Rübel, Ge ha d
A icle
Economic Wel a e, In e na ional Fac o Mobili y and Non-
adeable Goods
Zei sch i ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) - Vie eljah essch i de
Gesellscha ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en, Ve ein ü Socialpoli ik
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Duncke & Humblo , Be lin
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Rübel, Ge ha d (1994) : Economic Wel a e, In e na ional Fac o Mobili y and Non-
adeable Goods, Zei sch i ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) - Vie eljah essch i
de Gesellscha ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en, Ve ein ü Socialpoli ik, ISSN 0342-1783,
Duncke & Humblo , Be lin, Vol. 114, Iss. 1, pp. 25-40,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25
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Duncke & Humblo , Be lin
Economic Wel a e, In e na ional Fac o Mobili y
and Non- adeable Goods
By Ge ha d Riibel
Using a simple model o a small open economy p oducing bo h adeable and non-
adeable goods, i is shown how immig a ion o labo a ec s he u ili y o he exis -
ing esiden s. The size o he chance in he old esiden s' wel a e is dependen on wo
ac o s, whose in luence is explici ly discussed in he pape . One o hese is he exis -
ence o emi ance o pa o he immig an s' ea nings o hei coun ies o o igin, he
o he is he ac o in ensi y ela ionship in he p oduc ion o he wo ypes o good.
1. The P oblem
The ex ensi e discussion o he economic e ec s o in e na ional ac o
mo emen s has p edominan ly ocussed on mo emen s o in e na ional cap-
i al. (O e iew in Ru in, 1984) The mo emen o labo , howe e , has also
been, and s ill is, ex emely impo an o he wo ld economy. The indus ial
coun ies o no he n Eu ope ha e been dependen on o eign labo , espe-
cially in he 60's and 70's,1 Wo ke s om Mexico and he Ca ibbean a e
employed in he USA, and he oil p oducing coun ies o he middle eas
could no ha e ca ied ou hei ambi ious de elopmen p ojec s wi hou he
help o o eign labo - especially om Asia. Jus ecen ly, ollowing he
opening up o eas e n Eu ope o he wes , a new aspec o he in e na ional
mo emen o labo has eme ged. The e ec s o his mo emen , which has
many o he cha ac e is ics o a popula ion mig a ion, ha e been mos
s ongly el in he Fede al Republic o Ge many.
Ge many's expe ience o he in lux o o eign wo ke s goes back o he
end o he 50's. A ha ime o eign labo was al eady beginning o be
ec ui ed o he g owing domes ic ma ke , mainly om sou he n Eu opean
coun ies. As a esul , he numbe o o eign wo ke s in Ge many ose sud-
denly, om 100,000 in 1957 o a ound 2.5 million in 1973. Ini ially i was
hough ha hese 'gues wo ke s' would s ay o only a sho ime, he
employe s' associa ions had e en planned o in oduce a compulso y o a-
ion o wo ke s hough hese plans we e ne e pu in o e ec . In 1973 o e
60 % o o eign wo ke s s ayed o less han h ee yea s and only
9
% s ayed
1 In Swi ze land in 1970, o example, o eign wo ke s made up mo e han 30 % o
o al employmen . C . Ru in 1984.
ZWS 114 (1994) 1
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26 Ge ha d Rübel
o longe han en yea s. (Bli z 1977, Meh lände 1976) Ou wa d indica-
ions o his si ua ion we e he ex emely poo li ing condi ions in he hos
coun y and he emi ance o a conside able p opo ion o he gues wo -
ke s' ea nings o amily membe s in he home coun y. Gues wo ke s sen
o e 25% o hei ea nings back home in 1973. (Bli z 1977) F om he ea ly
1970's, howe e , his si ua ion began o change. Inc easingly he wo ke s
we e being ollowed by amily membe s and he numbe o o eigne s who
said hey wan ed o s ay pe manen ly was g owing. Wha was occu ing was
in ac immig a ion. (Meh lände 1976) Associa ed wi h his was a all in he
p opo ion o income being sen back o he coun ies o o igin. Today many
o he Ge man-bo n child en o he i s gene a ion o gues wo ke s ha e
hemsel es eached wo king age.
The cha ac e is ics o he mos ecen in lux o people in o Ge many, and
he ci cums ances ha caused i o inc ease d ama ically, a e di e en om
hose associa ed wi h he gues wo ke phenomenon o he 50's and 60's. The
changes in he poli ical si ua ion in eas e n Eu ope ha e esul ed in he
mo emen o whole amilies, mos ly o Ge man ances y, who, om he
s a , in ended o se le pe manen ly in Ge many. When hese people a e
in eg a ed in o he wo k o ce, he p opo ion o hei ea nings ha hey will
send back o hei coun ies o o igin will be negligible.
This low o mig an s no only has di e en e ec s on Ge many as eci-
pien coun y, i s consequences o he coun ies o o igin a e also di e en .
The coun ies ha he ea lie gues wo ke s came om we e mos ly su e ing
om high unemploymen , and i was mos ly unskilled wo ke s who le . The
people who emained bene i ed bo h om educed p essu e in he domes ic
labo ma ke and om he emi ances sen back by he o eign wo ke s o
hei amilies. Fo eign exchange ea nings om emi ances we e highe
han om expo o goods o Ge many.2 The causes o he in low om he
Eas a e di e en . These people end o be highly skilled and ha e ela i ely
li le di icul y in inding jobs in Ge many, especially whe e he e is no lan-
guage p oblem. The coun ies o o igin su e a pe manen loss o human
capi al which is no e en pa ly o se by he emi ance o some o he
mig an s' ea nings.
The di e ing e ec s, b ie ly ou lined he e, ha can esul om in e na-
ional labo mo emen s ha e ecei ed some a en ion in he li e a u e. The e
has been a se ies o con ibu ions which conside s he p oblems aced by he
home coun ies when skilled wo ke s emig a e and human capi al is he e-
o e los . Labo mobili y has also been conside ed in models o in e na ional
ade. Topics he e a e he consequences o in e na ional wel a e, whe he
2 Fo Tu key, o example, he amoun o o eign exchange ea nings om emi -
ances was 255% o he ea nings om expo ing goods o Ge many. C . Hie wi z/
Scha z 1977.
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Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 27
he e ec s o capi al and labo mobili y a e symme ical and whe he ac o
mobili y can be a subs i u e o ade in goods.3 The mos usual assump ions
made in hese discussions a e ha he wo ke s con inue o be ci izens o
hei home coun ies and ha all he goods p oduced a e adeable. The
la es de elopmen s, howe e , mean ha , when discussing in e na ional
ac o mo emen s, i is necessa y o assume i s , ha wo ke s a e no going
o e u n o hei coun ies o o igin and secondly ha bo h adeable and
non- adeable goods a e p oduced. The la e assump ion is jus i ied by he
ac ha he sha e o se ices - mos ly non- adeables - in he na ional
p oduc o indus ial coun ies has been inc easing con inuously. One o he
i s s udies ha ecognized he impo ance o non- adeable goods o he
discussion o in e na ional labo mo emen s was ha o Ri e a-Ba iz 1982.
(See also K auss 1976, 1979; S ini asan 1983) He showed ha hose who a e
le behind when pa o he popula ion mig a es pe manen ly become wo se
o in cases whe e non- adeable goods exis . O he con ibu ions ha e ol-
lowed which ha e discussed his esul and i s applicabili y. Impo an
aspec s he e a e he modi ica ions necessa y when some o he ea nings gen-
e a ed in he hos coun y a e sen back o he coun y o o igin, whe he he
emig an s a e owne s o capi al, and, i so, whe he his capi al also lea es
he coun y when he people lea e (Thompson 1984, Ri e a-Ba iz 1984,
Djajic' 1986, Quib ia 1988). This discussion has, howe e , been limi ed o
e ec s on he coun y o o igin. The p esen con ibu ion goes beyond his
and looks a he possible wel a e e ec s on he ecipien coun y when he e
is an in low o bo h labo and capi al and when bo h non- adeable and
adeable goods a e p oduced.4 A u he dis inc ion is made be ween he
case whe e he mig an s a e empo a y esiden s and he e o e emi pa o
hei income and he case whe e hey become pe manen esiden s and con-
sume he whole o hei income in hei new coun y. I is shown ha he
wel a e e ec s on old esiden s a e in luenced by he emi ance o pa o
he ea nings o he mig an s. These in luences depend on he ela i e ac o -
in ensi ies o he adeable and non- adeable goods. The model will be se
ou in Sec ion 2, he case whe e he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo -
in ensi e is discussed in Sec ion 3.1. and 3.2. I will be shown he e how he
wel a e e ec s on he old esiden s di e when mig an s spend he whole o
hei income in hei new coun y compa ed o he case whe e hey send
some back o hei coun y o o igin. The same compa ison will be made in
Sec ion 3.3. o he case whe e he adeable good is ela i ely labo -in en-
si e. The esul s a e summa ized in Sec ion 4.
3 C . an o e iew in E hie 1985 and he e e ences lis ed he e.
4 This a icle es ic s i sel solely o one pa icula aspec o immig a ion. One
should he e o e be cau ious when in e p e ing he esul s, since unemploymen , he
social p oblems associa ed wi h in eg a ion and simila issues a e no aken in o
accoun .
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28 Ge ha d Riibel
2. The Model
Supply: The e a e wo bundles o goods - one consis ing o adeable
goods (T) and he o he o non- adeable goods (N). Capi al (K) and labo
(A) a e used o p oduce bo h ypes o goods, hese ac o s a e ully employed
and in e nally comple ely mobile. The amoun o he ac o s is exogenously
gi en, ma ke s a e pe ec ly compe i i e.
The linea -homogeneous p oduc ion- unc ions a e:
T = TA (Tk) and N = NAg(Nk),
Tk: Capi al-in ensi y in he p oduc ion o
adeable goods,
Nk: Capi al-in ensi y in he p oduc ion o
non- adeable goods.
I s ands o he p ice o he adeable goods and n o he p ice o he
non- adeable goods, wi h he ela i e p ice p de ined as n/ , hen, whe e
i ms a e p o i maximize s, he ollowing supply unc ions a e ob ained:
(1) T = T(p,K,A); Tp < 0;
TK = 0 and TA = 0 o Tk = NK
(2) N = N(p,K,A); Np > 0;
NK | 0 and NA = 0 o Tk | Nk.
The well-known ela ions o eal wages (w) and eal in e es a es ( )
apply:
(3) = (p); p | 0 o Tk | Nk
(4) w = w(p) wp = 0 o Tk = Nk.
Demand: The demand side o he economy is de e mined by a u ili y unc-
ion U, which, o simplici y, is assumed o be homo he ic.
U = U(NC,TC).
I E ep esen s he minimum nominal expendi u e necessa y o achie e a
ce ain le el o u ili y, hen i ollows, in unc ional o m, ha :
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Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 29
(5) E = E( ,n, 17), wi h:
E = C(£, n, 17),
£n = NC( ,n, 17),
EJJ
expendi u e equi alen o
a change in u ili y.
To simpli y he analysis, he coun y is assumed o ha e no ex e nal deb
in he ini ial si ua ion. Remi ances (R) o pa o o eign wo ke s' ea nings
o hei home coun ies consis o adeable goods. In each pe iod, agg ega e
consump ion expendi u e mus equal he alue o he agg ega e ou pu o
goods minus possible emi ances.
(6) E( ,n, U) = (T - R) + nN.
The domes ic ma ke o a non- adeable good always clea s.
(7) N = NC.
The equilib ium condi ion o he aded goods sec o ollows om (6)
and (7):
Because one o he wo equilib ium condi ions (7) and (8) is edundan ,
equa ions (1) o (7) de e mine he se en endogenous a iables T, N> , w, E,
17, and n. The p ice o he adeable good, , is de e mined in he wo ld ma -
ke and, in wha ollows, will be se a one.
To analyze he wel a e e ec s o immig a ion o labo on old esiden s o
a coun y, he ollowing scena io is assumed: he immig an s ha e he same
homo he ic u ili y unc ion as he exis ing esiden s. The p oduc ion o non-
adeable goods is ela i ely labo -in ensi e and he immig an s emi none
o hei ea nings o hei coun ies o o igin. The immig a ion o labo is
accompanied by an impo o capi al. I o s ands o he pe cen age g ow h
o capi al ela i e o he pe cen age in ake o labo , i holds ha :
(8) T = C-R.
3. Immig a ion o labo
3.1. The case o no emi ances when he p oduc ion
o he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo -in ensi e
(9) G
dK dA
K A ' o dK = ok dA.
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30 Ge ha d Rùbel
In wha ollows, i is assumed ha o e all capi al-in ensi y (/c) alls as a
esul o he labo immig a ion and, in his case, a < 1.
Fig. 1
In igu e 1, AA is he coun y's ans o ma ion cu e be o e immig a ion
akes place. Only he goods o he adeable sec o can be aded in e na-
ionally. When he coun y is nei he a c edi o no deb o , he poin o
angency P o he agg ega e ans o ma ion cu e and a communi y indi -
e ence cu e shows bo h p oduc ion and consump ion ela ionships be-
ween he wo sec o s. The p ice o he adeable goods is de e mined in he
wo ld ma ke , he p ice o he non- adeable goods is de e mined by domes-
ic supply and demand. The equilib ium ela i e p ice be ween he ade-
able and non- adeable goods be o e immig a ion is he e o e g a. I , as a
esul o he in low o labo and capi al, o e all capi al-in ensi y alls, and
i he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo -in ensi e, hen he e is an ou -
wa d shi o he agg ega e ans o ma ion cu e o GG. The new p oduc-
ion and consump ion poin is Q, he poin o angency be ween he new
ans o ma ion cu e and a communi y indi e ence cu e. As a esul o he
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Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 31
shi o he ans o ma ion cu e, he ela i e p ice o he non- adeable
goods alls om angen a o angen ¡5.
This all in p ollows om equa ions (1) o (7). Fo a simul aneous inc ease
in A and K, wi h dK= ok dA, i ollows ha (whe e dA* s ands o he
o e all change in ac o s):
1
— {g jz{Tk - ok) -
- NCE [n g
JI
(Tk - ok) -
JZ
(Nk - ok),
(10)
dn
dA*
wi h:
1
71 =
Tk - ajk
NCV change in consump ion expendi u e on
NCE = : he non- adeable goods as a esul o
Eu a change in o al expendi u e.
D = -Np + nCp< 0.
The ela i e p ice o he non- adeable goods will all, wi h assumed
cons an , i he e is an excess supply o hese goods in he domes ic ma ke .
Change in supply: When he e is a change in he supply o non- adeable
goods wi h ela i e p ices cons an , i ollows ha :
(11)
dN
dA* dp = 0 = g
JI
(Tk - ok) > 0 o
JZ >
0 and o < 1.
This is he i s exp ession in he cu ed b acke s in equa ion (12). F om
he assump ion made he e ha he p oduc ion o he non- adeable good is
ela i ely labo -in ensi e, i ollows ha
JZ >
0. In his case, howe e , he
capi al-in ensi y o he adeable goods is g ea e han he o e all capi al-
in ensi y (Tk > k). I i is u he assumed ha o e all capi al-in ensi y alls
as a esul o he ac o inc ease ( o < 1) he e is an unambiguous inc ease in
he ou pu o he non- adeable goods, because Tk- ok > 0.
Change in Demand: The inc ease in he p oduc ion o he non- adeable
goods, and he consequen inc ease in income, also lead, p opo iona ely o
n NCE, o an inc ease in demand o hese goods. Because n NCE is less han
one,5 he inc ease in demand is smalle han he inc ease in supply and he
ma ke o he non- adeable goods s ill has an excess supply. This is shown
5 I holds ha nNCE + TCE = 1 and hus, as long as he adeable goods a e no
absolu ely in e io , ha nNCE <
1 •
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32 Ge ha d Rùbel
by he second exp ession in he cu ed b acke s. The change in income,
which esul s om he p oduc ion e ec in he ade sec o , also a ec s
demand. Wi h p cons an , he ollowing change in ou pu o he adeable
goods esul s om he ac o inc ease:
An inc ease in he supply o labo , wi h K cons an (a
=
0) and j > 0,
esul s in an unambiguous all in ou pu o he adeable goods (Rybczynski
case). P opo iona ely o NCE, such a all in income leads o a educ ion in
demand o he non- adeable goods and he ela i e p ice unambiguously
alls. Whe e 0 < o < 1, he change in ou pu is inde e mina e as Nk < k. In
he bo de line case a= Nk/k, ou pu o he adeable goods is unchanged. In
wha ollows i will be assumed ha he inc ease in he s ock o capi al is so
small ha he demand e ec in he ma ke o he non- adeable goods,
which esul s i he e is an inc ease in ou pu o he adeable goods, does
no domina e he ela i e p ice change.
Thus, as a esul o he in low o ac o s, excess supply appea s in he ma -
ke o he non- adeable goods and he ela i e p ice o his ype o good
alls
(dn/dA*
< 0). The size o he p ice e ec is also in luenced by D, ha
is, by bo h he p ice sensi i i y o p oduc ion o he non- adeable goods
(Np > 0) as well as o he demand o hese goods (NCP < 0).
To show he di e ence be ween he si ua ion o he old esiden s be o e
and a e immig a ion, we can imagine he economy being di ided in o wo
sec o s, one wi h he old esiden s and one wi h he immig an s (Ri e a-
Ba iz 1982, Bhagwa i/B eche 1980). T ade akes place be ween hese wo
sec o s. I ollows om he ac ha immig a ion is associa ed wi h a all in
o e all capi al-in ensi y ha he sec o consis ing o old esiden s is capi al
abundan and he e o e specializes in he p oduc ion o he ela i ely capi-
al-in ensi e good. This is shown in igu e 1 whe e he new p ice line wi h
slope g
¡3
is angen o he coun y's p e-immig a ion ans o ma ion cu e
o he old esiden s ( he coun y's o iginal ans o ma ion cu e) a p oduc-
ion poin R. A e ade (wi h he immig an s), he ela i ely capi al abun-
dan sec o specializes in he p oduc ion o he ela i ely capi al-in ensi e
good (p oduc ion mo es om P o R) and hus he ela i e p ice o he 'im-
po ed' goods alls om g a o g
¡3.
To al ou pu o he adeable (non-
adeable) goods is 0TG (QNG), and he old esiden s' sha e o his is 0TA
(ONA).6 Howe e , he old esiden s no longe mus hemsel es p oduce
6 I is also assumed in igu e 1 ha he ou pu o he adeable good inc eases, i.e.,
o> Nk/k. He e and in wha ollows i is assumed, ha he ans o ma ion cu e o
he old esiden s in he exis ence o o eign ac o s - which is clea ly a hypo he ical
cons uc - will no change wi h a change o he ela i e p ice.
(12)
dT
dA* dp
=
0 - j {Nk - ok).
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Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 39
b) ela i ely capi al-in ensi e p oduc ion o non- adeable goods combined
wi h e y small emi ances.
Wi h bo h hese cons ella ions, he e a e ad an ages o he old esiden s
which appea in he model p esen ed he e. In he six ies, when emi ances
we e la ge, he old esiden s bene i ed because he non- adeable goods
we e ela i ely labo -in ensi e. Today, when he capi al-in ensi y o p o-
duc ion o hese goods is s onge , he old esiden s a e able o bene i
because emi ances a e a e y much smalle p opo ion o he immig an s'
ea nings.
The p esen pape conside s he case whe e he immig a ion o labo is
accompanied by an in low o capi al. In he pape i sel i is assumed ha
agg ega e capi al-in ensi y alls, bu he opposi e si ua ion is also co e ed.
The pa ame e o would hen be la ge han one and he abo e esul s would
be app op ia ely modi ied.
Summa y
This pape examines he wel a e si ua ion o exis ing esiden s o a coun y when
ac o immig a ion occu s. The e is always an inc ease in wel a e when he e a e non-
adeable goods and a all in o e all capi al in ensi y. I he non- adeable good is el-
a i ely labo -in ensi e, he inc ease in he exis ing esiden s' wel a e is la ge , he
la ge he p opo ion o hei income he immig an wo ke s send back o hei coun-
y o o igin. Howe e , i he non- adeable good is ela i ely capi al in ensi e, he
imp o emen in wel a e is smalle , he la ge he emi ances.
Zusammen assung
Un e Be ücksich igung handel- und nich -handelba e Gü e wi d gezeig , daß die
Zuwande ung on A bei sk ä en ü die Al bü ge des Landes eine Nu zen e besse-
ung implizie . Wi d das nich -handelba e Gu ela i a bei sin ensi p oduzie , so
is de Nu zenzuwachs ü die Al bü ge um so g öße , je g öße de Teil des Einkom-
mens de Zuwande e is , den diese in ih Heima land zu ückübe weisen. Wenn das
nich -handelba e Gu dagegen ela i kapi alin ensi p oduzie wi d, gil de umge-
keh e Zusammenhang zwischen de G öße des Nu zenzuwachses und dem Ausmaß
de Rückübe weisungen.
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