Economic Welfare, International Factor Mobility and Non-tradeable Goods

Rübel, Ge ha d A icle Economic Wel a e, In e na ional Fac o Mobili y and Non- adeable Goods Zei sch i ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) - Vie eljah essch i de Gesellscha ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en, Ve ein ü Socialpoli ik P o ided in Coope a ion wi h: Duncke & Humblo , Be lin Sugges ed Ci a ion: Rübel, Ge ha d (1994) : Economic Wel a e, In e na ional Fac o Mobili y and Non- adeable Goods, Zei sch i ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) - Vie eljah essch i de Gesellscha ü Wi scha s- und Sozialwissenscha en, Ve ein ü Socialpoli ik, ISSN 0342-1783, Duncke & Humblo , Be lin, Vol. 114, Iss. 1, pp. 25-40, h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 This Ve sion is a ailable a : h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/291811 S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen: Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den. 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Sozialwissenscha en (ZWS) 114 (1994), S. 25-40 Duncke & Humblo , Be lin Economic Wel a e, In e na ional Fac o Mobili y and Non- adeable Goods By Ge ha d Riibel Using a simple model o a small open economy p oducing bo h adeable and non- adeable goods, i is shown how immig a ion o labo a ec s he u ili y o he exis - ing esiden s. The size o he chance in he old esiden s' wel a e is dependen on wo ac o s, whose in luence is explici ly discussed in he pape . One o hese is he exis - ence o emi ance o pa o he immig an s' ea nings o hei coun ies o o igin, he o he is he ac o in ensi y ela ionship in he p oduc ion o he wo ypes o good. 1. The P oblem The ex ensi e discussion o he economic e ec s o in e na ional ac o mo emen s has p edominan ly ocussed on mo emen s o in e na ional cap- i al. (O e iew in Ru in, 1984) The mo emen o labo , howe e , has also been, and s ill is, ex emely impo an o he wo ld economy. The indus ial coun ies o no he n Eu ope ha e been dependen on o eign labo , espe- cially in he 60's and 70's,1 Wo ke s om Mexico and he Ca ibbean a e employed in he USA, and he oil p oducing coun ies o he middle eas could no ha e ca ied ou hei ambi ious de elopmen p ojec s wi hou he help o o eign labo - especially om Asia. Jus ecen ly, ollowing he opening up o eas e n Eu ope o he wes , a new aspec o he in e na ional mo emen o labo has eme ged. The e ec s o his mo emen , which has many o he cha ac e is ics o a popula ion mig a ion, ha e been mos s ongly el in he Fede al Republic o Ge many. Ge many's expe ience o he in lux o o eign wo ke s goes back o he end o he 50's. A ha ime o eign labo was al eady beginning o be ec ui ed o he g owing domes ic ma ke , mainly om sou he n Eu opean coun ies. As a esul , he numbe o o eign wo ke s in Ge many ose sud- denly, om 100,000 in 1957 o a ound 2.5 million in 1973. Ini ially i was hough ha hese 'gues wo ke s' would s ay o only a sho ime, he employe s' associa ions had e en planned o in oduce a compulso y o a- ion o wo ke s hough hese plans we e ne e pu in o e ec . In 1973 o e 60 % o o eign wo ke s s ayed o less han h ee yea s and only 9 % s ayed 1 In Swi ze land in 1970, o example, o eign wo ke s made up mo e han 30 % o o al employmen . C . Ru in 1984. ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 26 Ge ha d Rübel o longe han en yea s. (Bli z 1977, Meh lände 1976) Ou wa d indica- ions o his si ua ion we e he ex emely poo li ing condi ions in he hos coun y and he emi ance o a conside able p opo ion o he gues wo - ke s' ea nings o amily membe s in he home coun y. Gues wo ke s sen o e 25% o hei ea nings back home in 1973. (Bli z 1977) F om he ea ly 1970's, howe e , his si ua ion began o change. Inc easingly he wo ke s we e being ollowed by amily membe s and he numbe o o eigne s who said hey wan ed o s ay pe manen ly was g owing. Wha was occu ing was in ac immig a ion. (Meh lände 1976) Associa ed wi h his was a all in he p opo ion o income being sen back o he coun ies o o igin. Today many o he Ge man-bo n child en o he i s gene a ion o gues wo ke s ha e hemsel es eached wo king age. The cha ac e is ics o he mos ecen in lux o people in o Ge many, and he ci cums ances ha caused i o inc ease d ama ically, a e di e en om hose associa ed wi h he gues wo ke phenomenon o he 50's and 60's. The changes in he poli ical si ua ion in eas e n Eu ope ha e esul ed in he mo emen o whole amilies, mos ly o Ge man ances y, who, om he s a , in ended o se le pe manen ly in Ge many. When hese people a e in eg a ed in o he wo k o ce, he p opo ion o hei ea nings ha hey will send back o hei coun ies o o igin will be negligible. This low o mig an s no only has di e en e ec s on Ge many as eci- pien coun y, i s consequences o he coun ies o o igin a e also di e en . The coun ies ha he ea lie gues wo ke s came om we e mos ly su e ing om high unemploymen , and i was mos ly unskilled wo ke s who le . The people who emained bene i ed bo h om educed p essu e in he domes ic labo ma ke and om he emi ances sen back by he o eign wo ke s o hei amilies. Fo eign exchange ea nings om emi ances we e highe han om expo o goods o Ge many.2 The causes o he in low om he Eas a e di e en . These people end o be highly skilled and ha e ela i ely li le di icul y in inding jobs in Ge many, especially whe e he e is no lan- guage p oblem. The coun ies o o igin su e a pe manen loss o human capi al which is no e en pa ly o se by he emi ance o some o he mig an s' ea nings. The di e ing e ec s, b ie ly ou lined he e, ha can esul om in e na- ional labo mo emen s ha e ecei ed some a en ion in he li e a u e. The e has been a se ies o con ibu ions which conside s he p oblems aced by he home coun ies when skilled wo ke s emig a e and human capi al is he e- o e los . Labo mobili y has also been conside ed in models o in e na ional ade. Topics he e a e he consequences o in e na ional wel a e, whe he 2 Fo Tu key, o example, he amoun o o eign exchange ea nings om emi - ances was 255% o he ea nings om expo ing goods o Ge many. C . Hie wi z/ Scha z 1977. ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 27 he e ec s o capi al and labo mobili y a e symme ical and whe he ac o mobili y can be a subs i u e o ade in goods.3 The mos usual assump ions made in hese discussions a e ha he wo ke s con inue o be ci izens o hei home coun ies and ha all he goods p oduced a e adeable. The la es de elopmen s, howe e , mean ha , when discussing in e na ional ac o mo emen s, i is necessa y o assume i s , ha wo ke s a e no going o e u n o hei coun ies o o igin and secondly ha bo h adeable and non- adeable goods a e p oduced. The la e assump ion is jus i ied by he ac ha he sha e o se ices - mos ly non- adeables - in he na ional p oduc o indus ial coun ies has been inc easing con inuously. One o he i s s udies ha ecognized he impo ance o non- adeable goods o he discussion o in e na ional labo mo emen s was ha o Ri e a-Ba iz 1982. (See also K auss 1976, 1979; S ini asan 1983) He showed ha hose who a e le behind when pa o he popula ion mig a es pe manen ly become wo se o in cases whe e non- adeable goods exis . O he con ibu ions ha e ol- lowed which ha e discussed his esul and i s applicabili y. Impo an aspec s he e a e he modi ica ions necessa y when some o he ea nings gen- e a ed in he hos coun y a e sen back o he coun y o o igin, whe he he emig an s a e owne s o capi al, and, i so, whe he his capi al also lea es he coun y when he people lea e (Thompson 1984, Ri e a-Ba iz 1984, Djajic' 1986, Quib ia 1988). This discussion has, howe e , been limi ed o e ec s on he coun y o o igin. The p esen con ibu ion goes beyond his and looks a he possible wel a e e ec s on he ecipien coun y when he e is an in low o bo h labo and capi al and when bo h non- adeable and adeable goods a e p oduced.4 A u he dis inc ion is made be ween he case whe e he mig an s a e empo a y esiden s and he e o e emi pa o hei income and he case whe e hey become pe manen esiden s and con- sume he whole o hei income in hei new coun y. I is shown ha he wel a e e ec s on old esiden s a e in luenced by he emi ance o pa o he ea nings o he mig an s. These in luences depend on he ela i e ac o - in ensi ies o he adeable and non- adeable goods. The model will be se ou in Sec ion 2, he case whe e he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo - in ensi e is discussed in Sec ion 3.1. and 3.2. I will be shown he e how he wel a e e ec s on he old esiden s di e when mig an s spend he whole o hei income in hei new coun y compa ed o he case whe e hey send some back o hei coun y o o igin. The same compa ison will be made in Sec ion 3.3. o he case whe e he adeable good is ela i ely labo -in en- si e. The esul s a e summa ized in Sec ion 4. 3 C . an o e iew in E hie 1985 and he e e ences lis ed he e. 4 This a icle es ic s i sel solely o one pa icula aspec o immig a ion. One should he e o e be cau ious when in e p e ing he esul s, since unemploymen , he social p oblems associa ed wi h in eg a ion and simila issues a e no aken in o accoun . ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 28 Ge ha d Riibel 2. The Model Supply: The e a e wo bundles o goods - one consis ing o adeable goods (T) and he o he o non- adeable goods (N). Capi al (K) and labo (A) a e used o p oduce bo h ypes o goods, hese ac o s a e ully employed and in e nally comple ely mobile. The amoun o he ac o s is exogenously gi en, ma ke s a e pe ec ly compe i i e. The linea -homogeneous p oduc ion- unc ions a e: T = TA (Tk) and N = NAg(Nk), Tk: Capi al-in ensi y in he p oduc ion o adeable goods, Nk: Capi al-in ensi y in he p oduc ion o non- adeable goods. I s ands o he p ice o he adeable goods and n o he p ice o he non- adeable goods, wi h he ela i e p ice p de ined as n/ , hen, whe e i ms a e p o i maximize s, he ollowing supply unc ions a e ob ained: (1) T = T(p,K,A); Tp < 0; TK = 0 and TA = 0 o Tk = NK (2) N = N(p,K,A); Np > 0; NK | 0 and NA = 0 o Tk | Nk. The well-known ela ions o eal wages (w) and eal in e es a es ( ) apply: (3) = (p); p | 0 o Tk | Nk (4) w = w(p) wp = 0 o Tk = Nk. Demand: The demand side o he economy is de e mined by a u ili y unc- ion U, which, o simplici y, is assumed o be homo he ic. U = U(NC,TC). I E ep esen s he minimum nominal expendi u e necessa y o achie e a ce ain le el o u ili y, hen i ollows, in unc ional o m, ha : ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 29 (5) E = E( ,n, 17), wi h: E = C(£, n, 17), £n = NC( ,n, 17), EJJ expendi u e equi alen o a change in u ili y. To simpli y he analysis, he coun y is assumed o ha e no ex e nal deb in he ini ial si ua ion. Remi ances (R) o pa o o eign wo ke s' ea nings o hei home coun ies consis o adeable goods. In each pe iod, agg ega e consump ion expendi u e mus equal he alue o he agg ega e ou pu o goods minus possible emi ances. (6) E( ,n, U) = (T - R) + nN. The domes ic ma ke o a non- adeable good always clea s. (7) N = NC. The equilib ium condi ion o he aded goods sec o ollows om (6) and (7): Because one o he wo equilib ium condi ions (7) and (8) is edundan , equa ions (1) o (7) de e mine he se en endogenous a iables T, N> , w, E, 17, and n. The p ice o he adeable good, , is de e mined in he wo ld ma - ke and, in wha ollows, will be se a one. To analyze he wel a e e ec s o immig a ion o labo on old esiden s o a coun y, he ollowing scena io is assumed: he immig an s ha e he same homo he ic u ili y unc ion as he exis ing esiden s. The p oduc ion o non- adeable goods is ela i ely labo -in ensi e and he immig an s emi none o hei ea nings o hei coun ies o o igin. The immig a ion o labo is accompanied by an impo o capi al. I o s ands o he pe cen age g ow h o capi al ela i e o he pe cen age in ake o labo , i holds ha : (8) T = C-R. 3. Immig a ion o labo 3.1. The case o no emi ances when he p oduc ion o he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo -in ensi e (9) G dK dA K A ' o dK = ok dA. ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 30 Ge ha d Rùbel In wha ollows, i is assumed ha o e all capi al-in ensi y (/c) alls as a esul o he labo immig a ion and, in his case, a < 1. Fig. 1 In igu e 1, AA is he coun y's ans o ma ion cu e be o e immig a ion akes place. Only he goods o he adeable sec o can be aded in e na- ionally. When he coun y is nei he a c edi o no deb o , he poin o angency P o he agg ega e ans o ma ion cu e and a communi y indi - e ence cu e shows bo h p oduc ion and consump ion ela ionships be- ween he wo sec o s. The p ice o he adeable goods is de e mined in he wo ld ma ke , he p ice o he non- adeable goods is de e mined by domes- ic supply and demand. The equilib ium ela i e p ice be ween he ade- able and non- adeable goods be o e immig a ion is he e o e g a. I , as a esul o he in low o labo and capi al, o e all capi al-in ensi y alls, and i he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo -in ensi e, hen he e is an ou - wa d shi o he agg ega e ans o ma ion cu e o GG. The new p oduc- ion and consump ion poin is Q, he poin o angency be ween he new ans o ma ion cu e and a communi y indi e ence cu e. As a esul o he ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 31 shi o he ans o ma ion cu e, he ela i e p ice o he non- adeable goods alls om angen a o angen ¡5. This all in p ollows om equa ions (1) o (7). Fo a simul aneous inc ease in A and K, wi h dK= ok dA, i ollows ha (whe e dA* s ands o he o e all change in ac o s): 1 — {g jz{Tk - ok) - - NCE [n g JI (Tk - ok) - JZ (Nk - ok), (10) dn dA* wi h: 1 71 = Tk - ajk NCV change in consump ion expendi u e on NCE = : he non- adeable goods as a esul o Eu a change in o al expendi u e. D = -Np + nCp< 0. The ela i e p ice o he non- adeable goods will all, wi h assumed cons an , i he e is an excess supply o hese goods in he domes ic ma ke . Change in supply: When he e is a change in he supply o non- adeable goods wi h ela i e p ices cons an , i ollows ha : (11) dN dA* dp = 0 = g JI (Tk - ok) > 0 o JZ > 0 and o < 1. This is he i s exp ession in he cu ed b acke s in equa ion (12). F om he assump ion made he e ha he p oduc ion o he non- adeable good is ela i ely labo -in ensi e, i ollows ha JZ > 0. In his case, howe e , he capi al-in ensi y o he adeable goods is g ea e han he o e all capi al- in ensi y (Tk > k). I i is u he assumed ha o e all capi al-in ensi y alls as a esul o he ac o inc ease ( o < 1) he e is an unambiguous inc ease in he ou pu o he non- adeable goods, because Tk- ok > 0. Change in Demand: The inc ease in he p oduc ion o he non- adeable goods, and he consequen inc ease in income, also lead, p opo iona ely o n NCE, o an inc ease in demand o hese goods. Because n NCE is less han one,5 he inc ease in demand is smalle han he inc ease in supply and he ma ke o he non- adeable goods s ill has an excess supply. This is shown 5 I holds ha nNCE + TCE = 1 and hus, as long as he adeable goods a e no absolu ely in e io , ha nNCE < 1 • ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 32 Ge ha d Rùbel by he second exp ession in he cu ed b acke s. The change in income, which esul s om he p oduc ion e ec in he ade sec o , also a ec s demand. Wi h p cons an , he ollowing change in ou pu o he adeable goods esul s om he ac o inc ease: An inc ease in he supply o labo , wi h K cons an (a = 0) and j > 0, esul s in an unambiguous all in ou pu o he adeable goods (Rybczynski case). P opo iona ely o NCE, such a all in income leads o a educ ion in demand o he non- adeable goods and he ela i e p ice unambiguously alls. Whe e 0 < o < 1, he change in ou pu is inde e mina e as Nk < k. In he bo de line case a= Nk/k, ou pu o he adeable goods is unchanged. In wha ollows i will be assumed ha he inc ease in he s ock o capi al is so small ha he demand e ec in he ma ke o he non- adeable goods, which esul s i he e is an inc ease in ou pu o he adeable goods, does no domina e he ela i e p ice change. Thus, as a esul o he in low o ac o s, excess supply appea s in he ma - ke o he non- adeable goods and he ela i e p ice o his ype o good alls (dn/dA* < 0). The size o he p ice e ec is also in luenced by D, ha is, by bo h he p ice sensi i i y o p oduc ion o he non- adeable goods (Np > 0) as well as o he demand o hese goods (NCP < 0). To show he di e ence be ween he si ua ion o he old esiden s be o e and a e immig a ion, we can imagine he economy being di ided in o wo sec o s, one wi h he old esiden s and one wi h he immig an s (Ri e a- Ba iz 1982, Bhagwa i/B eche 1980). T ade akes place be ween hese wo sec o s. I ollows om he ac ha immig a ion is associa ed wi h a all in o e all capi al-in ensi y ha he sec o consis ing o old esiden s is capi al abundan and he e o e specializes in he p oduc ion o he ela i ely capi- al-in ensi e good. This is shown in igu e 1 whe e he new p ice line wi h slope g ¡3 is angen o he coun y's p e-immig a ion ans o ma ion cu e o he old esiden s ( he coun y's o iginal ans o ma ion cu e) a p oduc- ion poin R. A e ade (wi h he immig an s), he ela i ely capi al abun- dan sec o specializes in he p oduc ion o he ela i ely capi al-in ensi e good (p oduc ion mo es om P o R) and hus he ela i e p ice o he 'im- po ed' goods alls om g a o g ¡3. To al ou pu o he adeable (non- adeable) goods is 0TG (QNG), and he old esiden s' sha e o his is 0TA (ONA).6 Howe e , he old esiden s no longe mus hemsel es p oduce 6 I is also assumed in igu e 1 ha he ou pu o he adeable good inc eases, i.e., o> Nk/k. He e and in wha ollows i is assumed, ha he ans o ma ion cu e o he old esiden s in he exis ence o o eign ac o s - which is clea ly a hypo he ical cons uc - will no change wi h a change o he ela i e p ice. (12) dT dA* dp = 0 - j {Nk - ok). ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 Economic Wel a e and In e na ional Fac o Mobili y 39 b) ela i ely capi al-in ensi e p oduc ion o non- adeable goods combined wi h e y small emi ances. Wi h bo h hese cons ella ions, he e a e ad an ages o he old esiden s which appea in he model p esen ed he e. In he six ies, when emi ances we e la ge, he old esiden s bene i ed because he non- adeable goods we e ela i ely labo -in ensi e. Today, when he capi al-in ensi y o p o- duc ion o hese goods is s onge , he old esiden s a e able o bene i because emi ances a e a e y much smalle p opo ion o he immig an s' ea nings. The p esen pape conside s he case whe e he immig a ion o labo is accompanied by an in low o capi al. In he pape i sel i is assumed ha agg ega e capi al-in ensi y alls, bu he opposi e si ua ion is also co e ed. The pa ame e o would hen be la ge han one and he abo e esul s would be app op ia ely modi ied. Summa y This pape examines he wel a e si ua ion o exis ing esiden s o a coun y when ac o immig a ion occu s. The e is always an inc ease in wel a e when he e a e non- adeable goods and a all in o e all capi al in ensi y. I he non- adeable good is el- a i ely labo -in ensi e, he inc ease in he exis ing esiden s' wel a e is la ge , he la ge he p opo ion o hei income he immig an wo ke s send back o hei coun- y o o igin. Howe e , i he non- adeable good is ela i ely capi al in ensi e, he imp o emen in wel a e is smalle , he la ge he emi ances. Zusammen assung Un e Be ücksich igung handel- und nich -handelba e Gü e wi d gezeig , daß die Zuwande ung on A bei sk ä en ü die Al bü ge des Landes eine Nu zen e besse- ung implizie . Wi d das nich -handelba e Gu ela i a bei sin ensi p oduzie , so is de Nu zenzuwachs ü die Al bü ge um so g öße , je g öße de Teil des Einkom- mens de Zuwande e is , den diese in ih Heima land zu ückübe weisen. Wenn das nich -handelba e Gu dagegen ela i kapi alin ensi p oduzie wi d, gil de umge- keh e Zusammenhang zwischen de G öße des Nu zenzuwachses und dem Ausmaß de Rückübe weisungen. Re e ences Ba a, R. N. (1973), S udies in he Pu e Theo y o In e na ional T ade. London. Bhagwa i, J. N./B eche , R. A. (1980), Na ional Wel a e in an Open Economy in he P esence o Fo eign-Owned Fac o s o P oduc ion. Jou nal o In e na ional Economics 10, 103 - 115. Bli z, R. C. (1977), A Bene i -Cos Analysis o Fo eign Wo ke s in Wes Ge many. Kyklos 30, 479 - 502. ZWS 114 (1994) 1 OPEN ACCESS | Licensed unde CC BY 4.0 | h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/abou /cclicenses/ DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.3790/schm.114.1.25 | Gene a ed on 2023-04-04 12:18:49 40 Ge ha d Rübel Djajic, S. 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