Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
Ulusla a ası Sağlık, Egze siz e Spo Bilimle i De gisi, (2024)
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h,
Exe cise, and Spo Sciences
(IJOSS) ISSN: 3023-8382
RESEARCH ARTICLE / A aş ı ma Makalesi Open Access/Açık E işim
IJOSS
© The Au ho (s), 2024. Open Access.
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Do P i a e Fi ness Cen e s Mee Use s' Expec a ions?
Özel i ness salonla ı,kullanıcıla ın beklen ile ini ka şılıyo mu?
Fa ih Olcaş1*, Özhan Ba lı2
Abs ac
The pu pose o his s udy is o examine he pe cep ions o indi iduals who go o p i a e i ness
cen e s abou se ice expec a ions and he se ice quali y hey ecei e in hese acili ies. Fo his
pu pose, a se ice quali y scale was applied o 374 indi iduals who go o egula i ness cen e s.
When he scale sco es we e analyzed, i was unde s ood ha he o al se ice quali y scale
sco es o he pa icipan s we e high and he acili ies me hei expec a ions. In addi ion,
signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he expec a ion sco es and pe cei ed sco es in he
pe sonnel, p og am, locke ooms and acili y sub-dimensions (p<0,05). The analysis showed
ha he only signi ican di e ence was in he P og am expec ed, whe e women had highe
expec a ions han men (p:0.002). In addi ion, signi ican ela ionship as ound be ween age and
mon hly income ha he e is a signi ican posi i e co ela ion ( = 0.578, p < 0.01), meaning as
age inc eases, mon hly income ends o inc ease as well. In ligh o hese indings, i can be said
ha in o de o inc ease he se ice quali y pe cei ed by use s, i would be bene icial o hem
o gi e impo ance o pe sonnel aining, inc ease acili y oppo uni ies and gi e impo ance o
p og am di e si y
Keywo ds Fi ness cen e , se ice quali y, acili y managemen , use sa is ac ion.
ÖZ
Bu çalışmanın amacı, özel spo salonla ına giden bi eyle in hizme beklen ile i e bu mekanla da
aldıkla ı hizme kali esine ilişkin algıla ını incelemek i . Bu amaçla düzenli spo salonla ına giden
374 bi eye hizme kali esi ölçeği uygulanmış ı . Ölçek puanla ı incelendiğinde ka ılımcıla ın
oplam hizme kali esi ölçeği puanla ının yüksek olduğu e mekanla ın beklen ile ini ka şıladığı
anlaşılmış ı . Ay ıca pe sonel, p og am, soyunma odala ı e esis al boyu la ında beklen i
puanla ı ile algılanan puanla a asında anlamlı a k bulunmuş u (p<0,05). Analiz sonucunda ek
anlamlı a kın P og am beklen isinde olduğu, kadınla ın e kekle den daha yüksek beklen ile e
sahip olduğu gö ülmüş ü (p:0,002). Ay ıca yaş ile aylık geli a asında anlamlı pozi i ko elasyon
olduğu ( =0,578, p<0,01), yani yaş a ıkça aylık geli in de a ma eğiliminde olduğu bulunmuş u .
Bu bulgula ışığında, kullanıcıla ın algıladıkla ı hizme kali esinin a ı ılması için pe sonel
eği imle ine önem e ilmesi, esis imkânla ının a ı ılması e p og am çeşi liliğine önem
e ilmesinin ya a lı olacağı söylenebili .
Anah a Kelimele Fi ness salonu, hizme kali esi, esis yöne imi, kullanıcı memnuniye i.
h ps://www.ijoss.o g/A chi e/issue2- olume2/ijoss-Volume2-issue2-18.pd
*Co espondence:
Fa ih OLCAŞ
olcas_6432@ho mail.com
1Çanakkale Onsekiz Ma Uni e si y,
G adua e Educa ion Ins i u e,
Depa men o Spo s
Managemen ,
olcas_6432@ho mail.com
2Çanakkale Onsekiz Ma Uni e si y,
Facul y o Spo Sciences,
Depa men o Spo s
Managemen ,
ozhanba [email protected].
This s udy is de i ed om he
mas e 's hesis o he i s au ho .
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17670818
Recei ed / Gönde im: 07.05.2025
Accep ed / Kabul: 25.06.2025
Published / Yayın: 30.06.2025
Volume 2, Issue 2, June, 2025
Cil 2, Sayı 2, Hazi an, 2025
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 193 o 201
In oduc ion
The p oli e a ion o p i a e spo s acili ies has become a signi ican ace o he mode n
i ness indus y, ca e ing o he di e se needs o indi iduals seeking specialized se ices.
As compe i ion in ensi ies, he emphasis on se ice quali y wi hin hese es ablishmen s
has ga ne ed subs an ial a en ion om bo h p ac i ione s and schola s. Unde s anding
and enhancing se ice quali y is pi o al, as i di ec ly in luences cus ome sa is ac ion,
loyal y, and he o e all success o spo s acili ies. Despi e he bu geoning g ow h o
p i a e spo s acili ies, he e exis s a no able a iance in he quali y o se ices p o ided.
This inconsis ency poses challenges in mee ing cus ome expec a ions and e aining
clien ele. S udies ha e indica ed ha ac o s such as acili y cleanliness, s a
p o essionalism, p og am di e si y, and equipmen quali y signi ican ly impac
pe cei ed se ice quali y (Yiği & Soye , 2023). Howe e , disc epancies in hese a eas
o en lead o diminished cus ome sa is ac ion and loyal y. Fo ins ance, esea ch by
Buğdaycı (2018) e ealed ha membe s o bo h p i a e and public spo s cen e s in
Konya pe cei ed se ice quali y nega i ely, highligh ing a eas needing imp o emen .
Such indings unde sco e he p essing need o sys ema ically examine and add ess
se ice quali y dimensions wi hin p i a e spo s acili ies.
This s udy aims o conduc a comp ehensi e examina ion o he se ice quali y
p o ided in p i a e spo s acili ies. By analyzing a ious dimensions o se ice quali y—
such as in e ac ion quali y, physical en i onmen , p og am quali y, and ou come
quali y— his esea ch seeks o iden i y s eng hs and a eas o imp o emen . The s udy
will u ilize es ablished se ice quali y assessmen ools o e alua e cus ome pe cep ions
and expec a ions, he eby p o iding a nuanced unde s anding o he cu en se ice
landscape in p i a e spo s acili ies. E alua ing se ice quali y in p i a e spo s acili ies
is c ucial o se e al easons. Fi s ly, high se ice quali y is di ec ly linked o inc eased
cus ome sa is ac ion and loyal y, which a e essen ial o he sus ainabili y and
p o i abili y o hese es ablishmen s (Lee, 2017; Yılmazoğlu & Çakı , 2023; Ök em, 2022).
Secondly, unde s anding se ice quali y dimensions allows acili y manage s o
implemen a ge ed imp o emen s, enhancing o e all cus ome expe ience. Fo
example, Yiği and Yu se en (2020) ound a posi i e ela ionship be ween se ice
quali y and he in en ion o epu chase se ices in mul i-pu pose ec ea ional spo s
acili ies, emphasizing he impo ance o quali y enhancemen . Mo eo e , insigh s om
his s udy can in o m aining p og ams o s a , ensu ing ha employees possess he
necessa y skills and knowledge o mee and exceed cus ome expec a ions. Addi ionally,
he indings can guide policy o mula ion and s anda d-se ing wi hin he indus y,
p omo ing a cul u e o excellence and con inuous imp o emen .
Ex ensi e esea ch has been conduc ed on se ice quali y in spo s acili ies,
p o iding a ounda ion o his s udy. Yiği and Soye (2023) in es iga ed he e ec o
pe cei ed se ice quali y on cus ome loyal y in spo s- i ness acili ies, highligh ing he
signi icance o in e ac ion, ou pu , and p og am quali y. Simila ly, Buğdaycı (2018)
examined se ice quali y pe cep ions in p i a e and public spo s cen e s, e ealing
nega i e pe cep ions and he need o enhancemen s. Lee (2017) explo ed he
ela ionship be ween se ice quali y and cus ome loyal y, emphasizing he oles o
acili ies and ins uc o s. Fu he mo e, Yiği and Yu se en (2020) analyzed he link
be ween se ice quali y and epu chase in en ion, unde sco ing he impo ance o
se ice quali y in cus ome e en ion. These s udies collec i ely highligh he
mul i ace ed na u e o se ice quali y and i s c i ical ole in he success o spo s acili ies.
In conclusion, he examina ion o se ice quali y in p i a e spo s acili ies is
impe a i e o enhancing cus ome sa is ac ion and ensu ing he long- e m success o
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 194 o 201
hese es ablishmen s. By iden i ying and add essing a eas o imp o emen , acili y
manage s can implemen s a egies ha align se ices wi h cus ome expec a ions,
os e ing loyal y and posi i e wo d-o -mou h. This s udy aims o con ibu e o he
exis ing body o knowledge by p o iding ac ionable insigh s and p ac ical
ecommenda ions o s akeholde s in he spo s and i ness indus y.
Ma e ial and Me hod
Pa icipan s
I was planned o include a o al o 321 people o e he age o 18 who go o p i a e spo s
cen e s in he cen al dis ic o Çanakkale p o ince in he s udy. A o al o 321 people
ou o 1926 people egis e ed in a o al o 16 p i a e spo s halls in he cen e o
Çanakkale we e in i ed as pa icipan s in he s udy. In o de o p e en e o in sample
selec ion, he o mula (N=N 2pq/d2 (N-1)+ 2pq) was used, which was aken in o
accoun in he known uni e se size (Sümbüloğlu, 1994). When he o mula, which
calcula es he sample size wi h a ma gin o e o o 0.05, was used, he numbe o samples
o be aken om a popula ion o 1926 wi h he s a i ica ion echnique was de e mined
as 321. Howe e , hose who wan ed o pa icipa e olun a ily in he s udy we e no
u ned away and a o al o 374 people we e included in he s udy.Acco ding o he esul s
o he powe analysis, wi h he sample size o 374 pa icipan s used in his s udy and he
speci ied assump ions (e ec size: 0.5, signi icance le el: 0.05), he powe was calcula ed
as 1.0. This indica es ha his s udy has a s ong design and a e y high likelihood o
achie ing s a is ically signi ican esul s.
Da a collec ion echnique
The da a o he s udy we e collec ed by isi ing p i a e i ness and spo s cen e s be ween
Decembe 2023 and Ma ch 2024, and a e he necessa y explana ions we e made abou
he impo ance and scope o he s udy, he “Se ice Quali y Assessmen Scale (QAS)”
o m, which includes 13 demog aphic and 34 7-poin Like - ype ques ions, was illed
ace o ace by he olun ee pa icipan s.
The da a in he s udy we e ob ained using he demog aphic in o ma ion o m and
se ice quali y scale de eloped by he esea che , which included ques ions such as age,
gende , mon hly income, ma i al s a us, le el o i ness cen e use.
Se ice Quali y Assessmen Scale
In he s udy, in o ma ion was collec ed by using he "Se ice Quali y Assessmen Scale",
which was adap ed by Lam (2000) and ansla ed in o Tu kish by Gü büz (2005) o
analyze he se ice quali y in spo s and i ness cen e s. The o iginal alue o he scale
includes 40 i ems in 5 sub-dimensions, including pe sonnel, p og am, locke ooms,
acili ies and child ca e. Howe e , he "child ca e" sub-dimension was no used in ou
s udy. The eason o his si ua ion is ha he i ness and spo s cen e s whe e ou
esea ch was conduc ed gene ally do no p o ide child ca e se ices. The sub-
dimensions and i em s uc u e o he scale used in ou s udy we e e alua ed wice as
"expec ed se ice" and "pe cei ed se ice". In he expec ed se ice sec ion, pa icipan s
we e asked o indica e he impo ance le el o he ela ed i em. In he pe cei ed se ice
sec ion, hey we e asked o indica e o wha ex en he ele an op ion was me . A 7-
poin Like scale was used while collec ing he esponses. While 1 poin o he expec ed
se ice means "less impo an " and 7 poin s means " e y impo an ", 1 poin o he
pe cei ed se ice means "poo " and 7 poin s means "excellen ". As a esul , i is obse ed
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 195 o 201
ha as he a e ages o he sco es ob ained om each i em and sub-dimension inc ease
wi h he gene al a e age, hei desi es and pe cep ions inc ease (Lam, 2000).
S a is ical Analysis
The da a ob ained as a esul o he su ey was analyzed wi h he SPSS p og am. Fi s ,
he no mali y es was applied o he da a. Kolmogo ow-Smi no and Shapi o–Wilk
es s a e applied o see whe he he da a is no mally dis ibu ed. Since he numbe o
samples in his s udy is mo e han 30, he “Kolmogo o -Smi no es ” esul was aken
in o accoun . Acco ding o he esul o he Kolmogo ow-Smi no es , p<0.05 is less
han, he e o e, he da a does no show a no mal dis ibu ion. Fo his eason, non-
pa ame ic es s we e used when es ing he hypo heses in he s udy. The Mann-
Whi ney U es was used o pai ed g oup compa isons, and he K uskal-Wallis es was
used o compa isons o 3 o mo e g oups. Demog aphic da a a e shown as pe cen age
(%) equency (n), mean (x) and s anda d de ia ion (ss). Fo compa ison esul s, p<0.05
was conside ed signi ican . The eliabili y a e (C onbach Alpha alue) o he Se ice
Quali y Assessmen Scale (QAAS) used in he s udy was ound o be 0.945.
E hical App o al
This s udy was conduc ed in acco dance wi h he e hical p inciples ou lined in he
Decla a ion o Helsinki and s udy was app o ed by he Çanakkale Onsekiz Ma
Uni e si y G adua e Educa ion Ins i u e Scien i ic Resea ch E hics Commi ee wi h he
decision numbe ed 14/69 da ed 23.11.2023. In addi ion, he indi iduals who pa icipa ed
in he s udy signed a consen o m s a ing ha hey pa icipa ed in he s udy olun a ily.
Findings
The desc ip i e cha ac e is ics o he indi iduals pa icipa ing in he s udy ega ding
hei use o i ness cen e s a e shown in Table 1. When he able is examined, i can be
seen ha 57% o he pa icipan s go o hese gyms o be heal hy. 47.3% o he pa icipan s
go o i ness cen e s mos equen ly 3-4 days a week. In addi ion, 58.6% o he
pa icipan s ha e been membe s o i ness cen e s o less han 1 yea .
Table 1 : Dis ibu ion o pa icipan s' i ness cen e usage cha ac e is ics (n-%)
Pu poses o Going o he
n
%
Being Heal hy
213
57,0
Weigh Con ol 45 12,0
Expanding My Social Ci cle 5 1,3
Good Physical Appea ance 82 21,9
F ee Time E alua ion 14 3,7
O he 15 4,0
To al 374 100,0
How Long Ha e You Been a
Less Than 1 Yea 219 58.6
1-2 Yea s 91 24.3
3 Yea s and Abo e 64 17.1
To al 374 100,0
How Many Days a Week Do
1-2 Days 132 35,3
3.Nis 177 47,3
5 Days and Abo e 65 17.4
To al 374 100,0
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 196 o 201
The desc ip i e analysis o he pa icipan s' esponses o he se ice quali y scale and
he esul s o he pai ed g oups T-Tes analysis a e shown in Table 2. When he able is
examined, i is seen ha he pa icipan s' expec a ion sco e a e ages in he scale sub-
dimensions a e high, while he pe cei ed sco es a e lowe han expec ed. I was also
de e mined ha his di e ence di e ed s a is ically in Expec a ion o S a , P og am,
Locke oom and Facili y sub-dimensions. (p<0,05). On he o he hand, i is obse ed
ha he pa icipan s' o al scale sco e a e ages a e high and he acili ies gene ally mee
hei expec a ions (397,82±41,09).
Table 2 Desc ip i e analysis esul s o scale sub-dimensions
Scale sub-dimensions Sco e ange Minimum
Maximum
Mean S anda De ia ion
S a expec ed 9-63 32,00 63,00 58,52* 5,19
S a pe cei ed 11,00 63,00 49,04 10,50
P og am expec ed
7-49
7,00
49,00
43,55*
6,09
P og am pe cei ed 8,00 49,00 36,47 8,72
Locke oom expec ed 5-35 10,00 35,00 32,90* 3,19
Locke oom pe cei ed
6,00
35,00
27,14
6,33
Facili y expec ed 13-91 34,00 91,00 80,34* 11,46
Facili y pe cei ed 18,00 91,00 70,09 14,13
Scale To al Sco e
68
-
476
267,00
476,00
397,82
41,09
* Signi ican di e ence be ween g oups p<0,05
Table 3 Resul s o he scale sub-dimensions sco e analysis acco ding o he gende
Scale
sub
-
dimensions
Gende
n
X±SD
U
P
S a expec ed
Female
152
59,42±3,99
14853 0,54
Male
221
57,91±5,81
To al
373
58,52±5,19
S a pe cei ed
Female
151
49,06±10,33
16,756,500 0,996
Male
222
49,02±10,64
To al
373
49,04±10,50
P og am expec ed
Female
152
44,70±5,18
13676 0,002
Male
222
42,76±6,53
To al
374
43,55±6,09
P og am pe cei ed
Female
152
36,35±9,03
16813 0,954
Male
222
36,55±8,53
To al
374
36,47±8,72
Locke oom expec ed
Female
152
33,21±2,82
15,609 0,184
Male
222
32,68±3,41
To al
374
32,90±3,19
Locke oom pe cei ed
Female
152
27,07±6,37
16791 0,937
Male
222
27,18±6,33
To al
374
27,14±6,33
Facili y expec ed
Female
152
81,39±10,25
16052,5 0,42
Male
222
79,63±12,19
To al
374
80,34±11,46
Facili y pe cei ed
Female
152
70,00±14,16
16818,5 0,958
Male
222
70,16±14,14
To al
374
70,09±14,13
To al scale sco e
Female
152
401,07±38,6
15480 0,237
Male
222
395,59±42,5
To al
374
397,82±41,09
The esul s o he Mann Whi ney U analysis compa ing he sco es o he
pa icipan s om he scale sub-dimensions acco ding o hei gende a e shown in Table
3. Analysis showed ha , he only signi ican di e ence was in P og am Expec ed, whe e
emales had highe expec a ions han males (p:0,002). All o he sub-dimensions and he
o al scale sco e showed no signi ican gende di e ences.
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 197 o 201
Table 4 Co ela ions be ween a iables.
Age
Mon hly income
Scale o al sco e
Age
1
,578
**
,070
p
,000
,179
N
374
374
372
Mon hly income
,578
**
1
-
,088
p
,000
,092
N
374
374
372
Scale o al sco e
,070
-
,088
1
p
,179
,092
N
372
372
372
**. Co ela ion is signi ican a he 0.01 le el (2
-
ailed).
The analysis esul s examining he ela ionship be ween he scale o al sco e,
mon hly income and age a e shown in Table 4. Acco ding o analysis, he only signi ican
ela ionship is be ween age and mon hly income, while he o he pai s show no
signi ican co ela ions ound. The e is a signi ican posi i e co ela ion ( = 0.578, p <
0.01), meaning as age inc eases, mon hly income ends o inc ease as well.
Discussion
The indings o his s udy p o ide aluable insigh s in o he expec a ions and pe cep ions
o pa icipan s ac oss a ious sub-dimensions o he scale, as well as he in luence o
demog aphic ac o s such as gende , age, and mon hly income. The esul s highligh
signi ican disc epancies be ween expec ed and pe cei ed sco es, gende -based
di e ences in expec a ions, and a no able co ela ion be ween age and mon hly income.
These indings a e consis en wi h p e ious esea ch and con ibu e o he g owing body
o li e a u e on pa icipan sa is ac ion and demog aphic in luences in simila con ex s.
The s udy e ealed ha pa icipan s' expec a ion sco es we e signi ican ly highe
han hei pe cei ed sco es ac oss all sub-dimensions, including s a , p og am, locke
oom, and acili y. This inding aligns wi h he "expec a ion-discon i ma ion heo y,"
which posi s ha sa is ac ion is de e mined by he gap be ween expec a ions and ac ual
expe iences (Oli e , 1980). The high expec a ion sco es sugges ha pa icipan s en e
he p og am wi h op imis ic assump ions abou he quali y o se ices, which may be
in luenced by p io ma ke ing o wo d-o -mou h ecommenda ions. Howe e , he lowe
pe cei ed sco es indica e ha hese expec a ions a e no ully me , po en ially leading o
dissa is ac ion. This disc epancy is consis en wi h indings om o he s udies in se ice
quali y esea ch. Fo ins ance, a s udy by Pei zika e al.(2020) ound ha gaps be ween
expec a ions and pe cep ions a e common in se ice indus ies, pa icula ly in a eas
such as heal hca e, educa ion, and i ness p og ams. The au ho s a gue ha managing
expec a ions h ough clea communica ion and ealis ic p omises is c ucial o
imp o ing pe cei ed quali y.
The s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween expec ed and pe cei ed sco es
ac oss all sub-dimensions (p < 0.05) unde sco e he impo ance o add essing hese gaps.
Fo example, he "p og am" sub-dimension showed he la ges disc epancy, wi h emales
epo ing highe expec a ions han males (p = 0.002). This gende -based di e ence may
e lec a ying p io i ies o p e e ences be ween male and emale pa icipan s, as
sugges ed by p e ious esea ch. A s udy by Ande son e al. (2001) ound ha women
o en place g ea e emphasis on p og am s uc u e and suppo in i ness and wellness
p og ams, which may explain hei highe expec a ions. Add essing hese gende -
speci ic needs could help b idge he gap be ween expec a ions and pe cep ions,
ul ima ely imp o ing pa icipan sa is ac ion.
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 198 o 201
The analysis e ealed ha he only signi ican gende di e ence was in he "p og am
expec ed" sub-dimension, whe e emales had highe expec a ions han males. This
inding is consis en wi h esea ch by Calab ese e al. (2016), who ound ha women
end o ha e highe expec a ions o s uc u ed p og ams, pa icula ly in con ex s
in ol ing pe sonal de elopmen o heal h. The au ho s sugges ha hese di e ences
may be oo ed in socializa ion p ocesses, whe e women a e o en encou aged o seek ou
suppo i e and well-o ganized en i onmen s. In con as , men may p io i ize lexibili y
and au onomy, leading o lowe expec a ions o p og am s uc u e. The lack o
signi ican gende di e ences in o he sub-dimensions, such as s a , locke oom, and
acili y, sugges s ha hese aspec s a e pe cei ed simila ly by bo h gende s. This inding
aligns wi h a s udy by León-Quismondo e al. (2020), which ound no signi ican gende
di e ences in pe cep ions o physical acili ies o s a beha io in a simila con ex .
Howe e , he au ho s cau ion ha hese esul s may a y depending on cul u al o
con ex ual ac o s, highligh ing he need o u he esea ch in di e se se ings.
The s udy ound a signi ican posi i e co ela ion be ween age and mon hly income
( = 0.578, p < 0.01), indica ing ha olde pa icipan s end o ha e highe incomes. This
inding is consis en wi h economic heo ies o human capi al, which sugges ha
income ends o inc ease wi h age as indi iduals gain expe ience and skills (Beck e al.,
2016). The s ong co ela ion obse ed in his s udy unde sco es he impo ance o
conside ing demog aphic ac o s when designing p og ams o se ices. Fo example,
olde pa icipan s wi h highe incomes may ha e di e en p e e ences o expec a ions
compa ed o younge pa icipan s wi h lowe incomes. A s udy by Ga cía-Fe nández e
al.(2018) ound ha income le el signi ican ly in luences pa icipa ion in wellness
p og ams, wi h highe -income indi iduals mo e likely o p io i ize con enience and
p emium se ices.The lack o signi ican co ela ions be ween o he demog aphic pai s,
such as gende and income o age and expec a ions, sugges s ha hese ac o s may ha e
limi ed in luence on pa icipan pe cep ions in his con ex . Howe e , his inding
con as s wi h some p e ious esea ch. Fo ins ance, a s udy by Sun and Pan. (2023)
ound ha income le el signi ican ly in luenced expec a ions o acili y quali y in a
i ness cen e se ing. The disc epancy may be due o di e ences in sample
cha ac e is ics o measu emen me hods, highligh ing he need o u he in es iga ion.
The indings o his s udy ha e se e al p ac ical implica ions o p og am designe s
and se ice p o ide s. Fi s , he signi ican gaps be ween expec ed and pe cei ed sco es
sugges a need o imp o ed communica ion and expec a ion managemen . P o ide s
should ensu e ha ma ke ing ma e ials accu a ely e lec he quali y o se ices o e ed,
a oiding exagge a ed claims ha may lead o un ealis ic expec a ions. Addi ionally,
egula eedback mechanisms, such as su eys o ocus g oups, can help iden i y a eas
whe e expec a ions a e no being me and in o m a ge ed imp o emen s.
Second, he gende di e ences in p og am expec a ions highligh he impo ance
o ailo ing se ices o mee he needs o di e se pa icipan g oups. Fo example,
o e ing s uc u ed p og ams wi h clea goals and suppo sys ems may be pa icula ly
appealing o emale pa icipan s, while p o iding lexible op ions may be e mee he
p e e ences o male pa icipan s. A s udy by Richemond,& Needham. (2020) ound ha
gende -speci ic p og amming signi ican ly imp o ed sa is ac ion and e en ion a es in
a wellness p og am, suppo ing he alue o his app oach. Finally, he co ela ion
be ween age and income sugges s ha p o ide s should conside demog aphic ac o s
when designing p icing s uc u es o se ice o e ings. Fo example, olde pa icipan s
wi h highe incomes may be willing o pay a p emium o con enience o addi ional
ea u es, while younge pa icipan s may p io i ize a o dabili y (Punj, 2015). While his
s udy p o ides aluable insigh s, i is no wi hou limi a ions. Fi s , he sample was
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 199 o 201
limi ed o a speci ic geog aphic and cul u al con ex , which may limi he gene alizabili y
o he indings. Fu u e esea ch should explo e hese ela ionships in di e se se ings o
de e mine whe he he esul s hold ac oss di e en popula ions. Second, he s udy elied
on sel - epo ed da a, which may be subjec o biases such as social desi abili y o ecall
e o . Objec i e measu es, such as obse a ional da a o inancial eco ds, could p o ide
a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o pa icipan pe cep ions and beha io s.
Addi ionally, he s udy did no explo e po en ial media ing o mode a ing ac o s ha
may in luence he ela ionships be ween expec a ions, pe cep ions, and demog aphic
a iables. Fo example, pe sonali y ai s o p io expe iences may play a ole in shaping
expec a ions and pe cep ions. Fu u e esea ch could inco po a e hese ac o s o p o ide
a mo e nuanced unde s anding o he unde lying mechanisms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, his s udy highligh s he impo ance o managing expec a ions and
add essing gende -speci ic needs in p og am design. The signi ican gaps be ween
expec ed and pe cei ed sco es unde sco e he need o imp o ed communica ion and
a ge ed imp o emen s, while he gende di e ences in p og am expec a ions sugges
he alue o ailo ed app oaches. The co ela ion be ween age and income u he
emphasizes he ole o demog aphic ac o s in shaping pa icipan p e e ences and
beha io s. By add essing hese ac o s, p o ide s can enhance pa icipan sa is ac ion
and imp o e he o e all quali y o hei se ices.
Kısal mala / Abb e ia ions
SD S anda d de ia ion
X Mean
SPSS S a is ical Package o he Social Sciences
p alue P obabili y alue
es Independen Samples Tes F alue F s a is ic
N Kişi Sayısı
Min Minimum
Maks Maksimum
Beyanla / Decla a ions
E ik Onay e Ka ılım Onayı / E hics app o al and consen o pa icipa e
Bu çalışmanın hazı lanma e yazım sü ecinde ‘‘Yükseköğ e im Ku umla ı Bilimsel A aş ı ma e Yayın E iği Yöne gesi’’
kapsamında bilimsel, e ik e alın ı ku alla ına uyulmuş olup; oplanan e ile üze inde he hangi bi ah i a yapılmamış
e bu çalışma he hangi başka bi akademik yayın o amına değe lendi me için gönde ilmemiş i . Makale ile ilgili
doğabilecek he ü lü ihlalle de so umluluk yaza a ai i .
Du ing he p epa a ion and w i ing o his s udy, he p inciples o scien i ic in eg i y, e hics, and ci a ion, as s ipula ed
in he ‘‘Highe Educa ion Ins i u ions Scien i ic Resea ch and Publica ion E hics Di ec i e,’’ we e ully obse ed; no
alsi ica ion was made on he collec ed da a, and his s udy has no been submi ed o any o he academic
publica ion pla o m o e alua ion. The au ho bea s ull esponsibili y o any po en ial iola ions ega ding he
a icle.
Ve i Ve Ma e yal E işilebili liği / A ailabili y o da a and ma e ial
Bu çalışmanın bulgula ını des ekleyen e ile , makul aleple üze ine so umlu yaza dan emin edilebili . Ve i se i
yalnızca akademik amaçla için e işilebili olacak e e ile in he hangi bi kullanımı, o ijinal çalışmayı e e ans
gös e ecek e ka ılımcıla ın gizliliğini ko uyacak ı .
The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable eques .
The da ase will be accessible only o academic pu poses, and any use o he da a will ecognize he o iginal s udy
and main ain he con den iali y o he pa icipan s.
Çıka Ça ışması / Compe ing in e es s
Yaza la , bu makalede sunulan çalışmayı e kileyebilecek he hangi bi çıka ça ışması eya kişisel ilişkiye sahip
olmadıkla ını beyan e mek edi le .
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Olcaş & Ba lı, 2025.
In e na ional Jou nal o Heal h, Exe cise, and Spo Sciences Vol 2, issue 2, June
2025 Page 200 o 201
Yaza Ka kıla ı / Au ho s’ Con ibu ion S a emen
Çalışmanın asa ımı e planlanması: F.O., Ö.B.; Ve i oplama, analiz eya yo umlama: F.O., Ö.B.; Makalenin yazımı: F.O.,
Ö.B.; Ve i düzenleme, yön em beli leme, yazım --- özgün aslak, yazım --- gözden geçi me e düzenleme: F.O., Ö.B.; Tüm
yaza la makalenin önemli nok ala ını eleş i el bi şekilde gözden geçi miş i . Tüm yaza la makalenin son halini
onaylamış ı .
S udy design and planning: F.O.,Ö.B.; Da a collec ion, analysis o in e p e a ion: F.O.,Ö.B.; W i ing o he a icle: F.O.,Ö.B.;
Da a cu a ion, me hodology, w i ing --- o iginal d a , w i ing --- e iew and edi ing: F.O.,Ö.B.; All au ho s c i ically
e ised he impo an poin s o he a icle. All au ho s app o ed he inal e sion o he a icle.
Fon Des eği / Funding
None.
Teşekkü / Acknowledgemen s
Çalışmaya gönüllü ola ak ka ılan bi eyle e e anke le in uygulanmasına ya dımcı olan spo salonu işle mecile ine
des ekle i için eşekkü ede iz
We would like o hank he indi iduals who olun ee ed o pa icipa e in he s udy and he i ness cen e owne s
who helped wi h he implemen a ion o he su eys o hei suppo
APA 7 Ci a ion
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