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A SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPROACH TO ENHANCE OPERATIONAL
EFFICIENCY IN A STATE COLLEGE FOOD COURT THROUGH AN
INTEGRATED POS AND INVENTORY PLATFORM
Jenni e B. Maglin e
Facul y, Iligan Compu e Ins i u e, Inc., - Kapa agan,
Kapa agan, Lanao del No e, Philippines
Anamie A. Dela Ce na
Michael Ryan G. Tapi an
Ma. Zaida L. Sulida ios
S uden s, No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College o Science and Technology
Kapa agan, Lanao del No e, Philippines
Hidea Tali ongan
ORCID: 0000-0002-9143-4458
P o esso , School o G adua e S udies, No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College o Science and
Technology
Labuyo, Tangub Ci y, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Fo he pas wel e yea s, he Food Cou a No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College has used a manual sales and
in en o y sys em, esul ing in ine iciencies and delayed epo ing. Resea ch conduc ed h ough in e iews and
su eys e ealed an ob ious need o enhancemen . This esea ch was in ended o c ea e an Au oma ed Poin o
Sale (POS) and In en o y Managemen Sys em ha would s eamline ansac ion p ocessing and allow o
in en o y acking in eal- ime. A mixed-me hods app oach was employed o ga he e idence which includes:
in e iews using an Ishikawa Diag am Analysis, SWOT E alua ion Analysis, BPMN Modelling, and S a egic
planning o iden i y undamen al causes, ope a ional equi emen s, and sys em de elopmen . A simula ion o
ope a ional da a and pos -assessmen o he sys em will show imp o ed accu acy, sho e p ocessing ime, be e
in en o y moni o ing and imp o ed use sa is ac ion. The s udy concludes ha he implemen a ion o he
p oposed POS and In en o y Managemen Sys em will g ea ly enhance ope a ional e iciency, suppo be e
da a-d i en decision-making, and enable he con inued use o echnology by he Food Cou .
Keywo ds:
In en o y Managemen Sys em, Ishikawa Diag am, Sales and In en o y Au oma ion, Business P ocess Model
and No a ion, Poin o Sale Sys em
INTRODUCTION
Food se ice ope a ions, especially in he case o ins i u ional ca e e ias and es au an s, mus ha e he abili y o
moni o in en o y and sales accu a ely in o de o conduc daily sales ansac ions based on s ock coun s. A poo
in en o y sys em has he po en ial o p oduce s ockou s, accoun ing e o s, delayed epo ing, and dissa is ac ion
om cus ome s. (Gill, 2021) s a es ha es au an ope a ions expe ience a high le el o ine iciency due o he
use o ine ec i e manual sys ems o eco ding in en o y and epo ing sales because hey equi e eal- ime
in en o y acking o s ay in s ock and p e en losses, so wi h an e e -g owing demand o p oduc s om ood
businesses, keeping in en o y sys ems as mode n as possible is c i ical in ensu ing ha cus ome s ecei e
con inued dependable se ice while main aining he pe o mance o he ope a ion.
As echnology con inues o e ol e, businesses a e implemen ing poin -o -sale (POS) sys ems and in en o y
managemen h ough au oma ed p ocesses. The in eg a ion o he POS sys em and in en o y managemen
p o ides he ollowing bene i s: The abili y o ack in en o y using ba codes, he abili y o ack in en o y
h ough a da abase, he abili y o gene a e epo s au oma ically, and he abili y o moni o s ock on a eal- ime
basis. The esea ch has demons a ed ha in eg a ing he POS and in en o y sys ems has esul ed in an inc ease
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in speed and accu acy ega ding ansac ions and eco ding o inancial da a, as well as dec eased chance o
human e o . As no ed by (Bashini M & Akilan S, 2022)combining he wo sys ems enables businesses o un
mo e e ec i e and e icien ope a ions, upda e in en o y in o ma ion accu a ely, and make be e -in o med
business decisions om he use o au oma ed da a analysis p ocesses.
Coun ies a ound he wo ld, including Indonesia, India, and he USA, ha e implemen ed widely dis ibu ed
Poin o Sale (POS) In en o y Sys ems o op imize Res au an Ope a ions and dec ease ( he need o ) Human
Rela ed P ocesses. Digi al POS Applica ions p o ide all in e na ional Food Se ice Businesses wi h g ea e
e iciencies, lowe losses, and enhanced Quali y o Se ice (Pendidikan dan Kewi ausahaan e al., 2023).
Con e sely, in The Philippines, mos Food Cou s loca ed a School Facili ies, and small Sys ema ic Ca e e ias
o educa ional ins i u ions, a e s ill dependen on Manual En y and Pape -Based T acking o hei Food
In en o y. This pu s hese ypes o Food Se ice Facili ies a isk o losing da a, inco ec ly epo ing da a o
egula o y bodies, and expe iencing ope a ional delays. E en hough Mode n POS Technology is a ailable,
he e is s ill a lack o adop ion due o limi ed esou ces, insu icien aining oppo uni ies, and high ini ial cos s;
especially o Public Academic Ins i u ions.
Acco ding o (As ani e al., 2024), ou da ed manual sales sys ems a e s ill causing p oblems wi h ansac ion
delays, in en o y disc epancies and inancial disc epancies o a la ge numbe o businesses. No hwes e n
Mindanao S a e College o Science and Technology (NMSCST) Food Cou has been using a manual in en o y
sys em o eco d hei sales and keep ack o hei s ock o mo e han en yea s now. As a esul , NMSCST
Food Cou has had challenges wi h delays in epo ing, inconsis en eco ds and isk da a loss as a esul o
using he old manual in en o y sys em o his ime pe iod. The e o e, he pu pose o his s udy is o de elop
and implemen a new Poin o Sale (POS) and In en o y Managemen Sys em ha will au oma e all
ansac ions; p o ide mo e accu a e, up- o-da e, imely and comp ehensi e epo ing; be e con ol and moni o
s ock in en o y; imp o e o e all e iciency o ood cou ope a ions.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This sec ion p o ides he compila ion o he e iew o ela ed li e a u e and s udies ele an o he s udy.
The echnology associa ed wi h oday’s Poin -o -Sale and in en o y p ocesses has been ound in mul iple ecen
s udies o signi ican ly impac ansac ion p ocessing ime, da a accu acy and manage ial isibili y in ood
se ice se ings. Acco ding o (Gill, 2021), when es au an s ha e access o eal- ime in en o y in o ma ion ia
he use o POS and in en o y echnology, his minimizes he po en ial o human e o when pe o ming s ock
managemen asks and imp o es imely s ock managemen . (Mashayekhy e al., 2022) wi h (Gill, 2021) in
ela ion o ood se ice by indica ing ha by in eg a ing IoT in o he supply chain, he e will be inc eased
isibili y and ope a ional e ec i eness. RFID has also inc eased he speed o i em iden i ica ion and educed
eco d-keeping disc epancies(Alpeshkuma Ka hi iya, 2025). Addi ionally, he e is a end now whe eby mos
cloud-enabled POS sys ems will p o ide a single eposi o y whe e sales and in en o y da a can be accessed;
he e o e, he e will no longe be conce ns ega ding da a co up ion due o he nume ous se ed daily
h oughou di e en loca ions connec ed o one cen al se e . Las ly, mobile POS sys ems p o ide con inuous
accessibili y and acili a e on- he-go ansac ions (Rajan & Sul hana, 2022), and in he nea u u e, he e a e
eme ging echnologies such as AI and ML ha a e being used o p o ide insigh s in o u u e demand and
op imising s ock eplenishmen decisions (Kayode e al., 2025) (Kayode e al., 2025; Khed & S, 2024). (Desai,
2025) no es ha PWAs p o ide a mo e ligh weigh and scalable solu ion o managing in en o ies, as his
me hod allows use s o access hei in en o y ac oss mul iple pla o ms wi hou equi ing he use o ad anced
echnology. O he esea ch indings, such as hose on au oma ed s ock op imiza ion (Be a e al., 2022), ba code-
based eplenishmen logic (Panganiban & Be musa, 2020), and sma POS p o o ypes (Ambo e, 2023), show
ha by combining he a ious echnologies oge he , as -paced ood se ice es ablishmen s expe ience
signi ican gains in e iciency.
A he same ime, a numbe o limi s iden i ied in li e a u e ha may hinde widesp ead low-cos adop ion we e
also men ioned. A key example o his is ha ba code sys ems need o be scanned manually which may lead o
inc eased ime/e o by use s (Panganiban & Be musa, 2020); Addi ionally, many POS sys ems ha can be
bough "o he shel " do no scale well, ha e limi ed epo ing capabili ies, and/o ha e a poo use in e ace
(which p esen s a ba ie o no ice use s) (As ani e al., 2024; Bashini M & Akilan S, 2022; Wijaya & Tanamal,
2025). Acco ding o esea ch conduc ed by (Sihombing, 2024) and (Pasalka e al., 2024), sys ems de eloped
wi hou ollowing "i e a i e use -cen e ed me hodologies" (i.e., es ed wi h use s i e a i ely) o en ha e
signi ican p oblems wi h main ainabili y and usabili y. (Rajan & Sul hana, 2022) ag ee ha many mobile POS
solu ions a e sho on he le el o analy ic sophis ica ion needed o do dynamic in en o y managemen . Fu he ,
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he ad anced op ions o In en o y Managemen Sys ems (IMSs) (such as IoT, RFID, Blockchain, and A i icial
In elligence (AI)) ha e po en ial, bu a e o en limi ed by issues wi h cos , complexi y, and da a secu i y o
small (Anu ag Meh a, 2021; K ishna & Ma egun a, 2025; Ma k e al., 2025; Tan & Sunda akani, 2021).
Nume ous empi ical su eys and case s udies (Gaddam, 2023; Pendidikan dan Kewi ausahaan e al., 2023;
Shaikh e al., 2020; T ipa hi e al., 2021) sugges ha de eloping in en o y managemen sys ems equi es
balancing au oma ion wi h a o dabili y, usabili y, and ease o use; howe e , dynamic in en o y managemen
models (Winkelmann e al., 2024; Zhang e al., 2025) indica e a need o imp o ed o ecas ing h ough mo e
obus in as uc u e.
Ac oss all s udies, a con inuous esea ch gap appea s o exis . The ype o ins i u ion/p o ide sys em u ilized by
en i ies such as a School Food Cou mus p o ide a sys em ha synch onizes oge he nea ly in eal- ime;
p o ides e icien in en o y con ol; p o ides an easy- o-use in e ace; and enables endo s o ins all and ope a e
his ype o sys em quickly and a o dably wi hou he need o echnical expe s. While p e ious s udies
p o ide possible solu ions owa d aspec s o his issue (i.e. he use o cloud/web-based poin -o -sales sys ems:
(Ambo e, 2023); u ilizing web-based sys ems o Mic o Small o Medium En e p ises: (Angellin e al., 2023);
and c ea ing au oma ed s ock op imiza ion: (Be a e al., 2022), none o he p e iously comple ed s udies ully
add ess he p oblem o p o iding eal- ime isibili y in o he s ock o i ems, as well as h ough use o he
adap i e- e m eplenishmen (in luenced by sales equency) and a use - iendly in e ace wo hy o ope a ional
cos o se up and use e ec i ely o small en i ies, such as Schools (As ani e al., 2024; Kayode e al., 2025;
Panganiban & Be musa, 2020; Wijaya & Tanamal, 2025)This s udy seeks o design and implemen a
s eamlined web-based poin -o -sale and in en o y managemen sys ems o in eg a e adap i e h esholding
(sales equency based), ba code-RFID hyb id inpu mechanisms, cloud-based synch oniza ion and simpli ied
use in e aces, in o de o p o ide he School Food Cou wi h he abili y o see i s s ock in eal- ime, make
au oma ed no i ica ions o eplenishmen s, and be use - iendly, o non- echnical s a .
METHODOLOGY
The esea ch p ocess o de eloping he Web-based poin o sale (POS) and in en o y managemen sys em is
desc ibed in de ail in his chap e . The loca ion o his s udy was No hwes e n Mindanao S a e College o
Science and Technology in Tangub Ci y, Misamis Occiden al, Philippines, pa icula ly, he S a e College Food
Cou . The ga he ing o da a, es ing and implemen a ion o he sys em we e pe o med on-si e o p o ide ull
eliabili y.
Resea ch Me hodology
A mixed me hods esea ch design combining quali a i e and quan i a i e app oaches we e used wi hin his
s udy. The quali a i e aspec included in e iews, wo k low obse a ion, SWOT Analysis, BPMN Model, and
Roo Cause Analysis which aided in iden i ying he ope a ional issues and de e mining wha he use s needed.
The quan i a i e componen used su ey ins umen s o measu e pa icipan s’ pe cei ed cu en p ocesses as
well as bene i s o he p oposed new sys em o be implemen ed. Toge he he wo app oaches p o ided
comp ehensi e e alua ions o use expe ience wi h he cu en sys em, as well as ongoing esea ch pe o mance
assessmen s o he p oposed sys em.
In addi ion o he abo e app oaches, a s a egic planning amewo k was de eloped as he gene al p ojec
me hodology and guided he de elopmen o he p oposed Poin -o -Sale and In en o y Managemen Sys em o
he Food Cou o he NMSCST. S a egic planning is ideal o sys em de elopmen p ojec s because i p o ides
an o ganized and i e a i e app oach o iden i ying ope a ional conce ns, de eloping solu ions, and assessing
ou comes. The e we e i e phases being ollowed: (1) Fo mula ing a plan-a phase whe e se ing objec i es,
de ining p ojec ed cos analysis, c ea ing a wo k b eakdown s uc u e, and analyzing he ood cou ’s SWOT
analysis we e made; (2) Implemen a ion: a phase o he execu ion o he s a egies and deli e ables o mee he
objec i es and goals se . All de ails we e app op ia ely moni o ed o implemen he equi ed changes quickly.
(3) E alua ion: acqui ed eedback and compa ed he goal and he implemen a ion esul s. (4) Modi ica ion was a
phase whe e ailu es we e co ec ed, and weaknesses we e s eng hened. (5) Comple ion: a phase whe e inal
deli e ables we e handed o e o he cus ome s.
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Figu e 1 S a egic Planning
Concep ual F amewo k
The s udy used he Inpu -P ocess-Ou pu (IPO) Model as i s concep ual amewo k. Inpu comp ised in e iew
indings, eco ded issues, SWOT analysis, and oo -cause iden i ica ion using he Ishikawa diag am. The
p ocess includes ou majo s a egic planning phases: plan o mula ion, execu ion, assessmen , and e ision. To
au oma e he p ocess o eco ding sales, elimina e he need o manual e o , and p o ide eal- ime upda es o
in en o y. Using he de elopmen amewo k, he p oponen s linked all o he p oblems ha hey we e able o
iden i y wi h he solu ions ha a e applicable h ough a disciplined de elopmen p ocess.
Figu e 2 IPO Diag am
Da a Ga he ing P ocedu e
Da a we e collec ed h ough:
• Semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h employees o s a o he ood cou o gain insigh in o hei cu en
me hods and he issues hey ace. Di ec su eillance o ansac ion low, sales eco ds, and in en o y
managemen .
• Analyze exis ing handw i en logs, sales shee s, c edi eco ds, and s ock ca ds.
• These da a we e u ilized o map ou cu en p ocesses and highligh c ucial a eas o imp o emen .
Business P ocess Modeling and No a ion
The s udy gene a ed wo se s o BPMN diag ams.
• Cu en BPMN depic s he p esen manual p ocesses in sales ansac ions and in en o y eco ding.
• P oposed BPMN - depic s he enhanced wo k low when he POS and In en o y Sys em a e ins alled, wi h
au oma ic sales upda es, eal- ime s ock moni o ing, and digi ally gene a ed epo s.
These models se ed as empla es o sys em equi emen s and in e ace design.
Cos Bene i Analysis
A cos -bene i analysis was ca ied ou o assess he p oposed sys em's inancial iabili y. This includes:
• Es ima ed expenses o sys em de elopmen
• Ha dwa e equi emen s
• Main enance Conside a ions
• An icipa ed ope a ional and adminis a i e bene i s.
The pu pose o his esea ch was o de e mine i adding a POS and in en o y sys em will esul in
posi i e long- e m bene i s o he ood cou . Hence, he compu a ion o he Re u n o In es men using he
ollowing o mula:
Wo k B eakdown S uc u e
A Wo k B eakdown S uc u e (WBS) was c ea ed o highligh essen ial esponsibili ies du ing he
s a egic planning p ocess. Tasks in he p ojec we e made up o many di e en ypes, including ga he ing
equi emen s, designing a sys em, de eloping modules, o ming documen a ion, e alua ing he p ojec , and
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making changes o imp o e i . A Gan cha was also used ha de ailed he leng h, sequence, and dependencies
o he asks in his p ojec .
Figu e 3 Wo k B eakdown S uc u e
E alua ion Ins umen
To assess he sys em's le el o accep abili y, a 5-poin Like scale ool was adminis e ed. The e alua ion c i e ia
included he ollowing:
• Use - F iendly In e ace
• Func ionali y
o O de P ocessing
o Sales T acking
o Ba code Gene a ion / Reading
• In en o y Managemen
o Ing edien s In en o y
o P oduc In en o y
o Consignmen In en o y
• Repo ing and Analy ics
• O e all Sa is ac ion
Responden s also p o ided quali a i e commen s and ecommenda ions
Da a Analysis
The da a collec ed om he e alua ion ins umen we e analyzed as ollows:
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• Weigh ed Means - used o ind he a e age accep abili y a ing o all componen s o he sys ems e alua ed.
• S anda d De ia ion - used o de e mine how much a iabili y he e was in he esponses.
• Pea son P oduc Momen Co ela ion (i ele an ) - used o iden i y connec ions be ween sys em
cha ac e is ics and o e all sa is ac ion.
These s a is ical measu emen s enabled esea che s o assess bo h he quan i a i e and quali a i e aspec s o
sys em accep ance.
Ra ing Scale In e p e a ion
The 5-poin Like scale u ilized in his s udy was in e p e ed as ollows:
POINT(S)
VERBAL INTERPRETATION
5 poin s
Highly Accep able
4 poin s
Mode a ely Accep able
3 poin s
Accep able
2 poin s
Fai ly Accep able
1 poin
Poo ly Accep able
This in e p e a ion helps o objec i ely classi y eplies h oughou da a p ocessing.
S a is ical Analysis
The Weigh ed A i hme ic Mean was he majo s a is ical me hod used o analyze esponden s' a ings o he
sys em. The esea ch assessed he o e all accep abili y and e icacy o he POS and In en o y Sys em and
sugges ed a eas o imp o emen .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chap e desc ibes he Ishikawa (Fishbone Diag am) Analysis, SWOT Analysis ou come, s a egic planning
and implemen a ion esul s o he NMSCST Food Cou and In en o y Sys em.
Ishikawa (Fishbone) Diag am Analysis Ou come
The Ishikawa Diag am was c ea ed o iden i y he main causes o he eoccu ing issues wi h he NMSCST
Food Cou 's manual sales and in en o y sys em. The in es iga ion iden i ied a ious ele an aspec s classi ied
as labo , p ocedu es, ma e ials, and managemen .
Figu e 4 Ishikawa (Fishbone) Diag am Analysis
O e eliance on manual log books delays he epo ing o ansac ions, makes upda ing ansac ion eco ds
mo e di icul , and inc eases he isk o losing impo an pape wo k due o lack o p ope s o age. In e iews
and ques ionnai es show ha he e is no elec onic (i.e. au oma ed) me hod o acking ood cou sales o
in en o y mo emen . This makes e alua ing he accu acy o p oduc i em coun nea ly impossible. Also, human
e o is p e alen wi h ega d o inconsis en p icing me hods and inaccu a e eco ding o daily sales du ing peak
pe iods when cus ome olume is a i s highes . Toge he , hese conce ns emphasize he need o ha e a p ocess
ha minimizes human e o and maximum ope a ional ine iciencies.
SWOT Analysis Ou come
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The SWOT analysis summa izes he in e nal and ex e nal elemen s impac ing he shi om manual o
au oma ed POS ope a ions.
STRENGTH
WEAKNESS
• Imp o ed e iciency
• Inc eased accu acy
• Be e in en o y managemen
• Imp o ed inancial acking
• Ini ial cos o in es men is high
• S a aining and managemen ansi ion migh be o e whelming.
• Technical gli ches
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
• Inc eased e enue
• Enhanced cus ome expe ience
• Easie and as e da a analysis
• Sys em (so wa e)
implemen a ion is ee
• Secu i y isks
• Da a shee s w i en on in en o y shee s is suscep ible o loss o
al e a ion
• Human in en o y e o
Table 1 SWOT Analysis Ou come
The SWOT analysis says ha e en i POS Sys ems ha e a lo o ad an ages; I you do no p epa e you sel as a
Use by ha ing a Good Plan and Risk Managemen ha can help suppo you ideal use o hese Sys ems, hen
you a e less likely o be success ul wi h you use o a POS Sys em.
Cos -Bene i Analysis Ou come
A cos -bene i analysis was ca ied ou o assess he iabili y o pu chasing he necessa y ha dwa e and
es ablishing he POS and in en o y sys em. The esea ch includes h ee yea s' wo h o es ima ed ope a ional,
de elopmen , and main enance expenses. Thus, imp o ed ope a ional e iciency, inc eased le el o cus ome
sa is ac ion, dec eased manual wo k equi ed o in en o y managemen , imp o ed con ol o in en o y, and he
abili y o inc ease e enues h ough imp o ed e iciency we e all bene i s ealized.
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Figu e 5 Cos Bene i Analysis
The use o he sys em does show a e u n on in es men o 11% o e he h ee-yea pe iod, which p o ides
e idence o long- e m sus ainabili y o inancial and ope a ional aspec s o his p ojec .
Wo k B eakdown S uc u e Ou come
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h ps://ije m.com/
IJETRM (h p://ije m.com/) [19]
The WBS helped in de ining wha he p ojec should achie e, and h ough a sys ema ic way o di iding up he
p ojec , deli e ables.
Figu e 6 Wo k B eakdown S uc u e P og ess
Business P ocess Modeling and No a ion
The s udy gene a ed wo se s o BPMN diag ams. Cu en BPMN depic s he p esen manual p ocesses in sales
ansac ions and in en o y eco ding.
