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E alua ion o enug eek and laxseed mucilage’s as na u al binde s in pha maceu ical
able o mula ion: a compa a i e s udy o physicochemical and able p ope ies
Reji ha L R *, C Suju Ska ia, Lakshmi Jiji and Aswin S K
Depa men o Bo any, Ma I anios College (Au onomous), Nalanchi a, Thi u anan hapu am, Ke ala, India-695015.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 100-107
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 15 July 2025; e ised on 20 Augus 2025; accep ed on 23 Augus 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.2.0768
Abs ac
Objec i e: To e alua e enug eek (FGM) and laxseed (FXM) mucilages as na u al binde s o pha maceu ical able s.
Me hods: Mucilage was ex ac ed, cha ac e ized (physicochemical, phy ochemical, mic obial analysis), and used o
o mula e able s. Binding e icacy was assessed by es ing able ha dness, iabili y, and disin eg a ion ime agains a
gela in s anda d.
Resul s: Bo h mucilages we e sa e, ca bohyd a e- ich polyme s. Table s wi h FGM and FXM disin eg a ed as e (7:50
and 8:02 minu es, espec i ely) han gela in able s (10:36 minu es), while main aining adequa e mechanical s eng h.
Conclusion: FGM and FXM a e e ec i e, sus ainable na u al binde s ha enhance able disin eg a ion, o e ing a eco-
iendly al e na i e o syn he ic binde s.
Keywo ds: Na u al Binde s; Fenug eek Mucilage; Flaxseed Mucilage; Table Disin eg a ion; G een Pha macy
1. In oduc ion
In ecen yea s, he pha maceu ical indus y has inc easingly shi ed owa d na u al and plan -based ma e ials o d ug
o mula ion, d i en by g owing conce ns o e he en i onmen al, economic, and heal h- ela ed d awbacks o syn he ic
excipien s [1]. Syn he ic binde s, such as poly inylpy olidone (PVP) and hyd oxyp opyl me hylcellulose (HPMC), ha e
been widely used in able manu ac u ing, bu hei high cos , po en ial oxici y, and non-biodeg adabili y ha e
p omp ed he sea ch o sus ainable al e na i es [2]. Na u al excipien s, pa icula ly plan -de i ed mucilages, o e a
p omising solu ion due o hei biocompa ibili y, biodeg adabili y, and mul i unc ional p ope ies [3].
The p esen s udy employed Fenug eek (T igonella oenum-g aecum) and Flaxseed (Linum usi a issimum). Fenug eek,
scien i ically known as T igonella oenum-g aecum, is an annual he b belonging o he Fabaceae amily ha has been
ex ensi ely used in adi ional medicine and culina y p ac ices. The seeds o his Medi e anean plan a e pa icula ly
ich in mucilaginous polysaccha ides, p ima ily galac omannans, which cons i u e abou 20-30% o he seed's d y
weigh [4]. These galac omannans consis o a (1→4)-β-D-mannan backbone wi h α-D-galac ose side chains a ached a
he 6-posi ion, gi ing he mucilage i s cha ac e is ic high iscosi y and wa e -binding capaci y [5]. The mucilage
ex ac ion p ocess ypically in ol es hyd a ion o c ushed seeds in wa m wa e (40-50°C) ollowed by p ecipi a ion
wi h e hanol, yielding a pale yellow o o -whi e powde wi h excellen swelling p ope ies (swelling index ypically 4-
6 mL/g) [6]. Beyond i s pha maceu ical applica ions, enug eek mucilage has demons a ed hypoglycemic,
hypolipidemic, and an ioxidan ac i i ies in a ious clinical s udies, making i a mul i unc ional excipien candida e [7].
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Flaxseed, o Linum usi a issimum, is a blue- lowe ing annual plan o he Linaceae amily ha has gained signi ican
a en ion o i s nu i ional and pha maceu ical alue. The seed mucilage, ep esen ing app oxima ely 3-9% o he seed
weigh , is a complex he e opolysaccha ide composed mainly o neu al (a abinoxylans) and acidic
hamnogalac u onans) ac ions. This unique composi ion gi es laxseed mucilage ema kable wa e -holding capaci y,
o ming highly iscous solu ions a low concen a ions (1-2% w/ ) wi h pseudoplas ic low beha io [8]. The ex ac ion
p ocess ypically in ol es cold wa e ex ac ion (20-25°C) o p ese e he mucilage's s uc u al in eg i y, ollowed by
e hanol p ecipi a ion and lyophiliza ion o ob ain a ligh b own powde [9]. Flaxseed mucilage has shown pa icula
p omise in modi ied- elease o mula ions due o i s pH-dependen swelling beha io and mucoadhesi e p ope ies
[10]. Addi ionally, he p esence o lignans, pa icula ly secoisola ici esinol diglucoside (SDG), con ibu es o i s
an ioxidan po en ial, adding he apeu ic alue o i s unc ional p ope ies as an excipien [11].
Bo h ma e ials we e ca e ully selec ed o his s udy based on hei es ablished sa e y p o iles, GRAS (Gene ally
Recognized as Sa e) s a us, and g owing body o e idence suppo ing hei pha maceu ical applica ions [12]. The seeds
we e subjec ed o ho ough quali y con ol measu es including mac oscopic and mic oscopic iden i ica ion, loss on
d ying, and mic obial limi es s p io o mucilage ex ac ion o ensu e ba ch- o-ba ch consis ency [13]. This igo ous
ma e ial cha ac e iza ion o ms he ounda ion o eliable compa ison o hei binding p ope ies in able
o mula ions.
Despi e he ad an ages o na u al binde s, he e emains a signi ican esea ch gap in compa a i e s udies e alua ing
he binding e iciency o di e en mucilages in pha maceu ical o mula ions [14]. While enug eek (T igonella oenum-
g aecum) and laxseed (Linum usi a issimum) mucilages ha e shown po en ial as binding agen s, limi ed da a exis on
hei di ec compa ison in e ms o physicochemical p ope ies, binding pe o mance, and mic obial sa e y [15].
Addi ionally, mos s udies ocus on ex ac ion and p elimina y cha ac e iza ion, lea ing a need o comp ehensi e
assessmen s o hei applicabili y in comme cial able p oduc ion [16].
The p esen s udy add esses hese gaps by sys ema ically e alua ing and compa ing he binding e icacy o enug eek
seed mucilage (FGM) and laxseed mucilage (FXM) in able o mula ions. By assessing key pa ame e s such as swelling
index, bulk and apped densi y, solubili y, and mic obial quali y, his esea ch aims o es ablish hei sui abili y as
pha maceu ical binde s [17]. Fu he mo e, he s udy explo es hei pe o mance agains con en ional syn he ic
binde s, p o iding c i ical insigh s in o hei po en ial as sus ainable al e na i es [18].
This in es iga ion aligns wi h he global push owa d g een pha macy, emphasizing he need o eco- iendly, cos -
e ec i e, and non- oxic excipien s in d ug de elopmen . By alida ing he use o FGM and FXM in able o mula ions,
his s udy con ibu es o he g owing body o esea ch on na u al excipien s and suppo s he pha maceu ical indus y’s
ansi ion owa d sus ainable p ac ices.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Collec ion and P epa a ion o Plan Ma e ials
Fenug eek seeds (T igonella oenum-g aecum) and laxseeds (Linum usi a issimum) we e p ocu ed om a ce i ied
Ho ico p ou le (Go e nmen o Ke ala, Thi u anan hapu am, India) and au hen ica ed by he Depa men o Bo any,
Ma I anios College. The seeds we e inspec ed o physical in eg i y, cleaned wi h muslin clo h o emo e deb is, and
ai -d ied a 25°C o 48 hou s. D ied seeds we e g ound in o ine powde using a s e ilized mo a and pes le and s o ed
in ai igh con aine s a oom empe a u e (25 ± 2°C) [19]. All glasswa e and equipmen we e s e ilized and insed wi h
ace one o p e en con amina ion.
2.2. Ex ac ion o Mucilage
Mucilage was ex ac ed using a modi ied p ecipi a ion me hod [20]. B ie ly, 15 g o seeds we e soaked in 200 mL
dis illed wa e o 12 hou s, hea ed o 50°C o 30 minu es, and il e ed h ough muslin clo h. The il a e was
p ecipi a ed wi h an equal olume o ace one, and he coagula ed mucilage was o en-d ied a 45°C o 24 hou s. D ied
mucilage was g ound in o powde and s o ed in s e ile pe i dishes.
2.3. Physicochemical Cha ac e iza ion
The swelling index (SI) o he ex ac ed mucilages was de e mined by accu a ely weighing 1 g o each mucilage sample
and dispe sing i in 100 mL o dis illed wa e in a g adua ed cylinde . A e allowing he mix u e o s and o 24 hou s
a oom empe a u e (25 ± 2°C), he olume o wa e e ained by he swollen mucilage was measu ed ollowing il a ion
h ough Wha man No. 1 il e pape , wi h he SI exp essed as he a io o e ained wa e olume o ini ial sample weigh
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[21]. Fo densi y measu emen s, 1 g o mucilage powde was ca e ully pou ed in o a 10 mL g adua ed cylinde o
de e mine he bulk olume (V), wi h bulk densi y (Bd) calcula ed as mass di ided by bulk olume. The apped densi y
(Td) was subsequen ly de e mined by mechanically apping he cylinde 500 imes using a jol ing olume e un il no
u he olume educ ion was obse ed, wi h calcula ions pe o med acco ding o s anda d pha maceu ical o mulas
[22]. Ca bohyd a e con en was quali a i ely con i med h ough Molisch's es , whe e mucilage solu ions ea ed wi h
α-naph hol eagen (5% in e hanol) de eloped cha ac e is ic iole ings a he in e ace upon ca e ul laye ing wi h
concen a ed sul u ic acid, indica ing he p esence o polysaccha ides. These s anda dized physicochemical es s
p o ided essen ial da a o e alua ing he unc ional p ope ies o he na u al mucilages as po en ial pha maceu ical
excipien s.
2.4. Phy ochemical Sc eening
Quali a i e es s de ec ed e penoids (Salkowski es ), la onoids (alkaline eagen es ), alkaloids (Maye ’s es ),
p o eins (Biu e es ), phenolics ( e ic chlo ide es ), saponins ( oam es ), annins (lead ace a e es ), and ixed oils
(spo es ) [23].
2.4.1. O ganolep ic E alua ion
Colo , odo , as e, and ex u e we e assessed by h ee independen obse e s [18].
2.4.2. Solubili y and pH
Solubili y was es ed in wa e , me hanol, DMSO, chlo o o m, and ace one. pH was measu ed using pH s ips [24].
2.4.3. Mic obiological Analysis
To al Pla e Coun (TPC) was pe o med by pla ing se ial dilu ions (10⁻¹–10⁻⁶) o mucilage on nu ien aga . Colonies
we e coun ed a e 48 hou s a 37°C and exp essed as CFU/g (ISO 4833-1:2022).
2.5. Table Fo mula ion and E alua ion
The able o mula ion p ocess in ol ed h ee dis inc binde sys ems: gela in (0.5 g) as he con en ional binde con ol,
and enug eek mucilage (FGM) and laxseed mucilage (FXM) (0.3 g each) as he expe imen al na u al binde s, each
dissol ed in 5 mL o dis illed wa e o p epa e binde solu ions. Fo g anula ion, a uni o m mix u e con aining asco bic
acid (1 g as model d ug), lac ose (2.5 g as diluen ), s a ch (0.5 g as disin eg an ), and sodium dodecyl sul a e (0.05 g as
su ac an ) was p epa ed and ho oughly blended wi h he espec i e binde solu ions o o m a damp mass. The we
mass was manually g anula ed h ough a sie e (#20 mesh) and ai -d ied a oom empe a u e (25 ± 2°C) o 30 minu es
o achie e op imal mois u e con en (5-7% w/w) as de e mined by loss on d ying. The d ied g anules (500 mg) we e
hen comp essed using a manual able p ess wi h s anda dized molds (10 mm diame e , la - aced) a a cons an
comp ession o ce o 2 kN o ensu e uni o m able ha dness ac oss all o mula ions [25].
Table e alua ion was pe o med acco ding o pha macopeial s anda ds [26]. Ha dness es ing was conduc ed manually
by applying g adual p essu e pe pendicula o he able axis un il ac u e occu ed, wi h esul s eco ded in kiloponds
(kp). F iabili y assessmen in ol ed subjec ing 10 able s om each o mula ion o 100 o a ions in a iabila o
(Elec olab EF-2), wi h pe cen age weigh loss calcula ed a e dus emo al [27]. Disin eg a ion es ing was pe o med
in iplica e using a USP disin eg a ion appa a us (Elec olab ED-2L) wi h dis illed wa e main ained a 37 ± 1°C as he
imme sion medium, whe e he ime o comple e disin eg a ion (no palpable mass emaining in he mesh) was eco ded
[28]. Addi ional quali y con ol pa ame e s including weigh a ia ion (n=20 able s, analy ical balance) and d ug
con en uni o mi y (UV spec opho ome y a 265 nm o asco bic acid) we e also e alua ed o ensu e ba ch consis ency
and compliance wi h egula o y equi emen s o immedia e- elease able s [29-31].
2.6. S a is ical Analysis
All expe imen s we e conduc ed in iplica e, and da a we e exp essed as mean ± SD.
3. Resul s
3.1. Physicochemical Cha ac e iza ion o Ex ac ed Mucilage
The bulk and apped densi y measu emen s e ealed dis inc powde cha ac e is ics be ween he wo mucilage ypes.
Fenug eek mucilage (FGM) demons a ed highe densi y alues (bulk densi y: 0.8-0.9 g/cm³; apped densi y: 1.0-1.1
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 100-107
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g/cm³) compa ed o laxseed mucilage (FXM) (bulk densi y: 0.7-0.8 g/cm³; apped densi y: 0.9-1.0 g/cm³), sugges ing
be e powde low and compac ion p ope ies o FGM (Table 1). Ca bohyd a e iden i ica ion h ough Molisch's es
p oduced cha ac e is ic iole ings in bo h samples, con i ming he polysaccha ide na u e o he mucilages. This esul
was consis en ac oss all eplica es, alida ing he ca bohyd a e- ich composi ion expec ed o plan -de i ed mucilages.
Table 1 Powde densi y cha ac e is ics o ex ac ed mucilages
Sample
Bulk Densi y (g/cm³)
Tapped Densi y (g/cm³)
FGM
0.8-0.9
1.0-1.1
FXM
0.7-0.8
0.9-1.0
3.2. Phy ochemical Composi ion
Comp ehensi e phy ochemical sc eening de ec ed mul iple bioac i e componen s in bo h mucilage ypes (Table 2).
Te penoids we e iden i ied h ough Salkowski es ( eddish-b own in e ace), while la onoids showed cha ac e is ic
colo changes wi h alkaline ea men . Maye 's es e ealed alkaloid p esence h ough c eamy p ecipi a es, and Biu e
es ing con i med p o ein con en ia iole colo a ion. Phenolic compounds, saponins, annins, and ixed oils we e all
posi i ely iden i ied h ough espec i e colo ime ic and p ecipi a ion es s. These indings demons a e ha bo h
mucilages con ain di e se phy ochemicals beyond hei polysaccha ide ma ices, which may con ibu e addi ional
unc ional p ope ies.
Table 2 Phy ochemical p o ile o mucilage ex ac s
Tes
FGM
FXM
In e ence
Salkowski Tes
+
+
Te penoids p esen
Alkaline Reagen
+
+
Fla onoids p esen
Maye 's Tes
+
+
Alkaloids p esen
Biu e Tes
+
+
P o eins p esen
Fe ic Chlo ide
+
+
Phenolic compounds p esen
Foam Tes
+
+
Saponins p esen
Lead Ace a e
+
+
Tannins p esen
Spo Tes
+
+
Oils and a s p esen
3.3. O ganolep ic and Solubili y P ope ies
O ganolep ic e alua ion e ealed dis inc senso y p o iles (Table 3). FGM exhibi ed ligh b own colo a ion wi h ea hy
a oma and sligh bi e ness, while FXM appea ed pale yellow wi h neu al odo and as e. Bo h showed excellen wa e
solubili y bu limi ed o ganic sol en compa ibili y (Table 4), consis en wi h hei hyd ophilic polysaccha ide
s uc u es. pH measu emen s indica ed sligh ly acidic na u e o bo h (FGM: 6.7; FXM: 6.8), sugges ing good
compa ibili y wi h mos pha maceu ical o mula ions.
Table 3 Senso y cha ac e is ics o mucilage powde s
Pa ame e
FGM
FXM
Colo
Ligh b own-beige
Pale yellow
Odo
Ea hy, nu y
Neu al
Tas e
Sligh ly bi e
Bland
Tex u e
Smoo h, slimy
G i y
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Table 4 Solubili y p o ile in a ious sol en s
Sol en
FGM
FXM
Dis illed wa e
Soluble
Soluble
Me hanol
Sligh ly soluble
Sligh ly soluble
DMSO
Mode a ely soluble
Mode a ely soluble
Chlo o o m
Insoluble
Insoluble
Ace one
Insoluble
Insoluble
3.4. Mic obiological Quali y and Table Pe o mance
Mic obiological assessmen showed no mic obial g ow h in TPC es ing (Table 5), con i ming he sui abili y o bo h
mucilages as pha maceu ical excipien s. Table e alua ion demons a ed ha FXM able s exhibi ed g ea e ha dness
han FGM, hough bo h we e so e han gela in con ols. No ably, bo h na u al binde s showed as e disin eg a ion
imes (FGM: 7 min 50 sec; FXM: 8 min 02 sec) compa ed o gela in able s (10 min 36 sec) (Table 6), sugges ing po en ial
ad an ages o immedia e- elease o mula ions.
Table 5 Mic obial quali y assessmen
Sample
Dilu ion
CFU/g
FGM
10⁻³
No g ow h
FXM
10⁻³
No g ow h
Table 6 Disin eg a ion pe o mance o o mula ed able s
Fo mula ion
Disin eg a ion Time
Gela in (Con ol)
10 min 36 sec
FGM
7 min 50 sec
FXM
8 min 02 sec
The comp ehensi e cha ac e iza ion demons a es ha bo h enug eek and laxseed mucilages possess sui able
physicochemical and unc ional p ope ies o pha maceu ical applica ions as na u al binde s, wi h FXM showing
pa icula ly p omising able ha dness and disin eg a ion cha ac e is ics.
4. Discussion
The selec ion o laxseed (FX) and enug eek (FG) o his in es iga ion was p edica ed on hei dis inc i e biopolyme ic
composi ion, which ende s hem p omising candida es o pha maceu ical binding applica ions. FX mucilage (FXM), a
he e opolysaccha ide complex, demons a es excep ional wa e e en ion and gel- o ming capabili ies, while FG
mucilage (FGM), ich in galac omannans, o e s high iscosi y and adhesi e p ope ies [32]. These na u al polyme s
p esen a sus ainable al e na i e o syn he ic binde s such as PVP and HPMC, aligning wi h he pha maceu ical
indus y's shi owa d eco- iendly and biocompa ible excipien s [33].
The ex ac ion me hodology employed aqueous soaking ollowed by ace one p ecipi a ion yielded mucilage quan i ies
(FXM: 18.2%; FGM: 15.6%) consis en wi h con empo a y s udies [34]. This e iciency unde sco es he scalabili y o he
p ocess o indus ial applica ions. The esul an mucilages exhibi ed a o able physicochemical p ope ies; no ably,
he highe densi y alues o FGM (bulk: 0.8–0.9 g/cm³; apped: 1.0–1.1 g/cm³) compa ed o FXM sugges supe io low
and compac ion cha ac e is ics, c ucial o able manu ac u ing [35]. These indings align wi h ecen wo k by Jain e
al. [36], who epo ed analogous densi y p o iles o plan -de i ed mucilages.
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Phy ochemical sc eening con i med he p esence o di e se bioac i e cons i uen s, including e penoids, la onoids,
and phenolic compounds, in bo h mucilages. This mul i unc ional phy ochemical p o ile no only suppo s binding
e icacy bu may also impa ancilla y bene i s such as an ioxidan and an i-in lamma o y ac i i y [37]. Howe e , he
p esence o hese compounds necessi a es igo ous pu i ica ion o a oid po en ial in e ac ions wi h ac i e
pha maceu ical ing edien s (APIs), an aspec highligh ed in ecen e iews by Gup a and Sen [38].
Solubili y s udies e ealed p onounced hyd ophilici y o bo h mucilages, wi h limi ed solubili y in o ganic sol en s.
This beha io is ad an ageous o aqueous-based g anula ion p ocesses bu may cons ain applica ions in non-aqueous
o mula ions [39]. The nea -neu al pH (FGM: 6.7; FXM: 6.8) ensu es compa ibili y wi h acid-labile APIs and minimizes
isks o gas ic i i a ion, a signi ican imp o emen o e some syn he ic binde s ha equi e pH adjus men [40].
Mic obiological assessmen con i med he sa e y o bo h mucilages, wi h no de ec able mic obial g ow h in TPC assays.
This is c i ical o compliance wi h pha macopeial s anda ds (e.g., USP <61>) and unde sco es he easibili y o hese
na u al excipien s in GMP-complian p oduc ion.
Table e alua ion demons a ed ha FXM-based able s exhibi ed supe io ha dness and iabili y p o iles ela i e o
FGM, indica ing enhanced binding capaci y and mechanical esilience. No ably, bo h na u al binde s acili a ed as e
disin eg a ion (FXM: 8 min 2 sec; FGM: 7 min 50 sec) compa ed o gela in-based able s (10 min 36 sec), sugges ing
po en ial u ili y in immedia e- elease o mula ions [41-42]. These esul s co obo a e ecen indings by Joshi e al. [43],
who epo ed simila disin eg a ion kine ics o FXM in pa ace amol able s.
Despi e hese ad an ages, challenges emain in s anda dizing mucilage composi ion ac oss ba ches due o na u al
a iabili y in plan sou ces. Ad anced p ocessing echniques such as sp ay d ying o enzyma ic ea men could
enhance consis ency and unc ionali y, as p oposed in ecen s udies [43-45].
In conclusion, FXM and FGM exhibi compelling p ope ies as na u al binde s, o e ing a sus ainable, sa e, and e ec i e
al e na i e o syn he ic coun e pa s. Thei mul i unc ional na u e combining binding, disin eg a ion, and po en ial
he apeu ic bene i s posi ions hem as aluable componen s in he de elopmen o nex -gene a ion pha maceu ical
o mula ions. Fu u e esea ch should ocus on la ge-scale p oduc ion op imiza ion, long- e m s abili y s udies, and in
i o pe o mance e alua ion o ully ealize hei comme cial po en ial.
5. Conclusion
This comp ehensi e s udy success ully demons a es he po en ial o enug eek seed mucilage (FGM) and laxseed
mucilage (FXM) as e ec i e, sus ainable al e na i es o syn he ic binde s in pha maceu ical able o mula ions. The
esea ch con i ms ha bo h na u al mucilages exhibi a o able physicochemical p ope ies, including app op ia e
swelling indices, desi able powde low cha ac e is ics, and compa ibili y wi h s anda d pha maceu ical p ocessing
me hods. No ably, able s o mula ed wi h hese na u al binde s showed imp o ed disin eg a ion p o iles compa ed o
con en ional gela in-based able s, while main aining adequa e mechanical s eng h. The phy ochemical
cha ac e iza ion e ealed ha bo h mucilages con ain aluable bioac i e compounds ha may o e addi ional
unc ional bene i s beyond hei binding capabili ies. Impo an ly, he ex ac s me s ingen mic obiological sa e y
s anda ds, con i ming hei sui abili y o pha maceu ical applica ions. The sligh ly acidic o neu al pH o bo h
mucilages u he enhances hei compa ibili y wi h a wide ange o ac i e pha maceu ical ing edien s. These indings
align wi h cu en pha maceu ical indus y p io i ies owa d g een chemis y and sus ainable sou cing, as hese plan -
based binde s a e biodeg adable, biocompa ible, and de i ed om enewable esou ces. The s udy p o ides compelling
e idence ha FGM and FXM can se e as iable eplacemen s o syn he ic binde s, pa icula ly in immedia e- elease
able o mula ions whe e apid disin eg a ion is desi ed. Fu u e esea ch should ocus on scaling up he ex ac ion
p ocesses, conduc ing long- e m s abili y s udies, and in es iga ing he applica ion o hese mucilages in o he dosage
o ms and con olled- elease sys ems. This wo k con ibu es signi ican ly o he g owing body o knowledge on na u al
excipien s and suppo s he pha maceu ical indus y's ansi ion owa d mo e sus ainable and en i onmen ally
iendly o mula ion p ac ices.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(02), 100-107
106
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