1.1.5
2
PLANET4B ecei es unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon Eu ope
esea ch and inno a ion p og amme unde g an ag eemen No 101082212.
This p ojec is unded by UK Resea ch and Inno a ion (UKRI) unde he UK
go e nmen ’s Ho izon Eu ope unding gua an ee.
This wo k has ecei ed unding om he Swiss S a e Sec e a ia o Educa ion,
Resea ch and Inno a ion (SERI).
Views and opinions a e o hose o he au ho s only and do no necessa ily
e lec hose o he Eu opean Union, Eu opean Commission, he go e nmen o
he Uni ed Kingdom, o he go e nmen o Swi ze land. The Eu opean Union,
he Eu opean Commission, he go e nmen o he Uni ed Kingdom, o he
go e nmen o Swi ze land canno be held esponsible o hem.
iii
Key deli e able in o ma ion
Deli e able numbe
D1.2
Deli e able i le
In en o y o beha iou science heo ies o biodi e si y decision-making
Task leade
No wegian Ins i u e o Na u e Resea ch (NINA)
Co esponding au ho
Hakon Aspoy
Dissemina ion le el
Public
S a us
Final
Deli e able desc ip ion
The epo is he esul o a sys ema ic e iew o published li e a u e on disciplina y app oaches
including beha iou and social sciences o p o ide an in en o y o heo ies po en ially applicable o
in luencing biodi e si y decision-making. A complemen a y e iew o p e ious EU and global p ojec s
(g ey li e a u e) ha ha e es ed beha iou al and decision-making in e en ions o biodi e si y
decision-making is also included.
Ve sion
S a us
Da e
Au ho s/Re iewe s
0.1
D a
16/04/2023
Au ho s: Håkon Aspøy (NINA); Yennie Ka a ina B edin
(NINA); Be i Junke -Köhle (NINA).
0.2
D a
18/04/2023
Re iewe s:
Alex F anklin (CU); Ilkhom Solie (MLU);
Agnes Zolyomi
0.3
D a
26/04/2023
Au ho s: Håkon Aspøy (NINA); Yennie Ka a ina B edin
(NINA); Be i
Junke -
Köhle (NINA); Da id Nicholas Ba on
(NINA)
0.4
D a
27/04/2023
Re iewe s: Alex F anklin (CU); Ilkhom Solie (MLU);
Agnes Zolyomi
P ojec ac onym
PLANET4B
P ojec i le
unde s anding Plu al alues, in e sec ionali y, Le e age poin s,
A i udes, No ms, beha iou and social lEa ning in T ans o ma ion o
Biodi e si y decision making
S a ing da e
01s No embe 2022
Du a ion
36 mon hs
Websi e
h ps://plane 4b.eu/
P ojec coo dina ion and
scien i ic lead eam
Ilkhom Solie ; Alex F anklin; Agnes Zolyomi; To s en Wähle
i
0.5
D a
28/04/2023
Au ho s: Håkon Aspøy (NINA); Yennie Ka a ina B edin
(NINA); Be i Junke -Köhle (NINA); Da id Nicholas Ba on
(NINA)
1.0
Final
30/04/2023
Re iewe : To s en Wähle (MLU)
Con ibu o s o ac ion/in e en ion di ec ly leading o his deli e able
Gianluca B uno i (
UNIPI
); Alex F anklin (CU); Robe o G onda (
UNIPI
); Robe Home (FiBL); C is ina
Y. A. Inoue (RU); Sand a Ka ne (IFZ); Sebas ien Kaye; Esz e Kelemen (ESSRG); Julia Le en on
(CG); Blanka Loucko a (CG); Vinícius Mendes (RU); Pa icia O o i-Aman o (CG); Ammalia
Podlaszewska (CGE); Mi jam Schlei e (FiBL); Ba ba a Smi h (CU); Ilkhom Solie (MLU); Da id
S einwende (IFZ); Simeon Vaňo (CG); Daniele Ve gamini (
UNIPI
); Ma eo Villa (
UNIPI
); Agnes
Zolyomi
Recommended ci a ion
Aspøy, H., B edin, Y. K., Köhle , B. J., & Ba on, D. N. (2023). In en o y o beha iou science heo ies
o biodi e si y decision-making. Repo No D1.2 o he Ho izon Eu ope P ojec 101082212 –
PLANET4B. B ussels: Eu opean Resea ch Execu i e Agency.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14870928
Righ s and license
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License. The C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion license allows e-dis ibu ion and e-use o a licensed wo k on he condi ion ha
he c ea o is app op ia ely c edi ed. Read mo e.
Acknowledgemen s
The Task 1.2 eam would like o hank all membe s o he PLANET4B conso ium o
aking hei ime o p o ide his deli e able wi h in o ma ion on and insigh in o hei
heo e ical app oaches o decision-making in a biodi e si y con ex , as well as
in o ma ion on key publica ions and esea ch p ojec s o he scope o Task 1.2, and
PLANET4B in gene al. This deli e able would no ha e been possible wi hou you
assis ance.
1
Table o Con en s
Key deli e able in o ma ion .............................................................................................. iii
Acknowledgemen s ........................................................................................................... i
Execu i e summa y ............................................................................................................ 2
1 In oduc ion .................................................................................................................... 2
2 Me hodological app oach ................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Selec ing heo e ical inpu s and in o ma ion on ele an p ojec s ......................................... 4
2.2 Resea ch ques ion and e iew p ocess .................................................................................. 6
3 Resul s ............................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 Findings om he pee - e iewed li e a u e and book chap e e iew – in en o y o
heo e ical inpu ......................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Findings om he g ey li e a u e e iew – p ojec in en o y ............................................... 13
3.3 Limi a ions .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 P ocess owa ds de eloping ansdisciplina y diagnos ic amewo k(s) o biodi e si y
in e en ions ............................................................................................................................ 17
4 Conclusion and ou look ................................................................................................. 18
Re e ences ....................................................................................................................... 19
S a emen on da a a ailabili y ......................................................................................... 19
S a emen on e hics ......................................................................................................... 19
Annex ............................................................................................................................... 20
2
Execu i e summa y
• As pa o acili a ing a sha ed s a ing poin o engaging wi h beha iou al and
decision-making app oaches o biodi e si y, he aim o Task 1.2 was o de elop
a amewo k o disciplina y app oaches o biodi e si y ele an decision-
making.
• To da e, e y limi ed in o ma ion is a ailable abou wha in luences decision-
making ela ed o biodi e si y. The e o e, he e is an u gen need o in o ma ion
o be e p io i ise biodi e si y in policy making and enable ele an
s akeholde s.
• The aim o Task 1.2 was o map expe ise and expe ience o heo ies and
ele an concep s wi hin he conso ium and make i a ailable o all pa ne s.
• We unde ook wo e iews o heo e ical app oaches o decision-making
po en ially ele an o biodi e si y pu poses in e ms o ele an heo e ical
conside a ions and hei applica ion wi hin global and Eu opean esea ch
p ojec s.
• While he i s e iew ocuses on pee - e iewed esea ch publica ions and
ele an heo ies; he second e iew ocuses on o he ele an esea ch
p ojec s.
• The e iews used he expe knowledge in he PLANET4B conso ium wi h
e e ences o published book chap e s, pee - e iewed li e a u e and addi ional
analysis o esea ch p ojec s.
• Toge he , he wo e iews yielded 63 ele an heo ies, amewo ks, models,
and concep s, and 12 ele an esea ch p ojec s.
• Resul s we e classi ied acco ding o an in ape sonal-in e pe sonal-ins i u ional
g adien .
• In e pe sonal and ins i u ional pe spec i es we e he mos ep esen ed in bo h
in en o ies.
1 In oduc ion
To ans o m policies o p io i ise biodi e si y loss, we p ima ily need o change he
pa adigms o sys ems ha shape ou beha iou s and mindse s (Meadows, 1999) o
key enabling ac o s and ins i u ions ac oss a wide ange o sec o s and a di e en
scales. To change mindse s, we need o unde s and be e wha d i es biodi e si y
ela ed decisions and beha iou and how hese a e o med by deepe social-
beha iou al cons ain s such as alues, no ms and he in e sec ionali y o social
s uc u es (Kaijse and K onsell, 2014). We also need o unde s and how decision-
making o indi iduals is shaped by ins i u ional a angemen s, b oadly unde s ood he e
as he in o mal and o mal ules ha guide human ac ion (including policies and cul u al
and social no ms). Based on he unde s anding o hese complex sys ems we can
de elop and es adequa e me hods and pa hways o igge ans o ma i e
go e nance o p io i ise biodi e si y.
3
In his epo he p ojec collec s and classi ies a ange o amewo ks1, heo ies2,
models3, and concep s4 ac oss a g adien o in ape sonal, in e pe sonal, and
ins i u ional le els o in e en ion. PLANET4B’s wide ange o in e en ions and
choices o case s udies a e implici ly o explici ly buil on a se ies o unde lying
discipline-speci ic heo ies o change, linking in e en ion design o biodi e si y impac .
Theo e ical assump ions o beha iou and in e sec ionali y along wi h le e age poin s
(Meadows, 1999) need o be diagnosed ea ly in he p ojec o scope analy ical
commonali ies and complemen a i ies use ul o mo e o wa d wi h he p ojec , such as
in compa ing a wide ange o case s udy indings and de eloping inpu o policy
making. The p ocess o collec ing, classi ying and compa ing heo ies is also expec ed
o p omo e ansdisciplina y lea ning and unde s anding among he p ojec pa ne s.
Wi h his backg ound, he objec i e o Task 1.2 was o p o ide an in en o y o
beha iou al- and social science heo ies used by PLANET4B conso ium pa ne s in
hei wo k in he p ojec . This can gi e insigh s abou disciplina y assump ions abou
beha iou and decision-making ha may in luence biodi e si y. A key elemen was o
map hese heo ies acco ding o a g adien o in ape sonal, in e pe sonal, and
ins i u ional app oaches as one inpu o common wo king p ocesses and a amewo k
o p omo ing ansdisciplina y hinking among pa ne s. The in en o y was based on
a e iew o published li e a u e on disciplina y app oaches ha was p o ided by he
conso ium membe s. A complemen a y e iew o g ey li e a u e was conduc ed o
iden i y p ojec s ha had es ed beha iou al and decision-making in e en ions o
biodi e si y decision-making. Example p ojec s we e also classi ied acco ding o he
in ape sonal-in e pe sonal-ins i u ional g adien .
1 The de elopmen and use o a gene al amewo k helps o iden i y he elemen s and ela ionships among hese elemen s ha
one needs o conside o ins i u ional analysis. F amewo ks o ganise diagnos ic and p esc ip i e inqui y. They p o ide he mos
gene al lis o a iables ha should be used o analyse all ypes o ins i u ional a angemen s. F amewo ks p o ide a
me a heo e ical language ha can be used o compa e heo ies. They a emp o iden i y he uni e sal elemen s ha any heo y
ele an o he same kind o phenomena would need o include. Many di e ences in su ace eali y can esul om he way hese
a iables combine o in e ac wi h one ano he . Thus, he elemen s con ained in a amewo k help analys s gene a e he ques ions
ha need o be add essed when hey i s conduc an analysis (see Os om, 2019).
2 The de elopmen and use o heo ies enable he analys o speci y which elemen s o he amewo k a e pa icula ly ele an
o ce ain kinds o ques ions and o make gene al wo king assump ions abou hese elemen s. Thus, heo ies ocus on a amewo k
and make speci ic assump ions ha a e necessa y o an analys o diagnose a phenomenon, explain i s p ocesses, and p edic
ou comes. Se e al heo ies a e usually compa ible wi h any amewo k. Economic heo y, game heo y, ansac ion cos heo y,
social choice heo y, co enan al heo y, and heo ies o public goods and common-pool esou ces a e some examples (see
Os om, 2019).
3 The de elopmen and use o models make p ecise assump ions abou a limi ed se o pa ame e s and a iables. Logic,
ma hema ics, game heo y, expe imen a- ion and simula ion, and o he means a e used o explo e sys ema ically he
consequences o hese assump ions in a limi ed se o ou comes. Mul iple models a e compa ible wi h mos heo ies. An e o o
unde s and he s a egic s uc u e o he games ha i iga o s play in di e en ly o ganised i iga ion sys ems, o example,
de eloped ou amilies o models jus o begin o explo e he likely consequences o di e en ins i u ional and physical
combina ions ele an o unde s anding how success ul a me o ganisa ions a anged o moni o ing and sanc ioning ac i i ies
(see Os om, 2019).
4 "Concep s a e he way ha we make sense o he social wo ld. They a e essen ially labels ha we gi e o aspec s o he social
wo ld ha seem o ha e common ea u es ha s ike us as signi ican . ... he social sciences ha e a s ong adi ion o concep s,
many o which ha e become pa o he language o e e yday li e. Concep s such as bu eauc acy, powe , social con ol, s a us,
cha isma, labou p ocess, cul u al capi al... aliena ion, and so on a e e y much pa o he heo e ical edi ice ha gene a ions o
social scien is s ha e cons uc ed. Concep s a e a key ing edien o heo ies. Indeed, i is almos impossible o imagine a heo y
ha did no ha e a leas one concep embedded in i ” (B yman, 2012, p.8).
4
2 Me hodological app oach
2.1 Selec ing heo e ical inpu s and in o ma ion on ele an p ojec s
The da a ma e ial su eyed o his e iew consis ed o published li e a u e on
beha iou al- and social science heo ies po en ially applicable o biodi e si y ela ed
decision-making. Da a collec ion was ca ied ou in wo sepa a e p ocesses. In he i s
p ocess, pee - e iewed scien i ic a icles, heo e ically dealing wi h biodi e si y ela ed
decision-making, we e a ge ed. We ocused his sea ch on li e a u e ha was eadily
a ailable abou ou a ge subjec . Ra he han doing a s a e-o - he-a sys ema ic and
comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew wi h he aim o achie ing ex e nally alid
gene alisa ions, ou aim was o map expe ise and expe ience wi hin he conso ium
and make i a ailable o all pa ne s. The app oach aken he e does in se e al ways
co espond o wha Pa é e al. (2015) e e o as a na a i e e iew (see also Da ies,
2000). Ou e iew also sough o de e mine ce ain ends o pa e ns wi hin he body
o li e a u e ha pa ne s p o ided, in his case in he le els ha heo ies and
in e en ions could add ess o unde s anding o in luencing biodi e si y ela ed
decision-making (see Figu e 1). The eby, ou app oach also has elemen s esembling
a desc ip i e e iew (King & He, 2005; Pa é e al., 2015; Rum ill e al., 2010).
Mapping and e iewing he expe knowledge abou beha iou al- and social science
heo e ical inpu s ha could in luence o in o m us abou biodi e si y ela ed decision-
making was done by in ol ing he PLANET4B conso ium. An in i a ion o he a ious
pa ne s was issued, asking o inpu on heo ies ha hey we e amilia wi h and ha
could be ele an o biodi e si y ela ed decision-making. Pa ne s we e also asked o
p o ide example publica ions ha showcased he applicabili y o hese heo ies. This
was done o wo p ima y easons: (I) o u ilise he ich expe esou ces a ailable
wi hin he p ojec , ep esen ed by i s pa ne s, and (II) o acili a e unde s anding
among pa ne s and se up a sha ed knowledge base o heo e ical app oaches o
unde s anding decision-making po en ially ele an o biodi e si y.
To complemen he e iew o he conso ium’s expe ise, a second e iew o esea ch
p ojec s was conduc ed using The Communi y Resea ch and De elopmen In o ma ion
Se ice (CORDIS)5. This is he Eu opean Commission's “p ima y sou ce o esul s
om he p ojec s unded by he [Eu opean Union’s] amewo k p og ammes o
esea ch and inno a ion”.6 Addi ional sea ches on Google we e also ca ied ou .
Resul s we e scanned and p ojec s co esponding o he aim o Task 1.2 we e
eco ded in a sepa a e da abase.
Resul s we e classi ied acco ding o a g adien o in ape sonal, in e pe sonal, and
ins i u ional pe spec i es (see Figu e 1 and Table 1). This g adien was de eloped o
he p oposal o enable mapping heo e ical app oaches a mul iple le els. A mul i-le el
app oach o his subjec is bene icial o wo easons. Fi s , i can help inc ease a
sha ed analy ical unde s anding o he a ious concep ual le els on which p ojec
pa ne s deal wi h beha iou al change. Second, such an analy ical unde s anding o
he mul iple le els on which beha iou al change can occu is s a egically impo an o
5 h ps://co dis.eu opa.eu/
6 h ps://co dis.eu opa.eu/abou /en
5
he ou pu o PLANET4B and i s up ake in policy (o o he a enas o signi icance o
biodi e si y ele an decision-making).
Figu e 1. Classi ica ion o heo ies acco ding o in ape sonal, in e pe sonal and ins i u ional
concep ual le els p o ides a common diagnos ic amewo k o he p ojec . Sou ce: own
elabo a ion.
Mo ing o wa d in WP1 and owa ds Task 1.5, we will de elop a ansdisciplina y
diagnos ic amewo k o case s udies o biodi e si y ela ed decision-making. The e,
he classi ica ion o heo ies acco ding o concep ual le els (Figu e 1) will acili a e
discussions wi h case s udies abou which heo ies o change unde ly hei
expec a ions abou sys ems change, he biodi e si y impac o in e en ions in hei
case, and hei expec a ions abou ele an policy ecommenda ions. A common
“le e age poin s” amewo k o PLANET4B may u he help o iden i y assump ions
abou in e en ion design ha a e de i ed om heo y o discipline speci ic
assump ions (Figu e 2).
12
mo i a ion:
beha iou )
Human-na u e
in e ac ions
(ecopsychology)
X
X
No ma i e conduc
(in luencing)/social
no ms
X
X
Nudging
X
X
X
P ospec heo y
X
X
Psychological
biases
X
X
X
Psychological
heo ies
X
X
Psychosocial
amewo ks
X
Salience
X
Theo y o
en i onmen ally
signi ican
beha iou
X
Theo y o planned
beha iou
X
Value-ac ion gap
X
X
X
5E Model o
En i onmen al
Engagemen
(posi i e
psychology)
X
Science- and
echnology
s udies
Co-p oduc ion o
knowledge
X
X
On ological poli ics
X
X
Pos -no mal
science
X
X
Responsible
esea ch and
inno a ion
X
X
Social Ecology
Le e age poin s o
ans o ma ion
X
X
13
Sociology
Communi y Ac ion
Resea ch
X
Cul u al-
e olu iona y heo y
X
X
X
Epis emologies o
he Sou h
X
Feminis ca e e hics
X
X
Nudging
X
X
X
Social equi y
X
Social p ac ice
amewo ks
X
X
Social solida i ies
and collec i e
iden i ies
X
Socio-ecological
esilience heo y
X
Theo y o
communica i e
ac ion
X
X
T ans o ma i e
con ex -based
social in es men
X
Sus ainabili y
science
Mode 2 knowledge
p oduc ion
X
X
Le e age poin s o
ans o ma ion
X
X
T ansdisciplina i y
X
X
T ans o ma i e
esea ch
X
X
3.2 Findings om he g ey li e a u e e iew – p ojec in en o y
The mul iple g ey li e a u e sea ches yielded 22 po en ially ele an esea ch p ojec s.
A e u he sc u iny, wo o he p ojec s we e omi ed om classi ica ion as hey a e
s ill ongoing, making i di icul o de e mine epo ed impac o change a he
in ape sonal, in e pe sonal, o ins i u ional le els. Ano he eigh p ojec s did no
examine biodi e si y- ela ed beha iou and decision-making and we e duly omi ed
om u he analyses. Based on he esul s in b ie he emaining 12 p ojec s we e
classi ied acco ding o hei epo ed le els o impac along he in ape sonal-
in e pe sonal-ins i u ional g adien , and hei heo e ical inpu was iden i ied. Resul s
a e highligh ed in Table 2.
14
The ollowing ou obse a ions can be made abou he p ojec in en o y and ou
classi ica ion o epo ed esul s.
Fi s , g ey li e a u e a he in ape sonal le el was he leas ep esen ed.
As o he e iew o published book chap e s and pee - e iewed li e a u e, he ewes
p ojec s epo ed on in e en ions a he in ape sonal le el. F om he g ey li e a u e
e iew, only wo p ojec s, BIOMOT and BIOCORE, ac i ely engaged wi h decision-
making o biodi e si y a his le el. Fu he , he ocus o hese wo p ojec s we e no
limi ed o he in ape sonal le el. Ra he , bo h p ojec s spanned all h ee le els o he
g adien .
Second, g ey li e a u e a he in e pe sonal le el was he second mos ep esen ed.
In o al, se en esea ch p ojec s we e classi ied as dealing wi h biodi e si y ele an
decision-making a an in e pe sonal le el. Two o hese p ojec s we e exclusi ely
a ibu ed o his ca ego y. The emaining i e o e lapped wi h he o he le els ( wo
wi h he ins i u ional le el and h ee p ojec s spanned all h ee le els).
Thi d, g ey li e a u e a he ins i u ional le el was he mos ep esen ed in ou da a.
Nine esea ch p ojec s deal wi h decision-making o biodi e si y pu poses a an
ins i u ional le el. Fou p ojec s we e ca ego ised as exclusi ely ins i u ional. Two o
he p ojec s ela ed o bo h he ins i u ional and he in e pe sonal le els, whe eas h ee
p ojec s spanned all h ee le els.
Fou h, 11 heo e ical inpu s om six disciplines we e iden i ied in he 12 p ojec s.
Ten o hese we e no among he heo e ical inpu s iden i ied by PLANET4B pa ne s
(Table 1). Theo e ical inpu s iden i ied om p ojec s a e p esen ed in Table 2 and
desc ibed in he Appendix 1.
Table 2. In en o y o esea ch p ojec s ha ha e engaged wi h biodi e si y- ele an beha iou
o decision-making a he in ape sonal, in e pe sonal, o ins i u ional le els o in e en ion.
Theo e ical inpu and discipline a e speci ied in he able. Fo desc ip ions o he heo e ical
inpu , please see Appendix 1.
#
Ac onym
wi h
p ojec link
Name o p ojec
Theo e ical
inpu
Discipline
In a-
pe -
sonal
In e -
pe -
sonal
Ins i-
u-
ional
1
ConFooBio
“Resol ing
con lic s be ween
ood secu i y and
biodi e si y
conse a ion
unde unce ain y”
Game heo y
Economics
X
2
BIOMOT
“MOTi a ional
s eng h o
ecosys em
se ices and
al e na i e ways
o exp ess he
Theo y o
commi ed
ac ion o
na u e
In e discipli
na y
app oaches
X
X
X
15
alue o
BIOdi e si y”
3
BIOSEC
“Biodi e si y and
Secu i y:
unde s anding
en i onmen al
c ime, illegal
wildli e ade and
h ea inance”
Social jus ice
heo y
Poli ical
sciences;
Philosophy
X
4
LITTLE
TOOLS
“Enac ing he
Good Economy:
Biocapi aliza ion
and he li le ools
o alua ion”
Ac o -
ne wo k
heo y
Science-
and
echnology
s udies
X
5
BESAFE
“Biodi e si y and
Ecosys em
Se ices:
A gumen s o ou
u u e
En i onmen ”
Psychologica
l biases
(F aming)
Psychology
X
6
SOILSERVI
CE
“Con lic ing
demands o land
use, soil
biodi e si y and
he sus ainable
deli e y o
ecosys em goods
and se ices in
Eu ope”
Ra ional
choice heo y
Economics
X
7
SILCI
“Social In luence
and Dis up i e
Low Ca bon
Inno a ions”
Social
in luence
heo y
Psychology
X
8
POLICYMI
X
“Assessing he
ole o economic
ins umen s in
policy mixes o
biodi e si y
conse a ion and
ecosys em
se ices
p o ision”
Ins i u ional
analysis and
de elopmen
amewo k
Economics
X
X
9
BIOCORE
“Risks o global
wa ming: he case
o co al ee
ecosys ems in
Ra ional
choice heo y
Economics
X
X
X
16
de eloping
coun ies”
10
OPERAS
“Ope a ional
Po en ial o
Ecosys em
Resea ch
Applica ions”
Socio-
cul u al
alua ion
Sus ainabili
y science
X
X
11
MEASURIN
G IMPACT
“Measu ing
Impac .
S akeholde
Engagemen o
Biodi e si y
Conse a ion
Goals. Assessing
he S a us o he
E idence”
S akeholde
engagemen
/ S akeholde
heo y
Sus ainabili
y science
X
X
12
NSF16586
08
“Psychosocial,
Mo i a ional, and
Coope a i e
E ec s o
Communica ion,
En o cemen , and
Pa icipa o y
Decision-Making
in Resou ce
Dilemmas”
Humanis ic
a ional
choice heo y
Economics
X
X
3.3 Limi a ions
In his ask we ha e ca ied ou wo e iews o limi ed scope. Rega ding he e iew o
published book chap e s and pee - e iewed li e a u e we de eloped a me hodology
ha allowed us o u ilise he esou ces wi hin he conso ium in as sys ema ic a way as
possible. To his end, he p ojec conso ium unc ioned as ou da a popula ion. Ou
indings a e hus indica i e o , and limi ed o, he knowledge and expe ise o
PLANET4B pa ne s. An impo an eason o limi he in en o y o e iew expe
knowledge wi hin he conso ium was he na u e o he p ojec . Because PLANET4B
is a ansdisciplina y e o , i s pa ne s ha e di e en backg ounds and expe iences.
I was he e o e a pa o he planned esea ch p ocess o unpack he di e en
expe iences and make hem accessible o e e yone in he conso ium a an ea ly s age
o he p ojec . Whe eas he opic d i en app oach aken he e may no adhe e o he
same igo as a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew in he classical sense, i allowed o
e ec i ely cap u ing and sys emising beha iou al- and social science heo ies ha a e
ele an o s udying and engaging wi h biodi e si y ela ed decision-making. Because
he PLANET4B conso ium uni es schola s and p ac i ione s wi h e y ich expe ise
combining knowledge and expe iences om many ele an disciplines and p ac ices
ac oss na u al sciences, social sciences and he humani ies, ou e iew p o ides a
aluable heo e ical esou ce bank o PLANET4B and o he s o build on.
17
Ine i ably, his app oach has esul ed in an in en o y ha is a om exhaus i e. A
no able po en ial limi a ion conce ns he ep esen a ion o disciplines. Se e al
disciplines om beha iou al and/o social sciences which ha e ac ual o po en ial
ele ance o s udying biodi e si y ela ed decision-making a e possibly lacking om
his in en o y. The same hing can be said abou how disciplines a e delinea ed in ou
in en o ies. Ou esul s should no be ega ded as building on de ini i e and o icial
disciplina y de ini ions, bu , again, a he as a p oduc o he knowledge and expe ience
in he PLANET4B conso ium.
Unde di e en ci cums ances, ou cu en e iew could ha e been expanded o
include pee - e iewed li e a u e on heo e ical app oaches o biodi e si y ela ed
decision-making beyond he expe ise o he PLANET4B conso ium. In going o wa d,
he in en o y will be kep as a li ing documen o be u he elabo a ed on, especially
o assis he de elopmen o a ansdisciplina y diagnos ic amewo k (see also sec ion
3.3 below).
Wi h ega ds o he g ey li e a u e e iew we ook a di e en app oach. He e we did in
ac use esou ces beyond he conso ium. Howe e , he li e a u e sea ches o he
e iew we e mos ly es ic ed o one da abase, again, due o he bounda ies o he
ask, and inpu om PLANET4B pa ne s. Fo pu poses beyond he scope o
PLANET4B and Task 1.2, addi ional da abases could be su eyed o expand on he
esul s o he p esen e iew.
3.4 P ocess owa ds de eloping ansdisciplina y diagnos ic amewo k(s)
o biodi e si y in e en ions
This epo D1.2 is pa o a p ocess o unde s anding he heo ies applied by case
s udies o selec and es in e en ions and how hey o m expec a ions abou policy
ecommenda ions o come ou o he empi ical wo k (Figu e 3). The i s s ep is
classi ying heo ies p oposed by pa ne s acco ding o hei in ape sonal,
in e pe sonal o ins i u ional concep ual le els (Table 1), as well as hei disciplina y
“home anges”.
18
Figu e 3. Iden i ying heo ies o change unde lying case s udy policy in e en ions and
ecommenda ions as pa o a ansdisciplina y p ocess. Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
Following s eps in WP1 (and wi h suppo o WP2) is o iden i y a common le e age
poin s amewo k ha can be used o iden i y he le e age poin s each heo y assumes,
and which can explain he choice o in e en ions and heo e ical expec a ions abou
hei impac s on biodi e si y h ough sys em change (Figu e 2). The in en ion o hese
diagnos ic amewo k(s) is o de elop ansdisciplina y unde s anding and hence
mu ual espec ac oss p ojec pa ne s o case s udies and policy p oposals ha
anscend widely anging case s udy con ex s and scales.
4 Conclusion and ou look
In his ask we ha e shed ligh on e o s o engage heo e ically wi h beha iou and
decision-making ele an o biodi e si y. We ha e comple ed wo sepa a e e iew
p ocesses, one based on expe s’ knowledge (who hen p o ided published examples
o heo e ical applicabili y), and one based on p ojec epo s. By sys emising he
knowledge and expe ience o he PLANET4B p ojec conso ium we ha e buil an
in en o y o po en ially use ul heo e ical conside a ions o s udying biodi e si y-
ela ed decision-making. We complemen ed his in en o y wi h examples om
applica ions o such heo e ical conside a ions wi hin he g ey li e a u e o p e ious EU,
USAid (Uni ed S a es Agency o In e na ional De elopmen ), and NSF (Uni ed S a es
Na ional Science Founda ion) p ojec s. Th ough his p ocess we sough o acili a e
unde s anding and knowledge exchange among p ojec pa ne s om he a ious
disciplina y, o mal, and empi ical backg ounds ep esen ed wi hin PLANET4B. As
such, ou in en o y p o ides insigh s abou he use o di e en heo e ical
conside a ions om he beha iou al- and social sciences o unde s anding
biodi e si y- ela ed decision-making.
Th ough ou e iews, we ha e gene a ed wo da abases ha can be accessed o
u u e inqui ies o PLANET4B o o he p ojec s. Speci ically, he in en o ies o
heo e ical inpu s and p ojec s will be used o acili a e knowledge ans e and
unde s anding among PLANET4B pa ne s h ough wo kshops in Task 1.4, i will eed
in o he de elopmen o he ansdisciplina y diagnos ic amewo k o biodi e si y
decision-making unde Task 1.5 and con ibu e o he a ge ed e iew o me hods
unde Task 2.1. The in en o ies will hus in o m me hodological applica ions wi hin he
case s udies (WP3) and o policy- ela ed pu poses unde WP4. O e all, hese
in en o ies con ibu e o ill he gap in he li e a u e on mos ele an heo e ical
ounda ions and esea ch p ojec s wi h di ec ele ance o biodi e si y decision-
making.
19
Re e ences
B yman, A. (2012). Social Resea ch Me hods, 4 h edn. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y
P ess.
Da ies, P. (2000). The Rele ance o Sys ema ic Re iews o Educa ional Policy and
P ac ice. Ox o d Re iew o Educa ion, 26(3–4), 365–378.
King, W. R. & He, J. (2005). Unde s anding he Role and Me hods o Me a-Analysis in
IS Resea ch. Communica ions o he Associa ion o In o ma ion Sys ems,
16(1), 32.
Meadows, D. (1999). Le e age Poin s. Places o In e ene in a Sys em. Ha land: The
Sus ainabili y Ins i u e.
Os om, E. (2019). Ins i u ional a ional choice: An assessmen o he ins i u ional
analysis and de elopmen amewo k. In: Theo ies o he policy p ocess, 2nd
edn. P.A. Saba ie (ed.), London/New Yo k: Rou ledge, pp. 21–64.
Pa é, G., T udel, M. C., Jaana, M. & Ki siou, S. (2015). Syn hesizing in o ma ion
sys ems knowledge: A ypology o li e a u e e iews. In o ma ion &
Managemen , 52(2),183–199.
Rum ill, P. D., Fi zge ald, S. M. & Me chan , W. R. (2010). Using scoping li e a u e
e iews as a means o unde s anding and in e p e ing exis ing li e a u e. Wo k
35(3), 399–404.
S a emen on da a a ailabili y
The da abases o he e iews o his epo a e a ailable in Table 1, 2, and appendix 1.
S a emen on e hics
• These e iews we e ca ied ou in compliance wi h he Gene al Da a P o ec ion
Regula ion (GDPR) o he Eu opean Union (EU).
• The au ho s ha e no con lic s o in e es o decla e.
20
Annex
Lis o Task 1.2 co e g oup pa icipan s:
• Håkon Aspøy
• Yennie Ka a ina B edin
• Be i Junke -Köhle
• Da id Nicholas Ba on
• Vinicius Mendes
Appendix 1. In en o y o heo e ical inpu including sho desc ip ions and e e ences.
#
Theo e ical inpu
Sho desc ip ion
Li e a u e
1
ABC (A i ude-Beha iou -Choice)
amewo k
This amewo k conside s ha
consume s’ a i udes, alues, and
knowledge in luence hei beha iou .
P o iding in o ma ion o changing
a i udes hus can igge beha iou
change.
Van den Be g, H. e al., 2006. The
impac o a ec i e and cogni i e
ocus on a i ude o ma ion. Jou nal o
Expe imen al Social Psychology, 42,
pp.373–379.
2
Ac o -ne wo k heo y
This heo y conside s ha all
elemen s a e de ined by ela ionships
in he social and na u al wo lds in
human and nonhuman in e ac ions
h ough shi ing ne wo ks.
Muniesa, F., 2015. "Ac o -Ne wo k
Theo y", in James D. W igh (Ed.),
The In e na ional Encyclopedia o
Social and Beha io al Sciences , 2nd
Edi ion, Ox o d, Else ie : ol. 1, 80–
84.
3
App ecia i e Inqui y (AI)
By ocusing on he s eng hs o an
agen , he agen is mo ed owa ds
achie ing a goal. In he con ex o
biodi e si y, leading a con e sa ion
wi h he pa icipan s abou sha ing
hei success a p omo ing
biodi e si y, pa icipan s a e likely o
be mo i a ed o ac in a ou o
biodi e si y-p omo ion/p o ec ion.
C am, F. (2010). App ecia i e inqui y.
Mai Re iew, 3(1), 1–13. Whi ney, D.
D., T os en-Bloom, A. (2010). The
powe o app ecia i e inqui y: A
p ac ical guide o posi i e change.
Be e -Koehle Publishe s.
21
4
Beha iou al change wheel
This amewo k ocuses on a
'beha iou sys em' and i s h ee
condi ions: capabili y, oppo uni y,
and mo i a ion ( he 'COM-B sys em').
These a e si ua ed in a wheel o m
('beha iou change wheel' (BCW))
a ound which nine in e en ion
unc ions a e posi ioned; a ound
se en ca ego ies o policy
ins umen s a e placed ha could
enable hose in e en ions o occu
(Michie e al., 2011).
Michie, S., Van S alen, M. M., &
Wes , R. (2011). The beha iou
change wheel: a new me hod o
cha ac e ising and designing
beha iou change in e en ions.
Implemen a ion science, 6(1), 1–12.
5
BIT’s ups eam-downs eam model
wi h ‘EAST’ model (easy, a ac i e,
social and imely)
This model ocuses on changing he
choice en i onmen ins ead o
al e ing beha iou — e.g. making
sus ainable choices mo e a ailable o
cheape .
h ps://www.bi. eam/wp-
con en /uploads/2023/01/How- o-
build-a-Ne -Ze o-socie y_Jan-
2023.pd
6
COM-B (capabili y, oppo uni y,
mo i a ion:
beha iou )
The COM-B model conside s
beha iou as pa o a complex
sys em. Fo a gi en beha iou ,
capabili y, oppo uni y and no o he
compe ing mo i a ion o ano he
beha iou should occu .
Willmo , T.J., Pang, B. & Rundle-
Thiele, S. Capabili y, oppo uni y, and
mo i a ion: an ac oss con ex s
empi ical examina ion o he COM-B
model. BMC Public Heal h 21, 1014
(2021).
7
Commons
In economics Commons (common
pool esou ce) a e e e ed o as
goods managed by a collec i e /
g oup o indi iduals and
cha ac e ised by i al y and non-
excludable. The success ul
managemen o commons was
esea ched by Elino Os om who
iden i ied design p inciples such as
se o ules de ined by he use s,
moni o ing, con lic esolu ion and
sanc ioning sys em besides he
basics knowledge abou wha is he
esou ce, who uses i and con ibu es
o i s main enance.
In poli ical sciences commons a e
Os om, E. (1990). Go e ning he
commons: The e olu ion o
ins i u ions o collec i e ac ion.
Camb idge uni e si y p ess.
Bollie , D., & Hel ich, S. (Eds.).
(2014). The weal h o he commons:
A wo ld beyond ma ke and s a e.
Le elle s P ess.
28
he concep o human-na u e
in e ac ions.
21
Ins i u ional analysis and
de elopmen amewo k
The IAD amewo k se es as a
guideline o analyse and es
hypo heses abou he beha iou
unde di e se si ua ions and mul iple
le els. The amewo k suppo s he
analysis o how sys em ules,
condi ions, and a ibu es a ec
ac o s and hei ac ions, as well as
incen i es and ou comes (Os om,
2011).
The IAD ypology o " ules-in-use"
help in desc ibing he s uc u e o
ins i u ions o common p ope y
esou ce managemen . The ypology
has been ex ended o analyse
conse a ion policy ins umen s as
ins i u ions, including paymen s o
ecosys em se ices.
Os om, E. (2011). Backg ound on
he ins i u ional analysis and
de elopmen amewo k. Policy
s udies jou nal, 39(1), 7–27.
Ba on, D. N., Bena ides, K.,
Chacon-Cascan e, A., Le Coq, J. F.,
Qui os, M. M., Po as, I., ... & Ring, I.
(2017). Paymen s o Ecosys em
Se ices as a Policy Mix:
Demons a ing he ins i u ional
analysis and de elopmen amewo k
on conse a ion policy ins umen s.
En i onmen al Policy and
Go e nance, 27(5), 404–421.
22
Ins i u ional change heo y (o
heo ies)
"Ins i u ions a e he ules o he game
in a socie y" o he "humanly de ised
cons ain s ha shape human
in e ac ion." These cons ain s can be
based on o mal ules (such as, laws
and cons i u ions) and in o mal
cons ain s (such as, con en ions and
no ms). Ins i u ional change heo y
aims o explain change in hese
ins i u ional a angemen s ( ules,
o mal and in o mal) ha go e n
human in e ac ions (pp. 3–4).
Based on No h (1990). Ins i u ions,
Ins i u ional Change and Economic
Pe o mance. Camb idge:
Camb idge Uni e si y P ess; and
No h (2005). Unde s anding he
P ocess o Economic Change.
P ince on: P ince on Uni e si y
P ess.
23
In eg a ing local and Indigenous
Knowledge wi h he scien i ic
knowledge base
Tools o e i y and alida e e idence
om pa allel knowledge sys ems a e
necessa y i knowledge om sys ems
wi h di e en epis emological
app oaches a e o be combined. I is
impo an ha hese ools a e
Smi h, B. M., Chak aba i, P.,
Cha e jee, A., Cha e jee, S., Dey, U.
K., Dicks, L. V., ... & Basu, P. (2017).
Colla ing and alida ing indigenous
and local knowledge o apply mul iple
knowledge sys ems o an
29
anspa en , do no aliena e
pa icipan s and acili a e con idence
among hose co-c ea ing policy ha
he knowledge is bo h alid and
ag eed. This esea ch a ea de elops
app oaches o add ess his,
ocussing on biodi e si y.
en i onmen al challenge: A case-
s udy o pollina o s in India. Biological
conse a ion, 211, 20–28.
24
In e sec ionali y
In e sec ional heo y sugges s ha
people expe ience ma ginalisa ion
and disc imina ion because socie y
de e mines alue based on a
pe son’s a ibu es, such as gende ,
eligion, class, ace, e c. The
in e sec ing o hese a ibu es leads
people o expe ience di e ing le els,
ypes and in ensi y o p i ilege o
inequali y.
h ps://denison.edu/academics/wome
ns-gende -
s udies/ ea u e/67969#:~: ex =In e s
ec ionali y%20is%20a%20 e m%20u
sed,gende %20equali y%20 o%20be
come%20inclusi e.
25
Le e age Poin s
Le e age poin s is a amewo k om
sys ems hinking (Meadows, 1999,
adap ed by Abson e al., 2017) ha
can p o ide c i ical insigh in o which
sys ems need changing, and whe e
o in e ene o change hem. I is
delibe a ely in e disciplina y, and can
ac as an o ganising amewo k o
b idging disciplines and no ma i e
sys ems amings (Le en on, 2021).
Deepes le e age poin s a e hose
wi h g ea es po en ial o ans o m
sys ems and a e amed as being
a ound anscending pa adigms and
in en . Fo he sake o biodi e si y,
his is o en amed as engaging wi h
indi idual alues and wo ld iews o
p omp beha iou and decision-
making change (e.g. Chan e al.,
2020; Rieche s e al., 2021), o o
b oade changes o go e nance
pa adigm o acilia e such change a
Meadows, D. (1999). Le e age
Poin s. Places o In e ene in a
Sys em. The Sus ainabili y Ins i u e
30
indi idual le els (Le en on e al.,
2021).
26
Mode 2 knowledge p oduc ion
The no ion o “Mode 2” goes back o
Helga Nowo ny and colleagues. In
his li e a u e, he basic hesis is ha
scien i ic knowledge is no longe
checked along academic s anda ds
by pee s solely, bu also by o he
social ac o s. Nowo ny calls his
“social obus ness”. You can hink o
i like his: new quali y c i e ia o
scien i ic knowledge a e i his
knowledge is accep ed in socie y and
also applied/used. These can be
economic ac o s, policy, bu also
media, use s, people a ec ed, and
ci izens. The p emise is ha scien i ic
knowledge has o be socially ele an
in o de o be socially obus .
Howe e , he Mode 2 p oposal has
also ecei ed a lo o c i icism. Fi s ,
his isn' as new as he au ho s make
i ou o be. Sil io Fun owicz and
Je ome R. Ra e z, o example,
published he concep o “pos -no mal
science” back in he 1990s.
The o he c i icism o Mode 2 was ha
i would be oo con o mis , o en
add essing indus y and economic
ac o s and ha i is no c i ical
enough.
Howe e , Mode 2 has a leas
con ibu ed o ques ions o academic
knowledge p oduc ion being widely
and in ensi ely discussed. As a
esul , he e we e se e al
sugges ions on how o make scien i ic
knowledge mo e socially ele an so
ha i could be e con ibu e o
Nowo ny, H., Sco , P., & Gibbons, M.
(2003). In oduc ion:'Mode
2' e isi ed: The new p oduc ion o
knowledge. Mine a, 41(3), 179–194.
Nowo ny, H., Sco , P., & Gibbons, M.
(2001). Re- hinking science:
Knowledge and he public in an age
o unce ain y (p. 12). Camb idge:
Poli y.
31
sol ing social p oblems. => see
ansdisciplina i y => Responsible
Resea ch & Inno a ion
The aim o all hese (somehow
simila ) app oaches is no only o
b ing abou changes in he R&I
sys em, bu an o e all change in
science go e nance, including policy
as well as legal aspec s, by e aming
he p ocess and socie al unc ion o
knowledge p oduc ion owa ds mo e
ex ensi e ci izen igh s and
openness; his should os e
democ a ic empowe men o socie y
in gene al, and leading o a
democ a ic ans o ma ion in he R&I
sys em.
27
No ma i e conduc
(in luencing)/social no ms
Social no ms (e.g. social p oo ,
au ho i y, liking, ecip oci y, sca ci y,
commi men ) a ec human beha iou
in a sys ema ic manne .
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., &
Kallg en, C. A. (1990). A ocus heo y
o no ma i e conduc : Recycling he
concep o no ms o educe li e ing in
public places. Jou nal o pe sonali y
and social psychology, 58(6), 1015.
28
Nudging / Choice a chi ec u e
A nudge, (o choice a chi ec u e) is a
igge ha al e s beha iou in a
o eseeable manne .
Thale , R.H., Suns ein, C.R., 2008.
Nudge: Imp o ing decisions abou
heal h, weal h, and happiness. Yale
Uni e si y P ess.
29
On ological poli ics
Explo es how di e en eali ies a e
enac ed by di e en social p ac ices
(e.g. he use o a ious ools and
ins umen s o measu e
en i onmen al e ec s) which clash
and gene a e on ological ic ion.
Mol, A. (1999). On ological Poli ics. A
Wo d and Some Ques ions. The
Sociological Re iew Volume 47,
Issue 1
30
Pa h dependency
This heo y e e s o p ocesses whe e
pas e en s o decisions cons uc
la e e en s o decisions due o
esis ance o change.
D echsle , M., & Wä zold, F. (2020).
Biodi e si y conse a ion in a
dynamic wo ld may lead o
ine iciencies due o lock-in e ec s
and pa h dependence. Ecological
Economics, 173, 106652.
32
31
Policy in eg a ion
"Policy in eg a ion can mani es i sel
in di e en ways, bu is always
cha ac e ized by he coope a ion o
ac o s om di e en policy domains –
o policy sec o s. Policy domains a e
de ined as ela i ely s able ac o
coali ions, including he ins i u ions
hey ins alled in he pu sui o hei
sha ed in e es s. Policy in eg a ion
mos undamen ally consis s o wo
app oaches. The i s is o c ea e
in e dependencies be ween di e en
policy sec o s and o hen coo dina e
hese. The second app oach o
ealize policy in eg a ion is by means
o speci ic policy ins umen s, mos ly
o a p ocedu al a he han
subs an i e na u e." (Tosun and
Lang, 2017, p.554–555).
Tosun, J., & Lang, A. (2017). Policy
in eg a ion: Mapping he di e en
concep s. Policy s udies, 38(6), 553–
570.
32
Poli ical ecology
"Re e s o mul iple and di e se c i ical
app oaches o s udying he nexus
be ween human socie ies and he
na u al en i onmen . This endency
e lec s e o s o accommoda e he
de elopmen o wo epis emologically
dis inc o ms o esea ch in he ield:
a ma e ialis one associa ed wi h
Ma xis poli ical economy; and a
pos s uc u alis one, ocused on
discou se analysis and he social
cons uc ion o en i onmen al
issues." (Te eaul , 2017, p.2)
Te eaul , D. (2017). Th ee o ms o
poli ical ecology. E hics and he
En i onmen , 22(2), 1–23.
33
Pos -no mal science
I is a p oblem-sol ing s a egy
app op ia e when " ac s [a e]
unce ain, alues in dispu e, s akes
high and decisions u gen ",
condi ions o en p esen in policy-
ele an esea ch.
Fun owicz, S. O., & Ra e z, J. R.
(1993). Science o he pos -no mal
age. Fu u es, 25(7), 739–755.
33
34
P agma ism/P agma ic heo y o
inqui y
This app oach acknowledges he
ins umen al na u e o concep s as i s
s a ing poin : concep s a e used o
sol e a speci ic p oblem. Concep s
a e he e o e o ged wi hin he inqui y
o lead o a sa is ac o y solu ion o he
p oblem. The solu ion mus be
sa is ac o y o he pa icipan s in he
inqui y. As he composi ion o he
communi y o inqui e s changes, he
de ini ion o he c i e ia o success o
he inqui y changes acco dingly. I
ci izens a e membe s o he
communi y o inqui e s, he
concep ual amewo k in whose
e ms he p oblem is se and, hen,
add essed mus embody hei alues,
in e es s, and poin s o iew.
Ba o a, P., G onda, R. 2020. Wha
is he meaning o biodi e si y? A
p agma is app oach o an
in insically in e disciplina y concep .
35
P ospec Theo y
P ospec heo y desc ibes ha we
end o ocus on a oiding loss and
pu ing g ea e alue on low
p obabili y ou comes han high
p obabili y ou comes.
Kahneman, D., & T e sky, A. (2013).
P ospec heo y: An analysis o
decision unde isk. In Handbook o
he undamen als o inancial decision
making: Pa I (pp. 99–127).
36
Psychological biases:
1. Con i ma ion bias,
2. Endowmen e ec ,
3. Familia i y,
4. Feelings,
5. F aming,
6. S a us quo bias,
7. Ze o isk
1. Con i ma ion bias desc ibes ou
endency ha we end o no ice, ocus
on, and gi e g ea e signi icance o
e idence ha aligns wi h ou exis ing
belie s.
2. Endowmen e ec desc ibes how
we end o alue i ems ha we own
mo e highly han we would i hey did
no belong o hem.
3. Familia i y bias desc ibes he
endency o s ay wi hin ou com o
zone and o e alue he choice ha
we al eady know.
1. Nicke son, R. S. (1998).
Con i ma ion bias: A ubiqui ous
phenomenon in many guises. Re iew
o Gene al Psychology, 2, 175–220.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1037/1089-
2680.2.2.175
2. Kahneman, D., Kne sch, J. L., &
Thale , R. H. (1990). Expe imen al
es s o he endowmen e ec and he
Coase heo em. Jou nal o Poli ical
Economy, 98, 1325–1348.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1086/261737.
3.1. Lundbe g, P., Vainio, A.,
Macmillan, D. C., Smi h, R. J.,
34
4. Feelings o esponsibili y, guil ,
ange , p ide, e c. igge a ious
esponses in e ms o in en ion and
beha iou o en i onmen al ac ions.
5. F aming desc ibes how people
decide on op ions based on whe he
he op ions a e p esen ed wi h
posi i e o nega i e conno a ions.
6. S a us quo bias desc ibes ou
p e e ence o he cu en s a e o
a ai s; esul ing in esis ance o
change.
7. Ze o- isk bias is a endency o
p e e he comple e elimina ion o isk
o e al e na i es wi h g ea e o e all
isk educ ion.
Ve íssimo, D., & A ponen, A. (2019).
The e ec o knowledge, species
aes he ic appeal, amilia i y and
conse a ion need on willingness o
dona e. Animal Conse a ion, 22,
432–443.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/ac .12477
3.2. Rede , L. M., & Ri e , F. E.
(1992). Wha de e mines ini ial
eeling o knowing? Familia i y wi h
ques ion e ms, no wi h he answe .
Jou nal o Expe imen al Psychology:
Lea ning, Memo y & Cogni ion, 18(3),
435–451.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1037/0278-
7393.18.3.435.
4. Ha h, N.S., Leach, C.W. and
Kessle , T., (2013). Guil , ange , and
p ide abou in-g oup en i onmen al
beha iou : Di e en emo ions p edic
dis inc in en ions. Jou nal o
En i onmen al Psychology, 34,
pp.18–26.
5.1. T e sky, A. and Kahneman, D.,
1981. The aming o decisions and
he psychology o choice. science,
211(4481), pp.453–458.
5.2. Kusmano , A. M., Ha dy, M. J.,
Fidle , F., Ma ey, G., Raymond, C.,
Reed, M. S., & Bekessy, S. A. (2016).
F aming he p i a e land conse a ion
con e sa ion: S a egic aming o he
bene i s o conse a ion pa icipa ion
could inc ease landholde
engagemen . En i onmen al Science
35
& Policy, 61, 124–128.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.en sci.2016.
03.016
5.3. Niemiec, R. M., Seka , S.,
Gonzalez, M. & Me ens, A. The
in luence o message aming on
public belie s and beha io s ela ed o
species ein oduc ion. Biol. Conse .
248, 108522 (2020); Liu, J. e al.
F aming sus ainabili y in a
elecoupled wo ld. Ecol. Soc. 18, 26
(2013).
6. Samuelson, W., & Zeckhause , R.
(1988). S a us quo bias in decision
making. Jou nal o Risk and
Unce ain y, 1, 7–59.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/BF00055564
7. Raue, M., & Schneide , E. (2019).
Psychological pe spec i es on
pe cei ed sa e y: Ze o- isk bias,
eelings and lea ned ca elessness. In
M. Raue, B. S eiche , E. Le me
(Eds.), Pe cei ed sa e y. Risk
enginee ing. Sp inge .
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-
11456-5_5.
37
Psychological heo ies
Psychological heo ies aim o explain
beha iou h ough psychological
a iables ha enable o cons ain
ce ain (en i onmen al) beha iou ,
such as pe cep ions, belie s,
a i udes, no ms and emo ions.
Based on an Valkengoed e al.
(2022). To selec e ec i e
in e en ions o p o-en i onmen al
beha iou change, we need o
conside de e minan s o beha iou .
Na u e Human Beha iou 6: 1482–
1492; and he ci ed e e ences.
38
Psychosocial amewo ks
These amewo ks conside he
emo ional ele ance o he
discom o ing eali y and complex
Büchs, M., Hin on, E. and Smi h, G.,
2015. 'I helped me so o ace he
end o he wo ld': The ole o
36
impac s o clima e change,
biodi e si y loss, e c. and how i can
esul in ejec ion, anxie y and
inac ion a he indi idual le el.
emo ions o hi d sec o clima e
change engagemen ini ia i es.
En i onmen al Values, 24(5),
pp.621–640.
39
Ra ional choice heo y
People make choices based on a
logical and linea conside a ion o
cos s and bene i s, which will de ine
hei ac ion (only do hings i bene i s
ou weigh cos s).
Toke, D. (2000). Ra ional Choice
Theo y and En i onmen al Policy. In:
G een Poli ics and Neo-Libe alism.
Palg a e Macmillan, London.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1057/97802305141
57_3
40
Responsible Resea ch and
Inno a ion (RRI)
The aim o “Responsible Resea ch
and Inno a ion” (RRI) is is he a emp
o include a no ma i e objec i e in he
p oduc ion o scien i ic knowledge,
i.e. al eady in he esea ch p ocess.
These objec i es a e o en linked o
he SDGs: i esea ch ac i i ies wan
o s i e o hese goals, hey ha e o
be conside ed in he esea ch
p ocess igh om he s a and also
engage hose ac o s who will be
impo an o he implemen a ion.
RRI is cha ac e ised by an open,
esponsi e and pa icipa i e p ocess
o con inuous e lec ion and co-
p oduc ion o knowledge. Howe e , i
also implies a ce ain ex en o
agueness. On he one hand, i is
used in and by wo di e en con ex s:
he scien i ic li e a u e and esea ch,
and he policy a ena. On he o he
hand, i s i al componen s (e.g.
inclusion, e lexi i y, e hics) lea e
oom o a ious (o en con lic ing)
in e p e a ions.
R&I p ocesses oo o en ail o
conside how hey a e imbued wi h
poli ics, which makes hem poli ically
weak and ulne able. RRI sugges s
Owen, R., Macnagh en, P., & S ilgoe,
J. (2012). Responsible esea ch and
inno a ion: F om science in socie y o
science o socie y, wi h socie y.
Science and public policy, 39(6),
751–760.
S ilgoe, J., Owen, R., & Macnagh en,
P. (2013). De eloping a amewo k
o esponsible inno a ion. Resea ch
policy, 42(9), 1568–1580.
37
making he poli ical issues ha a e a
s ake explici because i mus no be
denied ha science and knowledge
c ea ion has a poli ical dimension and
implica ions; and ha he poli ical
economy is shaping esea ch. While
RRI canno be decoupled om i s
poli ical con ex and will i sel always
embed a s ongly poli ical dimension,
a he same ime, i is some imes
blamed o being poli ically
ins umen alised in suppo ing
policies ha a e mo i ed by goals o
economic g ow h, jobs and
s eng hened economic go e nance.
RRI builds on he c i icism ha he
hidden poli ics o esea ch a e oo
o en neglec ed, and he limi a ions
and inhe en poli ical con en o
expe knowledge wi h ega d o
sus ainabili y con on wi h he
eluc ance o esea che s (in
p ac ice) o implemen highly
inclusi e app oaches ha alloca e
(mo e) decision powe o o he /non-
o mal ac o s. Consequen ly,
e lec ion on, and in eg a ion o he
inhe en poli ical con en and
dimensions o R&I is a c ucial s ep o
de eloping new o ms o go e nance
in line wi h he no ma i i y o RRI.
As RRI is a highly no ma i e concep
ha has s ong ideological
ajec o ies and is in eg a ed in a
complex science-policy-socie y
in e ace, RRI can be seen as a
delibe a i e p ocess. Fu he mo e, as
poli ical empowe men is cen al o
delibe a i e go e nance, delibe a i e
44
necessa y o adop an in en -o ien ed
de ini ion ha ocuses on people’s
belie s, mo i es, and so o h in o de
o unde s and and change he a ge
beha io s.
55
Theo y o planned beha iou
This heo y conside s ha beha iou s
a e a ec ed by in en ions de e mined
by h ee aspec s: a i udes, subjec i e
no ms, and pe cei ed beha iou al
con ol.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theo y o
Planned Beha io . O ganiza ional
Beha io and Human Decision
P ocesses,50, 179–211.
Ajzen, I. (2005). A i udes,
Pe sonali y, and Beha io (2nd ed.).
New Yo k: Open Uni e si y P ess.
Home, R., Balme , O., Jah l, I.,
S olze, M., & P i ne , L. (2014).
Mo i a ions o implemen a ion o
ecological compensa ion a eas on
Swiss lowland a ms. Jou nal o Ru al
S udies, 34, 26–36.
56
T ansdisciplina i y
T ansdisciplina y esea ch b idges
he adi ional bounda ies be ween
disciplines and be ween academia
and p ac ice. I is inc easingly
common, mo i a ed by he in ellec ual
demands o dealing wi h complex
in e ela ed issues a he ood, wa e ,
ene gy, and en i onmen nexus.
The e a e also demands om unde s
and socie y a la ge o ele an
esea ch which will ha e an impac on
socie y. T ansdisciplina y eams can
gene a e new knowledge o add ess
complex p oblems while in eg a ing
mul iple disciplines and s akeholde s.
Ha is, F., & Lyon, F. (2014).
T ansdisciplina y en i onmen al
esea ch: a e iew o app oaches o
knowledge co-p oduc ion. Nexus
ne wo k hink piece se ies, pape , 2,
28.
57
T ans o ma i e con ex -based social
in es men
P oposes a kind o in e p e a ion o
he "social in es men wel a e s a e"
(a poli ical iew and p ac ice, widely
discussed in social policy analysis, o
wel a e and social policies as an
in es men on he u u e aimed a
Villa, M. (2016). The ans o ma i e
ole o he social in es men wel a e
s a e owa ds sus ainabili y: c i icisms
and po en iali ies in agile a eas:.
The ans o ma i e ole o he social
in es men wel a e s a e owa ds
45
indi iduals' well-being). Speci ically,
he hypo hesis holds ha by
p omo ing con ex -based policies and
no jus a ge ing indi iduals o
ca ego ies, social in es men could
play an impo an and ans o ma i e
ole owa d g ea e economic, social,
and en i onmen al sus ainabili y o
local sys ems.
sus ainabili y: c i icisms and
po en iali ies in agile a eas:., 29–49.
58
T ans o ma i e esea ch
En ails a shi in esea ch p io i ies
owa ds cu en ly ma ginalised
app oaches in social sciences,
humani ies and pa icipa o y
esea ch, o gene a e a much-
needed unde s anding o obs acles o
ac ion and jus and equi able
s a egies o o e coming hem wi h
due conside a ion o issues o jus ice
and equi y
Tu nhou , E., & Lahsen, M. (2022).
T ans o ming en i onmen al
esea ch o a oid agedy. Clima e
and De elopmen , 14(9), 834–838.
59
T ans o ma i e social inno a ion
This heo e ical pe spec i e
concep ualises social inno a ion as
changing social ela ions (changes in
aming, knowing, doing, and
o gaising). I is ans o ma i e in he
sense o al e ing o eplacing
dominan ins i u ions in speci ic socio-
ma e ial con ex s.
Villa M. (2016), The ans o ma i e
ole o he social in es men wel a e
s a e owa ds sus ainabili y.
C i icisms and po en iali ies in agile
a eas, Sociologia e Poli iche Sociali
N. 3/2016. DOI: 10.3280/SP2016-
003003
60
T ans o ma i e sus ainabili y
go e nance
"Sus ainabili y ans o ma ions a e
undamen al changes in s uc u al,
unc ional, ela ional, and cogni i e
aspec s o socio- echnical-ecological
sys ems ha lead o new pa e ns o
in e ac ions and ou comes. Fo
some, ans o ma ion a ises
endogenously om inc emen al,
ca e ully planned in e en ions made
by (o en policy) ac o s, whils o
o he s, ans o ma ion is an eme gen
p ope y o la ge-scale poli ical-
Scoones, I. e al. (2020).
T ans o ma ions o sus ainabili y:
combining s uc u al, sys emic and
enabling app oaches. Cu en
Opinion in En i onmen al
Sus ainabili y, 42, 65–75.
46
economic o ces and social
mobiliza ion. In o he cases,
ans o ma ion is no human
gene a ed, bu igge ed by
exogenous biophysical o ces such
as clima e change." (Scoones e al.,
2020, pp.65–66)
61
Value-ac ion gap
The alue-ac ion gap is he di e ence
be ween wha people say hey alue
and wha people ac ually do.
Robb J, Hagga J, Lamboll R,
and Cas ellanos E (2019). Explo ing
he Value–Ac ion Gap h ough
Sha ed Values, Capabili ies and
De o es a ion Beha iou s in
Gua emala. En i onmen al
Conse a ion 46: 226–233
62
Wo lding en i onmen al go e nance
"Many socioen i onmen al s uggles
a ound he globe in ol e ying o
p o ec he disappea ance o o he
“wo lds.” Along wi h biological
di e si y, human languages,
adi ions, unde s andings, and he
in ima e ela ionships be ween
peoples and hei lands a e unde
a ack h ough a ious o ms o
coloniza ion, capi al expansion, o
simply he globaliza ion o li eways.
“Wo lding” encompasses p ocesses
o making he wo ld in elligible and
de e mining he “we” in ela ion o
“o he s” as well as he ex en o which
such p ocesses o sense making
cons i u e he wo lds we li e in. As
such, wo lding en i onmen al
go e nance has o do wi h he
essen ial p ac ices o unde s anding
he s uggle o main aining many
wo lds on a single Ea h." (Inoue,
2018, p.25–27)
Inoue, C. Y. A. (2018). Wo lding he
s udy o global en i onmen al poli ics
in he An h opocene: Indigenous
oices om he Amazon. Global
En i onmen al Poli ics, 18(4), 25–42.
63
5E Model o En i onmen al
Engagemen (posi i e psychology)
This model o posi i e psychology
desc ibes how goal o ien a ion
Macha is, C. and Ke e , D., 2019.
The 5E model o en i onmen al
47
(p omo ing goal-o ien ed hope:
se ing a goal; belie ing ha one
canachie e
he goal; iewing he po en ial pa hs;
and us ing o he membe s o socie y
o ollow he same desi ed goal
(social us ) can aid beha iou
change
engagemen : b inging sus ainabili y
change o highe educa ion h ough
posi i e psychology. Sus ainabili y,
11(1), p.241.
