Co esponding au ho : P achi Padwal
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Sc ibing Na u e’s Remedies: A Li e a y Explo a ion o Shankhpushpi’s Role in
T adi ional Medicine and I s Cul u al Signi icance
P achi Padwal 1, *, Sh addha Waman 2, Sh eya Sa ode 2, Sabba a ian Ansa i 2 and Shubham Gadge 1
1 Assis an P o esso , Depa men o Quali y Assu ance, Sama h Ins i u e o Pha macy, Belhe, Maha ash a, India.
2 S uden , Sama h Ins i u e o Pha macy, Belhe, Maha ash a, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 059-067
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 21 Sep embe 2025; e ised on 01 No embe 2025; accep ed on 03 No embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.2.0933
Abs ac
The Con ol ulaceae amily includes Shankhpushpi (Con ol ulus Cle icalism). Shankhpushpi plan s a e ich in
ca bohyd a es like L-monome hyla e, mal suga (mal ose), suc ose, and s a ch. They also con ain p o eins, α-amino
[alpha-amino] ca boxylic acid, and se e al alkaloids such as C16H21NO4 (con ol ing), C17H23NO4 (con olu ing),
C17H21NO5 (con ine), C33H40N2O9 (submissi e), C16H21NO5 (con olu e), congocidine, phylla ies, β-si os e ol,
Con oking, and consolida e. Addi ionally, he e a e a y acids, waxes, hyd oca bons, and o he biochemicals ha make
i sui able o ea ing human diseases. The whole Shankhpushpi (Con ol ulus Cle icalism) plan has a ious
pha macological p ope ies, such as an idep essan and an idiabe ic e ec s, plus i in luences memo y and lea ning. I
a ec s he hy oid gland, ac s on he ca dio ascula sys em, and shows an icon ulsan , an iulce , and an ica a onic
ac i i ies. I also exhibi s insec icidal, an i ungal, an ibac e ial, an helmin hic, an i-hype lipidemic, neu op o ec i e,
an ioxidan , and immunomodula o y e ec s on he ep oduc i e sys em. This e iew c i ically examines he synonyms,
axonomy, desc ip ion, iden i y, pu i y, s eng h, chemical cons i uen s, pha maceu ical ac i i ies, and applica ions o
Shankhpushpi.
Keywo ds: Shankhpushpi; Chemical Ing edien s; Pha macological Ac ions; Synonyms; Taxonomy; Desc ip ion;
Iden i y; Pu i y; S eng h
1. In oduc ion
Con ol ulus Cle icalism, pa o he Con ol ulaceae amily, is also known as Shankhpushpi. o Apa aji in Indian
dialec s. Shankhpushpi is a highly p ized plan because o i s unique scen and he apeu ic bene i s. The Shankhpushpi
lowe esembles a ma ine shell called a "Shankh". The esh Shankhpushpi plan p oduces a dis inc i e odo and pale
yellow oil h ough s eam dis illa ion. (Ram P. Ras ogi, 2011) (Asolka , 2017) (Anonymous, The Weal h o India. Raw
Ma e ials Vol. III: Ca-Ci, 1997) I 's equen ly e e ed o as mo ning glo y. (Chop a, Chop a, & Va ma, 1969) I is widely
ound and g ows in no he n India, Punjab, Biha , and Chho a Nagpu (Ghani NM, 1921) (Mul ani HC). The me hanolic
ex ac om he en i e plan educes o al se um choles e ol, phospha ide, and ee a y acids. I also has calming
e ec s. (Debji Bhowmik) Whi e o ligh pinkish lowe s is p oduced by au umn he b sessions. (Chop a P. D., 1970)
Shankhpushpi is ega ded as a highly aluable he b in Ayu eda. I enhances beha io and memo y lea ning. (A. K.
Gup a, 2005) T adi ionally, Shankhpushpi oo s ea child en's e e . The lea es help wi h as hma and ch onic
b onchi is. The plan 's oil p omo es hai g ow h. (Rai, 1987) And also con ibu es o skin nou ishmen and
a ac i eness. The he b's an i ungal, an ibac e ial, an idep essan , an iulce , an is ess, an ipy e ic, an helmin ic, and
help ulness in educing he symp oms o an o e ac i e hy oid a e all discussed in some esea ch on i (Mul ani HC). I
is also used as a b ain onic, al e na i e, and onic o imp o e men al ale ness. I can also help wi h weakness,
sleeplessness, exhaus ion, low ene gy, and gas ic mucosa ulce s. (Bhowmik, 2012)
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The Shankhpushpi plan has been shown in pha macological in es iga ions o ha e calming and blood p essu e-
lowe ing p ope ies. Clinical esea ch has indica ed posi i e ou comes o indi iduals wi h anxie y neu osis. The
Shankhpushpi plan is non- oxic and doesn' cause any nega i e side e ec s. On he o he hand, i can cause weigh gain
in addi ion o making one eel powe ul, heal hy, and ene gized.
Synonyms: (Bhowmik, 2012) (Anonymous, The Ayu edic Pha macopoeia o India (Pa 1, Volume X), 2022)
Table 1 Shankhpushpi synonyms
1.1. Taxonomy
Table 2 Taxonomy o Shankhpushpi
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Desc ip ion: (Anonymous, The Ayu edic Pha macopoeia o India (Pa 1, Volume X), 2022)
Shankhpushpi's s em is ligh g een, hin, cylind ical, and has clea , hai y in e nodes and nodes ha a e 0.1 cm o less
hick. Mic oscopy o he s em e eals a single-laye ed, hickly cu icle epide mis wi h unicellula hai s in some a eas.
The co ex is spli in o wo zones, wi h 1-2 lowe pa enchyma ous laye s and 2-3 highe collenchyma Tous laye s, all o
which ha e ound o o al, elonga ed shapes. Lowe and uppe lea mid ibs appea con ex and conca e. Vascula bundles
con ain ou o i e laye s o pa enchyma wi h ypical phloem and xylem pa s. The lamina has wo laye s: he epide mis
and unicellula hai s on bo h su aces. The e a e a ew bicolla e al ascula bundles in he spongy pa enchyma and 20
o 25 ein isle s pe squa e millime e . The s oma al coun on he lowe su ace anges om 185 o 247 and on he
uppe su ace om 202 o 238 pe squa e millime e . The s oma al index o he lowe su ace is be ween 16.9 and
19.8, while o he uppe su ace i is be ween 13.8 and 17.0. The lea es a e sho pe iola e, linea -lanceola e, acu e, and
hai y on bo h sides. They a e ligh g een, measu ing 0.5 o 2 cm long and 0.1 o 0.5 cm wide. The sepals a e hin and
linea -lanceola e, wi h spa se hai s. The co olla is sho and discoid. The e a e i e ee s amens, which a e epipe alous
and al e na e wi h he pe als, inse ed deep in he co olla ube. The o a y is supe io and has wo ca pels. The lowe s
can be whi e o pinkish and a e ei he sessile o sub-sessile in he lea axis, ound alone o in pai s. The seeds and oo s
a e b own and yellowish-b own. The ui s a e capsuled, ec angula , and globose, wi h a pale b own, lea he y pe ica p.
The oo s a e ypically cylind ical, ibbed, and b anching, wi h some ough s em nodules. They measu e 1 o 5 cm long
and 0.1 o 0.4 cm hick, appea ing yellowish-b own o ligh b own. The seeds a e minu ely pubescen . When iewed
unde a mic oscope, he oo s look ci cula and consis o 10 o 15 laye s made up o main phloem and co k.
1.2. S eng h, Iden i y, and Pu i y
Table 3 Shankhpushpi's Iden i ies, Pu i y, and S eng h
Fo eign con en
No mo e han 2%.
Ash con en o e all
No mo e han 17%.
Ash ha is insoluble in acid
No mo e han 8%.
Ex ac i e solubili y in alcohol
A leas 6%.
Ex ac i e ha dissol es in wa e
A leas 10%.
2. Chemical cons i uen s
Shankhpushpi's key chemical componen s include s a ch, suga , mal suga (mal ose), L-mannome hylose, and
ca bohyd a es. I also has p o eins, α-amino [alpha-amino] ca boxylic acid, and se e al alkaloids: C16H21NO4
(con ol ine), C17H23NO4 (con olamine), C17H21NO5 (con oline), C33H40N2O9 (Subhi sine), C16H21NO5
(Con oline), con olidine, phyllabine, β-si os e ol, Con osine, subhi sine, and con ol idine. Addi ionally, i con ains
o he biochemicals like scopole in, glacial ace ic acid, h ee couma ins, opane alkaloids, kaemp e ol, linoleic acid,
palmi ic acid, and s aigh chain hyd oca bons such as hex iacon ane, 20-oxodo iacon anol, e a iacon anoic acid,
and 29-oxodo iacon anol. Speedwheel alcoholic ex ac p oduces:
Di-oh-cinnamic acid, be as os e ol-glucos s e oid o mic ophyllic acid, and kaemp e ol. The plan has also p oduced
hyd oxy cinnamic acid, oc acosanol e acosane, glucose, and saccha ose. (Ram P. Ras ogi, 2011) (Se hiya NJ, 2010)
(Dandeka , 2019)
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Table 4 Physical cha ac e is ics
3. Pha macological ac i i y
The ollowing is a de ailed desc ip ion o Shankhpushpi's pha macological ac i i ies
Figu e 1 Pha macological ac i i y o Shankhpushpi
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3.1. An idep essan p ope ies
One medica ion used as an an idep essan and o induce a s ess- ee s a e in he b ain is shankhpushpi. (Dinesh
Dhing a, 2007)
3.2. An idiabe ic ac i i y
Shankhpushpi's alcoholic ex ac has an e ec i e an idiabe ic e ec in he human body and is u ilized o ea
hype glycemia (in i o). (Se hiya NJ, Re iew on E hnomedicinal Uses and Phy omo phology o Memo y, 2010)
3.3. E ec on Memo y and Lea ning:
Simple memo y es s, including he pole-climbing appa a us, passi e a oidance pa adigm, and ac i e a oidance
pa adigm es s, clea ly showed an imp o emen in memo y a e adminis e ing Shankhpushpi ex ac s. The e ec s o
Shankhpushpi's e hanolic ex ac , e hyl ace a e, and aqueous ac ions on memo y we e e alua ed.
Animals in di e en g oups ecei ed wo dosages o 100 and 200 mg/kg by mou h o e hyl ace a e and aqueous ac ions
o he e hanolic ex ac . Bo h dosages o Shankhpushpi ex ac s signi ican ly imp o ed a s' memo y and lea ning.
(Dinesh Dhing a, 2007) (Naha a A, 2009)
3.4. An imic obial, an i ungal, an ibac e ial, insec icidal, and an helmin ic ac i i ies
Using Pilosa oblique walke as a es insec , he lea disc me hod o eeding de e en was used o bioassay he en i e
plan . This plan con ained e a iacon anoic acid o he i s ime. Mo eo e , 29-oxodo iacon anol, a new chemical
isola ed om he chlo o o m ac ion o he plan , showed s ong an i eedan p ope ies in labo a o y es s. The c ude
neem and azadi ach in ex ac s se ed as e e ences. A a concen a ion o 8000 ppm, he no el chemical 29-
oxodo iacon anol demons a ed 85.74% inhibi ion. (Bhakuni RS, 1996)
3.5. Shankhpushpi's alcoholic ex ac shown s ong an igun An imic obial, an i ungal, an ibac e ial,
insec icidal, and an helmin ic ac i i ies
Using Pilosa oblique walke as a es insec , he lea disc me hod o eeding de e en was used o bioassay he en i e
plan . Te a iacon anoic acid was disco e ed in his plan o he i s ime, while 29-oxodo iacon anol, a new
chemical ha was isola ed om he chlo o o m ac ion o his plan , had s ong an i eedan p ope ies in labo a o y
es s. The c ude neem and azadi ach in ex ac s we e used as e e ence. A a concen a ion o 8000 ppm, a no el
chemical called 29-oxodo iacon anol demons a ed 85.74% inhibi ion. (Bhakuni RS, 1996)
Shankhpushpi's alcoholic ex ac shown s ong an i ungal p ope ies. (Gup a RC, 1974)
3.6. An icon ulsan ac i i y
The wa e -soluble pa o an alcoholic ex ac coun e ac ed elec ically induced con ulsi e seizu es and emo ing-
induced emo s, bu i had no e ec on he escape esponse. I also elimina ed spon aneous mo o ac i i y and he
igh ing e lex. (Sha ma VN, 1965)
The mice gi en me hanolic ex ac s o he s em callus, lea callus, and en i e plan (200 mg/kg o al) demons a ed
no able p o ec ion agains onic con ulsions b ough on by ans co neal elec oshock; his p o ec ion was compa able
o ha o he common medica ion pheny oin. (Ahmad S, 2007) I has also been demons a ed o ha e s ong
an icon ulsan p ope ies. (SP, 1981)
3.7. An ica a onic and an iulce p ope ies
Shankhpushpi gene a ed glycop o ein and mucosal cell li e ime, wo mucosal de ense ac o s. The an iulce ogenic
impac was enhanced by hese p o ec i e elemen s. (Sai am K, 2001)
3.8. E ec on he hy oid gland
When Shankhpushpi oo ex ac (0.4 mg/kg.) was gi en o mice wi h L- hy oxine-induced hype hy oidism, i educed
he se um le els o T3 and inhibi ed hepa ic 5-D ac i i y. The main way he plan ex ac lowe ed hy oid ac i i y was
by dec easing he con e sion o T4 o T3. (Se hiya NJ, Re iew on E hnomedicinal Uses and Phy omo phology o Memo y,
2010) (Panda S, 2001)
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3.9. Ca dio ascula ac i i ies
The plan 's o al wa e -soluble ac ion blocked he og hea muscle and caused signi ican and las ing low blood
p essu e in dogs. (Rakhi S, 1958) (Cha u edi M, 1997) The myoca dium o mammals and amphibians was nega i ely
a ec ed by an e hanolic ex ac o he en i e plan . I also had elaxing e ec s on smoo h muscles. (Sha ma VN, 1965)
3.10. Hypo-lipidemia
In cases o hype lipidemia, e hanolic ex ac om he en i e Shankhpushpi plan dec eased lipid le els. Shankhpushpi's
e hanolic ex ac d ama ically lowe ed he body's le els o phospholipids, se um choles e ol, and low-densi y
lipop o eins a e nine y days. (Cha u edi M, 1997)
3.11. An ioxidan ac i i y
The e hanolic o me hanolic ex ac o he whole Shankhpushpi plan has an ioxidan p ope ies. (Ve ma S, 2010)
(Pa iha M, 2003)
3.12. Neu op o ec i e ac ion
Shankhpushpi's aqueous ex ac shown s ong neu op o ec i e e ec s by inhibi ing ACHE and p omo ing an ioxidan
ac i i y. (Bihaqi SW, 2011)
3.13. E ec s on immunomodula ion and he ep oduc i e sys em
P e en ing excessi e mens ua ion is possible wi h he ull Shankhpushpi plan . Abscesses can be cu ed wi h he use o
Shankhpushpi's ine pas e. (Singh MP, 2005)
4. Applica ion o Shankhpushpi (Con ol ulus plu alism)
• Hema emesis and insani y a e ea ed wi h he Shankhpushpi plan ex ac . (Shah Y, 2000)
• Shankhpushpi lea es ea as hma and b onchi is. (Shah Y, 2000)
• Shankhpushpi's en i e plan is used o p oduce e hanol, which helps ea oxida ion and high lipid le els.
Shankhpushpi is a medica ion used as a b ain onic and as an an idep essan o c ea e a s ess- ee condi ion
in he b ain ha enhances memo y.
• An e ec i e an idiabe ic ac ion is p oduced in he human body by he alcoholic ex ac o Shankhpushpi, which
is u ilized o ea hype glycemia (in i o).
• Shankhpushpi oo is u ilized o cu e in an ile e e . (Shah Y, 2000)
• The alcoholic o e hanolic ex ac o he Shankhpushpi he b educes non-es e i ied a y acid (NEFA) le els.
These acids a e he main eason o dea hs ela ed o ca diac a es . (Shah Y, 2000)
• The Shankhpushpi he b is also used o cu e epilepsy in Ayu eda. (Shah Y, 2000)
• Shankhpushpi a e u ilized o nou ish all o he skin's laye s and imp o e he appea ance o skin.
• The en i e Shankhpushpi plan is use ul in medicine. (Gup a AK, 2005) (A., 1990)
• Using Shankhpushpi ex ac o lowe blood choles e ol le els, including iglyce ides, phospholipids, and a y
acids. (Gup a AK, 2005) (A., 1990)
• The mos impo an he bal compounds in Shankhpushpi a e used o ea a ious illnesses and condi ions.
These include s ess, anxie y neu osis, hype ension, and hypo ension.
• Shankhpushpi p omo es weigh gain and heal h by e i alizing he body as a whole. [49, 50]
5. Conclusion
Shankhpushpi shows p ope ies ha help wi h ulce s, muscle spasms, diabe es, in ec ions, ungi, bac e ia, oxida ion,
and seizu es. I also o e s bene i s o he hea , immune sys em, and b ain, among o he s. This o e iew co e s he
plan ’s p o ile, along wi h i s pha macognosy, pha macology, and phy ochemis y. In addi ion o p o eins and he
alkaloids C16H21NO4 (con ol ing), C17H23NO4 (con olu ing), C17H21NO5 (con ine), C33H40N2O9 (Subhi sine),
C16H21NO5 (Consolini), phylla ies, β-si os e ol, s e ol la onoids, glycosides, gums, and mucilage compounds, i also
includes α-amino ca boxylic acid.
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Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho exp esses since e g a i ude o Ms. P achi Padwal, Assis an P o esso , Sama h Ins i u e o Pha macy, Belhe
o aluable guidance and insigh ul sugges ions du ing he p epa a ion o his e iew, “Sc ibing Na u e’s Remedies: A
Li e a y Explo a ion o Shankhpushpi’s Role in T adi ional Medicine and I s Cul u al Signi icance.” App ecia ion is also
ex ended o he Depa men o Pha maceu ics, Sama h Ins i u e o Pha macy, Belhe, o academic suppo and access
o e e ence ma e ials.
The au ho acknowledges he use o scien i ic da abases and classical Ayu edic sou ces in compiling in o ma ion on
he axonomy, cha ac e is ics, cons i uen s, pha macological ac i i y, and applica ions o Shankhpushpi.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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