G an Ag eemen numbe :
101058371
P ojec ac onym:
ESTELLA
P ojec
Design o bio-
based
he mose
polyme wi h
ecycling
capabili y by
dynamic
bonds o bio-
G an Ag eemen numbe :
101058371
P ojec ac onym:
ESTELLA
P ojec i le:
Design o bio-based he mose
polyme wi h ecycling capabili y by
dynamic bonds o bio-composi e
manu ac u ing
DELIVERABLE 1.4
Ma e ial equi emen s o
ecycling p ocesses
Con ac ual Da e o Deli e y:
31 08 2022
Ac ual Da e o Deli e y:
03.10.2022
Lead con ac o o his deli e able:
ULE
Au ho (s):
Ca los Ba ei o (ULE)
Pa icipan s(s):
Tonje M. B. Heggese (SINT); Simone Balze Le
(SINT); Julia Gue e o (CID); An onio Peñas (AND);
Daniela T ambi as (FEY); Ma ía López Abelai as
(IDE); Damian Kiełkiewicz (ICSO)
WP con ibu ing o he deli e able:
WP 1
Na u e:
Public
Ve sion
V. 03
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
This e lec s only he au ho ’s iews. The Communi y is no liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.
REVISION TABLE
Documen e sion
Da e
Modi ied sec ions - De ails
V1
16.09.2022
Fi s d a
V2
23.09.2022
Second e sion a e echnical e iew (ULE, IDE, SINT, AND, CID,
ICSO)
V3
30.09.2022
Final e sion
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
This e lec s only he au ho ’s iews. The Communi y is no liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.
Table o Con en s
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... 3
ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 5
1. RECYCLABILITY OF THERMOSET COMPOSITES ................................................................... 6
2. TASK 1.4: DEFINITION OF RECYCLABILITY TARGET CONDITIONS ..................................... 7
3. RECYCLING SCENARIOS AND PROCEDURES .................................................................... 7
4. GENERAL GUIDE OF THE ESTELLA RECYCLING PROCESS .................................................. 9
5. DELIVERABLE 1.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 11
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 12
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
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Abb e ia ions
DSP: Downs eam P ocessing
GMO: Gene ically Modi ied O ganisms
PET: Polye hylene e eph hala e
scCO2: Supe C i ical CO2
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
This e lec s only he au ho ’s iews. The Communi y is no liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.
Execu i e Summa y
Deli e able 1.4 p esen s he possible scena ios o he mose ib e
ein o ced polyme composi es ecycling, di e en app oaches
(bio echnological, chemical, and mechanical) and p o ides a guide o
condi ions o each he inal ecycling a ge p ocess o ESTELLA as a
sequen ial combina ion o hese app oaches. D1.4 is highly ele an o
he subsequen asks ela ed o he he mose ma e ial ecyclabili y
because o i condi ion he manu ac u ing and he ecycling
p ocedu es.
This deli e able ully co e s he equi emen s o ask 1.4 o WP1 in con en
and ul ilmen .
I s submission delay has been he esul o he s a ing da e o he p ojec
and he holiday pe iods o he pa ne s (No he n Eu ope in July,
Sou he n Eu ope in Augus ), which delayed he esul s coo dina ion, he
c i ical e iew by he pa icipan s, and he w i ing p ocess.
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
This e lec s only he au ho ’s iews. The Communi y is no liable o any use ha may be made o he in o ma ion con ained he ein.
1. Recyclabili y o he mose composi es
The mose ing polyme ic composi es a e widely used in almos all
indus ial sec o s (cons uc ion, ae onau ics, au omo i e, enewable
ene gy, spo s) whe e ligh ness and high mechanical pe o mance
(dimensional s abili y, en i onmen al esis ance and du abili y) a e
equi ed. Nowadays, epoxy esins ob ained om ossil esou ces a e he
polyme ic ma ix used o hese composi e ma e ials due o hei good
combina ion o p ocessabili y and he momechanical pe o mance (1).
A he mose ing polyme , esin, o plas ic, o en simply called as
he mose ing, is a polyme ha i e e sibly ha dens when i is subjec ed
o a cu ing p ocess om a p epolyme o esin, which is a so solid, o
iscous liquid (2). Cu ing is induced by hea , sui able i adia ion, o bo h,
and can also be enhanced by high p essu e o by mixing wi h a ca alys
(3). Howe e , hei main o ess, du abili y, also in insically in ol es hei
p incipal disad an age, which is hei poo ecyclabili y. Due o he c oss-
linked mic os uc u e ha is gene a ed along he cu ing p ocess,
he mose ing compounds a e no eadily a ailable o ep ocessing o
ecycling, which means ha a e hei use ul li e, disposal is o en he
only al e na i e. Thus, al hough some ecycling echniques a e al eady
a ailable, hese me hods a e o en ene gy in ensi e and no a long- e m
sus ainable solu ion, o signi ican ly educe he quali ies o he ma e ial,
limi ing i s u he applica ions.
The mose ing polyme ic composi es usually ha e, a leas , wo
componen s: i) polyme ic ma ix and ii) ein o cemen (2,4–6). The ma ix
is made o he epoxy ma e ials men ioned abo e, while he
ein o cemen s a e made o ib es (syn he ic o na u al), which e y o en
is wha eco e y echniques only ocus on, as i can be he mos
aluable elemen , disca ding he polyme ma ix (7). Thus, a he end o
hei use ul li e, mos he mose ing compounds end up bu ned o
accumula ed in land ills, igge ing en i onmen al and heal h p oblems.
Finally, only a small pe cen age (<10%) eaches he ecycling p ocesses.
In eg a ion o biological componen s in he he mose ing composi es is
pa ing he way o he applica ion o bio echnological solu ions [e.g.,
na i e mic oo ganisms, GMO (Gene ically Modi ied O ganisms),
enzymes, …]. Thus, li le by li le hese bio echnological ecycling ou es
a e making hei way as an inno a i e al e na i e p ocess o plas ic
was e ecycling by using bac e ia o b eak down plas ics, educing hei
en i onmen al impac and boos ing he economy by o e ing new
oppo uni ies in he was e managemen sec o . Recen s udies such as
he isola ion o he polye hylene e eph hala e (PET) deg ading
bac e ium, Ideonella sakaiensis (8), o he desc ip ion o he ca e pilla s
o he wax mo h (Galle ia mellonella) (9) as polye hylene deg ade s,
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
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possibly due o i s mic obio a, ha e p omo ed esea ch on he
bio echnological deg ada ion (mic oo ganisms, enzymes) o plas ic, as
well as he sea ch o new mic obial and enzyma ic ac i i ies ha allow
i .
2. Task 1.4: De ini ion o Recyclabili y Ta ge Condi ions
Task 1.4 is ocused on he ecycling condi ions ha he mose composi es
de eloped in ESTELLA will ha e o mee [con inemen , collec ion o
ma e ials, pa icle size equi ed (sh edding)] o each a success ul
ecycling p ocess.
The ask, and i s subsequen deli e able (D1.4), is aimed o p o ide he
guidelines ha should be di ec ing composi es ecycling.
This ask is he esul o he collabo a ion o he di e en pa ne s in ol ed
in WP1 (ULE, IDE, SINT, WR, NIC, ICSO, FEY, ECRT, AND, CID).
3. Recycling scena ios and p ocedu es
Two di e en concep s mus be conside ed in his deli e able:
The mose deg ada ion, poin ing o he comple e deg ada ion o
he polyme [e.g., by enzyma ic, mic obiological (using na u al
isola es o gene ically modi ied o ganisms, GMO), and/o
chemical p ocesses]. Fo example, enzyma ic p ocesses a e o en
slow and he eac ion a es need o be imp o ed.
The mose ecycling ( o al/pa ial) e e s o b eaking down he
polyme in o use ul building blocks ha can be eused (no
necessa ily as he same p oduc ).
In addi ion, h ee main ques ions help o de ine he possible ecycling
scena ios:
• Wha do we wan o ob ain as ecycling p oduc ?
• Whe e can we do i ?
• How can we do i ?
The ollowing summa y ables condense di e en aspec s o he
p oposed app oaches o ESTELLA.
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
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T ying o answe he p oposed ques ions, possible ecycling scena ios
can be as ollows:
Epoxy inal a e
Deg ada ion
Recycling ( o al / pa ial)
Being able o ully deg ade he ein o ced epoxy
composi es o basal molecules NH3 and/o CO2
(depending on he composi ion). The con aminan
epoxy ma e ial is aken ou o ci cula ion and no by-
p oduc s o composi e componen s will be
eco e ed.
Being able o eco e na u al ib es,
epoxy esins, p ecu so s, mix u es o hem
o by-p oduc s o he p ocess. Pa ial
deg ada ion o he he mose
composi es could be needed.
Reco e y o p oduc s wi h in insic economic alue
---
+++ / ++
Based on hese eco e y possibili ies, he loca ion o he ma e ial o be
ecycled o deg aded would be de e mined:
Loca ion o ma e ial: ecycling condi ions
Fully con ined (e.g., e men e )
Pa ially con ined (e.g.,
ecycling plan a ea)
Con amina ed en i onmen
This is he scena io sui able o
GMO (gene ically modi ied
o ganisms) and/o enzyme
addi ion
Na u al isola ed
mic oo ganisms (no GMO)
and enzymes (e.g., powde )
Na u al isola ed
mic oo ganisms (no GMO)
and enzymes (e.g., powde )
Con olled eco e y o p oduc s wi h in insic economic alue
+++
++
---
Con ol o e condi ions o he p ocess
Fully con olled
Pa ially con olled
Uncon olled
The bio echnological de elopmen s included in he ESTELLA applica ion
should be in conco dance wi h he ecycling condi ions:
Bio echnological deg ada ion (Mic oo ganisms / Enzymes)
Wild ype mic oo ganisms
GMO mic oo ganisms
Enzymes
Na u al isola es can be used
unde con ined and no
con ined condi ions
Manda o y: con olled and
con ined condi ions mus be
applied
F ee en i onmen al
applica ion could be
easible
Reco e y o by-p oduc s o he mose componen
Condi ioned o he applica ion loca ion
G an Ag eemen 101058371 – P ojec ESTELLA
ESTELLA_D1.4
©ESTELLA - This is he p ope y o ESTELLA Pa ies: shall no be dis ibu ed/ ep oduced wi hou o mal app o al o ESTELLA Gene al
Assembly.
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Mechanical ecycling implies he design o a pipeline boa ding di e en
p ocedu es o each a sui able p ocess:
Mechanical ecycling
G inding p ocess
F ac ions sepa a ion
Reduc ion o ma e ial olume by cu ing,
sh edding, and c ushing
Ma e ial classi ica ion (cyclones, sie es) and
sepa a ion in di e en ac ions o ma e ial
en ichmen ( ib e- and/o esin-en iched
ac ions)
Reco e y he mose componen
A hin powde ac ion wi h a highe p opo ional amoun o ibe and polyme han he o iginal
composi e
Chemical ecycling me hodologies mus add ess se e al aspec s o he
composi e:
Chemical ecycling
Tempe a u e
condi ions
Depolyme iza ion
s a egies
Mechanical
p ope ies
Speci ic issues
To a oid he mal
deg ada ion o
na u al ib es,
empe a u es below
160-200 ºC should be
used
Depolyme ized
p oduc ob aining
should be easible bo h
a labo a o y and
indus ial le el
Mechanical
p ope ies o
discon inuous ib e
could equi e
p e ious sh edding
s eps
-Fib e laye s should be
easily delamina ed
-Depolyme iza ion
wo k-up condi ions
should be easible
-Resin- ib e adhesion
should be con olled
Reco e y he mose componen
P ope in eg a ion o all equi emen s will suppo he chemical ecycling p ocess o each
aluable componen ( ib es, polyme s o aluable by-p oduc s)
4. Gene al guide o he ESTELLA ecycling p ocess
The p esen ed scena ios and conce ns ega ding he ecycling
p ocesses p o ide he answe s o he ini ially p oposed ques ions aimed
o eco e : i) ibe (by deg ada ion o esins); ii) epoxy esin (by
deg ada ion o ibe s); iii) bo h (pa ial deg ada ion o each
compound); o (i ) in e es ing by-p oduc s.
Wha do we wan o ob ain as ecycling p oduc ?
The main aim o he ecycling p ocess is o ob ain ib es and epoxy esin.
This way, one o bo h ac ions can be eused o ob ain new ma e ials. I
any, a limi ed deg ada ion in each ac ion can be ca ied ou , which
would allow he euse o bo h.
