ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 2022-
2.889, 2024-6.875 Resea chBib IF: 9.948 / 2024
VOLUME-5, ISSUE-11
915
THE ESSENCE OF GEODETIC NETWORKS AND GEODETIC POINTS
Tu diye Shah iyo bek Bakh iyo o ich
G -mail: [email p o ec ed]
Mu odaliye Rus ambek Ramazono ich
G -mail: @ us am[email p o ec ed]
Khamdamo Akba Akmalo ich
[email p o ec ed]
The s uden s o Te mez S a e Uni e si y o Enginee ing and Ag o echnologies.
ABSTRACT
This a icle examines he concep ual and p ac ical ounda ions o geode ic ne wo ks and geode ic
poin s, which cons i u e he backbone o geospa ial posi ioning and mapping. I elucida es hei
s uc u al hie a chy, classi ica ion, and es ablishmen me hodologies, emphasizing he in eg a ion o
mode n sa elli e-based geodesy and geoin o ma ion echnologies. The s udy highligh s he ele ance
o geode ic amewo ks in ensu ing p ecision, spa ial da a consis ency, and global in e ope abili y in
con empo a y su eying and enginee ing p ac ices.
Keywo ds: Geodesy, geode ic ne wo k, geode ic poin , GNSS, e e ence sys em, spa ial da a
in as uc u e, geospa ial accu acy.
1. INTRODUCTION
Geodesy, as a undamen al Ea h science, ocuses on de e mining he Ea h’s geome ic shape,
o ien a ion in space, and g a i y ield (To ge & Mülle , 2012). Wi hin his domain, geode ic ne wo ks
and geode ic poin s se e as he essen ial in as uc u al elemen s ha p o ide he physical and
ma hema ical ounda ion o all spa ial and geoin o ma ion sys ems. They es ablish a uni ied
coo dina e amewo k enabling accu a e measu emen , mapping, and moni o ing o na u al and
an h opogenic objec s.
The essence o geode ic ne wo ks lies no only in hei geome ic con igu a ion bu also in hei
capaci y o in eg a e measu emen s ac oss spa ial and empo al scales. Acco ding o Ho mann-
Wellenho , Lich enegge , and Wasle (2008), mode n geodesy has e ol ed om adi ional
iangula ion-based ne wo ks o complex sa elli e-based sys ems ha acili a e global co e age and
millime e -le el p ecision.
2. Concep and Classi ica ion o Geode ic Ne wo ks
A geode ic ne wo k is de ined as a sys em o in e linked geode ic poin s whose coo dina es a e
de e mined wi h a speci ied deg ee o accu acy, o ming a spa ial amewo k o mapping and
su eying ac i i ies (Vaníček & K akiwsky, 1986). These ne wo ks a e hie a chically s uc u ed o
ensu e posi ional consis ency be ween highe - and lowe -o de con ol poin s.
Geode ic ne wo ks can be classi ied as ollows (Romano & Selezne , 2010):
• Fundamen al ( i s -o de ) ne wo ks — es ablished on a na ional o con inen al scale, using
he mos p ecise measu emen s;
• Seconda y (second- and hi d-o de ) ne wo ks — used o densi y he con ol amewo k
and suppo egional su eys;
ISSN: 2582-4686 SJIF 2021-3.261,SJIF 2022-
2.889, 2024-6.875 Resea chBib IF: 9.948 / 2024
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• Local o enginee ing ne wo ks — designed o speci ic p ojec s such as cons uc ion,
in as uc u e, o cadas al mapping.
The undamen al ne wo k ac s as a geospa ial backbone linking local coo dina e sys ems o global
e e ence ames such as he Wo ld Geode ic Sys em 1984 (WGS 84) (NGA, 2019).
3. Geode ic Poin s and Thei Func ional Cha ac e is ics
A geode ic poin (also e e ed o as a geode ic s a ion o benchma k) ep esen s a physically ma ked
posi ion on he Ea h's su ace wi h accu a ely de e mined geode ic coo dina es. These coo dina es
a e ypically exp essed in geog aphic (la i ude, longi ude, and ellipsoidal heigh ) o plane ec angula
sys ems (X, Y, Z).
Acco ding o Ka ashe (2004), geode ic poin s a e di ided in o h ee p incipal ca ego ies:
1. Planime ic poin s, which de e mine ho izon al posi ions;
2. Al ime ic poin s, which es ablish e ical con ol h ough le eling;
3. Combined geode ic poin s, p o iding bo h ho izon al and e ical coo dina es o in eg a ed
mapping.
Each poin is monumen ed using du able ma ke s such as conc e e pilla s, me allic pla es, o
unde g ound benchma ks o ensu e long- e m s abili y and e-iden i ica ion. Main enance o hese
ma ks is c ucial o p ese ing he geode ic in as uc u e’s eliabili y o e decades (No mu odo ,
2018).
4. Es ablishmen and Obse a ion Techniques
The es ablishmen o geode ic ne wo ks has unde gone a p o ound ans o ma ion o e he pas
cen u y. Classical geodesy elied on iangula ion, ila e a ion, and as onomical obse a ions,
using ins umen s such as heodoli es and dis ance me e s (Vaníček & K akiwsky, 1986). Howe e ,
he con empo a y geode ic amewo k inc easingly depends on sa elli e posi ioning echnologies,
p ima ily Global Na iga ion Sa elli e Sys ems (GNSS) — including GPS (USA), GLONASS
(Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China).
Seebe (2003) emphasizes ha GNSS-based geodesy enables simul aneous, high-p ecision coo dina e
de e mina ion o e as a eas, signi ican ly enhancing p oduc i i y and spa ial esolu ion. Mo eo e ,
he use o Con inuously Ope a ing Re e ence S a ions (CORS) allows eal- ime kinema ic (RTK)
posi ioning wi h cen ime e -le el accu acy.
In Uzbekis an, ecen ad ancemen s in na ional geode ic in as uc u e ha e ocused on in eg a ing
CORS ne wo ks and de eloping a uni ied spa ial e e ence sys em (Muhammadie & Hamido ,
2020).
5. Scien i ic and P ac ical Signi icance
The p ac ical impo ance o geode ic ne wo ks and geode ic poin s ex ends ac oss a ious scien i ic
and applied ields:
• Ca og aphy and GIS — ensu ing he geome ic in eg i y o spa ial da ase s (IAG, 2020);
• Enginee ing and cons uc ion — enabling p ecise alignmen o s uc u es and la ge-scale
in as uc u e p ojec s;
• Land managemen and cadas e — p o iding legal bounda ies and p ope y egis a ion
amewo ks (UN-GGIM, 2016);
• En i onmen al and geodynamic s udies — moni o ing c us al de o ma ions, sea le el
changes, and seismic ac i i y;
• Na iga ion and anspo — suppo ing global and local posi ioning sys ems.
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As Ho mann-Wellenho e al. (2008) no e, he in eg a ion o geode ic da a wi hin spa ial da a
in as uc u es (SDIs) con ibu es o sus ainable de elopmen and global spa ial in e ope abili y.
6. Mode n T ends and Technological Inno a ions
Con empo a y geodesy inc easingly inco po a es au oma ion, emo e sensing, and da a analy ics.
The adop ion o InSAR (In e e ome ic Syn he ic Ape u e Rada ) and LiDAR (Ligh De ec ion
and Ranging) echnologies acili a es high- esolu ion modeling o he Ea h’s su ace. Addi ionally,
he usion o geode ic and geophysical da a enhances ou unde s anding o ec onic and clima ic
p ocesses (To ge & Mülle , 2012).
The Global Geode ic Re e ence F ame (GGRF), endo sed by he Uni ed Na ions in 2015,
ep esen s a majo miles one in global coope a ion o main ain a uni ied e e ence sys em o Ea h
obse a ion and sus ainable de elopmen (UN-GGIM, 2016).
7. Conclusion
Geode ic ne wo ks and geode ic poin s o m he scien i ic and p ac ical ounda ion o mode n spa ial
da a in as uc u es. Thei es ablishmen , main enance, and con inual mode niza ion a e
indispensable o accu a e geospa ial measu emen , mapping, and global posi ioning. The
con e gence o classical geodesy and ad anced sa elli e-based echnologies ensu es ha geode ic
amewo ks emain in eg al o sus ainable de elopmen , scien i ic esea ch, and enginee ing
inno a ion.
The con inuous e olu ion o geode ic science — h ough au oma ion, digi al ans o ma ion, and
global coope a ion — e lec s humani y’s endu ing endea o o measu e, model, and unde s and he
dynamic plane we inhabi .
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