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Gomez e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
The occu ence o mic oplas ics in he gas oin es inal ac o
deme sal ish species
Be na C is C. Gomez1, Be na d C. Gomez2*, Adzel Ad ian G. Balde ieso1, Flo ie May
O. Escalan e1
1Su igao Del Su S a e Uni e si y - Lianga Campus Lianga, Su igao del Su , Philippines
2*Su igao S a e College o Technology - Malimono Campus Malimono, Su igao del No e,
Philippines
Key wo ds: Mic oplas ics, S omach con en , F equency o occu ence, Condi ion Fac o , Inges ion.
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12692/ijb/16.6.152-162
A icle published on June 16, 2020
Abs ac
The s udy aimed o quan i y and quali y he mic oplas ics in he gas oin es inal ac con en s o he six (6)
dominan deme sal ish species, de e mining he pe cen age equency o occu ence and he condi ion ac o .
Ou o 180 ish indi iduals examined, 21 samples (11.67 % o he o al samples) ha e mic oplas ics in hei
gas oin es inal ac s. The mic oplas ics obse ed we e ibe s which occu he mos (coun = 22; %FO = 78.57
%), ollowed by mic obeads (coun = 5; %FO = 17.86 %) and ubbe (coun = 1; %FO = 3.57 %). The Spangled
Empe o , L. nebulosus, was he highes consump ion o 13 (46.43 %) ibe and 1 (3.57 %) mic obeads in he
s omach. No mic oplas ic in he s omach o he B own-s ipe Snappe , L. i a. The ish samples wi hou
mic oplas ics inges ion di e signi ican ly om ish wi h mic oplas ics in he s omach. The ish samples wi hou
mic oplas ics inges ion displayed a good and well-p opo ioned ish, while ish wi h mic oplas ics is as a poo
ish, long and hin.
* Co esponding Au ho : Be na d C. Gomez na [email protected]
In e na ional Jou nal o Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (P in ), 2222-5234 (Online)
h p://www.innspub.ne
Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 152-162, 2020
153
Gomez e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
In oduc ion
Mic oplas ics gene ally e e o plas ic pa icles
be ween 0.33 mm and 5 mm in size (D iedge e al.,
2015), which can be de imen al o he ocean and
ma ine li e. These come om a a ie y o ou le s in o
na u al ecosys ems, including cosme ics, clo hes,
indus ial p ocesses (Collignon e al., 2014) and
ca eless eso s, ope a o s o he boa , and ou is s
(Abi , 2019).
Mic oplas ics pose a dange o he heal h o ma ine
en i onmen s as a esul o di e en species ea ing
hem. Nea ly all indi iduals possess plas ic o ce ain
species; o example, 96% o No h Sea ulma s (bi ds
ha eed on ish and o he aqua ic animals) con ained
a leas one piece o plas ics (Je ic e al., 2009).
Se e al species o ish include mic oplas ic pa icles
in hei diges i e sys em (Boe ge e al., 2010). Also,
o he aqua ic animals such as polychae e wo ms,
ba nacles, amphipods, and ma ine cucumbe s
(Thompson e al., 2004; G aham and Thompson,
2009). Mic oplas ic inges ion is associa ed wi h
se e al ad e se heal h e ec s on aqua ic o ganisms,
including dec eased immune esponse (Von Moos e
al., 2012). I educed ood in ake, loss o weigh and
ene gy educ ion (Besseling e al., 2012; W igh e al.,
2013), educed g ow h a e (Hue a-Lwanga e al.,
2016), lowe ed ecundi y and ad e se e ec s on
subsequen gene a ions (Sussa ellu e al., 2016).
Many oxic e ec s ha e been documen ed by A io e
al. (2015) in mollusks ela ed o immune esponse,
oxida i e s ess, and geno oxici y.
The Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og amme
(UNEP) es ima es ha ou ism ac i i ies alone can
con ibu e 4.8 million onnes, 14% o all solid was e.
Li e ing is an issue in he ou is a eas, especially
hose on he coas since plas ics can be ex emely
ha m ul o bo h he local landscape and he ma ine
en i onmen (McDowall, 2016). Some s udies claim
ha mic oplas ics a e being con used as na u al p ey
o ishes and o he aqua ic o ganisms (Boe ge e al.,
2010; Ramos e al., 2012; Rummel e al., 2016).
B i ania G oup o Islands is one o he mos isi ed
ou is spo s in Su igao del Su , Philippines. The
annual epo o he Tou ism Depa men o
Municipali y in San Agus in shown he highes
numbe o annual isi o s o he pas ou yea s
eco ded in 2018 wi h 125, 214 indi iduals (bo h local
and o eign ou is s). A s udy ela ed o he ex en o
plas ic pollu ion in his a ea is equi ed, pa icula ly
o he mic oplas ics no known o mos people. Thus,
he p esen s udy de e mined he p esence o
mic oplas ics (MPs) in he gas oin es inal ac s o
he deme sal ishes. I includes he equency o
occu ence and he condi ion o he ish species wi h
and wi hou mic oplas ics inges ions.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy a ea
The collec ion o he sample was conduc ed in
Ba angay B i ania, San Agus in, Su igao del Su ,
Philippines loca ed a 8° 41' 52.4" N, 126° 12' 18.4" E
whe e he majo i y o he ish ca ch o he ishe men
was landed. The Municipali y o San Agus in has a
popula ion o 22,779 people (PSA, 2015). Ba angay
B i ania is blessed wi h 24 sepa a e islands and isle s
in i s coas al a ea called he B i ania G oup o Islands.
The islands become one o he ou is des ina ions in
he p o ince (Wikipedia con ibu o s, 2019).
Sampling p ocedu es
Fish samples we e collec ed e e y Wednesday and
Sa u day om No embe 2019 o Janua y 2020 om
ishe s engaged in ishing ac i i ies wi hin he
municipal wa e s o San Agus in, Su igao del Su .
The ish samples we e anspo ed o he labo a o y
o Su igao del Su S a e Uni e si y (SDSSU) - Lianga
Campus Biology Labo a o y using an icebox wi h
adequa e ice. They we e kep in a eeze un il u he
analysis was ca ied ou . The o al leng h (TL) was
measu ed using an o dina y ule and weighed wi h
Digi al Weighing Scale (0.01× 500 g) in g ams. Each
species was pho og aphed and iden i ied based on
Fishbase.o g.
Labo a o y analysis
Gas oin es inal ac s o ish ha e been dissec ed,
and mic oplas ics emo ed, iden i ied, and coun ed
using he es ablished p o ocol used by he Ci ic
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Gomez e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Labo a o y o En i onmen al Resea ch (CLEAR)
(Liboi on, 2017) wi h some modi ica ions. The
p ocesses include: (a) Dissec ing s a ion should be on
a clean and e en su ace; (b) Placing he ish on he
dissec ing pan; (c) Cu ing o he s omach om one
end o he o he allowing he con en s o all in o he
dissec ing pan; (d) Taking ou he gu s; (e) Cu ing o
he in es ines om he s omach using scisso s while
keeping any hing ha spills ou in o all in o he
co ee il e ; ( ) Pou ing ca e ully and slowly he wa e
o e he con en s o sepa a e and emo e all deb is
om he s omach.
The subsequen o ganic diges ion p o ocol was
ca ied ou using a p o ocol modi ied om Ende s e
al., 2016; S and and Tai o a (2016); (g) Fo he
diges ion, solu ion 50 ml sodium hypochlo i e (6-14
% eac i e chlo ine) pou ed in o he cups and soaked
o 12-24 hou s o dissol e he na u al ood o he
ish; (h) Placing he co ee il e in he s aine hen
pu ing he emaining deb is and pou ing wa e o
emo e he sodium hypochlo i e; (i) examining he
collec ed mic oplas ics using a compound ligh
mic oscope; (j) iden i ica ion o he mic oplas ic and
non-mic oplas ic.
Da a and s a is ical analyses
The Pe cen age F equency o Occu ence (FOC) o
mic oplas ics in he gas oin es inal ac o he ishes
was compu ed based on he o mula o Hyslop
(1980):
% FOC = (Ni / N) × 100
Whe e, FOC = Pe cen age occu ence o he pa icula
mic oplas ics; Ni = To al numbe o s omachs wi h
pa icula mic oplas ics; N = To al numbe o
s omachs wi h mic oplas ics.
The condi ion ac o o ish was calcula ed using he
o mula, acco ding o Bannis e (1976).
Whe e, K = Ful on’s Condi ion Fac o ; W = whole
body weigh (g); L = o al leng h (cm).
Be o e s a is ical analysis, all da a ob ained we e
es ed o homogenei y o a iances using Le ene's
and Kolmogo o –Smi no 's es s o con i m no mal
dis ibu ion. Mann-Whi ney U Tes was hen
pe o med o compa e he di e ences in he condi ion
o all samples wi h o wi hou mic oplas ic inges ion
in he s omach. All s a is ical es s we e pe o med
using he s a is ical package SPSS (Ve sion 25.0) a
0.05 p obabili y.
Resul s and discussion
Fig. 1 illus a es he pe cen age o ish samples wi h
and wi hou he inges ion o mic oplas ics. Ou o 180
ish indi iduals examined, 21 samples (11.67% o he
o al samples) ha e mic oplas ics in hei
gas oin es inal ac s.
The esul o he p esen s udy is almos simila
compa ed o Phillips and Bonne (2015) epo , wi h
12 o 116 indi iduals (10.40%), Vendel e al. (2017)
wi h 200 o 2233 (9%), Ka hik e al. (2018) (10.1%)
and Anas asopoulou e al. (2013) (3.19%) bu lowe
compa ed o he epo o Ne es e al. (2015) (19.8%),
and Lushe e al. (2013), 36.50% o he samples we e
inges ed wi h mic oplas ics (Table 1).
Table 1. Pe cen age numbe o samples wi h mic oplas ics epo ed by he di e en au ho s.
Re e ence
No. o sample
No. o sample
w/ MPs
%
No. o species
wi h MPs
Sampling si e
Phillips and Bonne (2015)
116
12
10.40
8
Gul o Mexico
Vendel e . al. (2017)
2233
200
9.00
24
B azilian Es ua ies
Ka hik e . al. (2018)
79
8
10.10
5
Sou heas Coas o India
Anas asopoulou e . al. (2013)
1504
48
3.19
5
Ionian Sea
Ne es e al. (2015)
263
52
19.8
17
Po uguese coas
Lushe e . al. (2013)
This s udy
504
180
184
21
36.50
11.67
10
5
English Channel
Bg y. B i ania, Su igao del Su
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Gomez e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
The esul indica es ha mic oplas ics inges ion is as
small as 3.19 pe cen o he ish popula ion. The
p esence o mic oplas ics in he s omach o he
samples depends on he place whe e he ish a e
cap u ed. The s udy a ea is ulne able o plas ic
pollu ion because i is close o he communi y, he
p esence o inle , and one o he ou is 's des ina ions.
Acco ding o F ee e al. (2014) and Wagne e al.
(2014), p oximi y o u ban cen e s has been one o
he mos con ibu o s o mic oplas ics pollu ion,
based on he assump ion ha mic oplas ics de i e
om he ca eless human discha ge o plas ic deb is
in o aqua ic en i onmen s.
Mic oplas ics may each emo e oceanic egions,
ben hic sedimen s, and sho elines as a esul o
su ace cu en s and bo om wa e anspo (Bellas,
2016). Jabeen e al. (2017) hypo hesized ha a
g ea e a ie y o plas ic i ems migh be p esen in he
ma ine en i onmen compa ed wi h he eshwa e
ecosys ems, hus, inc easing he p obabili y o
inges ion o mic oplas ics by sea ish.
Table 2. Mean ± SD o Ful ons condi ion ac o (k) o he six (6) mos abundan deme sal ish species.
Species
n
K Value
P-Value
(0.05)
Wi hou
mic oplas ics
n
Wi h
Mic oplas ics
L. nebulosus
18
1.58±0.19
12
1.18±0.07
0.000*
N. o cusus
27
1.22±0.13
3
0.94±0.06
E. melanos igma
29
1.42±0.18
1
0.84±0.00
L. gymnoc anius
27
1.72±0.50
3
0.77±0.08
S. e micula us
28
1.66±0.30
2
1.02±0.16
L. i a
30
1.50±0.12
0
0.00±0.00
To al/Mean 159
1.51±0.32
21
1.09±0.13
0.000*
*Signi ican (P< 0.05).
The possible sou ces o ibe s in he ma ine
en i onmen could be ela ed o sewage sludge
(washing machine e luen s) and he ishing indus y,
which could also be a ac o con ibu ing o he
epo ed mic oplas ic alues in he a ea (B owne e
al., 2011). Among di e en beaches s udied by
Ka hik e al. (2018), he highes concen a ions o
mic oplas ics we e ound om hose nea o he i e
mou hs. Ri e ine inpu s a e he mos signi ican
sou ce o ma ine plas ic deb is (Rech e al., 2014;
Zhao e al., 2015). Domes ic discha ge, su ace uno ,
municipal dumping, and ac o y spillage a e
iden i ied as he o he signi ican con ibu o s o he
mic oplas ic pollu ion obse ed in beach sedimen s
(Zbyszewski e al., 2014).
F equency o occu ence
The e a e h ee ypes o mic oplas ics eco ded in his
s udy, namely ibe , mic obeads, and ubbe (Fig. 2).
Fibe s occu he mos (coun = 22; %FO = 78.57%),
ollowed by mic obeads (coun = 5; %FO = 17.86%)
and he leas was ubbe (coun = 1; %FO = 3.57%)
(Fig. 3).
Fig. 4 shows ha he Spangled Empe o , Le h inus
nebulosus had he highes numbe o mic oplas ics in
hei gu (13 pcs ibe and 1 pc mic obead) ollowed by
he Fo k- ailed Th ead in B eam, Nemip e us
japonicus (3 ibe s and 3 mic obeads), Empe o ,
Le h inus gymnoc anius (5 ibe s), Ve micula ed S
pine oo , Siganus e micula us (1 ibe and 1 ubbe )
and One-blo ch G oupe , Epinephelus melanos igma
(1 mic obead). On he o he hand, he B own-s ipe
Snappe , Lu janus i a has no mic oplas ic obse ed
in he s omach. This inding co obo a es wi h he
epo o Ne es e al. (2015). They epo ed ha ou
o 73 mic oplas ics inges ed by he comme cial ish
species such as Scombe japonicas, T igla ly a,
Scombe scomb us, Raja as e ias and o he s o he
Po uguese coas , 48 (65.8%) being ibe s and 25
156
Gomez e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
(34.2%) agmen s. Bellas (2016) also epo ed ha
he de ec ed mic oplas ics in he 37 deme sal ish (11
dog ish, 24 ed mulle s, and wo hakes) om he
Spanish A lan ic and Medi e anean coas s we e
mos ly cons i u ed by ibe s (71%), ollowed by
sphe es (only in ed mulle s, 24%), ilms (3.2%) and
agmen ed (1.6%).
Fig. 1. Pe cen age o ish samples wi h and wi hou mic oplas ics in he gas oin es inal ac .
In he s udy o Lushe e al. (2013), he inges ed
plas ic o pelagic (M. me langus, M. pou assou, T.
achu us, T. minu us, Z. abe ) and deme sal ish (A.
cuculus, C. ly a, C. mac oph halmus, B. lu eum, M.
a iega us) om he English Channel consis ed
p ima ily o ib es (68.3%) ollowed by agmen s
(16.1%) and beads (11.5%). Fibe s a e he mos
common mic oplas ics p esen in ma ine ish in akes
(A io e al., 2015; Bo e ell e al., 2019).
Bellas e al. (2016) also ema kably no iced ha he
ibe (96%) was he p ima y ype o mic oplas ics
inges ed by deme sal ish om he Spanish A lan ic
and Medi e anean coas s.
Fig. 2. The h ee (3) ypes o mic oplas ics (a - ibe , b - mic o beads, c - ubbe ) ound in he gas oin es inal
ac o he 21 ish samples.
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In . J. Biosci.
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This inding shows he high chance ha ish consume
ibe s. Simila pe cen ages we e also epo ed by
Boe ge e al. (2010) a 94% and Lushe e al. (2013)
a 68.3%.
The o igin o he ibe s in aqua ic ecosys ems is
di e se. Acco ding o P u e (1987) polyme s we e
polyamide and polyes e , which a e commonly used
in he ishing indus y.
Fish condi ion ac o
The condi ion ac o o he six (6) mos abundan
deme sal species sampled om he municipal wa e s
o San Agus in, Su igao del Su in No embe 2019 o
Janua y 2020 is p esen ed in Table 2. The condi ion
ac o s o 159 ish indi iduals wi hou mic oplas ics in
he gas oin es inal ac anged om 0.99 o 2.96,
wi h an o e all mean o 1.51±0.32, which implies a
good and well-p opo ioned ish.
Fig. 3. Composi ion o mic oplas ics obse ed om he gas oin es inal ac o he 21 ish samples.
The ish samples wi h mic oplas ics ha e lowe
condi ion ac o s anging om 0.84 o 1.27 wi h a
mean o 1.09±0.13, indica ing a poo ish, long and
hin. Mann-Whi ney U es p o ed ha he condi ion
o ish wi h mic oplas ics in he gas oin es inal ac
signi ican ly di e (p<0.05) (Table 2) om he ish
samples wi hou mic oplas ics. Simila ly, he
samples o L. nebulosus wi h mic oplas ics inges ion
also s a is ically di e (p<0.05) in he condi ion o
he samples wi hou mic oplas ics in he s omach.
The esul shows ha ish indi iduals wi hou
mic oplas ics in he gas oin es inal ac ha e a good
and be e condi ion han ish samples wi h he
inges ion o mic oplas ics.
The di e ence in he condi ion ac o in he p esen
s udy is a ibu ed o mic oplas ics inges ion,
en i onmen al condi ions, and he abundance o
ood. Acco ding o Deekae e al. (2010) se e al ac o s
a ec he condi ion ac o o ishes.
They ange om eeding, spawning, ood nu ien
composi ion, and a accumula ion. Acco ding o King
(1997), he a ia ions o condi ion ac o (K) in ish
may be due o ood abundance, adap a ion o he
en i onmen , and gonadal de elopmen . K=1 is he
baseline be ween he slende and obus condi ion o
he o ganism, and K>1 means he ish o c us acea is
in a be e condi ion o he obus ness o he
o ganism (Hopkins, 1992; A aneda, 2008; Gau am,
2014).Mic o and nano plas ics may-be bo h
acciden ally and delibe a ely inges ed by ish. I can
cause a ious ha m ul e ec s in ish: physical
damage, change in lipid me abolism, change in
beha io , as well as cy o oxici y (Jo ano ić, 2017).
B owne e al. (2008) claimed ha mic oplas ic could
ha e bo h physical and chemical e ec s on he
o ganisms ha inges hem.
158
Gomez e al.
In . J. Biosci.
2020
Fig. 4. Pe cen age equency o occu ence o mic oplas ics ound om he gas oin es inal ac o he six ish
species.
Mic oplas ics may mo e h ough he gu i swallowed
o may be e ained in he diges i e ac . Fibe s may
kno o clump and could be haza dous i hey block
eeding appendages o hinde he passage o ood.
Hoss and Se le (1990) sugges ed ha i plas ic
pa icles we e accumula ing in high numbe s in he
in es ines o smalle animals, hey may ha e a simila
e ec o la ge i ems o deb is and clog diges i e
sys ems (De aik, 2002; G ego y, 2009; Ryan e al.,
2009). The accumula ion o was e in he
gas oin es inal ac can also cause a alse sense o
sa ia ion ha con ibu es o dec eased consump ion
o ood (Ib ahim, 2017).
Conclusion
This s udy p o ed ha mic oplas ics a e being
inges ed by he deme sal ish species li ing in he
coas al wa e s o Bgy. B i ania, San Agus in, Su igao
del Su . Fu he mo e, he inges ion o mic oplas ics
can dec ease he condi ion ac o o he ishes. Thus,
plas ic pollu ion in he o m o mic oplas ics can be
conside ed as an en i onmen al p oblem o deme sal
ishes in he a ea.
Acknowledgmen
Ou since e hanks o he adminis a ion, acul y, and
s a o Su igao del Su S a e Uni e si y (SDSSU) –
Lianga Campus o allowing us o use he labo a o y
acili ies and equipmen and o Su igao S a e College
o Technology (SSCT) o he suppo . The au ho s
a e also g a e ul o he ishe men o hei assis ance
in p o iding samples o ish.
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