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MINI-REVIEW a icle
Ex ac ion o la onoids om na u al sou ces using mode n echniques: A e iew
Ka hi aja A S * , Kowsalya K Du ga S i R , Re a hi S , and Ka hika A
Depa men o Pha maceu ical Analysis, The E ode College o Pha macy and Resea ch Ins i u e,
E ode-638112, Tamil Nadu, India
* Au ho o whom co espondence should be add essed
A icle numbe : 16, Recei ed: 10-11-2025, Accep ed: 26-11-2025, Published online: 28-11-2025
HOW TO CITE THIS
Ka hi aja e al. Ex ac ion o la onoids om na u al sou ces using mode n echniques: A e iew.
Medi e J Med Med Sci. 2025; 1(3): 43-46. [A icle numbe : 16]. h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17738965
Keywo ds: Bioac i e compounds, la onoids ex ac ion, g een ex ac ion echniques
Abs ac : Fla onoids, a majo class o bioac i e polyphenols p esen in plan s, exhibi an ioxidan , an i-
in lamma o y, and an imic obial p ope ies. Thei ex ac ion plays a c ucial ole in he pha maceu ical,
nu aceu ical, and ood indus ies. T adi ional ex ac ion me hods, such as p olonged sol en -based echniques
in ol ing ele a ed empe a u es, o en su e om ine iciency and compound deg ada ion. Mode n ex ac ion
echnologies, including mic owa e-assis ed ex ac ion, ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion, p essu ized liquid
ex ac ion, and supe c i ical luid ex ac ion, o e imp o ed e iciency, educed sol en consump ion, and
enhanced p ese a ion o bioac i e in eg i y. This e iew ocuses on hese ad anced me hods, highligh ing
ope a ional pa ame e s, ad an ages, limi a ions, and ecen imp o emen s, wi h an emphasize on g een and
sus ainable ex ac ion.
In oduc ion
Fla onoids, a majo class o bioac i e polyphenols p esen in plan s, and widely dis ibu ed seconda y
me aboli es con ibu ing o plan de ense and human heal h. They exhibi an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y, and
an imic obial p ope ies. Fla onoids a e s uc u al de i a i es ha we e o med om he phenyl-p opanoid
pa hway, and ha exhibi di e si y in s uc u e and bioa ailabili y o hese compounds [1]. Thei ex ac ion plays
a c ucial ole in he pha maceu ical, nu aceu ical, and ood indus ies [2, 3]. E icien ex ac ion echniques
a e essen ial o maximize yield, sho en p ocessing ime, and minimize en i onmen al impac [4]. such as
p olonged sol en -based echniques in ol ing ele a ed empe a u es, o en su e om ine iciency and
compound deg ada ion [5]. Con en ional ex ac ion p ocesses such as mace a ion and Soxhle ex ac ion a e
simple bu sol en -in ensi e, slow, and p one o deg ada ion o he molabile compounds [6]. Mode n
echniques o e come hese d awbacks by using physical in ensi ica ion me hods o eco- iendly sol en s ha
enhance ex ac ion kine ics and selec i i y [7]. Mode n ex ac ion echnologies, including mic owa e-assis ed
ex ac ion (MAE), ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion (UAE), p essu ized liquid ex ac ion (PLE), and supe c i ical
luid ex ac ion (SFE), p o ide imp o ed e iciency [8], educed sol en consump ion, and enhanced
p ese a ion o bioac i e in eg i y [9-12]. This e iew ocuses on hese ad anced me hods, highligh ing
ope a ional pa ame e s, ad an ages, limi a ions, and ecen imp o emen s emphasizing g een and sus ainable
ex ac ion [13].
Copy igh © 2025. This open-access a icle is dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
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Con en ional ex ac ion echniques
Mace a ion and pe cola ion mace a ion and pe cola ion in ol e p olonged soaking o sol en low h ough
plan ma ices a ambien empe a u e using sol en s such as wa e , e hanol, o me hanol. These me hods a e
simple and sui able o hea -sensi i e compounds bu equi e long p ocessing imes, high sol en usage, and
isk deg ada ion om ex ended exposu e [14].
Soxhle ex ac ion Soxhle ex ac ion uses con inuous sol en e lux o ensu e e icien ex ac ion, bu
p olonged hea ing can deg ade he molabile la onoids, and he p ocess is sol en - and ene gy-in ensi e [2].
Mode n ex ac ion echniques
Mic owa e-assis ed ex ac ion (MAE): Mic owa e ene gy apidly hea s sol en s and plan issues, enhancing
mass ans e h ough dipole o a ion and ionic conduc ion. This accele a es ex ac ion (minu es ins ead o hou s)
while educing sol en use. Excessi e exposu e, howe e , can deg ade sensi i e compounds, and specialized
equipmen is equi ed.
Ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion (UAE) Ul asonica ion induces ca i a ion ha dis up s cell walls, imp o ing
sol en pene a ion. I is ene gy-e icien , scalable, and en i onmen ally iendly bu demands op imiza ion o
equency and du a ion o p e en compound deg ada ion.
P essu ized liquid ex ac ion (PLE)/accele a ed sol en ex ac ion (ASE): PLE u ilizes ele a ed empe a u e and
p essu e o main ain sol en s in a liquid s a e abo e hei boiling poin , enhancing solubili y and di usion. This
deli e s high ex ac ion e iciency and educed p ocessing ime. Ca e ul pa ame e op imiza ion is needed o
a oid he mal decomposi ion.
Supe c i ical luid ex ac ion (SFE): SFE employs supe c i ical CO₂ as a sol en , combining liquid-like sol a ing
powe wi h gas-like di usi i y. I is highly selec i e, lea es no sol en esidues, and p ese es he molabile
compounds. Fo pola la onoids, modi ie s such as e hanol a e o en needed [15].
Enzyme-assis ed ex ac ion (EAE) Cellulases and pec inases hyd olyze plan cell walls, eleasing la onoids unde
mild and eco- iendly condi ions. This biological app oach enhances yield bu can be cos ly and ime-in ensi e.
Elec ic ield-assis ed ex ac ion (pulsed elec ic ield, PEF): PEF uses sho , high- ol age impulses o
pe meabilize cell memb anes, accele a ing mass ans e while e aining compound s abili y. I is non- he mal
and apid bu equi es ca e ul equipmen calib a ion o scalabili y.
Examples o la onoid ex ac ion om plan s: Camellia sinensis (Tea): Ex ac ion wi h 70.0% e hanol unde
e lux (90°C, 6.0 h s.) yields ca echins; op imized MAE condi ions: 60°C, 70.0% e hanol, 80 min, 1: 20 a ios.
Ginkgo biloba: Enzyme p e ea men wi h cellulase and pec inase p io o e hanol ex ac ion enhances la onoid
yield. Ci us species: Sequen ial Soxhle ex ac ion using chlo o o m, e hyl ace a e, and me hanol concen a es
la onoids in pola ac ions. Glycy hiza glab a (Lico ice): Me hanol o e hanol ex ac ion, imp o ed wi h
ul asonic-cold plasma me hods o glycy hizic acid. Scu ella ia baicalensis (Chinese Skullcap): Ul asonic
ex ac ion using 53.0% e hanol yields baicalin- ich ex ac s wi h condi ions op imized a 62°C o 2.0 h s.
Sopho a japonica: Wa e e lux ollowed by esin pu i ica ion p oduces u in and kaemp e ol; UAE signi ican ly
imp o es yields. Vi is ini e a (G apes): Ex ac ion wi h e hanol o wa e unde ambien o ASE condi ions
eco e s la anols e ec i ely. Allium cepa (Onion): MAE wi h 62.0% me hanol a 56°C o wo minu es
op imizes an hocyanin eco e y; UAE isola es que ce in e icien ly. Silybum ma ianum (Milk This le):
Ul asound ex ac ion in e hanol yields high-pu i y silyma in. T i olium p a ense (Red Clo e ): Re lux o
ul asound ex ac ion using e hanol-wa e mix u es e ec i ely isola es iso la ones.
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Conclusion: Mode n ex ac ion me hods signi ican ly imp o e e iciency, sus ainabili y, and p ese a ion o
bioac i e compounds compa ed o con en ional p ocesses. Con inued esea ch ocuses on hyb id ex ac ion
sys ems, esponse su ace me hodology o op imiza ion, and he de elopmen o na u al deep eu ec ic sol en s
(NADES) and ionic liquids o g een ex ac ion. Indus ial-scale adap a ion o hese g eene and mo e e icien
me hods will be impo an o cos -e ec i e and eco- iendly la onoid p oduc ion.
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Au ho con ibu ion: KAS & RS concei ed and designed he s udy. KAS, KK, RS & KA collec ed da a. KAS, DSR & RS
con ibu ed o da a analysis. KAS, KK & KA d a ed he manusc ip / e ised i o impo an in ellec ual con ex . All he au ho s
app o ed he inal e sion o he manusc ip and ag eed o be accoun able o i s con en s.
Con lic o in e es : The au ho s decla e he absence o any comme cial o inancial ela ionships ha could be cons ued as a
po en ial con lic o in e es .
E hical issues: The au ho s comple ely obse ed e hical issues, including plagia ism, in o med consen , da a ab ica ion o
alsi ica ion, and double publica ion o submission.
Gene a i e AI disclosu e: No gene a i e AI was used in he p epa a ion o his manusc ip .
