Me ada a o he lis o alien species in Sou h A ica
This is he me ada a o he species lis as pa o he epo se ies "The s a us o biological in asions
and hei managemen in Sou h A ica ". Fo he las published epo see
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.3947613 o gene al de ails see h p://ias epo .sanbi.o g.za
The species lis i sel will be in he gene al ile name o “NSRBISA_Species_lis _YYYYMMDD.xlsx”.
The ile is s o ed as an Excel sp eadshee . This is in pa as ha o ma includes i alics (in pa icula
o scien i icName), and also so i is mo e easily accessible o use s o he epo .
Fo enqui ies con ac : IAS. epo [email protected] OR in asi[email p o ec ed]g.za
Fo a ull desc ip ion o he indica o s used in he epo and o some o he coding o he
con idence le els used below see: Wilson e al. (2018) Indica o s o moni o ing biological in asions
a a na ional le el. Jou nal o Applied Ecology, 55, 2612–2620. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13251;
no ing ha he de ails in his documen ake p ecedence o e hose in he pape .
Documen s ha explain he Da win co e ields used a e a ailable a : h p:// s.gbi .o g/ &
h ps://dwc. dwg.o g/ e ms/
I he e a e mul iple alues in any ield, hese a e sepa a ed by a pipe-delimi e ‘|’ wi h no spaces
(e.g., eleaseInNa u e|escapeF omCon inemen ). I alues a e nes ed hen a colon is used o
sepa a e he main ca ego y om sub-ca ego ies (e.g., o pa hways,
eleaseInNa u e:biologicalCon ol). When he e a e mul iple alues in any ield, he con idence mus
ei he be in he same o de as he alues o speci y he alues (e.g.,
high( eleaseInNa u e:biologicalCon ol)|medium(escapeF omCon inemen : esea ch)).
I he e a e mul iple alues in a ield and wan o selec only some o hem can use
"=FIND("KZN";[@RangeB oad])" and hen so o il e he da ase by his new column.
The alue NA [which means no a ailable (as pe R)] is used ei he :
• whe e he e is no in o ma ion in a cell;
• he e is some unce ain y as o whe he e o has been made o ind he alue;
• in o ma ion has been looked o and no ound; o
• he e is no applicable alue o ha cell.
The in e p e a ion o NA should be gi en in he speci ic ield in his documen .
In some cases NE is used o mean No E alua ed (e.g., in IUCN assessmen s like he Red Lis and
EICAT). This can be because ei he he s a us epo eam has no e alua ed i o ha nobody has.
These me ada a a e only o con inen al Sou h A ica, he e a e simila bu disc e e me ada a and
lis s o he P ince Edwa d Islands ( wo sub-An a c ic islands ha a e pa o Sou h A ica), see
h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco d/8047695 and go o he la es e sion.
De ails o how he species lis is p oduced a e p esen ed in a wo k low ha accompanies he epo
(go o h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.8047682 and access he la es e sion). The p ocess o
upda ing he species lis in ol es he c ea ion o in e im iles. In some cases on he in e im iles, he
ields ‘isNa i e’ o ‘ocu enceS a us’ a e sco ed as ‘check’. Un il hese issues a e esol ed he axon
will no be inco po a ed in o he species lis . The in e im iles a e a ailable on eques .
REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
The species lis includes a bibliog aphy as a sepa a e ab on he .xlsx ile using he e e ence s yle o
PenSo h ps://neobio a.penso .ne /abou #Ci a ionsandRe e ences.
In he species lis i sel sou ces a e ci ed: one au ho Winze (2023); wo au ho s: Zengeya and
Faulkne (2001), Th ee o mo e au ho s: Miza e al. (1998). When mo e han one sou ce is ci ed hey
a e sepa a ed by pipe-delimi e s.
Fo a web-si e o da abase: ‘BODATSA (12 Ap il 2023)’; o ‘GBIF.o g (12 Ap il 2023)’. A speci ic da a
download can be w i en in ull in he sou ce column ‘GBIF.o g (24 Janua y 2022)
h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/dl.5 sw ’, hough his is no essen ial. In all cases he e should be a
gene ic e e ence o he sou ce in he bibliog aphy. By con as a gene ic web-si e column would be
w i en as: ‘The Ba code o Li e Da a Sys em (12 Ap il 2023)’, wi h he de ails and link in he
bibliog aphy: ‘The Ba code o Li e Da a Sys em 4 (2023). h ps://www.boldsys ems.o g/’.
Po en ially a no e can be made as o how he da abase was sea ched “A sea ch was done using he
sea ch e m: 'Sou h A ica''Genus species' on he web-si e
h ps://www.boldsys ems.o g/index.php/Public_BINSea ch?sea ch ype= eco ds”
The bibliog aphy o he species lis is a ailable on one o he wo kshee s o he species lis .
REFERENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT
SANBI and CIB YYYY. Me ada a o he lis o alien species in Sou h A ica. Pa o he epo se ies
‘The S a us o Biological In asions and hei Managemen in Sou h A ica’. Sou h A ican Na ional
Biodi e si y Ins i u e, Ki s enbosch and DSI-NRF Cen e o Excellence o In asion Biology,
S ellenbosch.
The doi will depend on he e sion, o he i s e sion o he me ada a see:
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.7433113 and sc oll o he la es e sion.
REFERENCE FOR THE SPECIES LIST
SANBI and CIB YYYY. Lis o alien species in Sou h A ica. Pa o he epo se ies ‘The S a us o
Biological In asions and hei Managemen in Sou h A ica’. Sou h A ican Na ional Biodi e si y
Ins i u e, Ki s enbosch and DSI-NRF Cen e o Excellence o In asion Biology, S ellenbosch.
The doi will depend on he e sion, o he i s e sion see: h ps://zenodo.o g/ eco d/3582016 and
sc oll o he la es e sion.
REFERENCES USED IN THIS DOCUMENT
Bache S, Blackbu n TM, Essl F, Geno esi P, Heikkilä J, Jeschke JM, Jones G, Kelle R, Kenis M, Kue e
C, Ma inou AF, Nen wig W, Pe gl J, Pyšek P, Rabi sch W, Richa dson DM, Roy HE, Saul W-C,
Scale a R, Vilà M, Wilson JRU, Kumschick S (2018) Socio-economic impac classi ica ion o
alien axa (SEICAT). Me hods in Ecology and E olu ion 9: 159–168. doi:10.1111/2041-
210X.12844
Blackbu n TM, Essl F, E ans T, Hulme PE, Jeschke JM, Kühn I, Kumschick S, Ma ko á Z, M ugała A,
Nen wig W, Pe gl J, Pyšek P, Rabi sch W, Riccia di A, Richa dson DM, Sendek A, Vilá M,
Wilson JRU, Win e M, Geno esi P, Bache S (2014) A uni ied classi ica ion o alien species
based on he magni ude o hei en i onmen al impac s. PLoS Biology 12: e1001850,
doi:1001810.1001371/jou nal.pbio.1001850. doi:10.1371/jou nal.pbio.1001850
G oom Q, Desme P, Reyse ho e L, Ad iaens T, Oldoni D, Vande hoe en S, Baskau SJ, Chapman A,
McGeoch M, Walls R, Wieczo ek J, Wilson JRU, Ze moglio PFF, Simpson A (2019) Imp o ing
Da win Co e o esea ch and managemen o alien species. Biodi e si y In o ma ion Science
and S anda ds 3: e38084. doi:10.3897/biss.3.38084
Hawkins CL, Bache S, Essl F, Hulme PE, Jeschke JM, Kühn I, Kumschick S, Nen wig W, Pe gl J, Pyšek P,
Rabi sch W, Richa dson DM, Vilà M, Wilson JRU, Geno esi P, Blackbu n TM (2015)
F amewo k and guidelines o implemen ing he p oposed IUCN En i onmen al Impac
Classi ica ion o Alien Taxa (EICAT). Di e si y and Dis ibu ions 21: 1360-1363.
doi:10.1111/ddi.12379
IUCN (2020) IUCN EICAT Ca ego ies and C i e ia. The En i onmen al Impac Classi ica ion o Alien
Taxa (EICAT) Fi s edi ion. IUCN, Gland, Swi ze land and Camb idge, UK, 49 pp.
doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.05.en
Nelu ule T, Robe son MP, Wilson JRU, Faulkne KT (2022) Na i e-alien popula ions—an appa en
oxymo on ha equi es speci ic conse a ion a en ion. Neobio a 74: 57–74.
doi:10.3897/neobio a.74.81671
Zengeya T, I ey P, Wood o d DJ, Weyl O, No oa A, Shackle on R, Richa dson D, an Wilgen B (2017)
Managing con lic -gene a ing in asi e species in Sou h A ica: Challenges and ade-o s.
Bo halia: A ican Biodi e si y and Conse a ion 47: a2160. doi:10.4102/abc. 47i2.2160
scien i icName
Ques ion add essed: Wha is he alid scien i ic name o he axon?
Desc ip ion: The binomial name o he axon (no mally a species le el) including he au ho i y as
pe dwc:scien i icName. The choice o whe he o include de ails o subspeci ic o sup aspeci ic
en i ies is due o da a a ailabili y and in some cases egula o y lis ings.
Da win Co e: dwc:scien i icName
Type: Cha ac e o NA in cases whe e he e is a axon ha is equi ed o be included in he epo
(e.g., as i is egula ed) bu ha does no ha e a alid scien i icName. In cases whe e a whole axon is
e e ed o (e.g., a whole genus) hen i should be w i en as 'Genus Au ho i y'
axonRank
Ques ion add essed: The axonomic ank o he mos speci ic name in he scien i icName.
Desc ip ion: This p o ides in o ma ion as o he le el o iden i ica ion gi en in he scien i icName
Da win Co e: dwc: axonRank
Type: Fac o wi h eigh o mo e le els, no e can be highe le el han genus
Value
De ini ion
am.
Family
gen.
Genus
sec .
Sec ion (be ween genus and subspecies)
gx.
G ex (used o locks o o chids)
complex
Species complex
sp.
Species (will be o mos axa)
subsp.
Sub-species
c .
Cul i a
.
Fo ma ( o m)
a .
Va ie as ( a ie y)
bio ype
Bio ype
s ain
S ain
scien i icNameSou ce
Desc ip ion: The axonomic backbone used o he scien i icName. An ‘accessed da e’ should be
p o ided i he in o ma ion came om a da abase, and a web-link as app op ia e. No e ha he ull
e e ence will be included in he bibliog aphy. See he sec ion “REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHY”
a he s a o his documen o mo e de ails
Type: Fac o , numbe o le els will a y o e ime
Values: The ollowing is a non-exhaus i e lis o sou ces used o nomencla u e. I a sou ce is added
(in pa icula i no lis ed as below) make su e ha he ull e e ence is included in he accompanying
e e ence lis o he species lis .
In gene al o plan s he backbone used is BODATSA. Fo all non-plan axa he backbone used is he
Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y. Howe e , o many axa hese a e no su icien , in pa icula
BODATSA only includes names o alien plan species ound ou side o cap i i y o cul i a ion and
he e a e o en delays be ween a change in nomencla u e and an upda e p ocessed in GBIF (i such
upda es a e ed h ough). Value o NA alue is possible o example o egula ed species ha a e
no alid axa, o o hyb ids.
Value
Scope
Desc ip ion and link
BODATSA
Na i e plan s
Alien plan s ound ou side
o cap i i y o cul i a ion
The bo anical da abase o Sou he n A ica,
h p://posa.sanbi.o g/. Annual upda es
published as he Sou h A ican Na ional
Plan Checklis .
GBIF.o g
All axa (no o be used o
plan axa in his da abase)
Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y,
h ps://www.gbi .o g/. GBIF in u n uses
a ious o he p ima y sou ces o
nomencla u e, bu he goal is no o lis
hese he e.
POWO
All plan s. To be used
p ima ily o axa no ound
in BODATSA. Con lic s
be ween BODATSA and
POWO a e o be esol ed
on a case by case basis
Plan s o he Wo ld Online,
h ps://powo.science.kew.o g/.
IPNI
All plan s, should eed
h ough o POWO and
BODATSA bu he e can be
delays
The In e na ional Plan Name Index (IPNI),
h ps://www.ipni.o g/.
name_no _ esol ed
All axa
The e is on-going con usion a ound he
name, e.g., a species complex o simila ha
has no been esol ed.
Nemaplex
Nema odes no ound in
GBIF
THE "NEMATODE-PLANT EXPERT
INFORMATION SYSTEM" A Vi ual
Encyclopedia on Soil and Plan Nema odes.
h p://nemaplex.ucda is.edu/
h p://nemaplex.ucda is.edu/Uppe mnus/g
enspecsea ch.h m.
WoRMS
Ma ine axa no ound in
GBIF
The Wo ld Regis e o Ma ine Species
(WoRMS) aims o p o ide an au ho i a i e
and comp ehensi e lis o names o ma ine
o ganisms, including in o ma ion on
synonymy.
h ps://www.ma inespecies.o g/.
Zacha iades_2021_A
ican_En omology
Biological con ol agen s
eleased on plan s, names
no cu en ly in GBIF
h ps://doi.o g/10.4001/003.029.1077.
Example:
BODATSA (12 Ap il 2023)|POWO (12 Ap il 2023)
o i a link is included,
BODATSA (12 Ap il 2023) h p://posa.sanbi.o g/sanbi/ eco d/de ails/6526ca7 -a2d5-4a47-ac09-
72dc5194838|POWO (12 Ap il 2023)
h ps://powo.science.kew.o g/ axon/u n:lsid:ipni.o g:names:469663-1
o he NamesUsed
Desc ip ion: Synonyms, names misapplied, o names o which he e we e ypos o no au ho i y
p o ided in he o iginal sou ce. These migh ha e appea ed in he egula ions o in one o he da a
sou ces used. The names in his column ha e been inco po a ed in o scien i icName based on he
scien i icNameSou ce used. I is no in ended o be a comple e lis o synonyms o a pa icula axon
bu is a p agma ic lis so ha people can sea ch o axa ha hey migh hink a e o he wise missing.
In o ma ion on wha was done is a ailable in he in e media e da a ile o a pa icula sou ce (see
he wo k low).
Type: Cha ac e o NA, can be se e al alues sepa a ed by a pipe delimi e . The ull names including
au ho i ies should be added, including cases whe e he e we e ypos.
kingdom
Desc ip ion: The ull scien i ic name o he kingdom in which he axon is classi ied. The alues a e as
pe GBIF. Ince ae sedis is La in o 'o unce ain placemen '.
Da win Co e: dwc:kingdom
Type: Fac o , NA is no a possible alue
Values: Animalia, A chaea, Bac e ia, Ch omis a, Fungi, Plan ae, P o ozoa, Vi uses, ince ae sedis
No e: he alues gi en he e (and o phylum, class, o de , and amily) should no be ega ded as
au ho i a i e as hey a e no au oma ically upda ed. The alues a e me ely p esen ed o use
con enience. I hese a e o be used o any p ac ical pu pose, please e e back o he app op ia e
axonomic backbone. The alues p esen ed we e aken om GBIF, bu he da e on which his
happened is no cap u ed.
phylum
Desc ip ion: The ull scien i ic name o he phylum o di ision in which he axon is classi ied.
Da win Co e: dwc:phylum
Type: Fac o , NA is no a possible alue
Values: (examples) Cho da a (phylum). B yophy a (di ision).
No e: see no e unde kingdom
class
Desc ip ion: The ull scien i ic name o he class in which he axon is classi ied.
Da win Co e: dwc:class
Type: Fac o , NA is a possible alue i he alue is no a ailable on he ele an axonomic sou ce
used
Values: (examples) Mammalia, Hepa icopsida
No e: see no e unde kingdom
o de
Desc ip ion: The ull scien i ic name o he o de in which he axon is classi ied, he o de le el
classi ica ion should be as pe POWO o plan s o as pe GBIF.
Da win Co e: dwc:o de
Type: Cha ac e , NA is a possible alue i he alue is no a ailable on he ele an axonomic sou ce
used
No e: see no e unde kingdom
amily
Desc ip ion: The ull scien i ic name o he amily in which he axon is classi ied, he amily le el
classi ica ion should be as pe POWO o plan s o as pe GBIF.
Da win Co e: dwc: amily
Type: Cha ac e , NA is a possible alue i he alue is no a ailable on he ele an axonomic sou ce
used
No e: see no e unde kingdom
e nacula Name
Ques ion add essed: Wha is he axon commonly known as in Sou h A ica?
Desc ip ion: This is in ended o be he p edominan common name used o desc ibe he axon in
Sou h A ica. The common name used is gene ally he English common name, ecognising ha mo e
han one English common name may exis , and ha common names in o he Sou h A ican o icial
languages also exis . Excep ions a e made when a non-English common name is p edominan ly o
exclusi ely used o desc ibe a species (e.g., in he case o Acacia cyclops, he common name
“ ooik ans” is used in p e e ence o he English “ ed eye”).
Da win Co e: dwc: e nacula Name
Type: cha ac e , o NA i no common name was ound in usage. Lowe case should be used
h oughou excep o p ope nouns.
Regula o yLis ing
Ques ion add essed: Is he axon egula ed as an alien species unde Sou h A ican law?
Desc ip ion: The lis ing as pe he NEM:BA A&IS Regula ions o 2020. Re : Depa men o
En i onmen , Fo es y and Fishe ies (2020) Na ional En i onmen al Managemen : Biodi e si y Ac ,
2004 (Ac no. 10 o 2004): Alien and In asi e Species Lis s. Go e nmen Gaze e, P e o ia, 31–77 pp.
No e: he exac wo ding o he lis ing migh be di e en om he scien i icName (e.g., Acacia
decu ens Willd. Is lis ed as ‘Acacia decu ens Willd. And hyb ids, a ie ies and selec ions’); con ex -
speci ic only e e s o a ia ion in he lis ing speci ied in he ‘ca ego ies’ ield (e.g., in he egula ions
A. decu ens is lis ed in he ca ego y ield only as “2”, bu in he exemp ions ield i is lis ed as
“Exemp ed o an exis ing plan a ion”, his is no ega ded as con ex -speci ic he e). In he 2014 and
2016 lis s ce ain axa we e lis ed as p ohibi ed (i.e. hey we e no p esen in he coun y and we e
no allowed o be in oduced), howe e his p ohibi ed lis has since been emo ed.
I a axon is no p esen in he coun y i is (o should be) ega ded as unlis ed, unless he e is a
disc epancy in he egula o y lis s.
I he axon is only desc ibed a a highe le el han ha a which he axon is egula ed hen i is
sco ed as unce ain. Fo example, he e is a eco d o a de mes id om he P ince Edwa d Islands
bu only T ogode ma g ana ium is lis ed.
I he axon is lis ed on he P ince Edwa d Islands only, hen i would no be included in his da ase .
Fo hose cases, see he P ince Edwa d Islands species lis and me ada a.
Da win Co e: see ex ension h p:// s.gbi .o g/ ocabula y/gisin/2.0/ egula o y.xml, bu he allowed
ocabula y is speci ic o Sou h A ica.
Rele an indica o (s): 4.1, 4.2–4.9
Type: Fac o wi h 9 le els
Value
De ini ion
1a
1b
2
3
Con ex -speci ic
Taxa ha a e lis ed in di e en ca ego ies depending on he a ea o
ecosys em in which hey a e ound and/o o which he e a e speci ic
exemp ions and/o p ohibi ions.
No .lis ed
Taxa ha a e no lis ed unde he e sion o he NEM:BA A&IS Lis s as
speci ied abo e. I can be assumed ha hey we e ne e p e iously
lis ed o o mally p oposed o lis ing (see ca ego ies below).
No .lis ed:was.lis ed
Taxa ha ha e in he pas been lis ed, bu a e no cu en ly lis ed.
No .lis ed:was.p oposed
Taxa ha ha e in he pas been o mally p oposed o lis ing (i.e., in a
lis published in he go e nmen gaze e), bu ha we e ne e o mally
lis ed.
Unce ain
The axon migh be lis ed, bu he iden i y o he axon is a a highe
le el han he egula o y lis ing, i.e., i is no clea whe he he axon is
ac ually lis ed o no .
egula o yG ouping
Desc ip ion: In he NEM:BA A&IS Lis s (2014, 2016, and 2020) axa a e lis ed in high-le el g oupings
ha co espond o a mix o axonomic g oupings and whe e he axa occu . These g oupings a e
included o e e ence only o axa ha a e lis ed. In a ew cases his g ouping does no co espond
o he kingdom (e.g., some ma ine algae a e lis ed as ma ine plan s).
Type: Fac o wi h 12 le els (as well as NA o axa which a e no cu en ly lis ed as pe
Regula o yLis ing)
Value
De ini ion
Amphibian
Bi d
Fish.FW
F eshwa e ish
Fish.M
Ma ine ish ( he e a e no alien ma ine ish eco ded om Sou h A ican wa e s, bu
he e was one p ohibi ed species in he 2014 and 2016 lis s).
In e .FW
F eshwa e in e eb a es
Value
De ini ion
In e .M
Ma ine in e eb a es
In e .T
Te es ial in e eb a es
Mammal
Mic obe
Mic obial species (including all ungi)
Plan .M
Ma ine plan s
Plan .FWT
Te es ial and eshwa e plan s
Rep ile
legallyImpo ed
Ques ion add essed: Was he axon legally b ough in o Sou h A ica?
Desc ip ion: Whe he pe mission was gi en o species o be impo ed and used ou side o a
qua an ine acili y. The c i e ia o his a e as pe he egula ions.
Rele an indica o (s): HIGH-LEVEL INDICATOR 1
Type: Fac o wi h 5 le els
Value
De ini ion
NE
No e alua ed.
NA
His o ical in oduc ions p io o NEMBA A&IS Regula ions o he legali y o
in oduc ions is o he wise no known.
biocon ol
Species impo ed and ha we e pe mi ed by a go e nmen depa men o hem o
be eleased.
Legal
An impo pe mi was issued unde A&IS Regula ions and he species b ough in
legally o he i s ime a e 2014.
illegal
The species is belie ed o ha e been impo ed o he i s ime a e 2014 wi hou an
impo pe mi .
isNa i e
Ques ion add essed: Is he axon na i e o (a leas a pa ) o Sou h A ica?
Desc ip ion: I a axon is na i e o a pa o Sou h A ica (i.e. TRUE) hen he axon does no belong in
his da ase unless:
• he axon has, o a some poin had, na i e-alien popula ions (Nelu ule e al. 2022) in Sou h
A ica (In oduc ionS a us=Na u alisedNo In asi e|deg eeO Es ablishmen =C1–E); o
• he axon is (o was) p ohibi ed om being in oduced o ano he pa o Sou h A ica unde
egula ions; o
• a isk analysis (/assessmen ) has been conduc ed on he axon; o
• he axon was a some poin classi ied as alien o he whole o Sou h A ica al hough he
axon’s na i i y has since been se led and i is clea i is na i e.
isNa i e does no align wi h he Da win Co e a iable dwc:es ablishmen Means, as e ms like
in oduced con ound whe he i is alien o a egion wi h dwc:deg eeO Es ablishmen o he ield
In oduc ionS a us coded he e (c . G oom e al. 2019). Fo a discussion on he c i e ia used o
classi y some hing as c yp ogenic see Essl e al. (2018), wi h e ms as pe Ca l on (1996) and
Richa dson e al. (2011). The ca ego y o no e alua ed as p oposed by Essl e al. (2018) is no used
he e, as i he e has been no e alua ion o a species’ na i i y hen i also does no belong o his
Value
anspo Con aminan : imbe T ade
anspo Con aminan : anspo a ionHabi a Ma e ial
anspo S owaway
anspo S owaway: ishingEquipmen
anspo S owaway:con aine Bulk
anspo S owaway:hi chhike sAi plane
anspo S owaway:hi chhike sShip
anspo S owaway:machine yEquipmen
anspo S owaway:people
anspo S owaway:packingMa e ial
anspo S owaway:ballas Wa e
anspo S owaway:hullFouling
anspo S owaway: ehicles
anspo S owaway:o he T anspo
co ido
co ido :wa e waysBasinsSeas
co ido : unnelsB idges
unaided
unaided:na u alDispe sal
unknown
pa hwayCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable pa hway was sco ed o a gi en axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i pa hway is Unknown)
Value
De ini ion
high
Di ec e idence ha i was in oduced along a pa hway.
medium
Indi ec e idence (e.g., co ela ion be ween pa hway and si es in he coun y).
low
In e ed based on species ai s and/o o he egions.
pa hwaySou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e he pa hway o a gi en axon
Type: ex
Values: e e ence(s)
e en Da eIn oduc ion
Ques ion add essed: When was he axon i s in oduced as an alien o Sou h A ica?
Desc ip ion: The yea in which he axon was i s in oduced o Sou h A ica (i.e. dwc:e en Da e). In
some de ini ions in oduc ion is aken o be he i s eco d ou side o cap i i y o cul i a ion (c .
IPBES IAS Assessmen ), howe e he e we ake he li e al app oach, i.e., he da e when a axon is i s
in oduced o he coun y a he bo de . In oduc ions hus include axa which a e b ough in o
qua an ine (and migh ne e be eleased). Addi ional e en Da es migh be added in u u e ha a e
close o he sense in which IPBES has used he e m (e.g., da e o i s eco d o na u alisa ion).
Should con o m o ISO 8601:2004(E), no ing he s anda d allows o da e anges. This is no ,
necessa ily, he same as he da e o i s eco d, hough ob iously he da e o i s eco d p o ides
an impo an es ima e o his.
Rele an indica o (s): 1.2, 2.1
Type: An o de ed ac o wi h po en ial le els up o 31 Decembe 2022.
Values: Any da es be o e he cu en e a (i.e., BC) a e ma ked as nega i e.
e en Da eIn oduc ionCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable e en Da eIn oduc ion was sco ed o a gi en
axon. The e a e wo aspec s ha de e mine his con idence le el. Fi s he deg ee o con idence
ha he i s eco d was a eal eco d, and second how close o he da e o in oduc ion was he i s
eco d.
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i e en Da eIn oduc ion is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
The e is eliable e idence bo h ha he axon was eco ded in ha yea (e.g., om
he ba ium eco ds o DNA samples) AND ha he axon was no in oduced ea lie .
This could include eco ds o delibe a e in oduc ions o o ganisms ha would no
o he wise a i e acciden ally.
The es ima e is highly likely o be wi hin 2 yea s o he ac ual da e o in oduc ion.
medium
The e is s ong e idence ha a axon was eco ded ha yea / da e ange, bu he e
could ha e been ea lie eco ds.
OR
The e idence ha he axon was eco ded ha yea / da e ange is weak, bu i is
unlikely ha he e could ha e been ea lie eco ds.
OR
The si e o i s de ec ion is associa ed wi h a likely in oduc ion pa hway ha can be
assigned o a pa icula da e ange.
The es ima e is highly likely o be wi hin 20 yea s o he ac ual da e.
low
The i s eco d o he axon is dispu ed and only much mo e ecen ly do eliable
eco ds con i m p esence.
OR
I is highly possible ha in oduc ions we e occu ing bu he axon was no de ec ed
as he e was no explici sea ch e o s in place.
The es ima e is likely o be decades om he ac ual da e.
No e: Impo an ly he e a e a ew ca ea s o his alue. Fi s when a axon was i s in oduced o
Sou h A ica migh be much ea lie han da e o he in oduc ion ha subsequen ly led o an
es ablished and/o in asi e popula ion (many in oduc ions ail). Second, he i s eco d depends on
he sea ch e o , his is no explici ly measu ed he e bu could po en ially be. Fo example, i a pes
was no p e iously in e cep ed a he bo de despi e bo de inspec ions being in place, bu sho ly
a e he i s in e cep ions we e eco ded he pes was ound o ha e es ablished in he ield, i
could be assumed ha bo de inspec ions would ha e picked up in oduc ions. The i s in e cep ion
he e o e p o ides e idence ha in oduc ions we e occu ing, he e is e idence ha he axon was
de ec able, and he sea ch in his case was p obably app op ia e, hough o cou se he exac da e o
in oduc ion ha led o he es ablishmen is no known.
e en Da eIn oduc ionSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e he e en Da eIn oduc ion o a gi en
axon
Type: ex
Values: e e ence(s)
RangeB oadAdmin
Ques ion add essed: How widesp ead is he alien axon ou side o cap i i y/cul i a ion in Sou h
A ica—in e ms o b oad adminis a i e egions?
Desc ip ion: This lis s he occupancy o speci ic adminis a i e egions ( he nine p o inces; 22 wa e
managemen a eas o eshwa e sys ems; and se en ma ine eco egions), no ing ha he P ince
Edwa d Islands a e no included he e as hey ha e hei own sepa a e iles o species lis and
me ada a.
Rele an indica o (s): 2.2.1
Type: A ac o wi h 37 le els (and NA i he e is no ange OR i he ange is no known wi h his le el
o p ecision).
Values: Mul iple le els ha apply a e sepa a ed by a pipe delimi e .
Value
De ini ion
EC
Eas e n Cape P o ince
FS
F ee-S a e P o ince
GP
Gau eng P o ince
KZN
KwaZulu Na al P o ince
LP
Limpopo P o ince
MP
Mpumalanga P o ince
NC
No he n Cape P o ince
NW
No h-Wes P o ince
WC
Wes e n Cape P o ince
WMAA–
WMAX
he 22 Na ional Wa e Managemen A eas, labelled A o X
SB
Sou he n Benguela ma ine eco egion
AG
Agulhas ma ine eco egion
NT
Na al ma ine eco egion
DL
Delagoa ma ine eco egion
SEA
Sou heas A lan ic ma ine eco egion
SWI
Sou hwes Indian ma ine eco egion
RangeB oadAdminCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable RangeB oadAdmin was sco ed o a gi en axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i RangeB oadAdmin is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
Included in a o mal e i ied a las o mapping p ojec based on ecen su eys wi h
adequa e g ound- u hing. The e is some indica ion ha he e ha e been su eys a
si es whe e he axon is no eco ded as p esen .
medium
Da a om an a las p ojec , hough i is no explici ha si es whe e i is no eco ded as
p esen would ha e been eco ded/some si es migh no ha e been su eyed.
low
In e p e ed om expe opinion.
RangeB oadAdminSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e he RangeB oadAdmin o a gi en
axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
RangeB oadEcol
Ques ion add essed: How widesp ead is he alien axon ou side o cap i i y/cul i a ion in Sou h
A ica—in e ms b oad ecological egions?
Desc ip ion: This lis s he occupancy o speci ic biogeog aphic egions ( he biomes o e es ial
sys ems; o eshwa e sys ems; and six ma ine eco egions as pe Sink e al. (2012), no ing ha his
excludes he P ince Edwa d Island ma ine eco egion).
Rele an indica o (s): 2.2.1
Type: A ac o wi h mul iple le els (and NA i he e is no ange OR i he ange is no known wi h his
le el o p ecision). Mul iple le els ha apply a e sepa a ed by a pipe delimi e .
Values: i a ac o wi h se e al le els as a able (e.g., o con idence le els)
Value
De ini ion
AT
Te es ial eco egion - Albany Thicke
Aza,
AZd,
AZe
Te es ial eco egion - Azonal Vege a ion
D
Te es ial eco egion - Dese
FO
Te es ial eco egion - Fo es s
FF, FR,
FS
Te es ial eco egion - Fynbos
G
Te es ial eco egion - G assland
CB
Te es ial eco egion - Indian Ocean Coas al Bel
AZ , AZi,
Azm,
AZs
Te es ial eco egion - Inland Azonal Vege a ion
NK
Te es ial eco egion - Nama-Ka oo
SV
Te es ial eco egion - Sa anna
SK
Te es ial eco egion - Succulen Ka oo
CT
Es ua ine - Cool empe a e
ST
Es ua ine - Sub opical
TR
Es ua ine - T opical
Value
De ini ion
WT
Es ua ine - Wa m Tempe a e
SB
Ma ine eco egion - Benguela
AG
Ma ine eco egion - Agulhas
NT
Ma ine eco egion - Na al
DL
Ma ine eco egion - Delagoa
SEA
Ma ine eco egion - Sou heas A lan ic
SWI
Ma ine eco egion - Sou hwes Indian
RangeB oadEcolCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable RangeB oadEcol was sco ed o a gi en axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i RangeB oadEcol is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
Included in a o mal e i ied a las o mapping p ojec based on ecen su eys wi h
adequa e g ound- u hing. The e is some indica ion ha he e ha e been su eys a
si es whe e he axon is no eco ded as p esen .
medium
Da a om an a las p ojec , hough i is no explici ha si es whe e i is no eco ded as
p esen would ha e been eco ded/some si es migh no ha e been su eyed.
low
In e p e ed om expe opinion.
RangeB oadEcolSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e he RangeB oadEcol o a gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
RangeQDGC
Ques ion add essed: How widesp ead is he alien axon ou side o cap i i y/cul i a ion in Sou h
A ica—in e ms o qua e -deg ee g id cells?
Desc ip ion: The numbe o qua e -deg ee g id cells occupied by he axon in i s alien ange ( o
whe e hey a e ound, consul he da a sou ces)
Rele an indica o (s): 2.2.2
Type: in ege
Values: 1–1758 o NA i he e is no ange o i no known wi h his le el o p ecision
RangeQDGCCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable RangeQDGC was sco ed o a gi en axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i RangeQDGC is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
Included in a o mal e i ied a las o mapping p ojec based on ecen su eys wi h
adequa e g ound- u hing. The e is some indica ion ha he e ha e been su eys a
si es whe e he axon is no eco ded as p esen .
Value
De ini ion
medium
Da a om an a las p ojec , hough i is no explici ha si es whe e i is no eco ded as
p esen would ha e been eco ded/some si es migh no ha e been su eyed.
low
In e p e ed om expe opinion.
RangeQDGCSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e he RangeQDGC o a gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
RangeExac
Ques ion add essed: How widesp ead is he alien axon ou side o cap i i y/cul i a ion in Sou h
A ica—in e ms o a ea occupied?
Desc ip ion: An es ima e o he a ea occupied by he species a a speci ic esolu ion
Rele an indica o (s): 2.2.3
Type: Nume ic o NA i he e is no ange o i no known wi h his le el o p ecision
Values: depends on RangeExac Type
RangeExac Type
Desc ip ion: The uni s in which he ange is p esen ed (e.g., ha, km o coas line, i e s)
Type: ac o
Values: le els o be de e mined and modi ied as da a added e.g., ha—occupied a ea in e ms o
hec a es pu ing a polygon a ound poin pa e ns o indi idual disc e e popula ions
RangeExac Con idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable RangeExac was sco ed o a gi en axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i RangeExac is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
Da a based on a p ojec wi hin he las decade speci ically designed o map he ange
o he axon in ques ion, wi h sea ch e o explici and su icien o de e mine whe e
axa a e and whe e hey a e no . Migh include ci izen science componen o easily
iden i ied axa. App op ia e s a is ical echnique used o es ima e o al ange size
(pa icula i disjunc dis ibu ions).
medium
Da a om a las p ojec o gene al mapping p ojec wi h indica ion o sampling e o ,
bu da a no comple e o no ecen (e.g., >10 yea s old).
low
No absence da a, no clea s a is ical me hodology o es ima ing ange size, o e y
b oad es ima e.
RangeExac Sou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e RangeExac o a gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
RangeF eeTex
Ques ion add essed: How widesp ead is he alien axon ou side o cap i i y/cul i a ion in Sou h
A ica— ex desc ip ion o cu en ange?
Desc ip ion: No es as o he ange can be made, e.g., i i is es ic ed only o speci ic habi a s like
u ban a eas o ha bou s
Rele an indica o (s): 2.2
Type: cha ac e o NA
RangeF eeTex Sou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e RangeF eeTex o a gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
o ganismQuan i yCa ego ical
Ques ion add essed: How abundan is he axon in i s alien ange in Sou h A ica as o Decembe
2022—is he e a quali a i e measu e pe spa ial uni ?
Desc ip ion: Ca ego ical measu e o abundance pe species pe locali y, wi h locali ies de ined using
o ganismQuan i yCa ego icalType (c . dwc:o ganismQuan i y and dwc:o ganismQuan i yType)
Rele an indica o (s): 2.3.1
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els
Value
De ini ion
TRUE
An e alua ion o abundance based on (absen ; a e; occasional; abundan ) has been
made o he alien axon a -a leas - some o he locali ies whe e i occu s.
FALSE
NA
I is no p esen .
o ganismQuan i yCa ego icalType
Desc ip ion: he spa ial uni (s) o which da a on quan i ies a e a ailable
Type: ac o
Values: le els o be de e mined and modi ied as da a added, e.g., p o inces, o p o ec ed a eas
o ganismQuan i yCa ego icalCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable o ganismQuan i yCa ego ical was sco ed o a
gi en axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i o ganismQuan i yCa ego ical is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
Recen su ey, echnique used well documen ed, and se e al people con i ming he
alue ob ained (e.g., included in a o mal e i ied a las o mapping p ojec based on
ecen su eys wi h adequa e g ound- u hing).
medium
Da a om an a las p ojec , o ecen su ey bu only one pe son.
low
In e p e ed om expe opinion, o no clea basis o he alue gi en, o o e 10 yea s
ago.
o ganismQuan i yCa ego icalSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e o ganismQuan i yCa ego ical o a
gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
o ganismQuan i yExac
Ques ion add essed: How abundan is he axon in i s alien ange in Sou h A ica—in e ms o an
exac o e all numbe ?
Desc ip ion: An es ima e o he a ea occupied by he species a a speci ic esolu ion, o numbe s o
indi iduals
Rele an indica o (s): 2.3.2
Type: Nume ic
o ganismQuan i yExac Type
Desc ip ion: The ype o da a o o ganismQuan i yExac
Type: Fac o wi h 2 le els (and NA i o ganismQuan i yExac is NA)
Values: i a ac o wi h se e al le els as a able (e.g., o con idence le els)
Value
De ini ion
numind
Numbe o indi iduals
cca
Condensed canopy a ea in ha
o ganismQuan i yExac Con idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable o ganismQuan i yExac was sco ed o a gi en
axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA i o ganismQuan i yExac is NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
Accu a e and ecen popula ion census, using app op ia e s a is ical echniques.
medium
Es ima ion based on sampling ha uses assump ions and makes ex apola ions.
low
Expe opinion.
o ganismQuan i yExac Sou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e o ganismQuan i yExac o a gi en
axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
o ganismQuan i yDe ailed
Ques ion add essed: How abundan is he axon in i s alien ange in Sou h A ica—a e de ailed
in o ma ion a ailable on indi iduals?
Desc ip ion: A e de ailed da a a ailable e.g., on he sizes, ages, o condi ion o indi iduals, ha make
up he popula ion
Rele an indica o (s): 2.3.3
Type: Fac o wi h 2 le els
Values: TRUE o FALSE
o ganismQuan i yDe ailedSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces whe e da a on o ganismQuan i y a ea a ailable
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
impac EICATSou hA ica
Ques ion add essed: How se e e a e he mos se e e eco ded nega i e en i onmen al impac s o
he alien axon in Sou h A ica?
Desc ip ion: A single alue should be gi en which is he maximum eco ded en i onmen al impac in
Sou h A ica (Blackbu n e al. 2014; Hawkins e al. 2015; IUCN 2020).
Rele an indica o (s): 2.4
Type: Fac o wi h 7 le els (including NA i he e is no alien popula ion and NE i i has no been
e alua ed wi hin he con ex o he epo )
Value
De ini ion
MC
Minimal Conce n
MN
Mino
MO
Mode a e
MR
Majo
MV
Massi e
DD
Da a De icien
NA
No Alien popula ion
NE
No E alua ed
impac EICATSou hA icaCon idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable impac EICATSou hA ica was sco ed o a gi en
axon. Guidance ega ding he use o he con idence a ing is aken om Hawkins e al. (2015) as
modi ied he ein om he EPPO pes isk assessmen decision suppo scheme (Alan MacLeod
09/03/2011; e ised 28/04/2011; copied om CAPRA, e sion 2.74; 2).
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
App oxima ely 90% chance o assessmen being co ec .
The e is di ec ele an obse a ional e idence o suppo he assessmen ; and
impac s a e eco ded a he ypical spa ial scale o e which o iginal na i e communi ies
can be cha ac e ised; and
he e a e eliable/good quali y da a sou ces on impac s o he axa; and
he in e p e a ion o da a/in o ma ion is s aigh o wa d; and
da a/in o ma ion a e no con o e sial o con adic o y.
medium
The e is some di ec obse a ional e idence o suppo he assessmen , bu some
in o ma ion is in e ed; and/o
impac s a e eco ded a a spa ial scale which may no be ele an o he scale o e
which o iginal na i e communi ies can be cha ac e ized, bu ex apola ion o
downscaling o he da a o ele an scales is conside ed eliable, o o emb ace li le
unce ain y; and/o
he in e p e a ion o he da a is o some ex en ambiguous o con adic o y.
low
The e is no di ec obse a ional e idence o suppo he assessmen , e.g., only in e ed
da a ha e been used as suppo ing e idence; and/o
impac s a e eco ded a a spa ial scale which is unlikely o be ele an o he scale o e
which o iginal na i e communi ies can be cha ac e ized, and ex apola ion o
downscaling o he da a o ele an scales is conside ed un eliable o o emb ace
signi ican unce ain ies; and/o
e idence is poo and di icul o in e p e , e.g., because i is s ongly ambiguous; and/o
he in o ma ion sou ces a e conside ed o be o low quali y o con ain in o ma ion ha
is un eliable.
impac EICATSou hA icaSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e impac EICATSou hA ica o a gi en
axon. The e e ence should be o he impac assessmen conduc ed a he han o all he p ima y
sou ces.
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
impac EICAT
Ques ion add essed: How se e e migh he nega i e en i onmen al impac s o he alien axon be?
Desc ip ion: A single alue should be gi en which is he maximum eco ded en i onmen al impac in
any alien ange o he axon (Blackbu n e al. 2014; Hawkins e al. 2015; IUCN 2020). This is included
he e o gi e an indica ion o which axa a e known o cause damage. No e, his does no assess he
likelihood o simila impac s being ealised in Sou h A ica (e.g., i does no ake in o accoun clima ic
sui abili y and en i onmen al con ex ), al hough in o ma ion om Sou h A ica migh be used in he
assessmen .
Desc ip ion: ou come indica o o managemen based in pa on ha de eloped o assessing he
e icacy o classical biological con ol p og ammes (Klein, 2011), and speci ically he ex en o which
managemen is needed o main ain popula ions below a se h eshold.
Rele an indica o (s): 4.8
Type: Fac o wi h se en le els
Value
De ini ion
NA
The axon has no been subjec ed o ea men , o whe he i has been subjec ed o
ea men is no known, i.e. speciesT ea ed is NE o none.
NE
The e has been some ea men , bu he e ec i eness o such has no been
e alua ed o is o he wise no known.
coun e -
p oduc i e
The e is e idence ha con ol has led o u he sp ead; has caused inc eases in
abundance; and/o has made subsequen ea men s mo e di icul wi hou
educing he in asion.
ine ec i e
The ex en o he in asion o he abundance o he species has con inued o
inc ease a a es ha would ha e been expec ed i no con ol had been applied.
pa ial
Ra e o inc ease in ex en o abundance has slowed.
e ec i e
Ex en o abundance is dec easing o has ended up below a managemen h eshold,
bu managemen is s ill equi ed o main ain he popula ions below he h eshold.
pe manen
The e is no mo e ac i e managemen and despi e his he popula ion emains below
he managemen h eshold.
e adica ed
The axon has been success ully e adica ed om Sou h A ica.
speciesT ea edE ec Con idence
Desc ip ion: The con idence wi h which he a iable speciesT ea edE ec was sco ed o a gi en
axon
Type: Fac o wi h 3 le els (and NA)
Value
De ini ion
high
The e has been a published pee - e iewed quan i a i e assessmen o he deg ee o
con ol achie ed.
medium
The e is a epo ha is based on moni o ing da a.
low
Expe opinion.
speciesT ea edE ec Sou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e speciesT ea edE ec o a gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s)
ealm
Ques ion add essed: Which ' ealm' is he species adap ed o?
Desc ip ion: This column is o enable c oss-compa ibili y wi h Sou h A ica's Na ional Biodi e si y
Assessmen p ocess, and he allowed alues a e aken om he e. This is a species le el p ope y and
no a p ope y o he in asion i sel . To wo k ou which axa a e in asi e in a gi en ealm, need o
link o deg eeO Es ablishmen o in oduc ionS a us. This is no aken di ec ly om
Regula o yG ouping, in pa as he alues do no align (e.g., Regula o yG ouping has eshwa e ,
ealm has InIndAqu).
No e ha ‘coas al’ is no a ealm, bu a zone in which he ma ine, es ua ine and e es ial ealms
mee , and he e o e coas al axa will be ma ine and / o e es ial and / o es ua ine depending on
hei p e e ences.
Type: A ac o wi h 4 le els and any combina ion o hese le els (and NA i i has no been classi ied).
Mul iple le els ha apply a e sepa a ed by a pipe delimi e .
Value
De ini ion
Es ua ine
Inhabi s es ua ine sys ems.
InlndAqu
Inhabi s inland aqua ic sys ems (including eshwa e len ic and lo ic).
M
Inhabi s ma ine ecosys ems, including bo h pelagic and ben hic.
T
Inhabi s e es ial ecosys ems, no e no sepa a ion is made o edaphic o ae ial axa.
ealmSou ce
Desc ip ion: The e e ence o sou ces ha we e used o sco e he ealm o a gi en axon
Type: cha ac e o NA
Values: e e ence(s), in his case i is accep able o e e ence he NBA and he e e ences con ained
he ein.
