In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijis .2016.6223 211
SOCIO-TECHNICAL COLLABORATIVE
SECURITY SUPPORT SYSTEM(STCS3)
Gopal R Jani1 , A ish Pu i 2 and Tusha Meh a3
1Human Cen e ed Design Ins i u e,Flo ida Ins i u e o echnology Melbou ne FL –
32901, USA
2School o business, Flo ida Ins i u e o echnology Melbou ne FL – 32901, USA
3Sm .Chandaben Mohanbhai Ins i u e o Compu e Applica ions, Cha usa Uni e si y,
Changa, GJ, India
ABSTRACT
In his pape , we desc ibe he s uc u e and he me hodologies inco po a ed wi h implemen a ion and
de elopmen o socio- echnical collabo a i e secu i y suppo sys em conside ing i as a li e c i ical sys em.
The i s sec ion p o ides a b ie in oduc ion ollowed by he sec ion o p oblem s a emen and ac o s o
LCS. We ha e also discussed abou he me hodologies used o implemen he sys em. Mo eo e , we ha e
also explained he compa ison wi h cu en ly used ools along wi h ecommenda ion o he u u e wo k.
Sa e y and Secu i y o a ci izen is always a ield o in e es in cu en day’s digi al e olu ion, inno a ion
and in en ions. Wi h collabo a i e wo k en i onmen and eal ime in o ma ion sha ing, we can gene a e
si ua ion awa eness, whe eas wi hou i , i becomes eally di icul o educe he esponse ime o he
secu i y pe sonals as hey will ha e lack o eliable in o ma ion and on he o he hand he ci y s uc u e
and a ic s uc u e is e y unp edic able. This p oblem lay down go e nmen o icials in he si ua ion
whe e hey eally wan o educe he esponse ime bu hey do no ha e means o do i .
KEYWORDS
Li e c i ical sys em, sa e y and secu i y, Human Cen e ed Design, eal ime, decision making, si ua ion
awa eness, sa e y model, machine lea ning, collabo a i e si ua ion awa eness, c isis managemen
p ocedu e.
1. INTRODUCTION
C ime agains women, child, senio ci izens and uni ied secu i y has been a se ious p oblem ha
ou coun y is acing since las decade o mo e. Acco ding o go e nmen da abase ega ding he
c ime epo s and analyses based on hose epo s, he e is an exponen ial inc ease in c ime a es
in many ci ies[28]. Se e al me hods ha e been p oposed in o de o comba his. Pe haps he mos
popula o hese is he simples : ha ing helpline o assis people in need such as 108, 100, cell
phone based applica ions e c.
E o s o he go e nmen pe sonals and o ganiza ions ha e been emendous, bu he
echnological in as uc u e behind he secu i y aspec comp ises downsides in echnological
sys ems and suppo . As we discussed, wi hou collabo a i e wo k, i is always di icul o
diminish he downsides in echnological ad ancemen , si ua ion awa eness mechanisms and o
suppo he secu i y s uc u e.
In his pape , we will walk you h ough ou solu ion using Li e C i ical Sys em p incipals, which
will inc ease socio- echnical ad ancemen and can be ino dina e suppo o secu i y pe sonals.
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
212
Solu ion can p o ide secu i y o ces wi h human machine in eg a ion and highly au oma ed
con ol mechanisms. The secu i y pe sonals wi h cu en in as uc u e and me hodologies will
no ha e eliable in o ma ion and on he o he hand he ci y s uc u e and a ic s uc u e is e y
incalculable. This p oblem place secu i y o icials in he si ua ion whe e i ge s di icul o hem
o make c ucial decisions and ac on i , as hey lack wi h he means o do i
Fo ha pu pose, by applying human cen e ed design app oach, in STCS3, we ha e conside ed
he speci ic equi emen and needs o secu i y s uc u e and he secu i y pe sonnel’s in ol ed in
eal- ime esponse/ eques sys em. I also p o ides sepa a e si ua ion awa eness pla o ms o
e e yone in ol ed in inciden . I s solu ion p o ides a g ea way o simpli ying an abs ac iew o
he cu en si ua ion a end use . STCS3 is an in eg a ed combina ion o di e en so wa e ools
which p o ides di e en ea u es and unc ionali y o accommoda e equi ed si ua ion awa eness,
con ol cen e s and o he end use s as well.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Secu i y is no a job, i is way o li e. Nowadays, in his socio- echnical wo ld, secu i y is bo h
easy as well as di icul . We ha e came as ins alled e e ywhe e bu do no ha e a i icial machine
lea ning algo i hms which uns behind he came as and iden i ies he si ua ion i any suspicious
ac i i y occu s, also came as o e he in e ne a e no eliable as i is e y easy o hack in o. The
cu en in as uc u e and a ailable esou ces a e no enough which can enable hem o elimina e
hese p oblems. Fo example, while using exis ing sys ems and me hods, i has ce ain es ic ions
which disable hem o p o ide he secu i y which e e y pe son dese es. The ield o au oma ion
in secu i y s uc u e is e y new bu has p o en on many ci cums ances by sol ing complex
issues wi h simple solu ions. In his pape we a e in oducing many di e en a chi ec u al
ad ancemen s using au oma ion which can inc ease si ua ion awa eness in secu i y.
Wi h deep conside a ion o Li e c i ical sys em and applica ion o Human Cen e ed design
app oach, STCS3 sys em conside s he speci ic equi emen and needs o he human in ol ed in a
gi en si ua ion and ime which p o ides wi h he si ua ion awa eness in o ma ion o ac as
accu a ely as possible wi h he help o au oma ion and machine lea ning.
In la e sec ion, we discussed abou o e iew o he sys em design and i s a i ac s
• Li e c i ical sys em and i s e ec on socio- echnical wo ld
• Sa e y model o be used.
• Human e o ole ance and a oidance.
• Risk ma ix
• C ises managemen
3. SOCIO-TECHNICAL COLLABORATIVE SECURITY SUPPORT
SYSTEM (STCS3)
The STCS3 has been designed conside ing cu en echnological ad ancemen and cu en ly
a ailable in as uc u e. The goal is o p o ide si ua ional awa eness in o ma ion o he igh
pe son a igh ime o op imize secu i y model in ope a ions in o de o ha e synch onized and
coope a i e wo king en i onmen which p o ides eal- ime si ua ion awa eness.
To unde s and i mo e deeply, le ’s s a answe ing a ques ion “wha is li e c i ical sys em?” Li e
c i ical sys em (LCS) can be any sys em which po en ially a ec s human. o example,
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
213
Conside ing, he no mal day o day swi ch and he elec ic con ol sys em, li e use, a ca ,
mo o cycle, ai plane, spo equipmen like ha ches used in acking, e c. The li e c i ical sys em
also includes he sa e y c i ical sys em as LCS is a b oade ca ego y. The e a e many
sophis ica ed li e c i ical sys ems in many di e en domains such as obo ic su ge y machine in
heal h ca e, au opilo in ai plane, he space c a echnologies e c. Howe e , depending on he
domain, he li e c i ical sys em may ha e di e en aspec s and conside a ion.
Inc easing knowledge o echnology, new and inno a i e ield o compu e science and
in o ma ion echnology wi h app oaches o sa e y sys em, li e c i ical sys em, and he eme gen
p ope y o ad ancemen in di e en domain allows us o ge a b oade idea o make LCS mo e
e ec i e. Ul ima e goal o a li e c i ical sys em can be d i en in h ee dimensions, sa e y,
e iciency and com o [16]. The expe ience o a pe son can also show us a di e en p ospec i e
o a egula sys em o li e c i ical sys em. One o he bes examples o sys em being LCS is
losing a cell phone can become a c ucial issue while in eme gency and how i can be a li e c i ical
sys em.
A e ex ensi e esea ch, we can obse e ha a li e c i ical sys em should be eliable, esilien ,
edundan , socio-cogni i ely s able, as well as con ollable and obse able, and i should also
p o ide mechanism o ole an o esis an o human e o and sys em ailu e.
While designing secu i y suppo sys em o collabo a i e si ua ion awa eness in eal- ime, o
STSC3, a li e c i ical sys em, we ook on he sensi i e issue o sa e y and secu i y in India. A e
deep conside a ion o li e c i ical sys em and i s app oaches, Fig. 1 below illus a es ope a ional
a chi ec u e o STSC3. Based on highly au oma ed sys ems wi h machine lea ning and decision
making capabili ies h ough which sol ing sa e y and secu i y issues will be easie , e ec i e, and
e icien as compa ed o exis ing sys ems and ope a ional s uc u e. Ope a ional a chi ec u e o
STSC3 consis s o h ee b oade ca ego ies, Technology, O ganiza ion and People. Acco ding o
TOP model [2], le ’s discuss abou echnology, o ganiza ion and people aspec s o STSC3 li e
c i ical sys em.
Be o e going in o he u he de ails, Le us gi e eade s an example o how his model wo ks,
using eal li e scena io. Imagine an eme gency si ua ion whe e you a e in need o help, whe he i
is medical eme gency, i e, o police o any hing else which can be conside ed as c ises a he
ic ims end. All you do is jus p ess a bu on and wi hin 15 minu es o less, you will ha e escue
eam he e o ge you ou o he si ua ion. Doesn’ ma e wha ime o he day i is o wha day o
he yea o whe e you a e. An au oma ed secu i y suppo sys em which a e ini ia ing dis ess
signal by ic im, ope a es collabo a i ely wi h human in e ac ion me hodologies and a con ol
cen e (human con ac ), which p o ides as es and expedi ious way o ge you help.
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
214
Fig 1. Ope a ional a chi ec u e o STSC3
To gene a e his ype o dis ess signal and ga he e e y in o ma ion abou use s su ounding, we
ha e used geo-loca ion chips in a de ice which p o ides e y accu a e and eliable geo-da a o be
used o decision making mechanism which we will discuss la e in his pape .
3.1 T acking De ice
Geo-Loca ion posi ioning se ices has been inc easingly imp o ing and cons an ly c ossing he
ba ie s o accu acy. A e aking ad an age o hese exis ing echnology and p obabilis ic
calcula ion algo i hms, we we e able o design a acking de ice. This de ice can be e y small in
size wi h powe ul ba e y backup which makes i e y eliable and accu a e. The acking de ice
can ha e many designs such as, jewel y clip on, in he o m o wa ch, dis ess signal bel , o in
any o m which is easible and equi ed. The p ocessing capabili y and eal ime esponse and
acking p o ides accu a e geo loca ion calcula ion and makes i possible o p ocessing se e o
gene a e he eques immedia ely. Following a e he basic ea u es, bu no limi ed o, which can
be accommoda ed in he de ice.
A wea able de ice o he size o a egula wa ch o clip on de ice.
S a e o he a Geo loca ion algo i hms wi h accu acy o app oxima ely 1 ee .
Ope a es on Global Posi ioning Sys em (GPS), sa elli e na iga ion sys em ha p o ides
loca ion and ime in o ma ion in all wea he condi ions.
Communica ion mechanism using Global Sys em o Mobile (GSM) and GPRS
Geo- ence mechanism o he loca ion based acking and moni o ing
The gene a ed dis ess signal immedia ely ge s o he p ocessing se e om whe e
au oma ion begins.
3.2 P ocessing se e and In o ma ion p ocessing (Da a mining)
A e ecei ing he signal a P ocessing se e (In eg a ion se e ) which we will use o acili a e
in e ac ion be ween di e se de ices, ope a ing sys ems and applica ions ac oss in e nal and
ex e nal ne wo ked compu e sys ems. The addi ional p ocessing capabili ies and eal ime
eques esponse mechanism is design conside ing ollowing aspec s.
Dis ance based dis ess call alloca ion algo i hms.
Ticke ing sys em assis ance wi h eal- ime moni o ing and acking.
con ol cen e call p ocessing
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
215
As soon as he dis ess signal eaches o he p ocessing se e , i p o ides da a o mining
algo i hm o gene a e necessa y meaning ull in o ma ion. I quickly p ocesses i and con e s in
o au oma ed suppo ing mechanism h oughou he ime:
I s a s p o iding in o ma ion o he au ho i ies and ha ing a quick sa e eco d o he incidence
which in e ms inc eases aceabili y. I also p o ides he geoloca ion in o ma ion o he nea es
six di e en secu i y pe sonals. A e ecei ing immedia e in o ma ion abou he incidence,
secu i y pe son will accep he incidence case. As soon as he case has been accep ed, secu i y
pe son ge s a p ede ined pa h and p ocedu e which has been calcula ed and designed by decision
making and machine lea ning mechanism.
3.3 Decision making and Machine lea ning
Decision making and machine lea ning module, p ocesses in o ma ion h ough wo di e en
algo i hms and wo di e en decision making p ocess o selec app op ia e escue p ocedu e
simul aneously as shown in he Fig. 2.
Fig 2. Decision making and machine lea ning module
Risk assessmen algo i hm
Risk assessmen is one o he c ucial ac o while handling a si ua ion o eme gency. Wi h cu en
in as uc u e and limi a ions, i becomes e y ha d o iden i y he isk in ol ed in pa icula
incidence. Bu he usion be ween machine lea ning and isk assessmen wi h he help o
au oma ion opens up a di e en ho izon. Al e na i es and choices which a e explained h ough
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
216
he no ion o liabili y and insu ance. Risk is no always as i has been de ined in dic iona y, i
some imes include only ew ac o s which a e no unde con ol o he human. By using logical
in e ence o ms, we can make hypo heses and p o e i by in e ence. The main ques ion is o
iden i y ha whe e he isk is si ua ed. Depending upon isk, law and eedom we can u he
ca ego ize na u e o isk and allowance o isk. Depending on isk and esponsibili y, i calcula es
di e ence be ween indi idual isk and collabo a i e isk. Once he lea ning and assessmen
p ocess ge s comple ed, i au oma ically selec s he sa e y model and p ocedu es o be ollowed.
Sa e y Model and P ocedu e selec ion
In eme gency ope a ions i is impo an o build a pe ec sa e y model which includes bo h he
human and machine which will help in a oidance, eco e y and c ises managemen phases. In
STCS3, Sa e y models and p ocedu es associa ed o inciden s ge s con e ed in o p ede ined
p ocedu es acco ding o cons i u ional laws and secu i y o icials wi h help o Li e c i ical sys em
undamen als. Risk and eliabili y is a c ucial aspec o any sys em which can be ca ego ized as
li e c i ical sys em. Fo example, nuclea powe plan design, sys ems in ai c a cockpi , sea ch
and escue ope a ions, e c. by e alua ing in ol ed isk, STCS3 calcula es he isk and eliabili y
ac o s, once ha ing he in o ma ion abou all scena ios, i implemen s an ideal sa e y model o
he sys em. Based on ha sa e y model, i selec s he a ailable p ocedu es and dis ibu es among
in ol ed people in an inciden
The STCS3 ope a es in h ee phases o sa e y model; p e en ion, eco e and mi iga ion. I can
iden i y om known and expec ed si ua ion du ing he eco e y phase. And when i canno come
ou o he si ua ion in eco e y phase, i would ge o mi iga ion in o ma ion collec ion which will
enable secu i y pe sonnel’s o assess he consequences and causes o he sa e y issue a use s end.
As discussed in he pape by Jean Ch is ophe Le Coze and Kenne h Pe e sen, “Is esilience
enginee ing ealis o cons uc i is ?” STCS3 es ablishes igh amoun o ba ie wi hin he
phases. The pape [] also discusses abou he esilience enginee ing wi h pe spec i e o inding ou
whe he i is ealis ic o cons uc i is . The e many ques ions which ha e been aised by scien is s
such as human ac o in sa e y model, socio- echnology, social ac ions by people owa ds sys em
e c.
C ises managemen p ocedu e selec ion
C isis is he e en ha leads o o is expec ed o p oduce some uns able si ua ion in u u e o
p opose hings in dange ous si ua ions which migh a ec any indi idual, g oup, communi y o
whole socie y. C isis depends on he Quali y o decision made. To achie e i in STCS3 we ha e
included ollowing pa ame e s:
In o ma ion: A ailable in o ma ion, eliable in o ma ion, some ce ain ies and some
unce ain ies i depends upon, while he le el o igno ance o he in o ma ion which
migh no be ele an .
Spa ial- empo al Complexi y: A da abase ha con ains space and ime in o ma ion o
he pas e en s and decisions.
Mul i-Agen Decision Making P ocess: Quali y and complexi y o all in e ac ions,
con lic ing objec i es such as legal and echnical aspec s o he domain and si e and las ly
he ade-o s o he same.
Decision making cul u e: I includes he a ia ion in he decisions based on he di e en
ypes o iews o he c isis and indi idual analyses o he decision.
The c isis Managemen p ocedu es ge s cons uc ed based on many di e en pa ame e s such as
pas acciden s, disas e , Eme gency, Logis ics, Regula ions, Risk in ol ed and social aspec s
STCS3 c ises managemen p ocedu es analyses c ises in 3 s ages:
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
217
P e-c isis: C isis p e en ion measu emen s a s looking o p ocedu es o p e en ing
he c isis on a long e m.
Li e: Maximizing mi iga ion e o s, Maximum mobiliza ion, making a chance ha leads
o easiness o he c isis managemen .
Pos -C isis: Mi iga ion e o s pu sued aceabili y and liabili y. STCS3 aces he
pa ame e s ha caused he c isis and necessa y da a such as ime o c isis, du a ion o
c isis, and ac ions aken ge s p oduced.
Geo-Loca ion based call assignmen algo i hm
While p ocessing in o ma ion, STCS3 execu es geo-loca ion based algo i hms o pe o m
ollowing unc ions:
Dis ance based no i ica ions and case assignmen s: I calcula es he eal- ime
coo dina es o he use and pin poin i up o 2 ee o accu acy. Once pin poin ed, i
calcula es dis ance o six nea es secu i y o ice s o ehicle o he o ice s and assigns
hem acco ding o hei dis ance. Nea es being highes p io i y o 1, i assigns he same
case o six di e en secu i y au ho i ies wi h assigned p io i y.
In eg a ed wi h p ocessing se e , decision making and con ol cen e au oma ic case
assignmen sys em. I p o ides eal- ime upda es o each and e e y p ocess and si ua ion
o con ol cen e including eal- ime geo-loca ion acking in o ma ion.
Collabo a i e wo king en i onmen : eal- ime upda es o e e y indi idual in ol ed in
inciden . Collabo a i e si ua ion awa eness pla o m
Real ime moni o ing is a i al equi emen o mos collabo a i e si ua ion awa eness. To
p o ide ha pla o m, we conside ed ha ing a sma phone applica ion o secu i y pe sonnel’s.
This is due o he ac ha i is jus no possible o unde ake meaning ul IT se ice managemen
h ough pe iodic epo s. Fo speed o se ice as well as e iciency, STCS3 secu i y pe sonnel
ha e eal ime moni o ing o applica ion.
Collabo a i e si ua ion awa eness applica ion will also ac as a hub and eco ding each and e e y
ac i i y o end use wi h Accu acy based on sa elli e iangula ion, speed o a eling, di ec ion o
a eling, longi ude, la i ude and eal ime poin o poin loca ion acking.
The p ocess o Moni o ing and measu ing en i onmen al de elopmen s wi h echnology and
communica ions sys ems ha p o ide ime- ele an in o ma ion o he o icials in an easily
unde s ood o ma such as maps, icke ing sys em a con ol cen e and sma phone applica ion.
Con ol cen e
24/7 con ol cen e can be a physical place whe e dis ess and o he calls will be handled, high
le el o compu e au oma ion and aining based on he s uc u ed ope a ional p ocesses.
Typically, i will ha e he abili y o handle a conside able olume o calls a he same ime, o
sc een calls and p o ides in o ma ion o he secu i y pe sonals o handle he eme gency si ua ions
wi h accu acy. The con ol cen e can be conside ed as main poin o si ua ion awa eness link
be ween use s da a and secu i y pe sonnel.
3.4 In o ma ion dis ibu ion mechanism
In o ma ion dis ibu ion Mechanism p o ides in o ma ion o all he humans in ol ed in he
sys em, when he in o ma ion co esponds o c i e ia indi idually selec ed by he algo i hms, and
hen p o ides es ic ed and ole based in o ma ion o he ope a o s. Enc yp ed in o ma ion
packages (IP's) will be p o ided a ope a o ’s si e, ia high and/o low densi y bandwid h by
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
218
b oadcas ansmission. The IP's alloca ed o ope a o a e dec yp ed and displayed o iewing by
he ope a o which will p o ide hem wi h all he de ails hey equi e o he escue ope a ion.
The IP's a e pe iodically epo ed by se e links o he sys em's cen al p ocessing algo i hms
which issues enc yp ion keys. The enc yp ion keys, used o dec yp he IP's, a e changed
pe iodically and dis ibu ed o ope a o s a ions.
The In o ma ion dis ibu ion mechanism akes in o he accoun o wo kload measu emen
echniques which a y wi h espec o ce ain p ope ies ha de e mine he u ili y o a echnique
o indi idual applica ions. Two pa icula ly c i ical p ope ies which a e being conside ed a e he
sensi i i y and in usi eness o a echnique.
Wo kload assis ance and e iciency imp o emen dis ibu ion me hodology.
Use o beha io shaping cons ain s o p e en e o s.
Mi iga ion o he e ec s o e o s a e hey a e made.
Secu i y s uc u e and ope a ion o ganiza ional layou
Cu en ly a ailable man powe and esou ces wi h secu i y o icials is mo e han enough o
con ol any gi en si ua ion and scena io ela ed o ci izen’s secu i y i used wi h he suppo o
au oma ions and p ocedu al me hods.
Fig 3. secu i y ci y layou in STSC3
By using he o ganiza ional s uc u e o he secu i y in a pa icula ci y, and he back end suppo
o he collabo a i e wo k, he STCS3 can educe he esponse ime app oxima ely up o 15 min
anywhe e in he ci y.
Le s assume ha he incidence happening a loca ion om whe e x = 4 and y = 6, dis ance d will
be
Fig 4. example ime and dis ance calcula ion be ween use and secu i y pe son using secu i y ci y layou in
STSC3
In e na ional Jou nal o In o ma ion Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.6, No.1/2, Ma ch 2016
219
d2 = (2)2+(5)2 = 4 + 25 d2 = 29
d = 5.38 km
Dis ance om secu i y pe son o he use ’s loca ion is 5.38 km, no om assump ion ha a pe son
can co e a leas 25km in 60 minu es a any gi en ime o he day conside ing a ic and busy
wo k hou ush. So o a el 1km, i equi es 2.4 minu es.
So o a el o al dis ance om poin A o poin B as
shown in he igu e is To al ime equi ed o each
Dis essed use = 5.38km * 2.4= 12.91 minu es.
Ci y as big as 25 km squa e km can be handled only wi h he help o 36 o icials. Fou in con ol
cen e and emaining dis ibu ed ac oss he ci y in eam o wo acco ding o he 16 di e en
segmen s. So ha om any gi en poin he e a e 2 secu i y pe sonal wi h highes p io i y because
hey will end up ha ing nea es dis ance o he desi ed loca ion. Neighbo ing o he 4 secu i y
pe sons a e assigned medium and low p io i y. The con ol cen e will also be in ol ed wi h 4
people as a backup suppo . This mechanism can p o ide 10 di e en o icials wo king
collabo a i ely o esol e issue a use s end wi h au oma ed decision making and p ocedu e
selec ion algo i hms. Ul ima ely, he escue ime ge dec eased o less han 15 minu es
i espec i e o he si ua ions and scena ios a end use and ci y in as uc u e. and in addi ion o
secu i y s uc u e o ci y, STCS3 p o ides eal ime si ua ion awa eness in o ma ion o e e y
indi idual in ol ed h ough di e en pla o ms.
As we discussed, Ul ima e goal o STCS3, a li e c i ical sys em is d i en in h ee dimensions,
sa e y, e iciency and com o o accommoda e bes in e es ocused on Technology, O ganiza ion
and People. The expe ience o a pe son can also show us a di e en p ospec i e o a egula
sys em o li e c i ical sys em and i is a li e c i ical sys em which is eliable, esilien , edundan ,
socio-cogni i ely s able, as well as con ollable and obse able, and i also p o ide s mechanism
o ole an o esis an o human e o and sys em ailu e.
4. RELATED WORK
O e he ime Li e c i ical sys ems has impac ed many di e en domains in ollowing h ee
b oade ca ego ies.
4.1 Sa e y
The e ha e been many discussions in pape s abou sa e y in li e c i ical sys em conside ing many
domains anging om a ia ion o medicine. As shown in igu e below, Amalbe i’s isk exposu e
scale has a desc ip i e iew o di e en domains conside ing isk in ol ed in he domain.
As in he igu e, a iew o an ul a-sa e sys ems which has e y lowe a e o ha ing ca as ophic
acciden o ailu e wi h he exposu e a e o 10-6 (one dea h pe million). On he o he hand, e y
unsa e domains, high isk ca diac
