Co esponding au ho : Caleb Adeyemi Adebiyi
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
E alua ion o he an i-plasmodial e ec o Pleu o us pulmona ius (Oys e mush oom)
inco po a ed in o cookies o po en ial adju an he apy in Nige ia
Caleb Adeyemi Adebiyi 1, *, Bolanle Aisha Akinwande 2, Sunday Samuel Taiwo 1, Rachel Oluwa oyin Ade ola 2,
Abiodun Adebimpe Adegoke 1 and Yemisi Olukemi Adesiji 1
1 Depa men o Medical Mic obiology and Pa asi ology, College o Heal h Sciences, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o
Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
2 Depa men o Food Science, Ladoke Akin ola Uni e si y o echnology Ogbomoso, Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1662-1675
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 10 July 2025; e ised on 17 Augus 2025; accep ed on 19 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.2977
Abs ac
Mala ia con inues o pose a majo global heal h bu den, pa icula ly in sub-Saha an A ica, whe e d ug- esis an s ains
o Plasmodium h ea en cu en he apeu ic e icacy. The sea ch o no el, accessible an imala ial agen s has highligh ed
he po en ial o medicinal mush ooms such as Pleu o us pulmona ius.
This s udy e alua ed he an i-plasmodial, hema ological and biochemical, e ec s o Pleu o us pulmona ius- o i ied
cookies as po en ial adju an he apy agains Plasmodium be ghei in ec ion in mice.
Eigh y male Swiss albino mice we e di ided in o eigh g oups (n = 10) and ea ed wi h a ying a io o b ead lou (BF)
and mush oom lou (MF) cookies pos -in ec ion. G oups included a no mal con ol, in ec ed con ol, chlo oquine-
ea ed, and i e ea men g oups con aining (20%–60%) MF. Key pa ame e s assessed included pa asi emia,
hema ological indices, li e and kidney unc ion and his opa hology.
The 40BF:60MF g oup (G oup 8) showed he highes pa asi emia educ ion among cookie- ea ed mice, wi h pos -
ea men pa asi emia a 13.35% compa ed o 8.38% in he chlo oquine g oup (G oup 3) and 67.43% in he un ea ed
g oup (G oup 2) (p < 0.001). Hema ological analysis e ealed signi ican ly ele a ed RBC (13.10 ± 0.23 × 10¹²/L) and
hemoglobin (16.55 ± 0.26 g/dL) in he 80BF:20MF g oup (G oup 4), while G oup 8 showed a o able mean co puscula
olume (MCV: 56.08 ± 0.16 L) and MCHC (53.04 ± 0.25 g/dL), indica ing imp o ed e y h opoiesis. Pla ele eco e y
was modes in mush oom- ea ed g oups (G oup 8: 54.39 ± 0.20 × 10⁹/L) compa ed o chlo oquine
(1068.37 ± 0.19 × 10⁹/L).
These indings sugges Pleu o us pulmona ius may se e as a sa e, nu i ionally bene icial, and a o dable nu aceu ical
adjunc in mala ia managemen , me i ing u he clinical e alua ion.
Keywo ds: Pleu o us pulmona ius; Mala ia; An iplasmodial; Nu aceu ical; Plasmodium be ghei; Immunomodula ion;
Mush oom Cookies; O gan P o ec ion
1. In oduc ion
Mala ia emains a majo public heal h issue, pa icula ly in sub-Saha an A ica, Asia, and Sou h Ame ica, whe e i leads
o subs an ial mo bidi y and mo ali y a es(Sa pong e al., 2022). The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) epo s
millions o mala ia cases annually, wi h young child en, p egnan women, and immunocomp omised indi iduals being
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he mos ulne able (Oladipo e al., 2022). Despi e ex ensi e e o s in mala ia con ol, d ug- esis an s ains o
Plasmodium pa asi es con inue o eme ge, unde mining he e icacy o cu en ea men s. The economic bu den posed
by mala ia, including di ec heal hca e cos s and loss o p oduc i i y, unde sco es he u gen need o new and e ec i e
an i-mala ial agen s (Li e al., 2024).
Cu en an i-mala ial he apies, such as a emisinin-based combina ion he apies (ACTs), ace challenges in e ms o
e icacy, accessibili y, and a o dabili y, pa icula ly in endemic egions wi h limi ed heal hca e in as uc u e.
Mo eo e , he ise o a emisinin- esis an Plasmodium alcipa um s ains u he h ea ens global mala ia con ol
(Oshagbemi e al., 2023).
A ound hal o he wo ld's popula ion is a isk o con ac ing mala ia, which is p e alen in he majo i y o opical
na ions (A ica, Asia, and La in Ame ica) (Jin e al., 2022). In 2018, he e we e 228 million ins ances o mala ia, and an
es ima ed 405,000 people died om he disease, acco ding o he mos ecen Wo ld Mala ia Repo , which was
published in Decembe 2019 (Wang e al., 2022). Plasmodium p o ozoans, including Plasmodium alcipa um,
Plasmodium mala iae, Plasmodium o ale, and Plasmodium i ax, a e he o ganisms ha cause mala ia in ec ions;
howe e , P. alcipa um is esponsible o he majo i y o se e e illnesses. A ican child en unde he age o i e accoun
o he majo i y o documen ed a ali ies. Fo any o he ollowing causes, he e is an immedia e need o no el an i-
mala ial ea men s:
Pleu o us pulmona ius, commonly e e ed o as he mini oys e mush oom o lung-shaped oys e mush oom, is a
membe o he Pleu o aceae amily wi hin he Aga icales o de o he Basidiomyco a phylum. This mush oom is globally
ecognized and enowned o i s culina y appeal. Ini ially labeled Pleu o us gees e anus, comme cialized cul i a s o he
mini oys e mush oom we e e en ually eclassi ied as P. pulmona ius (Zhang e al., 2019). The basidioma o P.
pulmona ius has a dis inc i e c isp- ende ex u e and an umami la o p o ile. Rich in essen ial nu ien s, such as
p o eins, i amins, mine als, and essen ial amino acids (Yu e al., 2024), his mush oom also con ains a a ie y o
bioac i e compounds, including ungal polysaccha ides, e gos e ol, and γ-aminobu y ic acid (Jin e al., 2022). I s
consump ion has been associa ed wi h a wide ange o heal h bene i s, including an ioxida i e, an idiabe ic, an iaging,
and immune-enhancing e ec s (Wang e al., 2022). Due o i s imp essi e adap abili y and s ess esis ance, P.
pulmona ius can h i e on di e se ag icul u al and o es y was e ma e ials (Liang e al., 2022).
Mush ooms like Pleu o us pulmona ius a e ich in bioac i e compounds, including polysaccha ides, e penoids, and
phenolic compounds, which ha e exhibi ed an imic obial, an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y, and an i-cance p ope ies.
Pleu o us pulmona ius speci ically has been s udied o i s nu i ional and medicinal po en ial, showing p omise in
immunomodula o y, an i-diabe ic, and an i- umo applica ions (Wells, 2011). Howe e , i s an i-plasmodial po en ial
emains unde explo ed. Gi en ha o he mush oom species ha e demons a ed an i-pa asi ic e ec s, i is plausible ha
Pleu o us pulmona ius may con ain compounds capable o inhibi ing Plasmodium g ow h o a ec ing i s li e cycle.
Beyond i s an i-plasmodial po en ial, he esea ch could open doo s o explo ing o he he apeu ic bene i s o edible
mush ooms, encou aging hei b oade in eg a ion in o medicinal esea ch and public heal h in e en ions.
2. Ma e ials and me hod
2.1. Expe imen al design
This s udy employed an in- i o app oach using a Plasmodium-in ec ed mice model o e alua e he an i-plasmodial
po en ial o Pleu o us pulmona ius.
2.2. Expe imen al animals
Eigh y male Swiss albino mice wi h weigh o 25-30g we e andomly assigned o 8 g oups (n=10 pe g oup). The animals
we e acclima ized o abou wo weeks unde s anda d animal house condi ions (Tempe a u e 24 ± 2oC humidi y 50 ±
5%- and 12-hou ligh -da k cycle). In e na ional e hical guidelines ega ding animal esea ch handling we e app o ed
and ollowed by ou Ins i u ional Animal E hical commi ee wi h he p o ocol numbe ERC/FBMS092/2025.
2.3. Sample collec ion
Pleu o us pulmona ius mush ooms we e sou ced om epu able comme cial mush oom a ms, cul i a ed in a
con olled en i onmen , Samples we e collec ed om ADEPRESH ag o allied and ood p ocesso Nige ia limi ed,
Eleyele, Ibadan, Oyo S a e, Nige ia.
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2.4. Collec ion o Mice
Heal hy pa hogen- ee Swiss albino adul mice we e ob ained om a ce i ied animal esea ch acili y. They all mee
e hical and heal h s anda ds o labo a o y use. Mice we e acclima ized o labo a o y condi ions o one week be o e
he expe imen o minimize s ess and a iabili y.
They we e allowed o adjus o he en i onmen o wo weeks be o e he commencemen o he s udy. They we e kep
in a well en ila ed oom wi h clean wa e and ed wi h s anda d li es ock eed ob ained om GLORY Animal eed
ac o y, Ogbomoso, Nige ia.
2.5. Animal G oupings and T ea men
• MF: Mush oom lou
• BF: B ead lou
• G oup1- No mal con ol (unin ec ed)
• G oup 2: In ec ed and no ea ed
• G oup 3: In ec ed and ea ed wi h chlo oquine
• G oup4: In ec ed and ea ed wi h 80BF and 20MF cookies
• G oup5: In ec ed and ea ed wi h 70BF and 30MF cookies
• G oup 6: In ec ed and ea ed wi h 60BF and 40MF cookies
• G oup7: In ec ed and ea ed wi h 50BF and 50MF cookies
• G oup8: In ec ed and ea ed wi h 40BF and 60MF cookies
2.6. Pa asi e Collec ion and P epa a ion
Plasmodium be ghei was ob ained om a ecognized mala ia esea ch cen e wi h he necessa y e hical app o al. Dono
mice in ec ed wi h P. be ghei we e main ained o se e as a sou ce o pa asi ized ed blood cells (RBCs). Blood was
collec ed om he dono mice using ail ein punc u e o ca diac punc u e unde anes hesia o ensu e minimal dis ess.
The pa asi ized blood was hen dilu ed wi h phospha e-bu e ed saline (PBS) o p epa e a s anda d inoculum con aining
app oxima ely 1 × 10⁷ in ec ed RBCs pe 0.2 mL, which was used o expe imen al in ec ion.
2.7. Measu emen s o Body Weigh and Tempe a u e
To moni o physiological esponses o ea men , each mouse was weighed daily using a digi al weighing scale. Rec al
empe a u e measu emen s we e aken daily using a digi al he mome e . These pa ame e s was eco ded om Day 0
o Day 7 o obse e changes associa ed wi h ea men .
2.8. Feeding Ra e Assessmen
The eeding a e was assessed by moni o ing he daily ood in ake pe mouse. The ini ial amoun o ood p o ided we e
measu ed a he beginning o each day, and he emaining quan i y we e eco ded a he end o he day. This helped o
e alua e he impac o ea men on appe i e and o e all heal h s a us.
2.9. Pa asi emia Assessmen
The le el o pa asi emia was de e mined using hin blood smea echnique as desc ibed by (CDC, 2022). A small d op
o blood was collec ed om he ail ein o each mouse and sp ead on a clean, g ease- ee slide. The hin ilm was ixed
wi h me hanol and ai -d ied be o e s aining wi h 10% Giemsa s ain o 10 minu es. The slides we e washed unde slow-
unning wa e , d ied, and examined unde a mic oscope. Pa asi emia we e assessed by coun ing in ec ed ed blood cells
in andomly selec ed ields o iew.
2.10. Hema ology Analysis
Hema ological pa ame e s we e assessed o de e mine he impac o Pleu o us pulmona ius o mula ed cookies on
blood composi ion. Blood samples we e collec ed and pa ame e s such as packed cell olume (PCV), hemoglobin
concen a ion (Hb), whi e blood cell (WBC) coun , and ed blood cell (RBC) coun we e measu ed using an au oma ed
hema ology analyze .
2.11. Sample collec ion and S o age
Animals om each g oup we e anes he ized wi h ke amine, he mice we e sac i iced and examined o issue
abno mali ies. Samples o li e and kidney om all g oups we e immedia ely ixed in 10% o malin o a week,
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embedded in pa a in, cu in o 5 μm sec ions, placed on slides and s ained wi h Hema oxylin-Eosin (H&E). The issue
sec ions we e iewed unde a ligh mic oscope (Nikon Y-S100, Ge man). The samples we e embedded in pa a in,
sec ioned (5um) and s ained wi h haema oxylin and eosin (H&E) o his opa hological examina ion.
2.12. His opa hology Analysis
Fo his opa hological examina ions, li e , kidney, and es icula issues we e collec ed pos -mo em and ixed in 10%
o malin ( o li e and kidney). The ixed o gans we e embedded in pa a in, sec ioned a 5 µm hickness, and s ained
wi h Hema oxylin and Eosin (H&E). S ained sec ions we e examined unde a Nikon Y-S100 ligh mic oscope o
his opa hological changes such as cellula degene a ion, in lamma o y in il a ion, and issue a chi ec u e al e a ions
biochemical analysis
Blood sample was collec ed ia ca diac punc u e and cen i uged o ob ain se um. Biochemical analysis was conduc ed
o e alua e li e and kidney unc ion. The le els o li e enzymes (alanine amino ans e ase [ALT] and aspa a e
amino ans e ase [AST]) and kidney unc ion ma ke s (c ea inine and u ea) we e assessed.
2.13. S a is ical Analysis
Da a we e analyzed using s a is ical so wa e. The S uden ’s - es was used o compa e mean pa asi emia le els among
g oups, while one-way analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was employed o compa e di e ences in biochemical and
hema ological pa ame e s ac oss ea men g oups. S a is ical signi icance was se a p< 0.05.
3. Resul s
The analysis o empe a u e and weigh changes ac oss he eigh g oups e eals a ying pa e ns (Figu e 1). In e ms
o empe a u e, mos g oups expe ienced a sligh dec ease om p e- o pos -measu emen , excep o G oup 2, which
showed an inc ease om 35.7°C o 36.9°C. G oups 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 eco ded mild dec eases o ela i ely s able
empe a u es. Rega ding weigh , G oup 1 showed a no able inc ease om 21g o 29g, while G oup 2 expe ienced a
dec ease om 21g o 19g. Simila ly, G oup 6 showed a sligh weigh dec ease om 23g o 22g. The emaining g oups
(G oups 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8) exhibi ed weigh gains, wi h inc eases anging be ween 2g and 5g.
Figu e 1 Tempe a u e and weigh among he s udy G oup
Table 1 e eals signi ican di e ences in pa asi e bu den and ea men esponse ac oss he g oups (p = 0.000). G oup
1 (con ol) showed no change in pa asi e coun (0.40 ± 0.21 p e- and pos - ea men ). G oup 2 exhibi ed a poo
esponse, wi h pa asi e coun ising om 50.38 ± 0.20 o 134.46 ± 0.25. G oups 3 and 8 showed he mos e ec i e
ea men ou comes, wi h pa asi e coun s educed om 48.43 ± 0.23 o 16.43 ± 0.23 and 44.47 ± 0.26 o 26.34 ± 0.17,
espec i ely. In con as , G oups 4 o 7 showed mode a e educ ions. Table 2 shows signi ican a ia ions in whi e blood
cell (WBC) coun s, lymphocy e pe cen ages, and mid cell coun s ac oss he expe imen al g oups (p = 0.000). The highes
WBC was eco ded in G oup 4 (21.89 ± 0.22 × 10⁹/L), ollowed by G oup 3 (18.64 ± 0.25), while he lowes was in G oup
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6 (7.36 ± 0.15). Lymphocy e pe cen ages peaked in G oup 3 (85.45 ± 0.26%) and we e lowes in G oup 7
(49.30 ± 0.17%). G oup 1 had he highes mid cell coun (14.37 ± 0.19 × 10⁹/L), whe eas G oup 8 had he lowes
(6.38 ± 0.19). These di e ences sugges a iable immune esponses among he g oups. Table 3 p esen s s a is ically
signi ican di e ences (p = 0.000) in hema ological pa ame e s among he expe imen al g oups. G oup 4 eco ded he
highes hemoglobin (16.55 ± 0.26 g/dL) and RBC coun (13.10 ± 0.23 × 10¹²/L), while G oup 1 had he lowes
hemoglobin (11.10 ± 0.17) and RBC coun (7.61 ± 0.18). G oup 3 showed an excep ionally high pla ele coun
(1068.37 ± 0.19 × 10⁹/L), con as ing wi h he lowes coun in G oup 8 (54.39 ± 0.20). The highes neu ophil coun was
in G oup 4 (18.36 ± 0.18), while G oup 3 had he lowes (4.34 ± 0.17). Mean co puscula olume (MCV), MCH, and MCHC
we e highes in G oup 8 (56.08 ± 0.16 L; 29.36 ± 0.21 pg; 53.04 ± 0.25 g/dL), indica ing mac ocy ic and hype ch omic
ea u es. G oup 2 had he highes RDW-CV (24.89 ± 0.22), sugges ing g ea e anisocy osis.
Figu e 2 No o pa asi e (P e ea men )
Figu e 3 No o pa asi e (pos ea men )
Figu e 4 Whi e blood cell (WBC) coun
Figu e 5 Hemoglobin (Hgb) da a g/dL
Figu e 6 e eals signi ican di e ences in li e enzyme le els AST, ALT, and ALP ac oss he g oups (p = 0.000), while
o al and conjuga ed bili ubin le els showed no signi ican a ia ion (p = 0.929 and 0.992, espec i ely). The highes
AST and ALT le els we e obse ed in G oup 3 (249.49 ± 0.17 U/L and 99.35 ± 0.16 U/L), indica ing po en ial hepa ic
s ess o damage. ALP was highes in G oup 5 (92.34 ± 0.24 U/L) and lowes in G oup 6 (63.87 ± 0.14 U/L). Despi e
enzyme luc ua ions, bili ubin alues emained ela i ely s able ac oss all g oups, sugges ing p ese ed bili ubin
clea ance. Table 5 shows s a is ically signi ican di e ences in kidney unc ion and elec oly e pa ame e s ac oss he
expe imen al g oups (p < 0.05 o all pa ame e s). G oup 4 had he lowes sodium (79.01 ± 0.15 mmol/L), chlo ide
(71.28 ± 0.18 mmol/L), and bica bona e (10.91 ± 0.16 mmol/L) le els, alongside he highes po assium
(6.98 ± 0.18 mmol/L) and u ea (52.88 ± 0.12 mg/dL), sugges ing impai ed enal unc ion. In con as , G oup 6 showed
he highes sodium (129.69 ± 0.18 mmol/L) and c ea inine (1.72 ± 0.16 mg/dL), indica ing possible dehyd a ion o
enal s ess. G oup 1 had no mal o nea -no mal le els, se ing as he baseline. C ea inine di e ences we e less
p onounced bu s ill signi ican (p = 0.037).
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Figu e 6 Kidney/ Li e unc ion (AST)
Figu e 7 Red blood cell (RBC)
Figu e 8 Neu ophil coun
Table 1 Compa ison o Kidney Func ion and Elec oly e Le els among G oups
Pa ame e
Sodium
(mmol/L)
Po assium
(mmol/L)
Chlo ide
(mmol/L)
Bica bona e
(mmol/L)
U ea
(mg/dL)
C ea inine
(mg/dL)
G oup 1
112.84±0.19
5.69±0.16
86.30±0.17
16.71±0.18
21.96±0.21
1.00±0.17
G oup 2
95.99±0.21
5.33±0.23
85.59±0.20
11.10±0.18
43.91±0.26
1.16±0.22
G oup 3
105.69±0.18
4.85±0.18
83.31±0.18
15.44±0.19
38.80±0.16
0.80±0.20
G oup 4
79.01±0.15
6.98±0.18
71.28±0.18
10.91±0.16
52.88±0.12
0.91±0.21
G oup 5
116.70±0.26
4.41±0.16
100.34±0.19
12.50±0.16
43.85±0.16
1.08±0.18
G oup 6
129.69±0.18
3.89±0.14
86.30±0.17
15.30±0.17
39.77±0.20
1.72±0.16
G oup 7
124.06±0.18
5.19±0.18
96.01±0.17
19.13±0.24
41.40±0.17
1.33±0.17
G oup 8
124.34±0.23
4.55±0.18
99.60±0.20
18.68±0.18
45.25±0.14
1.59±0.19
P- alue
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.037
Figu e 4 e eals signi ican di e ences in WBC coun s ac oss he expe imen al g oups (p = 0.000), e lec ing a ying
immune esponses due o in ec ion, ea men , and die . The con ol g oup (G oup 1) had a no mal WBC coun o
9.00 ± 0.17 × 10⁹/L. G oup 2 (in ec ed, un ea ed) showed a sha p ise o 16.29 ± 0.23, indica ing immune ac i a ion.
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G oup 3 (chlo oquine- ea ed) had a u he inc ease o 18.64 ± 0.25, sugges ing enhanced immune esponse du ing
pa asi e clea ance. Among die a y g oups, G oup 4 (80% BF, 20% MF cookies) had he highes WBC coun
(21.89 ± 0.22), while G oup 6 had he lowes (7.36 ± 0.15), possibly indica ing supp essed immuni y. G oups 5, 7, and 8
showed in e media e esponses, sugges ing die -dependen modula ion o immune ac i i y. Figu e 8 shows signi ican
di e ences in neu ophil coun s ac oss he g oups (p = 0.000), indica ing a ied inna e immune esponses in luenced
by in ec ion, ea men , and die . The con ol g oup (G oup 1) had a baseline coun o 13.34 ± 0.17. G oup 2 (in ec ed,
un ea ed) showed a ma ked dec ease o 7.40 ± 0.21, sugges ing neu ophil deple ion due o in ec ion. G oup 3
(chlo oquine- ea ed) had he lowes coun (4.34 ± 0.17), possibly e lec ing in ec ion esolu ion o ea men -induced
supp ession. Die a y g oups showed di e se esponses: G oup 4 had he highes neu ophil coun (18.36 ± 0.18),
ollowed by G oups 7 (16.41 ± 0.22) and 6 (15.34 ± 0.17), indica ing s ong immune s imula ion. G oups 5 (11.33 ± 0.17)
and 8 (12.47 ± 0.26) showed mode a e coun s. These indings highligh he immunomodula o y e ec s o he
in e en ions on neu ophil ac i i y. Figu e 7 shows a s a is ically signi ican a ia ion (p = 0.000) in RBC coun s ac oss
expe imen al g oups, indica ing he in luence o in ec ion, ea men , and die a y in e en ion on hema ological s a us.
The con ol g oup (G oup 1) had a baseline RBC coun o 7.61 ± 0.18 × 10¹²/L. G oup 2 (in ec ed, un ea ed) showed a
modes inc ease o 9.29 ± 0.20, likely due o a s ess-induced e y h opoie ic esponse. G oup 3 (chlo oquine- ea ed)
exhibi ed a u he ise o 10.51 ± 0.18, sugges ing imp o ed e y h opoiesis. Die a y g oups (G oups 4–8) showed
consis en ly highe RBC le els, wi h G oup 4 (13.10 ± 0.23) eco ding he highes , implying ha die a y in e en ions
especially hose ich in BF may enhance ed cell p oduc ion o s abili y.
Figu e 4 Shows he esul s o he pos - ea men % pa asi e coun e eal a ied esponses ac oss he di e en
ea men g oups. In he Con ol g oup, one subjec showed a low pa asi e coun pos - ea men , sugges ing some
na u al educ ion o pa asi emia wi hou in e en ion. In he In ec ed g oup, one subjec had a high pa asi e coun ,
indica ing ha he in ec ion pe sis ed wi hou ea men . The Chlo oquine g oup demons a ed a posi i e e ec , wi h
one subjec showing a low pa asi e coun , indica ing he d ug's e ec i eness. Fo he 80BF and 20MF cookies and 70BF
and 30MF cookies g oups, each had one subjec wi h a mode a e pa asi e coun , indica ing a pa ial educ ion in
pa asi emia bu no comple e e adica ion. In con as , he 60BF and 40MF cookies and 50BF and 50MF cookies g oups
had subjec s wi h high pa asi e coun s, sugges ing hese in e en ions did no e ec i ely educe he pa asi e load.
Las ly, he 40BF and 60MF cookies g oup had one subjec wi h a low pa asi e coun , demons a ing ha his speci ic
composi ion showed some e icacy in educing pa asi emia.
The esul s o he pos - ea men % pa asi e coun e eal a ied esponses ac oss he di e en ea men g oups
(Figu e 7). In he Con ol g oup, one subjec showed a low pa asi e coun pos - ea men , sugges ing some na u al
educ ion o pa asi emia wi hou in e en ion. In he In ec ed g oup, one subjec had a high pa asi e coun , indica ing
ha he in ec ion pe sis ed wi hou ea men . The Chlo oquine g oup demons a ed a posi i e e ec , wi h one subjec
showing a low pa asi e coun , indica ing he d ug's e ec i eness. Fo he 80BF and 20MF cookies and 70BF and 30MF
cookies g oups, each had one subjec wi h a mode a e pa asi e coun , indica ing a pa ial educ ion in pa asi emia bu
no comple e e adica ion. In con as , he 60BF and 40MF cookies and 50BF and 50MF cookies g oups had subjec s wi h
high pa asi e coun s, sugges ing hese in e en ions did no e ec i ely educe he pa asi e load. Las ly, he 40BF and
60MF cookies g oup had one subjec wi h a low pa asi e coun , demons a ing ha his speci ic composi ion showed
some e icacy in educing pa asi emia.
Table 2 % pa asi e Coun (Pos ea men )
% pa asi e Coun (Pos ea men )
Low
Mode a e
High
Con ol
1
0
0
In ec ed
0
0
1
Chlo oquine
1
0
0
80BF and 20MF cookies
0
1
0
70BF and 30MF cookies
0
1
0
60BF and 40MF cookies
0
0
1
50BF and 50MF cookies
0
0
1
40BF and 60MF cookies
1
0
0
To al
3
2
3
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1662-1675
1669
This s udy shows he dis ibu ion o pos - ea men pa asi e coun pe cen ages e eals a ying le els o esponse o
he ea men among pa icipan s. O he 8 indi iduals assessed, 37.5% (3) demons a ed a low pa asi e coun ,
indica ing a s ong esponse o ea men wi h a subs an ial educ ion in pa asi emia. Hal o he pa icipan s (50.0%,
n=4) showed a mode a e pa asi e coun , e lec ing pa ial ea men e ec i eness. Only 12.5% (1) had a high pa asi e
coun a e ea men , sugges ing limi ed o poo esponse o he in e en ion. Figu e 6 shows compa ison o p e- and
pos - ea men pa asi e coun pe cen ages ac oss he eigh g oups e eals di e se esponses o he adminis e ed
ea men . G oup 1 had no de ec able pa asi emia be o e o a e ea men , indica ing no in ec ion. G oups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8 exhibi ed educ ions in pa asi e coun pos - ea men , sugges ing a a o able esponse o he in e en ion.
No ably, G oup 3 showed a ma ked dec ease om 24% o 8%, while G oup 8 educed om 22% o 13%, indica ing
signi ican pa asi emia clea ance. Howe e , G oup 2 showed an inc ease in pa asi e coun om 25% o 67%, sugges ing
a poo o ad e se esponse o ea men .
Figu e 9 Pe cen age pa asi e coun (Pos - ea men )
Figu e 10 Compa ison o p e- and pos - ea men pa asi e coun
The co ela ion analysis (Table 3) e eals se e al signi ican ela ionships among hema ological pa ame e s. No ably, a
s ong nega i e co ela ion exis s be ween neu ophil pe cen age and WBC coun ( = -0.960, p = 0.000), indica ing ha
highe neu ophil le els a e associa ed wi h educed o al WBC. Simila ly, he mid cell alue co ela es nega i ely wi h
WBC ( = -0.722, p = 0.043), sugges ing an in e se ela ionship be ween mid- ange cells and o al leukocy e coun . RBC
coun is mode a ely posi i ely co ela ed wi h hemoglobin ( = 0.642, p = 0.086), hough no s a is ically signi ican a
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1662-1675
1670
he 0.05 le el. A s ong posi i e co ela ion is obse ed be ween hema oc i and hemoglobin ( = 0.940, p = 0.001),
con i ming hei close physiological link. NCH shows a e y s ong posi i e co ela ion wi h MCHC ( = 0.993, p = 0.000),
while pla ele coun is nega i ely co ela ed wi h bo h NCH ( = -0.878, p = 0.004) and MCHC ( = -0.892, p = 0.003),
sugges ing ha as pla ele le els ise, ed cell indices dec ease. Addi ionally, RBC and RDW-CV a e nega i ely co ela ed
( = -0.745, p = 0.034), implying ha ele a ed RBC coun s a e associa ed wi h less a ia ion in ed cell size. Pla ele s
show no signi ican co ela ion wi h RBC o HCT bu ha e a weak, non-signi ican posi i e co ela ion wi h RDW-CV
( = 0.298, p = 0.473).
To al bili ubin shows a s ong posi i e co ela ion wi h sodium ( = 0.849, p = 0.008) and a mode a e nega i e
co ela ion wi h po assium ( = -0.734, p = 0.038), sugges ing ha highe sodium le els a e linked wi h inc eased
bili ubin, while highe po assium le els co espond o educed bili ubin le els. I also shows a posi i e, hough
ma ginally non-signi ican , co ela ion wi h bica bona e ( = 0.683, p = 0.062), indica ing a possible end. In con as ,
conjuga ed bili ubin does no signi ican ly co ela e wi h any measu ed elec oly es o me aboli es, as all p- alues
exceed 0.05. Sodium (Na⁺) co ela es posi i ely wi h chlo ide ( = 0.771, p = 0.025) and bica bona e ( = 0.815,
p = 0.014), sugges ing coo dina ed elec oly e balance. I is nega i ely co ela ed wi h po assium ( = -0.825, p = 0.012),
implying ha an inc ease in sodium ends o coincide wi h a dec ease in po assium. Po assium also shows a mode a e,
non-signi ican nega i e co ela ion wi h bica bona e ( = -0.609, p = 0.109), hin ing a an in e se ela ionship.
Bica bona e i sel is posi i ely associa ed wi h sodium and c ea inine ( = 0.815, p = 0.014; = 0.807, p = 0.015,
espec i ely), linking elec oly e egula ion wi h enal unc ion and acid-base homeos asis. These indings highligh he
in ica e in e play be ween li e unc ion, elec oly e balance, and enal ma ke s in he expe imen al con ex .
Table 3 Co ela ion among hema ological analysis
Lymph
%
RBC
Hgb
HCT
MCV
NCH
MCHC
RDW-
CV
Pla ele
WBC
-0.120
0.424
0.689
0.661
0.541
-0.078
-0.147
0.092
0.256
p
0.777
0.295
0.059
0.074
0.166
0.854
0.728
0.828
0.541
Lymph
%
1
-0.158
0.274
0.303
0.159
-0.089
-0.108
0.205
0.232
p
0.709
0.511
0.465
0.708
0.834
0.799
0.626
0.580
Mid
-0.722*
-0.440
-0.432
-0.271
-0.282
-0.428
-0.429
0.403
0.256
p
0.043
0.275
0.285
0.516
0.498
0.290
0.289
0.323
0.541
Neu
-0.960**
0.382
-0.143
-0.240
-0.077
0.285
0.308
-0.421
-0.399
p
0.000
0.350
0.735
0.567
0.857
0.494
0.458
0.299
0.328
RBC
-0.158
1
0.642
0.390
0.372
0.360
0.350
-0.745*
-0.185
p
0.709
0.086
0.339
0.364
0.381
0.395
0.034
0.661
Hgb
0.274
0.642
1
0.940**
0.456
0.050
0.005
-0.334
0.094
p
0.511
0.086
0.001
0.256
0.906
0.991
0.419
0.826
HCT
0.303
0.390
0.940**
1
0.270
-0.170
-0.207
-0.172
0.201
p
0.465
0.339
0.001
0.519
0.688
0.622
0.684
0.633
MCV
0.159
0.372
0.456
0.270
1
0.463
0.356
0.248
-0.192
p
0.708
0.364
0.256
0.519
0.248
0.386
0.554
0.648
MCH
-0.089
0.360
0.050
-0.170
0.463
1
0.993**
-0.314
-0.878**
p
0.834
0.381
0.906
0.688
0.248
0.000
0.449
0.004
MCHC
-0.108
0.350
0.005
-0.207
0.356
0.993**
1
-0.381
-0.892**
p
0.799
0.395
0.991
0.622
0.386
0.000
0.351
0.003
0.205
-0.745*
-0.334
-0.172
0.248
-0.314
-0.381
1
0.298
