ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
DOI: 10.18462/ii .iccc2024.1100
A compa a i e assessmen o ood chain emissions om No way, UK,
Ge many and I aly
Sh addha MEHTA*(a), Alan FOSTER (b), An onio ROSETTI (c) , Jan BENGSCH(a),
Lukas KÖSTER(a), Judi h EVANS(b), Yos ALLOUCHE(d), K is ina N. Widell(a), C is ina
Ma ia IORDAN(a)
(a) SINTEF Ocean
T ondheim, 7010, No way
*Co esponding au ho : sh addha.meh a@sin e .no
(b) London Sou h Bank Uni e si y
B is ol, BS40 5DU UK, [email p o ec ed]
(c) CNR Cons uc ion Technology Ins i u e,
Padua, 35127, ITALY, [email p o ec ed]
(d) The In e na ional Ins i u e o Re ige a ion (IIR)
Pa is, 75017, F ance
ABSTRACT
The aim o his wo k is o es ima e he ood supply chain g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions o No way, he
UK, Ge many and I aly and pe o m a compa a i e analysis o hese coun ies. The con ibu ion o emissions
om he cold chain compa ed o he o al emissions om he ood chain a e desc ibed. The emissions we e
calcula ed based on he Ai Emission Accoun s o economic ac i i ies ela ed o ood and supplemen ed wi h
o he seconda y da a. The emissions om hese coun ies we e compa ed o iden i y he simila i ies and
de ia ions ela ed o ac o s such as ene gy supply, echnology in he ood sec o and egula o y amewo k.
The po en ial o educe emissions by in oducing eme ging echnologies and e ige an s o he cold chain
was also mapped. The pe capi a emissions pe sec o o all coun ies we e calcula ed. I was ound ha he
highes emissions we e om manu ac u e o ood and be e ages and domes ic ood consump ion.
Keywo ds: Food chain, cold chains, G eenhouse gases, Emission educ ion, Fugi i e emissions
1. INTRODUCTION
Sea chinge e al. (2018) om Wo ld Resou ces Ins i u e quo ed in Decembe 2018 "I we ied o p oduce
all he ood needed in 2050 using oday’s p oduc ion sys ems, he wo ld would ha e o con e mos o i s
emaining o es , and ag icul u e alone would p oduce almos wice he emissions allowable om all human
ac i i ies". The challenge o c ea ing a sus ainable ood u u e in ol es balancing many compe ing needs.
The wo ld mus eed many mo e people, p o ide a esilien and a heal hy access o ood while educing
g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and o he en i onmen al impac s o ha es ing and pos ha es ing
ac i i ies.
In 2012, he GHG emissions occu ing in No way associa ed o ood consump ion we e es ima ed o 12.5%
o he o al 54 M CO2e (Oo e al., 2019). In 2017, he emissions om he No wegian ag icul u e sec o we e
calcula ed o 4.5 M CO2e which is equi alen o 8.5% o all na ional emissions. The la ges sha e o hese
emissions we e associa ed wi h animal husband y including, emissions om en e ic e men a ion (Oo e
al., 2019).
In 2019, Ge many's o al GHG-emissions we e es ima ed o 810 M CO2e (UBA, 2021). Acco ding o G e he
e al. (2021), he GHG emissions om ag icul u e and he ood alue chain accoun o 26% and 33% o he
o al Ge man emissions, espec i ely. This is equi alen o he emissions o 211 M CO2e and 267 M CO2e.
Howe e , i mus be said ha i was e y di icul o ind conc e e igu es o he Ge man ood sec o in he
con ex o his s udy. In compa ison and oge he wi h o he EU coun ies, he e is a clea po en ial o
imp o emen in da a collec ion and a ailabili y o iden i y po en ial GHG-emission educ ion.
Fo bes e al. (2021) analysed g eenhouse gas emissions associa ed o he p oduc ion and consump ion o
ood and d inks consumed in he UK. They es ima ed he o al UK ood sys em emissions in 2019 o be 158
M CO2e, hough no all o hese emissions occu ed in he UK. Acco ding o Fos e e al. (2022), in 2019 he
e ige a ion sec o in he UK ood cold chain accoun ed o app oxima ely 28.6 TWh o he o al elec ical
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
ene gy consump ion. Emissions associa ed o he elec ical ene gy consump ion and he diesel consump ion
o anspo e ige a ion uni s (TRUs) we e be ween 6.9 and 7.9 M CO2e pe annum.
Acco ding o he au ho s’ knowledge, a consis en es ima ion o he I alian ood chain ca bon oo p in is no
a ailable in he open li e a u e, ne e heless many s udies ha e been ca ied ou o discuss he sus ainabili y
o he I alian Medi e anean die pa e n. Fo example, in Tucci e al. (2022), he ac ual daily p o-capi a
ca bon oo p in o he I alian die can be es ima ed in 3.74±0.92 kg CO2e, while Tagliabue e . al. (2015)
epo s a signi ican ly la ge alue (5.4 kg CO2e). Based on hese s udies, he o al ca bon oo p in can be
es ima ed o be in he ange o 80 - 115 M CO2e pe yea , bu due o he di e en me hodologies and
bounda ies o hese s udies, i is no possible o use hese o compa ison wi h o he coun ies.
The es ima es o he po en ial emissions om he ood chain ound in li e a u e o di e en coun ies a e
no di ec ly compa able as hey a e om di e en yea s and me hods. This poin s o he necessi y o de elop
a cohe en es ima ion o a ious Eu opean ood chains. The cu en s udy p esen s he ood chain es ima es
o he ou coun ies based on a consis en app oach, making hem compa able. In addi ion, i iden i ies he
mos emi ing sec o s in he ood alue chain which is a p e equisi e o he de elopmen o e ec i e
s a egies o emissions educ ion.
2. METHODOLOGY
The sys em bounda y included he ood o be e age om he a m o consump ion. The emissions da a
sou ces a e desc ibed in Sec ion 2.1. These a e ca ego ised h ough a S a is ical classi ica ion o economic
ac i i ies in he Eu opean Communi y (NACE). All ood sec o s (excep a he consump ion) a e included in
he NACE de ined sec o s. Commonly, he NACE sec o s con ain mo e economic ac i i y han jus ood
ela ed. The e o e, he ood ela ed pa o he emission has o be sepa a ed om he es . This i done by a
concep o " ood sha e" which is also desc ibed in a sec ion 2.1.
Emissions om he ollowing NACE sec o s we e used as he basis o he ood sec o emissions shown below
(NACE codes o he sec o s a e shown in b acke s):
• Ag icul u e, ishing, and aquacul u e (A01 and A03)
• Manu ac u e o ood p oduc s and be e ages (C10 and C11)
• Wholesale and Re ail ade, excep o mo o ehicles and mo o cycles (G46 and G47)
• Land anspo and anspo ia pipelines and wa e anspo (H50)
• Wa ehousing and suppo ac i i ies o anspo a ion (H52)
• Accommoda ion and Food and be e age se ice ac i i ies (I55 and I56)
• Domes ic ood shopping anspo ( anspo om shop o home) (SIC n/a)
• Domes ic ood consump ion (SIC n/a)
In his wo k, he GHG emissions a e classi ied in o Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions om each o he ood chain
sec o s. Scope 1 emissions caused by ugi i e emissions o F-gases leakage om e ige a ion equipmen a e
sepa a ed om o he Scope 1 emissions (on-si e uel combus ion o gene a ion o elec ici y and hea ; uel
combus ion o ood anspo and o he GHG gases). Scope 2 emissions a e om he pu chased ene gy, e.g.
g id elec ici y and hea ne wo ks. A ca bon in ensi y ac o o he g id was applied o 2019 o con e g id
elec ici y o ca bon emissions. Table 1 includes he emission ac o s used o calcula ing he scope 2
emissions. 2019 was selec ed as he e e ence yea was no a ec ed by he pandemic.
The emissions om ag icul u e and ishing (including aquacul u e) we e only hose associa ed wi h he
ene gy use in his sec o (e.g. cooling and hea ing needs, anspo a ion o ehicles, ishing essels and o he
machine y). Emissions om e ilise s and a m was e, chemicals added o he land and om he animals and
ood we e excluded, as hese we e ou side he scope o his wo k.
Table 1 Emission ac o s o he elec ici y consumed in 2019
No way
Ge many
UK
I aly
Kg.CO
2
e /kWh
0.0171
0.4382
0.2563
0.2694
1h ps://www.n e.no/ny - a-n e/nyhe e -ene gi/la -klimagassu slipp-kny e - il-no sk-s oem o b uk-i-2021/
2 Bilanz 2019: CO2-Emissionen p o Kilowa s unde S om sinken wei e | Umwel bundesam (UBA)
3 UK Go e nmen GHG Con e sion Fac o s o Company Repo ing.
4 ISPRA 2021.
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
2.1. Da a sou ces
Scope 1 da a was p o ided o each coun y by he Ai Emissions Accoun s (AEA), a da abase ha “ eco ds
he lows o gaseous and pa icula e ma e ials emi ed in o he a mosphe e as a esul o economic ac i i y”
(AEA, EUROSTAT, 2023). The AEA o e s a de ailed b eakdown by economic ac i i ies including 64 p oduc ion
ac i i ies and a sepa a e se ega ding household ac i i ies. The GHG emissions included in he AEA a e
Ca bon dioxide; Me hane; Ni ous oxide; Hyd o luo oca bons; Pe luo oca bons; Ni ogen i luo ide and
sulphu hexa luo ide. Emissions caused by na u al phenomena, an h opogenic emissions eco ded unde
Land Use - Land Use Changes and Fo es y (LULUCF) a e excluded.
The AEA a e combined wi h Physical Ene gy Flow Accoun s (ESA, 2023), which eco ds he lows o ene gy
om he en i onmen o he economy, wi hin he economy and om he economy back o he en i onmen .
PEFA allow o ead he in e ac ions be ween he na u al sys em and he an h opic sys em connec ed o he
p ocu emen , ans o ma ion and use o ene gy, in a way ha is ully compa ible wi h bo h he accoun ing
s uc u es and p inciples o he Sys em o En i onmen al-Economic Accoun ing (SEEA) and wi h he
s anda ds, he delimi a ion o he sys em, he classi ica ions and he me hodologies o he na ional accoun s
de ined by he Eu opean Sys em o Accoun s (ESA 2010).
Only he emissions om ag icul u e and ishing and manu ac u e o ood and be e ages could be en i ely
associa ed wi h he ood chain, using he a ailable NACE codes in he AEA da abase (A01+A03 o ag icul u e
and ishing and C10+C11 o Food and Be e age Manu ac u e). O he sec o s, such as anspo o e ail, as
de ined in he e e ence da abase, include emissions ela ed o economic sec o s b oade in scope han he
bounda ies de ined in his pape o include emission o he same ac i i y bu including a a ie y o p oduc s
o he han ood. The e o e, he p opo ion o emissions om hese sec o s which a e conside ed only om
ood and be e age we e es ablished. This is e e ed o as he “ ood sha e”. Di e en app oaches ha e been
used o compu e ood sha es, conside ing a ele an base o iden i y he ood ela ed ac i i ies. Table 2
shows, o each sec o equi ing a ood sha e, bo h he pa ame e used o compu e he ood sha e ac o s
and he esul ing ac o s o each coun y.
Table 2. Food sha e ac o s (%) and he pa ame e used o compu e hem. The codes (H52 e c.) e e s o he
classi ica ion by NACE.
Sec o
Sha e ac o
pa ame e
No way Ge many UK I aly
Wa ehousing and
suppo ac i i ies o
anspo a ion (H52)
De i ed om
land and wa e
T anspo ood
sha e
6.0 15.0 22.0 17.0
Land anspo and
anspo ia
pipelines (H49)
T anspo ed
goods
[k -km]
36.0 23.0 31.0 25.4
Wa e anspo
(H50)
T anspo ed
goods [ ]
3.4 11.0 2.5 9.3
Re ail ade, excep
o mo o ehicles
and mo o cycles
(G47)
Tu no e
[€] 43.5 37.7 37.4 39.8
Wholesale ade,
excep o
mo o ehicles and
mo o cycles (G46)
Tu no e
[€] 36.5 17.9 13.0 17.8
Food and be e age
se ice ac i i ies
(I56)
Tu no e
[€] 65.4 81.1 74.0 72.5
Domes ic ood
shopping anspo
T a elled
dis ance pe
capi a
[km pp]
4.0 4.0 4.4 7.0
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
The ood sha e o ugi i e emissions was 100% o all sec o s. Ini ial s udies showed ha he emissions om
e ige a ion in he sec o s we e much highe han o ai condi ioning and he e o e i was a easonable
es ima e o conside all ugi i e emissions we e due o he ood.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The emissions o Scope 1 excluding ugi i e, Scope 1 ugi i e and Scope 2 om he di e en sec o s a e
calcula ed in o al M CO2e and in kgCO2e pe capi a and p esen ed in Table 3 o Table 5. The o al emissions
including bo h Scope 1 and 2 a e included in Table 6.
Table 3 Scope 1 emissions om ood chain in No way, Ge many, he UK and I aly in 2019 in M CO2e,
excluding ugi i e emissions)
Scope 1 (excl. ugi i e)
No way
Ge many
UK
I aly
Sec o
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
Ag icul u e, ishing and
aquacul u e 1.3 241.4 8.4 99.7 7.6 111.8 8.9 147.2
Food Manu ac u e 0.5 88.5 11.3 134.6 6.7 98.7 5.2 86.0
S o age and logis ics 0.0 4.4 1.4 16.9 0.4 5.6 0.4 6.6
T anspo 1.4 255.3 5.9 71.0 7.4 108.3 5.9 97.6
Re ail and wholesale
ade 0.4 72.9 4.1 49.1 3.5 52.0 1.9 31.4
Food and be e age
se ice 0.0 7.3 1.9 22.1 2.4 35.6 1.8 29.8
Domes ic anspo 0.2 29.5 3.8 45.9 2.7 40.2 4.3 70.8
Domes ic ood
consump ion 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.9 1.4 20.0 5.9 97.1
To al
3.8
699.3
37.1
442.3
32.1
472.3
34.3
566.5
Ge many, wi h he la ges popula ion, has as expec ed he highes numbe o o al Scope 1 emissions,
ollowed by UK and I aly, wi h simila popula ion and emissions. No way has a small popula ion and also low
o al emissions. Conside ing pe capi a emissions, No way has he highes emissions ollowed by I aly, wi h
simila emissions om Ge many and he UK.
Conside ing pe capi a emissions, No way has 64% highe Scope 1 emissions o ag icul u e, ishing and
aquacul u e han he second highes (I aly). An explana ion could be ha No way p oduces and expo s la ge
quan i ies o ish, which ha e emissions ela ed o uel consump ion in he ishing essels. Ge many has 36%
highe emissions pe capi a o ood manu ac u e han he second highes (UK). Ge many is a ne expo e
o mea and dai y and his may accoun o he high emissions. No way has 95% lowe emissions o s o age
han he nex lowes (Ge many and UK). This could be because No way ends o use elec ici y o hea ing
and he e o e mos hea ing ene gy would be in Scope 2 no Scope 1.
No way has 161% highe emissions o anspo han he nex highes (UK). This is mainly ocean anspo
and could also be due o he anspo se ices associa ed wi h he aquacul u e sec o and expo o sea ood.
Fo e ail, emissions appea o e lec he di e en la i udes o he conside ed coun ies hus he inc easing
eques o hea ing when mo ing om sou h (I aly) o no h (No way). No way has 76% lowe emissions o
Food and be e age se ices han he nex lowes (UK).
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
No way has a low p opensi y o consume ood in es au an s o o he ood se ices. The e is a ac o o 36
di e ence be ween he highes (I aly) and lowes (Ge many) domes ic emissions.
Table 4 Scope 1 ugi i e emissions om ood chain in No way, Ge many, he UK and I aly in 2019 in
M CO2e
Scope 1 Fugi i e
No way
Ge many
UK
I aly
Sec o
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
Ag icul u e, ishing and
aquacul u e 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 1.7
Food Manu ac u e 0.0 0.4 1.0 11.9 0.6 8.4 2.2 36.4
S o age and logis ics 0.0 0.0 0.7 7.9 0.5 7.2 0.0 0.0
T anspo 0.0 3.2 0.6 7.0 0.2 2.8 0.2 3.3
Re ail and wholesale
ade 0.0 4.6 1.1 13.4 3.3 48.5 7.9 130.7
Food and be e age
se ice 0.1 12.9 0.2 3.0 0.4 6.5 0.7 11.6
Domes ic anspo 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.2 0.1 1.5
Domes ic ood
consump ion 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0
To al
0.1
22.1
3.7
44.2
5.3
77.3
11.2
185.1
To al e ail ugi i e emissions o all coun ies ep esen s 62 o o al ugi i e emissions. This ag ees well wi h
Fos e e al. (2023) which epo ed 56% o UK ugi i e emissions we e om e ail. No way has high F-gas
axes and a good clima e o CO2 e ige a ion and I aly has a mo e challenging en i onmen o CO2
e ige a ion, which is likely o accoun o hese di e ences.
Table 5 Scope 2 emissions om ood chain in No way, Ge many, he UK and I aly in 2019 in M CO2e
Scope 2
No way
Ge many
UK
I aly
Sec o
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a
in kgCO2e
Ag icul u e, ishing and
aquacul u e 0.04 7.11 1.81 21.59 1.08 15.91 1.40 23.16
Food Manu ac u e 0.05 8.97 8.07 96.36 2.78 40.95 3.90 64.50
S o age and logis ics 0.02 3.70 0.28 3.40 0.02 0.29 0.10 1.65
T anspo 0.00 0.00 1.15 13.76 0.55 8.10 1.00 16.54
Re ail and wholesale
ade 0.02 4.43 3.12 37.20 1.82 26.81 1.78 29.44
Food and be e age
se ice 0.02 3.38 3.81 45.50 2.18 32.11 2.40 39.69
Domes ic anspo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
Domes ic ood
consump ion 0.01 2.57 18.80 224.44 4.24 62.46 3.90 64.50
To al
0.2
30.2
37.1
442.3
12.7
186.6
14.5
239.5
To al Scope 2 emissions pe capi a a e he highes o Ge many and he lowes o No way due o he
espec i e emission ac o s o elec ici y consumed. 42% o o al Scope 2 emissions o all coun ies
occu ed in domes ic ood consump ion. A simila conclusion was ound by Fos e e al. (2023) whe e 38% o
he Scope 2 e ige a ion emissions occu ed in he domes ic sec o .
To be e compa e sec o s be ween di e en coun ies equi es looking a ene gy consump ion a he han
emissions. This will be done in a u he pape .
3.1. To al emissions
The scope 1 and 2 emissions o all he sec o s a e summed in o he o al emissions om he ood chain o
all coun ies in Table 6.
Table 6 To al Scope 1 and 2 emissions om ood chain in No way, Ge many, he UK and I aly in 2019 in
M CO2e and pe capi a emissions in kg CO2e
Sec o
No way
Ge many
UK
I aly
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a in
kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a in
kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a in
kgCO2e
To al in
M CO2e
Pe capi a in
kgCO2e
Ag icul u e,
ishing and
aquacul u e
1.35 249.4 10.2 121.4 8.7 128.5 10.4 172.0
Food and
be e age
manu ac u e
0.53 97.9 20.4 242.9 10.1 148.0 11.3 186.9
S o age and
logis ics 0.04 8.1 2.4 28.2 0.9 13.1 0.5 8.3
T anspo 1.40 258.5 7.7 91.7 8.1 119.0 7.1 115.0
Re ail and
wholesale
ade
0.44 81.9 8.4 99.7 8.0 117.6 11.6 191.5
Food and
be e age
se ice
0.13 23.6 5.9 70.6 5.0 74.2 4.9 81.0
Domes ic
anspo 0.16 29.5 3.9 46.9 2.8 41.4 4.4 72.3
Domes ic
ood
consump ion
0.01 2.6 19.1 227.4 5.7 84.6 9.8 161.6
To al
4.07
751.5
77.8
928.8
50.0
736.23
59.9
991.1
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK
I aly had he highes pe capi a emissions om he ood sec o s s udied. Re ail and wholesale ade and
domes ic ood consump ion emissions we e highe o I aly han any o he o he coun ies. Al hough No way
has a small popula ion and he e o e low o al emissions, i s emissions a e qui e high conside ing i s e y low
elec ical emission ca bon in ensi y. This can be explained by he la ge ishing and anspo sec o in his
coun y. The UK had he lowes o al pe capi a emissions, he second lowes low ca bon emission ac o o
elec ici y and no pa icula ly in ensi e sec o s may explain his.
Scope 1 emissions (excluding ugi i e) we e highes in he ag icul u al and anspo sec o s. This is likely o
be due o he eliance o diesel uel o bo h land and ma ine anspo . This has a g ea e e ec on No way
whose ishing sec o is e y la ge in p opo ion o hei popula ion.
The e ail sec o has been shown o be he majo con ibu o (62%) o ugi i e emissions, wi h I aly ha ing
he highes and No way he lowes pe capi a emissions. This is down o he use o na u al e ige an s o
example CO2, which is much highe in No way han I aly.
Scope 2 emissions a e domina ed by he elec ical emission ca bon in ensi y, leading o high emissions in
Ge many and low emissions in No way. The emission ac o o he elec ici y in hese coun ies is di e en ,
wi h No way ha ing he highes sha e o enewable ene gy and Ge many he lowes .
Al hough he quan i ica ion in his s udy is based on a consis en app oach, he unde lying da a is epo ed
by indi idual coun ies and needs o be comple ely unde s ood. Fu he wo k will in es iga e any possible
o e es ima ions o unde es ima ions made in he use o exis ing da a and o adjus he numbe s o only
e lec he sha e o emissions om he ood chain. This wo k will con inue o u he include a compa ison
Figu e 1 Sha e o emissions om he di e en sec o s o he o al scope 1 and scope 2 emissions.
0,00
100,00
200,00
300,00
400,00
500,00
600,00
700,00
800,00
900,00
1000,00
Pe capi a in kgCO2e Pe capi a in kgCO2e Pe capi a in kgCO2e Pe capi a in kgCO2e
No way Ge many UK I aly
Pe capi a emissions and con ibu ion om he di e en sec o s in
kgCO2e
Ag icul u e, ishing and aquacul u e Food Manu ac u e
S o age and logis ics T anspo
Re ail and wholesale ade Food and be e age se ice
Domes ic ood consump ion Domes ic anspo
ICCC2024 | 8 h IIR In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainabili y and he Cold Chain | June 9-11 | Tokyo, Japan
wi h o he coun ies in he EU and widening he sys em bounda y o include ood packaging and was e
ea men .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This wo k has been ca ied ou as pa o p ojec ENOUGH ha has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean
Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og amme unde g an ag eemen No 101036588.
NOMENCLATURE
Scope 1 emissions
Scope 1 emissions a e di ec emissions om owned
o con olled sou ces o he epo ing company
(GHG p o ocol)
Scope 2 emissions:
Scope 2 emissions a e indi ec emissions om he
gene a ion o pu chased elec ici y (GHG p o ocol)
Scope 3 emissions:
Scope 3 emissions a e all indi ec emissions (no
included in scope 2) ha occu in he alue chain o
he epo ing company, including bo h ups eam and
downs eam emission (GHG p o ocol)
CO
2
e. o Ca bon dioxide
equi alen s
A ca bon dioxide equi alen o CO2 equi alen ,
abb e ia ed as CO2-eq is a me ic measu e used o
compa e he emissions om a ious g eenhouse
gases on he basis o hei global-wa ming po en ial
(GWP), by con e ing amoun s o o he gases o he
equi alen amoun o ca bon dioxide wi h he same
global wa ming po en ial. (EUROSTAT)
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