Co esponding au ho : Guy Roland ANZARA
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
E alua ion o ag onomic pe o mance o local and imp o ed maize (Zea mays L.)
a ie ies unde weeds p essu e
Guy Roland ANZARA 1, *, Ko i Be in YAO 2 and Adoni Hugues Sidoine TANO 2
1 Labo a o y o he Imp o emen o Ag icul u al P oduc ion, UFR Ag o o es y, Jean Lo ougnon Guédé Uni e si y, BP 150
Daloa, Cô e d’I oi e.
2 Labo a o y o Biology and Imp o emen o Plan P oduc ion, UFR Na u al Sciences, Nangui 2Ab ogoua Uni e si y, 02 BP
801 Abidjan 02, Cô e d’I oi e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 13 July 2025; e ised on 23 Augus 2025; accep ed on 25 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.2.3013
Abs ac
Maize (Zea mays L.) is he second mos cul i a ed ce eal a e ice in Cô e d’I oi e. I is widely used in bo h human and
animal die s ac oss many communi ies. Howe e , i s p oduc ion emains aced wi h ecu en yield declines, mainly
ela ed o weeding. Iden i ying maize a ie y wi h he highes pe o mance agains weeds could cons i u e he mos
app op ia e solu ion in he ag o-economic con ex o mos a me s. Two weeding echniques, namely manual and
chemical, and a con ol modali y wi hou weeding we e applied o h ee maize a ie ies: yellow, pu ple and EV8728 SR.
Thei phenological, g ow h and ag onomic pa ame e s we e e alua ed. The esul s showed ha manual weeding was
mo e e ec i e o weed con ol in maize. In addi ion, he compa ison o all h ee a ie ies aced wi h se e e weed
p essu e on non-weedy plo s showed ha pu ple a ie y eco ded he lowes alues, yellow a ie y showed
in e media e alues, while EV a ie y clea ly s ood ou o i s s ong abili y o g ow and main ain high ag onomic
pe o mance. Fu he s udies may allow us o sea ch o genes esponsible o he ole ance o he EV a ie y in ol ed
in weed ole ance
Keywo ds: Zea mays; Weed; Maize Va ie ies; Manual Weeding; Chemical Weeding
1. In oduc ion
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one o he main cul i a ed species in he wo ld. I plays an impo an ole in bo h human and
animal nu i ion (poul y, pigs, ca le) in Sub-Saha an A ica. I is also widely used in he ag i- ood indus y o oils,
s a ches, and alcohols p oduc ions, making i a s a egic c op om bo h nu i ional and economic s andpoin [1].
Howe e , despi e i s socio-economic impo ance, maize cul i a ion aces many challenges ha hinde i s p oduc ion.
Mean yields o adi ional a ie ies in a ming communi ies a e app oxima ely 0.8 ons pe hec a e, compa ed o 6 o 8
ons pe hec a e in esea ch s a ions [2]. The main causes o yield decline a e belie ed o be linked o soil in e ili y, he
eme gence o diseases and pes s, and especially he p esence o weeds [3]. In ac , weeds emain he majo cons ain
o maize p oduc ion. Indeed, compe i ion wi h weeds in opical egions can esul in yield losses o o e 50 % [4].
Fu he mo e, weeds ha e de imen al e ec s on all phenological phases o he plan s. They cause a slowdown o e en
comple e cessa ion o g ow h and de elopmen in maize plan s [5].
Conside ing weeds signi ican e ec on c ops, many s udies ha e been unde aken, ocusing mainly on chemical con ol
s a egies [6, 7]. Fa me s due o i s ease o applica ion, educed labo equi emen s, and ime e iciency, making i a
compa a i ely cos -e ec i e op ion, gene ally a o his app oach. Ne e heless, eme gence o he bicide- esis an weed
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
1823
species emains a pe sis en challenge. Consequen ly, he e is an u gen need o de elop al e na i e solu ions ha a e
accessible o smallholde a me s.
Fo mos a me s, iden i ying maize geno ypes ole an o weed compe i ion is one o he mos app op ia e solu ions in
hei ag o-economic con ex . Tole an a ie ies ha e he ad an age o inc easing yields despi e weeds p esence [8].
Wi hin his amewo k, he p esen s udy was unde aken o enhance maize p oduc i i y by iden i ying he a ie y
demons a ing he g ea es pe o mance unde weed-in es ed condi ions.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. S udy si e
The expe imen was conduc ed in ma ch 2025 on he expe imen al plo o Nangui Ab ogoua Uni e si y (5°23′19″ N
la i ude and 4°0′54″ W longi ude) in he sou he n o Co e d’I oi e (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1 Loca ion o he s udy si e [9].
2.2. Plan ma e ial
Seeds o h ee maize a ie ies: pu ple maize (Figu e 10 A) and yellow maize (Figu e 10 B) bo h om seed bank o he
Plan Physiology Labo a o y, and he imp o ed EV 8728 SR (Figu e 10 C) we e used in his s udy. The las a ie y, is a
seed line de eloped by he Na ional Cen e o Ag onomic Resea ch (CNRA) o enhanced g ow h, disease esis ance,
and high yield po en ial.
A
B
C
Figu e 2 Maize o he pu ple (A), yellow (B), and EV 8728 SR (C) a ie ies
2.3. Expe imen al se up
The expe imen al design ollowed a andomized comple e block layou , co e ing a o al a ea o 117 m² (13 m × 9 m). I
consis ed o h ee blocks, each subdi ided in o nine elemen a y plo s sepa a ed by 0.5 m wide alleys, wi h a 1 m spacing
be ween blocks o acili a e mo emen and ield ope a ions. Each block was a anged in idges measu ing 2 m in leng h,
1 m in wid h, and 0.30 m in heigh , gi ing an a ea o wo m² pe elemen a y plo . Wi hin each elemen a y plo , he maize
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
1824
plan s we e a anged in wo ows o i e poin s spaced 0.3 m apa , and 0.5 m be ween ows. The expe imen was based
on h ee dis inc ea men s: wo weeding me hods (manual and chemical) and a con ol. Each ea men was h ee
imes eplica ed. A week a e seedlings ansplan ing, a hinning ope a ion was ca ied ou o lea e only one igo ous
plan pe hole. Weeds we e emo ed using a hoe o manual weeding. Chemical weeding was ca ied ou by a ge ed
applica ion o a selec i e he bicide based on nicosul u on, a a dose o be ween 75 and 120 ml pe 15 L o wa e , applied
e enly o e ec i ely elimina e weeds wi hou a ec ing he c op.
2.4. Measu ed a iables
Du ing his s udy, g ow h, phenology, and yield pa ame e s we e igo ously moni o ed h oughou he maize
de elopmen cycle om he ea ly s ages o ege a i e g ow h o ha es .
Th ee phenological pa ame e s ( he iming o male and emale lowe ing and he du a ion o ea ma u a ion), se en
g ow h pa ame e s (wid h, leng h and numbe o lea es, plan heigh , b anch numbe , oo leng h and numbe , and
colla diame e ), and ou yield pa ame e s (weigh o g ains, numbe o g ains, weigh o plan s and ea s) we e
e alua ed acco ding o [10].
2.5. S a is ical analysis o expe imen al da a
All da a collec ed du ing his s udy we e subjec ed o s a is ical analysis o assess he in luence o bo h expe imen al
ac o s (maize a ie ies and weeding me hods) using STATISTICA so wa e e sion 7.1 [10]. To his end, he Analysis o
Va iance (ANOVA) was pe o med o compa e he means o di e en phenological, g ow h, and ag onomic pa ame e s
ac oss he h ee ea men s (manual weeding, chemical weeding, and con ol) in o de o de e mine he mos sui able
ea men .
A sepa a e ANOVA was also conduc ed o compa e he means o all measu ed pa ame e s among he h ee maize
a ie ies. When a signi ican di e ence was de ec ed be ween a ie ies o a gi en pa ame e , he ANOVA was ollowed
by he leas signi ican di e ence (LSD) es . This es enabled he iden i ica ion o he a ie y exhibi ing he bes
ag onomic pe o mance unde weed-in es ed condi ions.
3. Resul s
3.1. E ec o weeding me hods on phenological and g ow h pa ame e s
Table 1 E ec o weeding me hod on maize phenological and g ow h pa ame e s
Pa ame e s1
Weed con ol me hod
Sa is ics2
Chemically
Manually
Con ol
F
P
Phenoloical
AnTi (DAT)
47.57 ± 3.284a
47.51 ± 4.206a
51.31 ± 5.310b
22.601
< 0.001
CoET (DAT)
55.64 ± 4.607a
56.10 ± 6.246a
62.22 ± 5.958b
38.054
< 0.001
CoMT(DAT)
77.99 ± 4.840a
77.68 ± 4.637a
90.52 ± 4.468b
223.417
< 0.001
G ow h
RoNb
28.37 ± 4.507b
25.63 ± 2.553a
29.20 ± 4.895b
6.169
0.003
RoLe (cm)
20.60 ± 2.660b
22.37 ± 3.479c
18.50 ± 2.801a
12.479
< 0.001
LeLe (cm)
4.9763 ± 1.981a
4.9373 ± 1.931a
5.0095 ± 2.013a
0.050
0.951
LeWi (mm)
51.046 ± 25.307a
51.426 ± 25.427a
47.2721 ± 22.975a
1.308
0.271
PlHg (cm)
105.795±587.320a
59.1917±37.471a
54.4101 ± 30.696a
1.044
0.353
NuL
7.016 ± 2.098a
7.413 ± 2.314a
6.840 ± 2.183a
2.672
0.070
S CD (mm)
13.096 ± 6.115b
13.642 ± 6.285b
11.488 ± 55.133a
5.452
0.005
1AnTi : an hesis ime, CoET : cob eme gence ime, CoMT : cob ma u a ion ime, RoNb: oo numbe / plan , RoLe: oo lengh, PlHg: Plan heigh, NuL :
numbe o lea es, S CD: s em colla diame e , DAT: days a e ansplan a ion; 2 F-s a is ics and P: p obabili y associa ed wi h he es . Fo each
pa ame e , alues wi h he same supe sc ip le e s a e s a is ically equal (P ≥ 0.05)
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
1825
The weeding me hod had a signi ican e ec on he h ee phenological pa ame e s (P ˂ 0.05). Speci ically, he iming o
male and emale lowe ing and he du a ion o ea ma u a ion we e highe on unweeded plo s han in manually and
chemically weeded plo s (Table 1). Thus, weed in es a ion delayed he phenological pa ame e s.
In con as , he weeding me hod did no a ec g ow h pa ame e s, excep o oo leng h and numbe . Compa ed o
manual weeding, chemical weeding inc eased he numbe o oo s while educing hei leng h.
3.2. E ec o weeding echnique on ag onomic pa ame e s
Table 2 p esen s alues o ag onomic pa ame e s ela ed o maize cobs and g ains measu emen s ollowing weed
con ol me hod. S a is ical analysis esul s e ealed signi ican di e ence be ween all ag onomic pa ame e s ollowing
h ee ea men s. Thus, plan , cobs, numbe and g ain weigh s, we e highes in manually weeded plo s, ollowed by
chemically weeded plo s and hen un ea ed plo s.
Table 2 E ec o weeding me hod on ag onomic pa ame e s
Pa ame e s
Weed con ol me hod
S a is ics
Chemically
Manually
Con ol
F
P
Plan weigh (g)
346.67 ± 103.130b
298.08 ± 118.67b
171.83 ± 54.005a
10.610
< 0.001
cob weigh
132.92 ± 52.254b
152.92 ± 35.364c
67.67 ± 17.619a
16.673
< 0.001
G ains/ plan
253.33 ± 97.811b
366.08 ± 75.138c
132.92 ± 69.255a
24.463
< 0.001
G ain weigh (g)
261.900 ± 50.578b
359.967 ± 71.384c
105.067±30.983a
17.272
0.003
3.3. Es ima ion o phenological pa ame e s o he h ee a ie ies
Values o he phenological pa ame e s eco ded du ing he de elopmen o maize h ee a ie ies s udied (yellow,
pu ple, and EV) a e p esen ed in Table 3. S a is ical analysis o da a om weeded plo s e ealed no signi ican a ia ion
in s amens appea ance ime o emale lowe ing o cob ma u a ion. In con as , he da e o male lowe ing was
signi ican ly in luenced by he a ie ies (P < 0.001). S amens ea lie appea ed in he EV a ie y han in he o he wo
a ie ies. The male lowe s o he EV a ie y appea ed ea lie han hose o he o he wo a ie ies. On he unweeded
con ol plo s, a signi ican di e ence was obse ed o all pa ame e s. The male and emale lowe s appea ed ea lie
o he yellow a ie y. Howe e , he EV a ie y ma u ed ea lie han he o he a ie ies. The Yellow and Pu ple a ie ies
had a la e ep oduc ion ime, al hough he emale lowe s appea ed ea lie han he EV a ie y. The di e ence in ea
ma u i y ime be ween he wo ea men s o he h ee a ie ies was lowe o he EV a ie y (-9.03%) han o he
Yellow (-15.57%) and Pu ple (-18.09%) a ie ies.
3.4. Va ia ion in g ow h pa ame e s acco ding o weeding in h ee maize a ie ies
S a is ical analysis o g ow h pa ame e s e ealed ha plan heigh and lea dimensions (leng h and wid h) a ied
signi ican ly depending on whe he he plan s we e weeded o no (Tables 4 and 5). The EV a ie y had b oade lea es
han bo h a ie ies. Fo lea leng h and plan heigh , bo h he EV and yellow a ie ies exhibi ed he highes alues in
weeded and unweeded plo s. Quan i ica ion o he ela i e educ ions in hese disc imina ing pa ame e s showed ha
he EV a ie y exp essed he lowes losses, wi h only a 3.04% educ ion in lea wid h, 6.47% in lea leng h, and 2.1% in
plan heigh . This was ollowed by he pu ple a ie y, wi h losses o 1.71%, 7.73%, and 3.66%, espec i ely, and inally
he yellow a ie y, which was he mos sensi i e, exhibi ing losses o 35.55%, 14.56%, and 8.68% espec i ely.
3.5. Impac o weed con ol on ag onomic pa ame e s o h ee maize a ie ies
S a is ical analysis o ag onomic pa ame e s showed a signi ican di e ence o all measu ed pa ame e s ac oss all
ea men s, excep o he numbe o g ains in he weeded plo (Table 4). In he unweeded con ol plo s, he e ec s o
compe i ion om weeds esul ed in a ma ked dec ease in he mean alues o he a ious pa ame e s. The EV a ie y
s ood ou wi h supe io pe o mance, exhibi ing a seed weigh loss o only 15%, compa ed o 27% o bo h he yellow
and pu ple a ie ies.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
1826
Table 3 Es ima ion o phenological pa ame e s o he h ee a ie ies
Maize
a ie ie
s
Da e o s amen appea ance
Da e o cob appea ance
Da e o cob ma u a ion
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss (%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss (%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss (%)
EV
47.60 ± 2.49b
50.27 ± 4.18a
-5.60
56.10 ± 5.19a
63.80 ± 5.37b
-13.72
75.45 ± 6.51a
82.27 ± 6.49a
-9.03
Yellow
46.22 ± 3.46a
49.93 ±4.25a
-8.02
54.98 ± 5.12a
59.60 ± 6.00a
-8.40
77.93 ± 4.30a
90.07 ± 5.03b
-15.57
Pu ple
48.80 ± 4.62b
53.73 ± 6.45b
-10.10
56.53 ± 6.04a
63.27 ± 5.75b
-11.92
76.55 ± 5.64a
90.40 ± 3.85b
-18.09
F
7.60
5.15
1.28
4.79
3.005
23.16
P
< 0.001
0.008
0.280
0.011
0.052
< 0.001
Table 4 Impac o weed con ol on g ow h pa ame e s in h ee maize a ie ies
Maize
a i ies
Lea leng h (cm)
Plan heigh (cm)
Numbe o lea es
Lea wid h (cm)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
EV
60.93±21.56b
56.98±21.32b
6.47
67.25±32.159b
65.83±25.20b
2.10
7.83±5.58a
7.61±1.93a
2.896
5.59±2.11a
5.421±1.97c
3.04
Yellow
61.23±22.29b
52.30±21.398b
14.56
71.07±34.74b
64.90±30.72b
8.68
7.640±4.50a
6.89±4.40a
9.816
6.99±8.90b
4.507±1.52b
35.55
Pu ple
51.23±25.32a
47.27±22.97a
7.736
52.48±30.99a
54.41±30.69a
3.667
7.21±2.21a
6.84±2.18a
5.197
4.95±1.95a
3.889±1.463a
21.71
F
18.154
7.374
27.090
7.186
1.612
3.011
11.178
31.85
P
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.200
0.050
< 0.001
< 0.001
In he same column, igu es ollowed by he same le e a e s a is ically iden ical a he 5% h eshold., ; D: No weeded
Table 5 Impac o weed con ol on ag onomic pa ame e s o he h ee maize a ie ies
Maize
a ie ies
Plan weigh (g)
Cob weigh o he ea wi h Spa h
(g)
weigh o g ains (g)
Numbe o g ains
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
Weeded
Con ol
(unweeded)
Loss
(%)
EV
387.17±56.36b
306.58±101.07b
20.81
133.08±35.03c
96.17±27.19b
27.735
40.20±10.07c
29.314±5.14b
27.089
230.00±82.57a
196.33±37.70b
14.63
Yellow
348.13±108.13b
217.58±73.56a
37.50
108.46±30.38b
73.25±21.29a
32.463
32.73±11.02b
23.673±4.24b
27.68
210.33±72.90a
138.33±41.88a
34.23
Pu ple
272.79±74.30a
171.83±171.83a
36.985
81.33±23.60a
67.67±17.61a
16.795
25.03±5.56a
21.116±3.20a
15.68
188.87±45.92a
107.92±46.13a
42.68
In he same column, igu es ollowed by he same le e a e s a is ically iden ical a he 5% h eshold., ; D: No weeded
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
1827
4. Discussion
Weeding is one o he main ac o s limi ing he p oduc ion o cul i a ed plan s. I s managemen inc easingly ep esen s
a majo challenge o achie ing good c op yields. This s udy aimed a imp o ing maize p oduc ion wi h highe -
pe o ming a ie ies in he p esence o weeds.
Phonologically, based on di e en weeding me hods, s amens and cob appea ance, and ma u i y we e iden ical on plo s
weeded manually and chemically. These pa ame e s, howe e , we e longe in unweeded plo s. Weeds he e o e had a
nega i e impac on he s ages o maize de elopmen . This inding was e i ied by [5] and [11], who showed ha weed
g ow h slows down he a ious phenological phases o maize. Rega dless o he ype o ea men , plan heigh , lea
wid h, lea leng h, and he numbe o lea es did no a y be ween plo s. Howe e , he numbe o oo s was highe in
chemically weeded and unweeded plo s. Indeed, du ing manual weeding, some maize oo s we e damaged, he eby
educing hei numbe . The bes ag onomic pe o mances we e eco ded in manually weeded plo s, ollowed by
chemically ea ed plo s and con ol plo s. Ou esul s we e consis en wi h hose o [12], who showed ha manual
weeding was mo e e ec i e o con olling weeds in maize. This echnique allows o soil le eling, imp o es po osi y,
and educes wa e loss and uno . Howe e , acco ding o [13], he bes way o manage weed in es a ion is o combine
mechanical weeding wi h he bicides. Ne e heless, he issue o he bicide esis ance in ce ain weeds, along wi h he
long ime equi ed o manual weeding, has shown ha iden i ying weed- ole an a ie ies emains he mos
app op ia e solu ion [14].
Sc eening o a ie ies agains compe i ion om weeds showed ha weeds signi ican ly delay lowe ing and ea
ma u a ion in all h ee a ie ies. These esul s con i m he obse a ions o [15] on he phenological sensi i i y o maize
a ie ies unde condi ions o o al weed co e . The sho es delay in ea ma u i y (9%) was ob ained wi h he EV a ie y
be ween weeded and unweeded plo s. This e eals i s high esilience in compe i ion wi h weeds compa ed o he o he
wo a ie ies, which showed delays o 15% and 18% espec i ely.
The e alua ion o ag onomic pa ame e s e ealed ha he EV a ie y once again s ood ou o i s abili y o main ain
high ag onomic pe o mance, e en unde weedy condi ions, e lec ing be e weed ole ance. These esul s could be
explained by he ac ha EV is an imp o ed a ie y de eloped by he Na ional Cen e o Ag icul u al Resea ch (NCAR)
o op imal g ow h and disease esis ance. I s abili y o limi pe o mance losses unde s ess condi ions indica es high
compe i i eness wi h weeds. These indings a e consis en wi h hose o [16], who demons a ed ha ce ain maize
a ie ies exhibi ed g ea e esilience o compe i ion om weeds. Thus, a judicious a ie al selec ion can signi ican ly
educe yield losses due o weed in es a ion by iden i ying hose wi h he highes compe i i e abili y ([17]. Howe e , he
pu ple a ie y is he mos sensi i e o weeds, exhibi ing educed g ow h and o e all lowe yield in unweeded plo s. The
yellow a ie y occupies an in e media e posi ion.
5. Conclusion
The p esen s udy aimed o iden i y he maize a ie y wi h he highes ag onomic pe o mance o imp o ing maize
p oduc i i y in Cô e d’I oi e. The esul s e ealed ha weed in es a ion delays he di e en phenological s ages o
maize, while weeding signi ican ly enhanced bo h ege a i e and ep oduc i e de elopmen . The bes ag onomic
pe o mances we e obse ed in manually weeded plo s, ollowed by chemically ea ed plo s, and inally he con ol
plo s. The EV a ie y clea ly dis inguished i sel by main aining high ag onomic pe o mance e en unde non-weeded
condi ions, indica ing g ea e ole ance o weed compe i ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s ha e no decla ed any con lic o in e es s.
Au ho Con ibu ions
Anza a and Tano implemen ed he ield ial.
Yao and Anza a pe o med he s a is ical analysis and d a ed he manusc ip .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(02), 1822-1828
1828
Re e ences
[1] Shahid M, A shad E, Kam an TA, Shehzadi I, Ak am J, A i Z, Rameesha A, Ja a ia M. In eg a ed nu ien
managemen o main ain maize p oduc i i y while educing en i onmen al impac s. Co nous Biology. 2024; 2
(1): 29-35.
[2] Nyembo KL, kisimba MM, Theodo e MM, Jonas L, Kanyenga LA, Becke NK, Mpundu MM, Baboy LL. E e s de
doses c oissan s des compos s de umie s de poules su le endemen de chou de chine (B assica chinensis L.).
Jou nal o Applied Biosciences. 2014; 77: 6505-6522.
[3] Mango MG, Manga a A, Kouadio YL, Koné M. É alua ion de la lo e ad en ice dans les cul u es de manioc, Maniho
esculen a C an z (Eupho biaceae) de la zone pé i-u baine d’Abidjan au sud de la Cô e d’I oi e. Jou nal o Animal
& Plan Sciences. 2022; 53(1) : 9580-9659. h ps://doi.o g/10.35759/JAnmPlSci. 53-1.2.
[4] Joshi PK, Singh NP, Singh NN, Ge pacio Robe a V, Pingali P abhu L. Maize in India: P oduc ion Sys ems,
Cons ain s, and Resea ch P io i ies. Maize P oduc ion Sys ems Pape s 7646, CIMMYT: In e na ional Maize and
Whea Imp o emen Cen e . 2005. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.7646
[5] Colbach N, Fe nie A, Le Co e V, Messean A, Da mency H. Simula ing changes in c opping p ac ices in
con en ional and glyphosa e- esis an maize. I. E ec on weeds. En i onmen al Science and Pollu ion Resea ch.
2017; 24: 13121-13135. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8591-7
[6] Schmid -Je is RA, Bee s EH, Sa e C. Me a-analysis and e iew o pes icide non- a ge e ec s on phy oseiids,
key biological con ol agen s. Pes Manag. Sci. 2021; 77: 4848–4862.
[7] B o ini EM, Quad a GR, Pa anaíba JR; Ca alho L, Pe ei a RO, de Aquino SF, Occu ence and en i onmen al isk
assessmen o 22 pes icides in B azilian eshwa e s. Aqua . Toxicol. 2023; 260:106566.
[8] Zamljen S, Lesko šek R. C i ical Pe iod o Weed Con ol in Maize as In luenced by Soil. Tillage P ac ices and
Glyphosa e Applica ion. Ag onomy. 2023; 14 (1): 93.
[9] N’Go an K. Plan d’aménagemen e de ges ion du pa c na ional du banco 2019-2028. O ice i oi ien des pa cs e
ése es. Minis è e de l’en i onnemen e du dé eloppemen du able. 145 pages
[10] Kimou S.H., Coulibaly L.F., Soumaho o A.B., Koné T. & Koné M. In luence du mode de cul u e du maïs [Zea Mays
(L.) (Poaceae)] e du niébé [Vigna Unguicula a (L.) Walp (Fabaceae)] su la masse e la quali é nu i ionnelle des
g aines des deux espèces. Eu opeanScien i ic Jou nal. 2018; 14(36): 501-517.
[11] S a So (2005). S a is ica o windows; e sion 7.1, s a so Inc.,Tulsa Sol ani N, Dille JA, Bu ke IC. Po en ial Co n
Yield Losses om Weeds in No h Ame ica. Weed Technology. 2016; 30(4):979-984. doi:10.1614/WT-D-16-
00046.1
[12] Yao KB, Yao Beug é MM, Adjoumani K, Bakayoko Y, Kouakou TH. E ec s o sowing p ac ice and weed con ol
me hod on g ow h and yield o wo maize a ie ies (zea mays L.) cul i a ed in Cô e d’I oi e. Indian Jou nal o
Plan Sciences. 2021; 10:103-113.
[13] Kouamé KF, Sylla M, Tou é A. In luences des p a iques cul u ales su le dé eloppemen e les cycles
phénologiques des ad en ices majeu es du iz i igué au Cen e de la Cô e d’I oi e. In . J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2020;
14 (9): 3253-3261.
[14] Chuna i A, Sh i as a R. A Cy ogene ical Re iew on Gene ic Mechanism o He bicide Resis ance in Co n. Plan
Cell Bio echnology and Molecula Biology 2025; 26(3): 63-75.
[15] Ta dieu F, Simonneau T, Mulle B. The physiological basis o d ough ole ance in c op plan s: a scena io-
dependen p obabilis ic app oach. Annual Re iew o Plan Biology. 2018. 69:733–759.
[16] Chikoye D, Manyong VM, Ekeleme F. Cha ac e is ics o he weed managemen domain o maize in he no he n
Guinea sa anna o Nige ia. Weed Science. 2010; 58(1): 25-31.
[17] Nasi M, Islam, AK. MM, Islam MS, Ahmed S, Salam MA, Anwa MP. Weed Compe i i eness o Popula Maize
Va ie ies o Bangladesh. Fundamen al and Applied Ag icul u e. 2024; 9(4): 294–302.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5455/ aa.243245.
