emo ely o a leas some po ion o hei wo k a e he pandemic, wi h 56% ha ing p e iously
held a ull- ime posi ion in an o ice be o e COVID-19 (Cul u e Wiza d, 2020). Unde s anding he dynamics o i ual eams is
becoming mo e and mo e impo an as hey become mo e ele an (Li e mo e, Van Dyne, & Ang, 2022; Da Cos a e al., 2021;
Eb ahim e al., 2009). Success in GVTs, as opposed o adi ional eams, depends on indi idual abili ies, pa icula ly in c oss-cul u al
and i ual con ex s (Ba sch e al., 2021; Alkoud e al., 2024a). COVID19 pandemic boos ed e o s o implemen digi al
ans o ma ion and emo e wo k, and i ual eams (VTs) ha e g own o be an impo an componen o con empo a y o ganiza ional
s uc u es. Mo eo e , he inc ease o ne wo k-based ools and g owing usage o echnology ha e enabled he eme gence o al e na e
wo k a angemen s such as elewo king and i ual eams (Fi oz & Chaudha y, 2021). These solu ions lessen he equi emen o
in-pe son ace- o- ace connec ion by enabling wo k o be con olled emo ely and in o ma ion o be ansmi ed o e online ne wo ks
(Fi oz & Chaudha y, 2021; Ta a e al., 2024).
KEYWORDS: Vi ual Team, Remo e
Team, Hyb id Team, E-Team, Digi al Team,
Dis ibu ed Team
Co esponding Au ho :
Saleh Alkoud
Publica ion Da e: 26 No embe -2025
DOI: 10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11
License:
This is an open access a icle unde he CC
BY 4.0 license:
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
ABSTRACT
The pu pose o his s udy is o conduc a bibliome ic analysis o wo kplace
esea ch on i ual eams.
The s udy conduc ed a bibliome ic analysis o a icles published o e he las
h ee decades (1990– 2024). The s udy uses bibliome ic analysis by conduc ing
pe o mance analysis including ci a ion analysis by looking a 413 documen s ha
we e aken om he Scopus da abase. The s udy looked a coun ies and
ins i u ions, he mos in luen ial pape s, p oli ic w i e s, and coun ies.
VOS iewe was employed in he s udy as a pe o mance analysis ool. The mos
in luen ial ins i u ions and na ions a e he” Uni ed S a es” and he “Uni e si y o
San iago De Compos ela” in Spain, espec i ely. 2023 was he mos p oduc i e
yea wi h 51 publica ions. Likewise, “The Academy o Managemen Execu i e”
is he mos in luen ial publica ion, while “Team-Le el P edic o s o Inno a ion a
Wo k: A Comp ehensi e Me a-Analysis Spanning Th ee Decades o Resea ch” is
he mos ci ed a icle. This esea ch is unique because i akes a b oad app oach,
spanning he de elopmen o i ual eam esea ch ac oss a hi y-yea pe iod.
Pa icula ly in opics like us -building in i ual eams, he impac o digi al
pla o ms, and cul u al di e si y in global i ual eams, i emphasizes knowledge
gaps and o e s sugges ions o u u e esea ch. This s udy con ibu es o he
exis ing li e a u e by o e ing a sys ema ic e iew o i ual eam esea ch, guiding
schola s owa d add essing unde - esea ched a eas, and p o iding insigh s o he
de elopmen o i ual wo k en i onmen s.
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1271
Acco ding o Da Cos a e al. (2021) and Pianese e al. (2022), i ual eams a e composed o geog aphically dis ibu ed wo ke s
who wo k oge he i ually ia in o ma ion echnology o accomplish sha ed co po a e objec i es. Acco ding o Powell e al.
(2004), GVTs a e made up o geog aphically sepa a ed people who wo k oge he using in o ma ion and communica ion echnology.
Geog aphically dis ibu ed g oups whose wo k is p ima ily coo dina ed by elec onic in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies
(ICTs) a e known as global i ual eams (GVTs). Membe s can wo k wi h colleagues bo h locally and in e na ionally and coope a e
om di e en loca ions—e en when hey' e no in a physical o ice— hanks o his (Gilli e al., 2022; Alkoud, 2024). The capaci y
o GVTs o maximize he calibe o decision-making p ocesses wi hin i ms and o u ilize compe en people ega dless o loca ion
is wha makes hem special (Ta ole i e al., 2024). Wi h he use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology, he i ual eam
can be seen as a no el and sophis ica ed o m o emo e labo . “A o m o wo k in which wo k is done in a loca ion away om a
cen al o ice o manu ac u ing acili y, sepa a ing he employee om pe sonal con ac wi h colleagues; new echnology pe mi s
his sepa a ion by acili a ing communica ion” is how he “In e na ional Labo O ganiza ion” (ILO) de ines elewo king (Abdamia
e al., 2022; Alkoud e al., 2023a). Mo eo e , ‘Telewo king’, could be occasionally labeled ‘wo k a home o ‘homewo k’.
Fu he mo e, we migh e e o i as a " i ual eam" since employees a e able o access wo k h ough he use o in o ma ion and
communica ion echnologies (Alkoud e al., 2023a).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
“Vi ual eams” (VTs) ha e become inc easingly ele an , especially in he wake o he COVID-19 epidemic. Global i ual eams
(GVTs) a e becoming he s anda d in many en e p ises. GVTs a e composed o people who a e geog aphically and empo ally
sca e ed and who collabo a e using digi al communica ion echnology. These eams may ne e mee in pe son because hey
equen ly wo k ac oss na ional bo de s (Powell e al., 2004; Pe ez e al., 2022). Thus, i ual eams a e a c ucial componen o
con empo a y companies, necessi a ing special collabo a ion and communica ion abili ies (Youse , 2024). The ad en o digi al
echnologies (DTs) has b ough abou a emendous ans o ma ion in he wo kplace, pa icula ly since he COVID-19 epidemic has
pushed he adop ion o emo e collabo a ion and i ual en i onmen s. I was necessa y o o ganiza ions o quickly digi ize hei
p ocesses and ansi ion o i ual o ms o coope a ion, enabling wo ke s o use in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies
(ICTs) o in e ac ac oss ime and dis ance (Da ison, 2020; Bailey & B eslin, 2020; F os & Duan, 2020). As a esul , i ual eams
eme ged as he main o m o coope a ion, depending on ICTs o s eamline asks and educe he necessi y o in-pe son
communica ion (Šímo á e al., 2023). GVTs ha e been inc easingly adop ed, especially du ing he COVID-19 pandemic, o
main ain business con inui y (Gilli e al., 2022).
S a is ics show ha emo e wo k is a i ual wo k me hod ha is gaining popula i y. Fo ins ance, 60% o US businesses allowed
hei wo ke s o wo k om home, acco ding o a 2016 poll by he “Socie y o Human Resou ces Managemen ” (Tu esky e al.,
2020). Mo eo e , 40% o wo ke s cu en ly wo k emo ely o in hyb id wo kplaces, acco ding o a Feb ua y 2022 Gallup su ey o
o e 12,000 US wo ke s. None heless, a ound 70% o esponden s say hey would p e e o wo k om home in a hyb id o ully
emo e en i onmen . Fu he mo e, a Qual ics Resea ch s udy indica es ha wo hi ds o UK wo ke s a e employed in hyb id
wo kspaces (Benedic, 2023).
3. RESEARCH MOTIVATION
Despi e ecen s udies, he e is s ill a g ea deal o esea ch o be done on i ual eams (To o e al., 2020; Gonçal es e al., 2023).
A ew bibliome ic s udies, o example, ha e looked a i ual eams in he pas , bu hey ha e only looked a pa icula aspec s o
hem, such con lic in i ual eams (Capu o e al., 2023) and di icul ies and ba ie s in i ual eams (Mo ison-Smi h and Ruiz,
2020). Because o his, he new s udy looks a i ual eams in g ea de ail in an e o o close his gap. Fu he mo e, a numbe o
s udies ha ha e p e iously examined i ual eams—such as hose conduc ed by Gilbe e al. (2015) and Aba ca e al. (2020)—
did no ake in o accoun he ime a e COVID-19, which saw a signi ican change in he use o “ i ual eams”.
The new s udy adds o he body o knowledge on “ i ual eams” in he wo kplace in a numbe o ways. Ini ially, i c ea es a
comple e i ual eam and wo kspace connec ion. Second, i is a sys ema ic e iew ha demons a es how he ield has changed o e
ime in e ms o he applica ion o i ual eams in he wo kplace. Thi dly, he s udy iden i ies key playe s in he ield o i ual
eams esea ch in he wo kplace, including w i e s, o ganiza ions, jou nals, and na ions, in addi ion o highligh ing he mos
signi ican pape s in he ield. The esea ch makes a subs an ial addi ion by poin ing up knowledge gaps in i ual eam s udies,
including issues wi h us -building, he e ec s o cul u al di e si y, and he e iciency o digi al pla o ms and ools o online
collabo a ion. Fu u e esea ch a eas a e also sugges ed by he s udy, which emphasizes he need o in es iga e how new echnologies
a ec i ual eams and he psychological heal h o wo ke s in hese se ings.
4. RESEARCH QUESTION
The cu en s udy ollows a comp ehensi e bibliome ic analysis in o de o add ess a numbe o esea ch ques ions (RQs) as
ollows:
• RQ1. Wha is he cu en end o esea ch in he i ual eam in he wo kplace?
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1272
• RQ2. Which a e P ominen au ho s, o ganisa ions, and coun ies o i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace?
• RQ3. Which a e he Mos In luen ial Jou nals (MIJ) on i ual eam esea ch in he Wo kplace?
• RQ4. Which a e he Mos In luen ial A icles (MIA) on i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace?
• RQ5. Wha a e he u u e esea ch di ec ions o i ual eams in he wo kplace?
5. “BIBLIOMETRIC RESEARCH METHOD”
This s udy applied a sys ema ic bibliome ic app oach. Inclusion c i e ia ocused on pee - e iewed a icles published in English
om 1990–2024, ex ac ed om he Scopus da abase. Keywo ds we e selec ed h ough a collabo a i e p ocess in ol ing domain
expe s o ensu e ele ance and comple eness. Da a cleaning p ocesses included no maliza ion o e ms, emo al o duplica es, and
seman ic g ouping o enhance analy ical p ecision.
5.1 “De ining he app op ia e sea ch e ms”
In he cu en s udy, wo c oss-disciplina y componen s we e combined: he wo kplace and i ual eams. The keywo ds ela ed o
each a ea had o be included in o de o gua an ee ha e e y ace o he i ual eam and wo kplace was co e ed in his s udy. The
wo s ings and keywo d se s used o documen selec ion and Scopus da a ex ac ion a e displayed in Table 1. The e a e a ious
ypes o i ual eams, including dis ibu ed eams, online eams, e- eams, digi al eams, emo e eams, i ual collabo a ion eams,
and ne wo ked eams. Wo ksi e, job si e, employmen loca ion, business p emises, wo k en i onmen , and wo k se ing a e examples
o he e minology used in he wo kplace. The keywo ds used o da a ex ac ion (e.g., “ i ual eam*”, “ emo e eam*”) we e
selec ed based on hei equency in ecen academic li e a u e and hei alignmen wi h he s udy’s ocus on wo kplace collabo a ion
in digi al en i onmen s. These e ms we e iden i ied h ough an ini ial scan o highly ci ed a icles and e ined o ensu e ele ance
o he ield o managemen . The use o he as e isk (*) allowed o inclusion o a ia ions, while o e ly b oad o un ela ed e ms
we e excluded o main ain hema ic cla i y.
Table 1. C i e ia o A icle Inclusion and Exclusion
Selec ion c i e ia
Exclude
Include
Da abase
“Scopus”
Da e o Sea ch
“12 June 2024”
Pe iod o “Publica ions
1990-2024
Sea ch e m
(TITLE-ABS-KEY (“ i ual eam*” OR “Remo e Team*” OR “E-
Team*” OR “Digi al Team*” OR “Dis ibu ed Team*” OR “Online
Team*” OR “Vi ual Collabo a ion Team*” OR “Ne wo ked Team*”)
AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Wo kplace” OR “Wo ksi e” OR “Job si e”
OR “Employmen loca ion” OR “Business p emises” OR “Wo k
en i onmen ” OR “Wo k se ing”) ).
-
438
Subjec a ea
all
-
438
Publica ion ype
“A icle”, “Con e ence pape ”, “Book chap e ”, ”Book”, “Re iew”.
18
420
Language sc eening
“Include documen s published in English only”
7
413
5.2 Da a collec ion
Since “Scopus” con ains a sizable “numbe o double-blind, pee - e iewed a icles published in highimpac ac o jou nals”, i was
used o ob ain he da a (G o e al., 2020). Al hough Scopus was chosen as he sole da abase due o i s comp ehensi e co e age,
his eliance p esen s a mino limi a ion ha is acknowledged in he s udy. To a i e a he inal o al o 413 a icles in Table 1, we
used a sys ema ic app oach. The Keywo ds “ i ual eam*”, “Remo e Team*”, “E-Team*”, “Digi al Team*”, “Dis ibu ed Team*”,
“Online Team*”, “Vi ual Collabo a ion Team*”, and “Ne wo ked Team*”. AND “Wo kplace”, “Wo ksi e”, “Job si e”,
“Employmen loca ion”, “Business p emises”, “Wo k en i onmen ”, and “ Wo k se ing”. we e applied o inco po a e only English-
language publica ions om he ange o ields shown in Table 1. Due o inaccu a e bibliog aphical and bibliome ic in o ma ion
a ising om he inclusion o he g oundb eaking publica ion in u u e pape s, da a ex ac ed/downloaded om “Scopus” o any
o he online da abase is suscep ible o e o s (Don hu e al., 2021). The e o e, u ilizing his ex ac ed da a wi hou addi ional e ining
uns he isk o p oducing a haza dous and inaccu a e diagnosis. We he e o e had o go h ough a numbe o s eps o clean and
o ganize he da a. This led us o ollow he ecommenda ions o Don hu e al. (2021) and Zupic and Ca e (2015) on he isualisa ion
and in e p e a ion o he esul s, as well as he sea ch o bibliog aphic and bibliome ic da a.
The esea che s cleaned up nume ous e ms ound in he a icle's " i les, abs ac s, and keywo ds" using he “na u al language
p ocessing” ea u e in he “VOS iewe so wa e” o imp o e analysis and esul s. Fo ins ance, we con e ed a numbe o plu al
nouns—like eams o eam— o singula . Addi ional ep esen a ions o ela ed ideas a e also combined ('o ganiza ion' and
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1273
'o ganiza ion' a e combined o o m "o ganiza ion," o ins ance). Las ly, a lo o hese cleansing echniques help achie e heme
e alua ion homogenei y.
5.3 Selec ing he echniques o analysis
A collec ion o ools known as bibliome ic analysis uses quan i a i e echniques o analyze and quan i y ex and da a (Mish a e
al., 2018; Goyal and Kuma , 2021). This me hod allows o he ex ac ion o esh da a om li e a u e s udies o be included in
u u e esea ch p ojec s (Suominen e al., 2016; G o e al., 2020). To accomplish his, i is equi ed o w i e and publish biog aphies
on hemes, spo ends wi hin a ield o s udy, and e alua e esea ch publica ions ha ac as a oadmap o comp ehending he cu en
s a us o he ield (Gao e al., 2021; Hossain e al., 2022). “Au ho ship, ci a ion, bibliog aphic coupling, co-ci a ion, and co-wo d
analysis a e bibliome ic analysis echniques used by schola s o analyse he biog aphic da a” (Don hu e al. (2021).
6. FINDINGS
6.1 Pe o mance Analysis
Pe o mance analysis examines he con ibu ions made o a ce ain opic by di e en esea ch componen s. The desc ip i e aspec
o he analysis is wha makes bibliome ic s udies unique (Don hu e al. 2020; Don hu e al., 2021). Since pe o mance analysis is
a common echnique in e iews o o e he pe o mance o nume ous esea ch cons i uen s “(e.g., au ho s, ins i u ions, na ions, and
jou nals), his s udy will analyze hese so s o pe o mance”.
6.2 Publica ion T end
The obse ed spikes in publica ion du ing 2020–2021 co espond o he onse o he COVID-19 pandemic, which necessi a ed
emo e wo k and digi al collabo a ion, os e ing esea ch in o i ual eams. Technological ad ancemen s, including he ise o
ad anced communica ion pla o ms such as Zoom and Mic oso Teams, also played a signi ican ole in d i ing academic in e es .
The publishing ends in he ield o wo kplace esea ch on i ual eams a e shown in Figu e
1. The mos p oduc i e yea was 2023, wi h 51 publica ions. Howe e , Thamhain (1990) and Dede (1990) s a ed he esea ch
pa h in his ield. The usage o i ual eams was no p e iously equen in wo kplace esea ch, acco ding o p elimina y
esea ch ends, bu i has s a ed o be deba ed in he ecen h ee decades, om 1990 o he p esen . Acco ding o s udies
(Masse i and Lobe , 1996; Chen e al., 1996; Wa ken in e al., 1997; Pliskin, 1997), he use o i ual eams in he wo kplace
s a ed o ise om he end o he 1990s and has been s eadily ising un il he p esen . The majo i y o esea ch on i ual
eams in he wo kplace eme ged be ween he end o 2019 and he beginning o 2021. This was also he ime when COVID-
19 sp ead, o cing many businesses and o ganiza ions o wo k i ually. Since hen, hei annual p oduc ion a e has inc eased
signi ican ly. Gene ally speaking, esea ch in his a ea will ise in he upcoming yea s based on he cu en yea 's pa e n. I is
impo an o no e ha , unlike p e ious yea s, he e was no an an icipa ed ise in publica ions (20 publica ions) in 2024. This
is due o he ac ha he s udy's Scopus sea ch p ocess ended on June 12, 2024, hus he e is s ill ime o expand he quan i y
o publica ions in o he mon hs.
Figu e 1. The T end o Vi ual Team Resea ch in he Wo kplace
6.3 “P ominen au ho s, o ganisa ions, and coun ies o i ual eams in he wo kplace”
The mos signi ican w i e s, o ganiza ions, and na ions in i ual eam esea ch a e highligh ed in Table 2. Wi h wo publica ions
and 756 ci a ions, An hony M. Townsend s ands o among au ho s. Doug Vogel and Ma i Va iainen ollow closely behind wi h
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1274
h ee publica ions and 112 and 75 ci a ions, espec i ely. Wi h one publica ion ecei ing 1058 ci a ions, he Uni e si y o San iago
de Compos ela in Spain is he ins i u ion wi h he g ea es in luence. Wi h one a icle apiece and he same amoun o ci a ions, he
Du ch uni e si ies Uni e si y o Ams e dam and he Uni e si y o Maas ich a e ied o i s place. O he enowned uni e si ies
a e Sou he n Illinois Uni e si y Edwa ds ille (USA), which has one publica ion and 928 ci a ions, and Co nell Uni e si y (USA),
which has wo publica ions and 954 ci a ions.
Wi h 182 publica ions and 2098 ci a ions, he Uni ed S a es leads he pack among na ions. Sweden has se en publica ions
wi h 1116 ci a ions, ollowed by Pakis an wi h wo publica ions and 2015 ci a ions. O he signi ican na ions a e Aus alia (19
publica ions, 1039 ci a ions), and Spain (11 publica ions, 1062 ci a ions). The high e ec o hei publica ions as de e mined by he
o al numbe o ci a ions is highligh ed in his able, which highligh s he no ewo hy con ibu ions and in luence o pa icula
au ho s, o ganiza ions, and na ions in he ield o i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace.
Table 2. P ominen Au ho s, O ganisa ions, and Coun ies o Vi ual Team Resea ch in he Wo kplace”
Au ho
TP
TC
Ins i u ion
TP
TC
Coun y
TP
TC
Townsend, An hony M.
2
756
Uni. o San iago De Compos ela,
Spain
1
1058
Uni ed S a es
182
2098
Vogel, Doug
3
112
Uni. o Ams e dam, Ne he lands
1
1058
Pakis an
2
2015
Va iainen, Ma i
3
75
Uni. o Maas ich , Ne he lands
1
1058
Sweden
7
1116
Minaco i, Pa icia
3
51
Uni. o Co nell, USA
2
954
Spain
11
1062
Ruppel, Cyn hia P.
2
47
Sou he n Illinois
Uni e si y Edwa ds ille, USA
1
928
Aus alia
19
1039
Two oge , Leslie C.
2
47
Uni. o Hous on, USA
1
928
Canada
14
1005
A i z, Jolan a
2
42
S an o d Uni e si y, USA
1
769
F ance
13
945
Fleischmann, Ca olin
2
42
Massachuse s
Ins i u e o Technology, USA
1
769
Tu key
4
886
S app, James
2
42
Uni. o Ne ada, USA
1
743
I aly
12
822
Isohella, Su i
2
41
Iowa S a e Uni e si y, USA
1
743
Ge many
36
603
Mayla h, B uce
2
41
San F ancisco
S a e Uni e si y, USA
1
462
Ne he lands
12
378
Mois en, Bi he
2
41
No heas e n Uni e si y, USA
1
462
Finland
13
238
Vandepi e, Sonia
2
41
Kansas S a e Uni e si y, USA
1
462
Uni ed Kingdom
39
234
Casey, Valen ine
2
33
Uni. o Illinois, USA
1
336
Po ugal
6
208
Moo e, Sa ah
2
33
Flo ida S a e Uni e si y, USA
1
336
Denma k
9
154
Richa dson, I a
2
33
In el Co po a ion, USA
1
336
India
23
129
Zage, Dolo es
2
33
In el Co po a ion, UK
1
336
Swi ze land
6
122
Sheehan, Anne
2
30
Luiss Guido Ca li Uni e si y,
I aly
1
305
Hong Kong
8
108
Sulli an, Daniel K.
2
30
Ca’ Fosca i Uni e si y, I aly
1
305
I eland
8
103
Swa z, S ephanie
3
17
Ca negie Mellon
Uni e si y, USA
1
214
China
9
98
“No e(s): TC = o al ci a ions, TP = o al numbe o a icle(s) publica ions”
6.4 Mos In luen ial Jou nals (MIJ) on i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace
The mos impo an jou nals o “ i ual eam esea ch” in he wo kplace be ween 1990 and 2024 a e shown in Table 3. The o al
numbe o publica ions (TP) and o al ci a ions (TC) ha each jou nal has published a e shown in he able. Fou ime pe iods a e
co e ed by he da a: 1990–2000, 2001–2010, 2011–2020, and 2021–2024. Two publica ions om he "Academy o Managemen
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1275
Execu i e" hold he op spo wi h 1170 ci a ions. Th ee pape s and 1144 ci a ions om he "Jou nal o Applied Psychology" a e
shown a e ha . Each o he wo jou nals in "Decision Sciences" and "F on ie s in Psychology" has 520 and 512 ci a ions,
espec i ely. Two wo ks ha we e published in he "In o ma ion Sys ems Jou nal" ecei ed 433 ci a ions.
Wi h six a icles, he “Con e ence on Human Fac o s in Compu ing Sys ems – P oceedings” has he mos , despi e ha ing 388
ci a ions. In a simila ein, six pape s wi h 104 ci a ions we e con ibu ed o he “P oceedings o he ACM Con e ence on Compu e
Suppo ed Coope a i e Wo k, CSCW”. Fou pape s published in he “IEEE T ansac ions on P o essional Communica ion” ecei ed
93 ci a ions. O he jou nals wi h 227, 208, and 206 ci a ions each we e “In o ma ion and Managemen ”, “In e na ional Jou nal o
Ne wo king and Vi ual O ganiza ions”, and “T us and Dis us in O ganiza ions: Dilemmas and App oaches”. These jou nals each
published wo pape s. Two o h ee pape s, wi h ci a ion coun s anging om 189 o 59, we e submi ed by he emaining lis ed
jou nals. The in luence and con ibu ion o se e al jou nals o he ield o i ual eam esea ch a e highligh ed in able 3, which
also shows he olume o publica ions and ci a ions ha each a icle has ecei ed.
Table 3. Mos In luen ial Jou nals (MIJ) on Vi ual Team Resea ch in he Wo kplace
Jou nal
TP
TC
1990-
2000
2001-
2010
2011-
2020
2021-
2024
Academy o Managemen Execu i e
2
1170
2
Jou nal o Applied Psychology
3
1144
1
1
1
Decision Sciences
2
520
1
1
F on ie s In Psychology
2
512
2
In o ma ion Sys ems Jou nal
2
433
1
1
Con e ence on Human Fac o s in Compu ing Sys ems –
P oceedings
6
388
2
2
1
1
In o ma ion And Managemen
2
227
2
In e na ional Jou nal o Ne wo king and Vi ual
O ganisa ions
2
208
2
T us And Dis us in O ganiza ions: Dilemmas and
App oaches
2
206
2
G oup Decision and Nego ia ion
3
189
3
O ganiza ional Dynamics
2
110
2
P oceedings o The ACM Con e ence on
Compu e Suppo ed Coope a i e Wo k, CSCW
6
104
1
4
1
IEEE T ansac ions on P o essional Communica ion
4
93
1
3
G oup and O ganiza ion Managemen
2
84
1
1
P oceedings o The In e na ional ACM
Sigg oup Con e ence on Suppo ing G oup Wo k
2
82
2
2
Jou nal o Business Resea ch
2
73
2
Business Ho izons
2
70
1
1
In e na ional Jou nal o Enginee ing Educa ion
2
70
2
Jou nal o Business and Psychology
2
63
1
1
Jou nal o Business and Technical Communica ion
2
59
1
1
“No e(s): TC = o al ci a ions, TP = o al numbe o a icle(s) publica ions”
6.5 Mos In luen ial A icles (MIA) on i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace
The mos impo an pape s on i ual eams in he wo kplace be ween 1990 and 2024 a e shown in
Table 4, wi h o al ci a ions (TC) indica ing he ex en o hei in luence. “Team-Le el P edic o s o Inno a ion a Wo k: A
Comp ehensi e Me a-Analysis Spanning Th ee Decades o Resea ch”, w i en by Hülshege (2009), has ecei ed 1058 ci a ions,
making i he mos ci ed a icle. Nex in line a e wo publica ions by Powell (2004) and Kni in (2021): “Vi ual Teams: A Re iew
o Cu en Li e a u e and Di ec ions o Fu u e Resea ch”, wi h 928 and 812 ci a ions, espec i ely, and “COVID-19 and he
wo kplace: Implica ions, issues, and insigh s o u u e esea ch and ac ion”, wi h 812 ci a ions. O he no ewo hy con ibu ions
include om Townsend (1998), whose wo k on he u u e o i ual eams has 743 ci a ions, and Hinds (2005), whose piece on
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1276
con lic in eams loca ed in di e en placeshas 769 ci a ions. An explo a o y s udy compa ing ace- o- ace and i ual eams was
ca ied ou by Wa ken in (1997), who ecei ed 462 ci a ions.
O he no ewo hy wo ks a e Co ellazzo (2019), which examines he unc ion o leade ship in a digi alized en i onmen ,
wi h 305 ci a ions; Cascio (2000), which manages a i ual wo kplace, wi h 427 ci a ions; and Chudoba (2005), which measu es
i uali y in global en e p ises, wi h 336 ci a ions. Wi h 214 ci a ions, Lee (2011) “add esses social no ms o mobile emo e
p esence in he wo kplace”. Among he ecen s udies a e Con e as (2020), wi h 207 ci a ions, on “e-leade ship and elewo king”
du ing COVID-19, and Ba sch (2021), wi h 192 ci a ions, on leade ship du ing c isis-induced digi al ans o ma ion. Wi h ci a ion
coun s anging om 200 o 161, p io no ewo hy wo ks include Hull (2007) on digi al en ep eneu ship, G o e (2005) on us in
o ganiza ions, and He bsleb (2002) on ins an messaging in he wo kplace. The cha highligh s how impo an hese publica ions
ha e been in helping us comp ehend i ual eams. I co e s a wide ange o subjec s, om leade ship and c ea i i y o he e ec s
o digi aliza ion and he COVID-19 epidemic on wo kplace dynamics.
Table 4. The Mos In luen ial A icles (MIA) on Vi ual Team Resea ch in he Wo kplace”
Au ho (s)
Ti le
TC
Hülshege (2009)
“Team-Le el P edic o s o Inno a ion a Wo k: A Comp ehensi e Me a-Analysis
Spanning Th ee Decades o Resea ch”
1058
Powell (2004)
“Vi ual Teams: A Re iew o Cu en Li e a u e and
Di ec ions o Fu u e Resea ch”
928
Kni in (2021)
“COVID-19 and he wo kplace: Implica ions, issues, and insigh s o u u e esea ch and
ac ion”
812
Hinds (2005)
“Unde s anding con lic in geog aphically dis ibu ed eams: The mode a ing e ec s o
sha ed iden i y, sha ed con ex , and spon aneous communica ion”
769
Townsend (1998)
“Vi ual eams: Technology and he wo kplace o he u u e”
743
Wa ken in (1997)
“Vi ual eams e sus ace- o- ace eams: An explo a o y s udy o a Web-based con e ence
sys em”
462
Cascio (2000)
“Managing a i ual wo kplace”
427
Chudoba (2005)
“How i ual a e we? Measu ing i uali y and
unde s anding i s impac in a global o ganiza ion”
336
Co ellazzo (2019)
“The ole o leade ship in a digi alized wo ld: A e iew”
305
Lee (2011)
“Now, I ha e a body": Uses and social no ms o mobile emo e p esence in he wo kplace”
214
Pa el (2012)
“Fac o s o collabo a i e wo king: A amewo k o a collabo a ion model”
209
Con e as (2020)
“E-Leade ship and Telewo king in Times o COVID-19 and
Beyond: Wha We Know and Whe e Do We Go”
207
Hull (2007)
“Taking ad an age o digi al oppo uni ies: A ypology o digi al en ep eneu ship”
200
Ba sch (2021)
“Leade ship ma e s in c isis-induced digi al ans o ma ion: how o lead se ice
employees e ec i ely du ing he COVID-19 pandemic”
192
G o e (2004)
“T us and dis us in o ganiza ions: Dilemmas and app oaches”
185
He bsleb (2002)
“In oducing ins an messaging and cha in he wo kplace”
161
Tha che (2007)
“In e ne anxie y: An empi ical s udy o he e ec s o pe sonali y, belie s, and social
suppo ”
149
Be y (2011)
“Enhancing E ec i eness on i ual eams: Unde s anding why adi ional eam skills a e
insu icien ”
130
Newman (2021)
“Fi e S eps o Leading You Team in he Vi ual COVID-19
Wo kplace”
110
May (2001)
“A case s udy o i ual eam wo king in he Eu opean au omo i e indus y”
98
No e(s): TC = To al Ci a ions
7. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
The e a e s ill a numbe o unanswe ed ques ions in he ield o i ual eam esea ch, despi e emendous s ides in he ield.
Resea ch on how compu e -media ed communica ion os e s and p ese es us in i ual eams is lacking. Fu he mo e, a be e
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1277
comp ehension o he ways in which di e en echnologies and collabo a ion ools a ec he p oduc i i y and e icacy o i ual
eams is equi ed. Resea ch on he dynamics o cul u al di e si y in in e na ional i ual eams is also lacking, which could help
c ea e e icien me hods o handling cul u al di e si y. Fu he mo e, u he esea ch is needed o de e mine how i ual wo k
a ec s employees' men al heal h and gene al well-being as well as wo k-li e balance.
Fu u e s udies could concen a e on a numbe o opics o imp o e ou unde s anding and p ac ical implemen a ion o
i ual eams in ligh o hese knowledge gaps. I would be bene icial o look in o he p ocesses ha lead o and main ain us in
i ual eams, wi h a ocus on he pa icula a i udes and deeds ha suppo i . Fu he mo e, i is impe a i e o in es iga e he e ec s
o new digi al pla o ms and collabo a ion ools on he unc ioning o i ual eams. In addi ion, esea ch ough o ocus on how
cul u al a ia ions a ec he dynamics o i ual eams and c ea e p ac ical app oaches o managing di e si y. Ano he c ucial opic
is knowing how o es ablish and p ese e a psychologically secu e en i onmen in i ual eams o p omo e c ea i i y and
coope a ion. Finally, o assis i ms in be e e alua ing and managing he e icacy and e iciency o hei i ual wo k o ce, u u e
esea ch migh concen a e on c ea ing pe o mance indica o s ailo ed speci ically o i ual eams. Vi ual wo k en i onmen s
ha a e mo e in en i e, p oduc i e, and e icien may esul om hese esea ch p ojec s. Fu u e esea ch di ec ions on i ual eams
in he wo kplace a e depic ed in Figu e 2.
Figu e 2. Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions on Vi ual Team in he Wo kplace”
In conclusion, he e is a lo o exci ing esea ch po en ial in he u u e o i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace. Resea che s
can gain a be e unde s anding o how i ual eams can succeed in a wo ld ha is becoming mo e digi al and in e connec ed by
concen a ing on opics like global i ual eams, he e ec s o pandemics, emo e and hyb id wo k models, leade ship in i ual
se ings, echnological ad ancemen s, and he psychological aspec s o i ual wo k. O ganiza ions ying o maximize hei i ual
eam ac ics and gua an ee he p ospe i y and wel a e o hei emo e wo ke s will ind hese insigh s o be qui e bene icial.
8. CONCLUSION
“The pu pose o his s udy is o p o ide a bibliome ic analysis o wo kplace esea ch on i ual eams. A bibliome ic analysis o
publica ions published wi hin he las h ee decades (1990–2024) was ca ied ou by he s udy. By looking a 413 documen s ha
we e ob ained om he Scopus da abase, he s udy employs bibliome ic analysis by pe o ming pe o mance analysis which
includes ci a ion analysis”. The s udy looked a coun ies and ins i u ions, he mos in luen ial pape s, p oli ic w i e s, coun y
collabo a ion, and scien i ic p oduc ion o publica ions. VOS iewe was employed in he s udy as a ool o science mapping and
pe o mance analysis. Wi h 51 a icles, 2023 was he mos p oduc i e yea . The “Uni ed S a es” and he “Uni e si y o San iago
de Compos ela” in Spain a e he wo mos in luen ial coun ies and ins i u es, espec i ely. In a simila ein, he mos e e enced
a icle is “TeamLe el P edic o s o Inno a ion a Wo k: A Comp ehensi e Me a-Analysis Spanning Th ee Decades o Resea ch”,
and he mos in luen ial publica ion is “Academy o Managemen Execu i e”. To enhance i ual eam e ec i eness, o ganiza ions
should ocus on s uc u ed digi al ool aining, de elop emo e leade ship compe encies, and es ablish clea communica ion
amewo ks. P io i izing psychological sa e y and us wi hin eams can os e g ea e collabo a ion and inno a ion.
Saleh Alkoud (2025), Global Jou nal o Economic and Finance Resea ch 02(11): 1270-1282
DOI URL:h ps://doi.o g/10.55677/GJEFR/16-2025-Vol02E11 pg. 1278
9. THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
The jou ney o i ual eam esea ch in he wo kplace has been documen ed in his pape . o e s po en ial pa hs o schola s' u u e
esea ch. “Resea che s migh do esea ch in he ecen ly eme ging a ea o i ual eams in he wo kplace, which could p o ide mo e
use ul da a o p ac i ione s and decision-make s. In his way, he p esen s udy has con ibu ed o ou comp ehension o he
de elopmen , bounda ies, and po en ial pa hs o wo kplace i ual eam esea ch such as he ollowing a eas; global i ual eams
and cul u al dynamics, impac o COVID-19 and u u e pandemics, emo e wo k and hyb id models, leade ship in i ual se ings,
echnological ad ancemen s and collabo a ion ools, psychological and social aspec s o i ual wo k”. Mo eo e , he cu en s udy
has a numbe o ami ica ions o academics, esea che s, ma ke e s, and business owne s. They ough o gain a gene al
unde s anding o he cu en esea ch in his ield. They can use hese a icles o add ess he cu en issues in academia and business
by being awa e o he signi ican and well-known con ibu ions in his ield o s udy and he ac o s ha led hem o become such.
Addi ionally, i would help hem iden i y gaps in he li e a u e and p ospec i e s udy di ec ions ha will help hem ca y ou u he
in es iga ions. Addi ionally, he schola will bene i om ha ing hei wo k published in highly in luen ial jou nals.
10. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
This s udy o e s p ac ical ecommenda ions de i ed om he key opic a eas iden i ied h ough bibliome ic analysis—namely:
i ual leade ship, eam collabo a ion, digi al communica ion ools, and employee well-being. In he a ea o i ual leade ship,
o ganiza ions should in es in lexible leade ship aining ha ocuses on us -building, inclusi e decision-making, and con lic
esolu ion ac oss emo e se ings. p ac ical example can be seen in companies like Gi Lab, whe e asynch onous leade ship p ac ices
and anspa ency dashboa ds suppo la ge-scale i ual collabo a ion. Fo eam collabo a ion, agile amewo ks such as Sc um o
Kanban can be embedded in o i ual wo k lows o p omo e cla i y and accoun abili y. Bi-weekly e ospec i es and i ual eam-
building ac i i ies also enhance g oup cohesion and inno a ion. Rega ding digi al ools, o ganiza ions should adop in eg a ed
pla o ms like Mic oso Teams o Slack o s eamlined communica ion, combined wi h AI-powe ed ask managemen sys ems
such as Click Up o T ello. P o iding ongoing aining in he abili y o use digi al ools e ec i ely and cybe secu i y sa egua ds
bo h p oduc i i y and in o ma ion in eg i y. Las ly, he clus e on employee well-being highligh s he impo ance o a sa e and open
wo k en i onmen and suppo sys ems. O ganiza ions a e encou aged o implemen lexible wo k policies, o e men al heal h
esou ces, and os e open eedback en i onmen s o sus ain mo i a ion and p e en bu nou . By aligning managemen s a egies
wi h hese hema ic insigh s, o ganiza ions can be e na iga e he e ol ing dynamics o i ual eam en i onmen s.
A p ac ical example om he ci il enginee ing ield is he UK C oss ail p ojec , which elied on i ual collabo a ion ac oss
eams loca ed in di e en places using ools like BIM and Mic oso Teams. These pla o ms enabled eal- ime coo dina ion and
digi al documen sha ing among con ac o s. This e lec s how digi al leade ship and communica ion ools—key clus e s iden i ied
in his s udy—a e applied in la ge-scale enginee ing p ojec s, demons a ing he p ac ical alue o ou indings o indus y
p o essionals.
11. LIMITATIONS
E en hough he bibliome ic analysis p o ides a comp ehensi e pic u e o i ual eam esea ch o e he pas h ee decades, he e
a e s ill se e al in o ma ion gaps and limi a ions. Fo example, he scope o his wo k is limi ed o he bibliome ic examina ion o
biog aphical in o ma ion e ie ed solely om he Scopus da abase. Fu u e s udies could employ me ged bibliog aphical da a om
bo h sou ces because many high-quali y pape s a e only lis ed in one o Web o Science o Scopus. Fu u e s udies add essing hese
gaps will ad ance ou knowledge o i ual eams and make i mo e complex and nuanced. As a esul , businesses will be able o
ully u ilize i ual wo kplaces and gua an ee he wel a e and ou pu o hei emo e pe sonnel.
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