Co esponding au ho : Gogbé Jean-Luc TIÉMOKO
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
Spa ial and empo al a ia ion o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on and hei
esponse o nu ien inpu s in hyd oelec ic ese oi s: Case o Kossou, Taabo and
Faé in Cô e d’I oi e
Gogbé Jean-Luc TIÉMOKO 1, *, Nouho Ko i OUATTARA 2, Cy -Ke in Yao KOUAMÉ 2 and Allassane OUATTARA 2
1 Depa men o Ag icul u e, Fishe y Resou ces and Ag o-Indus ies, San Ped o Uni e si y, BP1800 San Ped o, Ci y o San
Ped o, Coun y o Cô e d'I oi e.
2 Depa men o En i onmen al Science and Managemen , Nangui Ab ogoua Uni e si y, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Ci y o
Abidjan, Coun y o Cô e d'I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1797-1806
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 13 July 2025; e ised on 23 Augus 2025; accep ed on 25 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3004
Abs ac
Moni o ing p og ams o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances in ela ion o nu ien concen a ions
was ca ied ou in Kossou, Taabo and Faé hyd oelec ic ese oi s in Cô e d'I oi e, h ee impo an ese oi s o ishing
and ec ea ional ac i i ies. The s udy sough o assess he spa ial and empo al cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on dis ibu ion and es ablish he ela ionship be ween hese bac e ial abundances and nu ien
concen a ions. Wa e samples we e collec ed in 8 campaigns h oughou a yea on linea ansec o each ese oi .
Cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on we e enume a ed using cul u e me hods. Nu ien s such as To al ni ogen
and o al phospho us we e analyzed. Cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on concen a ions anged om 1.0 × 105
o 1.3 × 108, 1.1 × 105 o 2.4 × 108 and 1.8 × 105 o 9.2 × 108 CFU.100 mL-1 in he Kossou, Taabo and Faé dam lakes,
espec i ely. Coas al a eas close o u ban a eas and ag icul u al lands eco ded he highes abundances, mainly du ing
he ainy season. Signi ican di e ences we e espec i ely obse ed wi h hose eco ded in he deepes a eas and du ing
he d y seasons. Gene alized addi i e models (GAM) showed signi ican a ia ions in cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on linked o nu ien concen a ions, sugges ing spon aneous g ow h o hese bac e ia as nu ien le els
inc ease in ese oi s. In addi ion, he cul u able he e o ophic bac e ial load de ec ed is clea e idence o ongoing
bac e ial pollu ion. To limi an h opogenic ac i i ies impac s on hese ese oi s, po en ial isk o public heal h, i is
impo an o es ablish sa e y zones a ound hem and o ea was ewa e be o e discha ging i .
Keywo ds: An h opogenic ac i i ies; Nu ien pollu an s; Cul u able iable bac e ia; GAM; Rese oi s quali y
1. In oduc ion
Human impac s on wa e esou ces a e inc easing [1, 2]. These impac s om se e al ac i i ies, including domes ic,
indus ial, ag icul u al and u ban ac i i ies. Despi e he nume ous denuncia ions ca ied ou h ough se e al scien i ic
s udies, hese impac s s ill pe sis [3, 4, 5]. The p oblem is ha he many discha ges om hese ac i i ies, such as o ganic
pollu an s and was ewa e discha ged in o su ace wa e s, con ibu e o wa e quali y deg ada ion [3, 4, 5, 6].
Was ewa e s om human ac i i ies a e gene ally composed o many nu ien s, especially phospho us and ni ogen [6],
and se e al mic oo ganisms, pa hogenic o no , he e o ophic o no [7, 8]. Among he quo ed mic oo ganisms, he
he e o ophic bac e ioplank on is he mos impo an due o his in ol emen in he wa e pu i ica ion [9]. I plays a
undamen al pa in wa e s mine aliza ion, deg ading o ganic pollu an s, in e ening in pa icula in se e al eac ions
such as he ans o ma ion pa hways o ca bon, ni ogen and phospho us cycles necessa y o p ima y p oduc ion [9].
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O ganic pollu an s, mainly ca bon, ni ogen and phospho us, a e used o hei g ow h. The e o e, excessi e
deg ada ion o o ganic pollu an s by he e o ophic bac e ioplank on con ibu es o inc ease hei abundances in
aqua ic en i onmen s and leads o nu ien en ichmen [10]. He e o ophic bac e ioplank on a e composed o
nume ous pa hogenic bac e ia [11, 12], implica ed in ish in ec ions and wa e bo ne diseases [13]. Wa e bo ne diseases
a e common, and cons i u es leading causes o dea h wo ldwide [14]. Ca eless consump ion and handling o
con amina ed ish and wa e is he mos common ou e o human in ec ion [15].
Kossou, Taabo and Faé dams’ lakes in Cô e d’I oi e like mos hyd opowe dams, a e buil o supply he economic and
ag icul u e needs o he popula ions, p o iding d inking wa e and ec ea ional ac i i ies. Howe e , an h opogenic
ac i i ies such as u banisa ion, ag icul u e and aquacul u e, s ongly de eloped on he wa e sheds and inside o hese
ese oi s, pose a h ea [16, 17, 18]. These ese oi s, connec ed o he i e s o hei ibu a ies, could ecei e
indus ial, ag icul u al and domes ic was ewa e con aining pa hogenic mic oo ganisms, o ganic ma e , ni ogen,
phospho us and o he hea y me als. Fo ins ance, aquacul u e ac i i ies gene a e la ge quan i ies o nu ien s which,
once eleased in o he wa e , dis up he unc ioning o aqua ic ecosys ems. The nume ous inpu s om human ac i i ies
ha a e cons an ly de eloping a ound hese ese oi s could lead o in ec ion, disease and dea h o aqua ic o ganisms
and humans alike. Some ecen s udies on mic obiological quali y showed aecal pollu ion in hese ese oi s’ wa e s
[19]. These lakes could he e o e ecei e la ge amoun s o o ganic ma e , which is he sou ce o he de elopmen o
he e o ophic bac e ioplank on [10]. Fu he mo e, no simila s udy has been ca ied ou in hese ese oi s be o e.
This s udy will he e o e also p o ide in o ma ion on he cu en mic obiological s a e o hese ese oi s since hei
c ea ion. I would he e o e be impo an o moni o he concen a ions o cul i able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on in
esponse o nu ien inpu s o hese ese oi s.
Apa om ha s anda d pla e coun o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on can be used o de e mine he
bac e ial pollu ion load in ese oi s [20]. The cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on is he iable he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on p opo ion ob ained on aga . Al hough hese bac e ia ep esen a small p opo ion o o al
he e o ophic bac e ia, a ound 1%, his s udy will enable i possible o assess he p oli e a ion o his cul u able iable
p opo ion in hese nu ien -linked wa e s, which emains li le s udied. The s udy sough o (i) assess he spa ial and
empo al cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on dis ibu ion and (ii) es ablish he ela ionship be ween hese
bac e ial abundances and nu ien concen a ions (To al ni ogen and o al phospho us) using Gene alized Addi i e
Models (GAM) o e alua e nu ien in luences on cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances le el.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. S udy a ea and sampling
The s udy a ea comp ises Kossou, Taabo and Faé hyd oelec ic ese oi s in Cô e d'I oi e (Figu e 1). These ese oi s
we e desc ibed by Tiémoko e al. [19]. Kossou, Taabo and Faé ese oi s co e espec i ely an a ea o 1700 km2, 62
km2 and 16.28 km2 wi h wa e shed a eas o 58700 km2, 32400 km2 and 2424 km2 [16, 17, 21, 22]. The wa e sheds a e
mos ly made up o u ban, li es ock and ag icul u al a eas. The wa e sampling we e ca ied ou o e a pe iod o 1 yea
h oughou 8 campaigns, om No embe 2017 o Oc obe 2018: No embe (N), Janua y (J), Feb ua y (F) co e ing d y
pe iods, and Ap il (A), June (J), July (J), Sep embe (S), Oc obe (O) co e ing ainy pe iods o he empo al s udy. 16
sampling s a ions we e selec ed along he ansec s o dam lakes, in pa icula 5 sampling s a ions in Kossou (K1, K2,
K3, K4, K5) and Taabo (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) dam lakes and 6 in Fae dam lake (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6) o compa e sho eline
and dep h a eas (Figu e 1). Ac i i ies a ound sampling poin s we e desc ibed by Tiémoko e al. [19]. A each sampling
si e, 1 L s e ile bo les we e illed wi h wa e by subme ging he bo les comple ely in he lakes. A o al o 256 samples
was collec ed, mainly 128 samples o mic obiological analysis and 128 samples o nu ien s analysis. The bo les we e
labelled and anspo ed o he labo a o y on ice in a cool box (4°C) o mic obiological analysis wi hin a maximum o
8 hou s a e sampling.
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Figu e 1 Loca ion o ese oi s wi h sampling s a ions. a: Lake Kossou; b: Lake Taabo; c: Lake Faé (modi ied om
Tiémoko e al. [19])
2.2. Nu ien concen a ions analysis
To al ni ogen (TN) and o al phospho us (TP) we e analyzed acco ding o ISO 20236 (2018) and ISO 15681-2 (2003)
espec i ely. The TN was de e mined using a mul i N/C 3100 analyze (CLD, Analy ik Jena, Ge many) wi h mul iWin
con ol and e alua ion so wa e. TP was de e mined using a spec opho ome e AL800.
2.3. Cul u e based me hods o he e o ophic bac e ioplank on
Following ISO 7218 (2007), he cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on was enume a ed in he wa e samples, using
he Pla e Coun Aga (PCA) (Di coTM : 5350859, F ance). Wa e sample suspensions we e se ially dilu ed om 10-1 o
10-7 in ul apu e wa e by adding 1 mL o sample o 9 mL o ul apu e wa e , and 100 µL o all dilu ions we e sp ead on
PCA p e iously p epa ed acco ding o he manu ac u e 's ins uc ions, pou ed in o Pe i dishes, and d ied. The pla es
we e incuba ed a 37 °C o 24 hou s. A e incuba ion, pla e coun s we e exp essed as Colony Fo ming Uni s pe 100
millili e s (CFU.100 mL-1).
2.4. Compa ison es and ep esen a ion o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on box plo and line plo
S a is ical es s we e equi ed o analyse he da a on he cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on dis ibu ion a he
sampling s a ions. This includes he Shapi o-Wilk es , ollowed by K uskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whi ney es s. The
signi icance le el is 0.05. RS udio 4.1.2 so wa e was used o pe o m hese es s. Cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on box plo and line plo we e ca ied ou using also RS udio so wa e. The ggplo 2 and scales pa kages
we e used o hese box plo implemen a ions.
2.5. Model o s udy he ela ionship be ween concen a ions
The Gene alized Addi i e Model (GAM) in RS udio so wa e was used o s udy he ela ionship be ween concen a ions
o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on and nu ien s eco ded. GAM consis s in op imizing he quali y o he
o ecas o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances om a ious dis ibu ions, by es ima ing non-
speci ic (non-pa ame ic) unc ions o he p edic o a iables (TN and TP) ha a e ela ed o he cul u able
he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances by a binding unc ion [23]. The plo mo and mgc pa kages we e used o
he GAM implemen a ion.
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3. Resul s
3.1. Nu ien s a ia ion in dam lakes
Nu ien s le el analyzed a e summa ised in Table 1. Nu ien concen a ions we e ela i ely close in all ese oi s. To al
ni ogen (TN) median concen a ions we e 0.669 mg/L, 0.624 mg/L and 0.748 mg/L in Kossou, Taabo and Faé dam
lakes espec i ely. These median alues we e in e io o DCE (Di ec i e Cad e Eu opéenne) and WHO (Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion) s anda d o 1 mg/L (accep able le el o good aqua ic li e and di e si y). As a as o al phospho us (TP),
median concen a ions eco ded in he ese oi s (0.241 mg/L, 0.230 mg/L and 0.223 mg/L in Kossou, Taabo and Faé
dam lakes espec i ely) we e abo e he DCE’s and WHO’s s anda d (> 0.1 mg/L).
Table 1 Summa y o nu ien concen a ions measu ed in dam lakes
Dam lakes
TN (mg/L)
TP (mg/L)
Kossou
0.669 (0.333-0.950)
0.241 (0.055-1.818)
Taabo
0.624 (nd-1.542)
0.230 (0.035-0.387)
Faé
0.748 (nd-1.967)
0.223 (0.032-0.490)
a.Concen a ions a e exp essed as median (minimum-maximum) alues obse ed du ing he sampling campaigns; nd indica e nu ien s alues
in e io o de ec ion limi o 5µg/L; TN: To al ni ogen; TP: To al phospho us
3.2. Spa ial a ia ion o he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances
The spa ial a ia ion o he e o ophic bac e ioplank on was obse ed along ansec s o he ese oi s o compa e he
li o al zone o he deep zone (Figu e 2). Low median abundances we e eco ded in he deepes a ea o he Kossou and
Taabo dam lakes a K3 o 9.0 × 105 CFU.100 mL-1 and T3 o 4.8 × 105 CFU.100 mL-1 espec i ely. In Faé's ese oi , a low
median abundance o 4.2 × 106 CFU.100 mL-1 was eco ded a F5. High median abundances we e all epo ed a sampling
s a ions nea he sho e a eas, namely K1 (2.54 × 107 CFU.100 mL-1), T1 (1.77 × 107 CFU.100 mL-1) and F1 (8.75 × 107
CFU.100 mL-1) in Kossou, Taabo and Faé dam’s Lakes espec i ely. Fu he mo e, he Mann-Whi ney es showed
signi ican di e ences be ween he e o ophic bac e ioplank on concen a ions eco ded in some a eas o Lake Kossou
(pK1-K3 = 0.01476; pK3-K5 = 0.02067) and Lake Faé (pF1-F4 = 0.01041; pF1-F5 = 0.01041; pF1-F6 = 0.02813). No signi ican
a ia ion was obse ed o he Taabo hyd oelec ic ese oi (K uskal-Wallis; p = 0.6347). Compa ed o Faé’s, Taabo
and Kossou ese oi s eco ded lowes bac e ia concen a ions, wi h signi ican a ia ion obse ed be ween Taabo and
Faé ese oi s (Mann-Whi ney : pTaabo-Faé = 0.00861).
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Figu e 2 Cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on (CHB) abundances de e mined in hyd oelec ic ese oi s.
Median (ho izon al line in box), lowe and uppe qua iles (lowe and uppe box lines) a e shown. Boxplo ha ing
di e en le e s in exponen di e signi ica i ely (Mann-Whi ney; p < 0.05)
3.3. Tempo al a ia ion o he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances
Tempo al moni o ing o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on indica es ha he majo i y o lowes abundances in
all ese oi s we e eco ded in No embe , Janua y and Feb ua y, du ing d y pe iod (Figu e 3). The highe
concen a ions o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on a e ob ained in Ap il, June, July, Sep embe and Oc obe ,
so du ing ainy pe iod.
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Figu e 3 Tempo al a ia ion o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on (CHB) in dam lakes
3.4. In luences o nu ien s on cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundance
Figu e 4 GAM's esponse cu e ela ing cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on concen a ions o ni ogen and
phospho us concen a ions ob ained in hyd oelec ic ese oi s. Values on he ho izon al axis ep esen cul u able
he e o ophic bac e ioplank on concen a ions, pink bands ep esen 95% con idence in e als
The ela ionship be ween cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundance and nu ien concen a ions was
pe o med o assess he nu ien p essu e le el on cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundance. O e all,
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signi ican posi i e co ela ions (Spea man: p < 0.05) we e obse ed be ween nu ien concen a ions (TN and TP) and
cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on concen a ions, excep TN in Taabo and Kossou dam lakes (Table 2).
Gene alized addi i e models (GAM) show ha cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on inc ease wi h inc easing
nu ien s (TN and TP) in all ese oi s, sugges ing spon aneous g ow h o he e o ophic bac e ioplank on as nu ien
le els inc ease (Figu e 4).
Table 2 To al Ni ogen (TN) and To al Phospho us (TP) used in GAMs o app ecia e he cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on concen a ions (CHB) le el in he Taabo, Kossou and Faé dam lakes
TN
TP
p- alue
De iance
explained %
p- alue
De iance
explained %
CHB in dam
lakes
Kossou
0.0829
0.335
15.7
0.259
0.0029**
29.4
Taabo
-0.0072
0.385
2.11
0.672
5.0e-08***
72.6
Faé
0.46
1.0e-04***
53.8
0.071
0.0394*
9.08
b.* Signi ican ly low p edic ion: p ˂ 0.05; ** Signi ican ly a e age p edic ion: p ˂ 0.01; *** Signi ican ly high p edic ion: p ˂ 0.001; TN: To al ni ogen;
TP: To al phospho us
4. Discussion
Nu ien concen a ions we e ela i ely close in all ese oi s, and pa icula ly he TP le el eco ded ep esen ed a
h ea o he ophic s a us o he wa e . The obse ed nu ien concen a ions could be ela ed o was ewa e esul ing
esiden s a ound lakes, nea by owns and un-o om cocoa, he ea and co ee c ops du ing ainy e en s [19]. These
obse a ions co obo a e hose o Fa hadinejad e al. [24], Yan e al. [25] and A he hol e al. [26] showing ha high TN
and TP concen a ions a e linked o uno om ag icul u e e ilized c oplands, animal manu e discha ges, leakage
om sep ic anks, domes ic sewage discha ges. Ou esul s a e ela i ely close o hose o Ki an e al. [27], who epo ed
high le els o o al ni ogen (1.3 - 4.03 mg/L) and o al phospho us (0.07 - 0.14 mg/L) in o Taihu Lake in China,
in luenced by u ban, indus ial, ag icul u al and illage ac i i ies gene a ing signi ican quan i y o was ewa e . Con ol
ac o s such as he educ ion o phospho us and ni ogen an h opogenic inpu s, he phospho us and ni ogen
adap a ion discha ge poin s o u ban o indus ial o igin, he imp o emen o he physical quali y o he en i onmen
and he imp o emen hyd ological condi ions should make i possible o educe he phospho us and ni ogen
concen a ions in ese oi s.
He e o ophic bac e ioplank on high concen a ions obse ed in he sho e a ea could be explained by he possibili y
ha he ese oi s ecei e was ewa e s om he nume ous an h opogenic ac i i ies obse ed in he sho e a eas [19].
Indeed, he K5 s a ion o Kossou's dam lake was cha ac e ized by lakeside esiden s and li es ock a ming. The T1
s a ion o Taabo's dam lake ecei es e luen om Taabo Ci y and was es way ou om li es ock a ming and
ag icul u al ac i i ies no a om wa e body. The F1 s a ion o Faé’s dam lake was loca ed nea a la ge u al
agglome a ions (cha ac e ized by high popula ion densi y) e y close o he lake. Acco ding o Fa hadinejad e al. [24],
Yan e al. [25] and A he hol e al. [26], domes ic was ewa e and li es ock e luen s may con ain signi ican bac e ia
and o ganic pollu an s. O ganic pollu an s in wa e se e as nu ien sou ces o he p oli e a ion o he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on h i ing [10]. Rossi [28] showed high bac e ioplank on in an a ea a ec ed by human ac i i ies.
Compa a i ely, ou esul s we e closed o hose o Bha a hi e al. [8] who epo ed cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on a e age abundances o 2.1 × 108 CFU.100 mL-1 in o Enno e sho e a eas in India. On he o he hand,
hese alues emain ela i ely in e io o hose o San é Canada [29], sugges ing ha pollu ed wa e may con ain mo e
han 109 CFU/100 mL o cul u able he e o ophic bac e ia. Howe e , hyd ochemical pa ame e s could also be
esponsible o hese a ia ions [30]. Taabo and Kossou dam lakes eco ded lowes bac e ia concen a ions. Indeed, he
wa e sheds o he Taabo and Kossou dam lakes we e cha ac e ized by ci ies and illages no a om he wa e body
compa ed o he Faé dam lake, whose ipa ian popula ions a e loca ed close o he wa e body. Depending on he
dis ance be ween pollu ion sou ces and wa e bodies, some o he eleases could be e ained in he g ound o seep
and/o e apo a e, whe eas ano he pa could be discha ged in o he lakes.
Highes cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on abundances we e eco ded du ing ainy pe iod. This could be
ela ed o he highe an h opogenic inpu s du ing his pe iod han d y pe iod. TN and TP concen a ions we e highe
du ing ainy pe iod han d y pe iod. Su ace wa e s a e gene ally less dis u bed du ing he d y pe iod and ecei e ewe
pollu an s (mic oo ganisms and o ganics) [10, 28]. He e o ophic bac e ia loads a e supplemen ed by o he bac e ia
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om he ex e nal en i onmen in he un-o wa e [8, 10]. [12] obse ed also cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on high g ow h du ing ainy pe iod. Fu he mo e, s udies a eas a e cha ac e ized by s ong slan s.
Acco ding o [31], an h opogenic ac i i ies con ibu ions a e mo e accen ua ed in a eas ma ked by a high slan , due o
uno a e ele a ed b inging quickly many was e h ough he wa e bodies.
Gene alized Addi i e Models (GAM) show ha cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on inc ease wi h nu ien s (TN
and TP) in all ese oi s. These esul s highligh he nu ien s impo an ole in bac e ial g ow h. Bha a hi e al. [8] also
ound signi ican posi i e co ela ion be ween he e o ophic bac e ioplank on communi ies and nu ien (TN and TP)
concen a ions in hei s udies, sugges ing ha high nu ien s load a ou bac e ial communi y inc ease. Simila ly,
Fishe e al. [32] showed ha ni ogen and phospho us we e esponsible o he a ia ion in bac e ial communi y
composi ion. The he e o ophic bac e ioplank on, h ough he mechanism o anabolism, uses ni ogen and phospho us
o syn hesis o ibosomes, ese e subs ances, pigmen s, gas acuoles, memb ane p o eins, nucleic acid (ADN, ARN) in
a ou able en i onmen al condi ions o cell di ision. The phospho us is used o he enzymes, coenzymes,
phosphop o eins and phospholipids p oduc ion, undamen al in he o ma ion o memb anes [10, 33]. Acco ding o
Tiémoko e al. [19], en i onmen al condi ions (Tempe a u e, pH, O2) we e a ou able o he he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on.
5. Conclusion
S udy esul s showed ha dam lakes ecei e signi ican ni ogen and phospho us amoun s. Cul u able he e o ophic
bac e ioplank on abundances we e highe in sho e a eas du ing ainy seasons. Rela ionships obse ed wi h GAM e eal
cul u able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on signi ican a ia ions due o nu ien s, sugges ing spon aneous g ow h o
he e o ophic bac e ioplank on as nu ien le els inc ease. This s udy he e o e denounces an uncon olled bac e ial
g ow h in hese wa e s, especially in a eas close o human ac i i ies. Cul i able he e o ophic bac e ioplank on
concen a ions aise conce ns abou heal h isks. I is he e o e impo an o limi an h opogenic ac i i ies impac by
c ea ing secu i y spaces a ound ese oi s, ea was ewa e s be o e dumped in su ace wa e s and o analysis he
pa hogenic bac e ia p esence in he dam lakes o p e en public heal h p oblems.
6. Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
Au ho s hank Nangui Ab ogoua Uni e si y and pe sonals in ol ed.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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