In e na ional Jou nal o Social Science and Human Resea ch
ISSN (p in ): 2644-0679, ISSN (online): 2644-0695
Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025
DOI: 10.47191/ijssh / 8-i11-86, Impac ac o - 8.007
Page No: 9221-9225
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 9221
Analysis o Ac o s in he Managemen o C Qua y Mines: A Case S udy o
Wa usampu and Bulu i Sub-Dis ic s, Palu Ci y
Yuliza P amudika Tawil
Depa men o Public Adminis a ion, Facul y o Social and Poli ical Science, Tadulako Uni e si y
ABSTRACT: The managemen o Class C mining in Wa usampu and Bulu i in ol es a ious ac o s wi h in e es s ha in e ac
and in luence each o he . This s udy analyzes he con igu a ion o ac o s—local go e nmen s, mining companies, local
communi ies, and ad ocacy g oups—and how hei powe ela ions, capaci ies, and in e es s shape he dynamics o mining
go e nance. Using an ac o -cen e ed ins i u ionalism and s akeholde analysis app oach, his s udy iden i ies ha weak in e -
ins i u ional coo dina ion, imbalanced powe ela ions, and minimal public pa icipa ion a e he main ac o s con ibu ing o he
low e ec i eness o he implemen a ion o Regional Regula ion No. 13/2016. The indings highligh he need o s eng hen he
go e nmen 's ole as egula o , inc ease company accoun abili y, and os e inclusi e collabo a i e s a egies.
KEYWORDS: Mining Go e nance, Ac o s, S akeholde s, Con lic O In e es
INTRODUCTION
The g ow h o in as uc u e de elopmen in Indonesia o e he pas wo decades has c ea ed a su ge in demand o
cons uc ion ma e ials, pa icula ly sand and s one om Class C mining. Palu Ci y, as he cen e o economic ac i i y in Cen al
Sulawesi, is a s a egic a ea o he supply o hese ma e ials. The sub-dis ic s o Wa usampu and Bulu i a e known as wo
p ima y loca ions o sand and s one mining ac i i y, supplying egional cons uc ion needs. Howe e , he economic de elopmen
o his sec o has been accompanied by inc easing ecological and social p essu es, such as coas al e osion, oad damage, ai
pollu ion, and declining en i onmen al quali y due o he in ensi y o mining uck a ic.
Ins i u ionally, he go e nance o Class C mining in Palu Ci y exis s wi hin a complex in e ac ion be ween go e nmen
ac o s, business ac o s, and he communi y. Al hough egula ions such as Regional Regula ion No. 13 o 2016 ha e es ablished
mechanisms o mining managemen and o e sigh , he implemen a ion o his policy s ill aces s uc u al and poli ical obs acles.
Mining managemen policies a e de e mined no only by he egula o y amewo k bu also by he dynamics o ac o ela ionships,
including economic in e es s, ins i u ional capaci y, and he dis ibu ion o powe in he licensing and o e sigh p ocesses.
An ac o analysis app oach is impo an because i can e eal how he in e ac ions, in e es s, and esou ces o each ac o
in luence mining go e nance p ac ices. S udies on na u al esou ce go e nance show ha an unequal dis ibu ion o powe o en
gi es ise o in o mal p ac ices, weak o e sigh , and low public pa icipa ion (Schlage & Os om, 2019; Hilson, 2022). In he
con ex o Wa usampu and Bulu i, hese condi ions a e e iden in he con inued, poo ly con olled mining ac i i ies, he po en ial
o o e lapping au ho i y be ween he ci y and p o incial go e nmen s, and he in o ma ion gap be ween egula o s, companies,
and he communi y.
Fu he mo e, he p esence o mining in hese a eas no only has ecological impac s bu also has implica ions o he
communi y's socio-economic s uc u e. Some communi ies bene i om employmen oppo uni ies in he mining sec o , while
o he s su e di ec losses om pollu ion and en i onmen al damage. This con igu a ion indi ec ly c ea es con lic s o in e es
wi hin he communi y, adding o he complexi y o go e nance. The e o e, s udies a e needed ha cap u e no only en i onmen al
impac s o o mal egula ions bu also he pa e ns o ela ionships be ween ac o s ha in luence policy e ec i eness.
This s udy aims o: (1) iden i y key ac o s in ol ed in he managemen o C-g ade mining in Wa usampu and Bulu i; (2)
analyze he in e es s, esou ces, and powe held by each ac o ; and (3) e alua e how in e ac ions be ween hese ac o s shape
mining go e nance p ac ices a he local le el. By using he Ac o -Cen e ed Ins i u ionalism amewo k and s akeholde analysis,
his s udy p o ides a comp ehensi e unde s anding o how mining go e nance ac ually occu s in he ield and oppo uni ies o
imp o emen .
Analysis o Ac o s in he Managemen o C Qua y Mines: A Case S udy o Wa usampu and Bulu i Sub-Dis ic s,
Palu Ci y
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 9222
METHODOLOGY
This esea ch uses a quali a i e app oach wi h an explo a o y case s udy design o analyze he dynamics o ac o s in he
managemen o C- ype mining in Wa usampu and Bulu i Villages, Palu Ci y. This app oach was chosen because i allows
esea che s o deeply explo e p ocesses, powe ela ions, and in e ac ions be ween ac o s wi hin a complex social con ex (Yin,
2020).
A quali a i e app oach was used o unde s and how ac o s— he ci y go e nmen , business ac o s, local communi ies, and
in e es g oups—cons uc meaning, in luence policies, and shape ela ionship pa e ns in sand mining managemen . This
app oach is ele an because mining issues in ol e powe in e plays ha canno be cap u ed solely h ough quan i a i e da a
(C eswell & Po h, 2021). Fu he mo e, he analysis was conduc ed using an ac o -cen e ed ins i u ionalism amewo k, which
emphasizes ha ins i u ions and ules a e no me ely abs ac ions bu a e ins ead p oduced by he ac ions o ac o s wi h speci ic
in e es s, esou ces, and s a egies (Scha p , 2021). This app oach allows he esea ch o iden i y how ac o s de ine p oblems and
ake posi ions wi hin he policy a ena.
The esea ch was conduc ed in wo sub-dis ic s ha a e cen e s o C- ype mining ac i i y in Palu Ci y: Wa usampu and
Bulu i. The uni s o analysis included:
(1) Palu Ci y Go e nmen ( ele an egional go e nmen agencies, pa icula ly he Ene gy and Mine al Resou ces Agency
and he En i onmen al Agency).
(2) Mine owne s and ope a o s.
(3) Local communi ies and coas al g oups.
(4) P o incial go e nmen and law en o cemen o icials.
(5) T adi ional leade s and o he in o mal g oups.
The loca ion selec ion was pu posi e, conside ing he in ensi y o con lic , en i onmen al impac s, and he high le el o
ac o dynamics in he a ea (E ikan, 2020).
The da a collec ion echniques in his esea ch include:
(1) In-Dep h In e iews : Semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed wi h 10-15 key in o man s o explo e he pe cep ions,
in e es s, and s a egies o each ac o . The in e iew me hod allows o an unde s anding o powe ela ions,
mo i a ions, and nego ia ion p ocesses be ween ac o s (Kallio e al., 2021). Key in o man s we e selec ed h ough
pu posi e sampling and snowball sampling, p ima ily o iden i y in o mal ac o s such as land b oke s, hea y equipmen
ope a o s, o sand hauling essel owne s ope a ing wi hou o mal pe mi s (Bie nacki & Waldo , 2020).
(2) Field Obse a ions : Obse a ions we e conduc ed o cap u e mining ac i i ies, en i onmen al condi ions, in e ac ions
be ween ac o s, and he moni o ing p ocess. Non-pa icipan obse a ion was used o enable esea che s o unde s and
daily p ac ices a he mine si e (Ang osino, 2020).
(3) Documen S udy : Documen s analyzed included Palu Ci y Regional Regula ions, mining pe mi s, En i onmen al
Impac Assessmen (EIA) epo s, En i onmen al Agency (DLH) epo s, local news, and p o incial policy documen s.
Documen analysis helped explo e how o mal egula ions we e p oduced and how gaps eme ged be ween policy ex s
and p ac ices on he g ound (Bowen, 2020).
Da a we e analyzed using hema ic analysis wi h he ollowing s eps:
(1) T ansc ip ion and ini ial coding
(2) Iden i ica ion o ecu ing hemes ela ed o ac o s, in e es s, esou ces, and powe ela ions
(3) Analysis o in e ac ions be ween ac o s using he amewo ks o ac o -ne wo k analysis (La ou , 2020) and ac o -
cen e ed ins i u ionalism (Scha p , 2021)
(4) De elopmen o an analy ical na a i e on ac o dynamics and hei implica ions o sand mining go e nance
Thema ic analysis was chosen because o i s lexibili y in explo ing complex socio-poli ical phenomena (B aun & Cla ke, 2021).
FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
1) Complexi y o Ac o S uc u es in Wa usampu–Bulu i Mine Managemen
The esea ch indings indica e ha he managemen o he C- ype mining mines in Wa usampu and Bulu i is an a ena wi h
mul iple ac o s, o e lapping au ho i y, and in e ac ions hea ily in luenced by economic and poli ical in e es s. This con igu a ion
can be unde s ood h ough he amewo k o ac o -cen e ed ins i u ionalism, which iews policy ou comes as a consequence o
s a egic in e ac ions be ween ac o s wi hin speci ic ins i u ional bounda ies (Scha p , 1997; 2021). P o incial go e nmen ac o s
hold dominan au ho i y because hey a e solely esponsible o issuing pe mi s, while ci y go e nmen s only ha e an o e sigh
unc ion. This sepa a ion c ea es an asymme y o au ho i y ha di ec ly con ibu es o weak con ol o e mining ac i i ies.
This phenomenon is no an isola ed case; li e a u e om many de eloping coun ies shows ha shi ing au ho i y o he
p o incial le el wi hou s eng hening local ins i u ional capaci y o en leads o go e nance agmen a ion (And ews e al., 2022),
which u he weakens en i onmen al p o ec ion and public accoun abili y.
Analysis o Ac o s in he Managemen o C Qua y Mines: A Case S udy o Wa usampu and Bulu i Sub-Dis ic s,
Palu Ci y
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 9223
2) Economic and Poli ical Powe o Mining Ac o s
a) Dominance o Economic Ac o s as Ope a ional Con olle s
Mining companies, hea y equipmen owne s, sand anspo a ion ope a o s, and local capi al owne s a e he mos
ope a ionally in luen ial ac o s. They possess:
(1) Logis ical capaci y
(2) Wo ke mobiliza ion capabili ies
(3) Pa onage ela ionships wi h local eli es
(4) Access o licensing p ocesses.
In many global cases, economic ac o s in he ex ac i e sec o o m clien -pa on ela ionships wi h local o icials
(Hilson, 2022), which esul s in weakened en o cemen and he no maliza ion o in o mal p ac ices. A simila si ua ion
was ound in Wa usampu, whe e se e al mine ope a o s ha e close ies o local poli ical igu es.
b) The Role o In o mal Ac o s in he Mining Ne wo k
Field indings iden i ied he p esence o "land b oke s," p i a e uck owne s, and illegal sand collec o s who play
a signi ican ole in he dis ibu ion chain. Li e a u e on hyb id go e nance con i ms ha hese in o mal ac o s o en ac
as a b idge be ween o mal egula ions and ield p ac ices (Meaghe , 2020; Ti eca & De He d , 2021). In he
Wa usampu-Bulu i con ex , in o mal ac o s c ea e a pa allel nego ia ing space ou side go e nmen s uc u es, ye hey
exe g ea e in luence in de e mining mining in ensi y and communi y-ope a o ela ions.
3) Con lic o In e es and Ins i u ional F agmen a ion
Mining sec o ins i u ions in Wa usampu exhibi pa e ns o e ical and ho izon al agmen a ion, in ol ing sha ply
di e ing in e es s be ween:
(1) The p o incial go e nmen (o ien ed owa ds economic g ow h and mining ees)
(2) The ci y go e nmen (o ien ed owa ds add essing en i onmen al and social impac s)
(3) The mine ope a o (o ien ed owa ds economic p o i )
(4) The local communi y (o ien ed owa ds sus ainable li elihoods)
This agmen a ion has been desc ibed by Pe e s (2021) as a condi ion in which policy s uc u es a e unable o ope a e cohe en ly
due o weak coo dina ion, misaligned au ho i y, and o e lapping ins i u ional manda es. The impac s a e e iden in:
(1) Unclea o e sigh esponsibili ies
(2) Slow esponse o communi y epo s
(3) Nume ous ope a ional "g ey a eas" exploi ed by in o mal ac o s.
4) Socio-Ecological Impac s and Unequal Risk Dis ibu ion
Resea ch shows ha coas al communi ies a e he g oups mos bu dened by ecological and social impac s, pa icula ly:
(1) Coas al ab asion and sil a ion
(2) Dec eased ishing ca ches
(3) Wa e and noise pollu ion
(4) Road damage due o mining uck a ic.
This phenomenon aligns wi h he indings o To es e al. (2020) and Bendixen e al. (2021), which emphasize ha
in ensi e sand mining ypically esul s in an unequal dis ibu ion o isks, wi h local communi ies bea ing he majo i y o nega i e
impac s, while economic bene i s a e concen a ed among co po a e ac o s and poli ical eli es. F om a poli ical ecology
pe spec i e (Walke , 2020), his e lec s ha mining con lic s a e no simply echnical issues, bu a he he esul o powe
ela ions ha de e mine who bene i s and who bea s he bu den..
5) Ac o -Ne wo k Theo y Dynamics
Using he ANT app oach (La ou , 2020), he mining ne wo k in Wa usampu demons a es he ela ionships be ween human
and non-human ac o s, such as: 1). Dump ucks; 2). Hea y equipmen ; 3). Ope a ing pe mi s (IUP); 4). AMDAL documen s, and;
5). Ri e s and coas lines as ecological en i ies.
Field indings indica e ha :
(1) Pe mi s a e he mos decisi e “non-human ac o s” : IUPs a e he p ima y nodes in he ne wo k, as anyone wi h hese
documen s au oma ically has he legi imacy o ope a e he mine. In ANT, his is called insc ip ion, whe e a documen
has he powe o egula e human beha io .
(2) The “ ansla ion” p ocess explains he in e ac ions be ween ac o s : Fou s ages o ansla ion a e clea ly e iden :
a. P oblema iza ion: Mining is pe cei ed as a de elopmen necessi y.
b. In e es : Ope a o s build good ela ionships h ough small CSR ac i i ies.
c. En ollmen : The ci y go e nmen "s eps in" as a supe iso , al hough wi hou ull au ho i y.
d. Mobiliza ion: The communi y mobilizes h ough p o es s and epo s.
This ne wo k is uns able, ull o nego ia ions, and gene a es dynamic con lic s o in e es .
Analysis o Ac o s in he Managemen o C Qua y Mines: A Case S udy o Wa usampu and Bulu i Sub-Dis ic s,
Palu Ci y
IJSSHR, Volume 08 Issue 11 No embe 2025 www.ijssh .in Page 9224
6) En o cemen Gap and Go e nance Challenges
Global s udies indica e ha he ex ac i e sec o is highly ulne able o en o cemen gaps (So acool, 2021). In he
Wa usampu case, his gap is e iden in:
(1) Minimal ou ine ield inspec ions
(2) Weak sanc ions o iola ions
(3) Limi ed accu a e geospa ial da a
(4) Lack o echnology-based moni o ing (d ones, senso s, uck GPS)
(5) Poo coo dina ion be ween agencies.
These condi ions make i di icul o e adica e illegal p ac ices and ine ec i e en i onmen al egula ions.
7) In o mal Nego ia ion Pa e ns as he P ima y Go e nance Mechanism
Resea ch ound ha mining go e nance in Wa usampu p oceeds mo e h ough in o mal nego ia ions han o mal
mechanisms. Fo example: 1). Nego ia ions be ween ope a o s and communi y leade s o oad access; 2). Spon aneous
compensa ion p o ided o esiden s; 3). Adjus men s o ope a ing hou s o a oid igge ing p o es s, and; 4). Au ho i ies' ole ance
o ce ain mining ope a ions due o poli ical p essu e.
This aligns wi h he concep o nego ia ed s a ehood (Ti eca, 2021), whe e go e nance ope a es no based on o mal ules,
bu a he h ough ba gaining be ween ac o s.
CONCLUSIONS
This esea ch con i ms ha he go e nance o Class C mining in Wa usampu and Bulu i is no solely de e mined by o mal
egula ions, bu is hea ily in luenced by s a egic in e ac ions be ween go e nmen ac o s, business ac o s, and local communi ies.
The agmen a ion o au ho i y be ween p o incial and ci y go e nmen s, weak o e sigh capaci y, he dominance o economic
ac o s and he exis ence o in o mal ne wo ks, c ea e an en o cemen gap ha weakens en i onmen al p o ec ion and hinde s he
equi able dis ibu ion o bene i s. Coas al communi ies bea he g ea es socio-ecological impac s, while he p ima y p o i s a e
concen a ed among business ac o s and local eli es. Imp o ing go e nance equi es ins i u ional syne gy, s eng hened o e sigh
capaci y, consis en law en o cemen , and inc eased public pa icipa ion and in o ma ion anspa ency in he licensing and
o e sigh p ocesses. This s udy ecommends a holis ic app oach ha add esses he dynamics o powe ela ions o ensu e mo e
equi able and sus ainable mining policies.
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(h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which pe mi s emixing, adap ing and
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