de Souza Rocha, Fe nanda And eia; Rei be ge , Roland; S aud , Johannes; Lang,
We ne
A icle — Published Ve sion
Ci cula Economy S a egies in Densi ica ion and
Re u bishmen o Residen ial Buildings – S a e o
Applica ion and Fu u e Di ec ions
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: de Souza Rocha, Fe nanda And eia; Rei be ge , Roland; S aud , Johannes; Lang,
We ne (2024) : Ci cula Economy S a egies in Densi ica ion and Re u bishmen o Residen ial
Buildings – S a e o Applica ion and Fu u e Di ec ions, Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y, ISSN
2730-5988, Sp inge In e na ional Publishing, Cham, Vol. 4, Iss. 3, pp. 1899-1912,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s43615-024-00365-7
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Recei ed: 12 Ap il 2023 / Accep ed: 21 Ma ch 2024 / Published online: 3 Ap il 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Roland Rei be ge
[email p o ec ed]
1 Chai o Ene gyE icien andSus ainableDesignandBuilding,TechnicalUni e si yo
Munich(TUM),A ciss aße21,80333Munich,Ge many
Ci cula Economy S a egies in Densi ica ion and
Re u bishmen o Residen ial Buildings – S a e o Applica ion
and Fu u e Di ec ions
Fe nanda And eiade Souza Rocha1· RolandRei be ge 1· JohannesS aud 1·
We ne Lang1
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s43615-024-00365-7
Abs ac
The as popula ionandeconomicg ow hpu emendousp essu eon heplane ’s esou c-
es.In hiscon ex , hebuildingsec o is ecognizedasoneo hemos signi ican con-
ibu o s og eenhousegasemissionsand heuseo awma e ials.TheCi cula Economy
(CE)isexpec ed ocon ibu e oa educ iono was eland ills,ex ac iono awma e ials,
andg eenhousegasemissions.Thiss udyaims ounde s and owha deg eeandhowCE
s a egiescan be applied o he e u bishmen and densi ica ion o esiden ial buildings.
Usingaquali a i eapp oach, hiss udyexamines heapplica iono CEs a egiesin he
building sec o h ough i e semi-s uc u ed expe in e iews. The li e a u e iden i ies
i e CE p inciples o buildings: building in laye s, designing-ou was e, designing o
adap abili yand lexibili y,designing o disassembly,andselec ingma e ials.F om he
in e iews, designing-ou was e was he mos common app oach o e u bishmen and
densi ica ion o esiden ial buildings. Ne e heless, he implemen a ion o CE s a egies
wi hin hebuildingsec o iss illlimi edandchallengingdue o a iousba ie sandli le
encou agemen . Mo e s imuli om go e nmen s h ough egula ions and guidelines, in-
c easedcollabo a ionbe weens akeholde s,and echnologicalad ancemen sa eexpec ed
o educe heobs acles oimplemen ingCEs a egiesin e u bishmen anddensi ica ion.
Keywo ds Ci cula i y·U banDensi ica ion·Re u bishmen ·Expe In e iews·
Ci cula Economy
1 3
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
In oduc ion
Exponen ialeconomicg ow hcanno p oceedpe pe uallyina ini ewo ld[1],necessi a -
ingachangein hecu en economicanden i onmen al ela ionship.P ojec ionsindica ea
130%inc easeincumula i eglobalg ossdomes icp oduc om2016 o2050[2],wi h he
wo ld’spopula ionexpec ed osoa om7.8billionin2020 o9.9billionin2050,a iseo
o e 25%[3].Addi ionally,almos 70%o hewo ld’spopula ionisp ojec ed o esidein
u banizeda easby2050,exe ingimmensep essu eonna u al esou ces[4].Consequen ly,
alleconomicsec o sa es i ing odecoupleeconomicp og ess omi sen i onmen al
impac [5],wi h heEu opeanUnionleadinge o sbyp omo ingpoliciessuchas euse
and ecyclingsince2014.Thesepoliciesaim o ansi ion oaCi cula Economy(CE),
educing awma e ialex ac ionandwas egene a ion[6,7].Due oi ssubs an ialen i on-
men al oo p in , hecons uc ionindus ys andsou asap io i ysec o o ansi ioning
omalinea oaCE.Buildingsaccoun o 38%o g eenhousegasemissions,40%o
awma e ialsconsump ion,and40%o was egene a ionglobally[8,9].Speci ically, hey
consume1.6billion onso ma e ialsannually, esul inginaCO2 oo p in o 250mil-
lion ons[10].Mo eo e , heEu opeanUnionacknowledges heimpe a i eo eno a ing
exis ingbuildings oachie e hegoalo ane -ze oeconomyby2050,whichmeansanea -
comple edeca boniza iono hebuildingsec o [11].Wi h76%o heEu opeanbuilding
s ockp eda ingene gye iciency egula ionsando e 85%o buildingsexpec ed o emain
inuseby2050al eadycons uc ed[12–14], e u bishmen anddensi ica iono esiden ial
a easbecomepa amoun .Fu he legisla ion,suchas heEU’s ocusonlanduses a egies
ha aim op e en u bansp awlandsoildeg ada ionby educingbuildingong een- ield
a eas,e enmo eemphasizes henecessi y o e u bishmen anddensi ica iono exis ing
esiden iala eas[6,15].
In hiscon ex , heCEconcep canbein oducedasanapp oach o educewas eland-
ills,ex ac iono awma e ials[16],andassocia edg eenhousegasemissions.Byusing
CEs a egiesdu ing he e u bishmen anddensi ica ionp ocess,ma e ialscangainadded
aluea e hebuilding’sendo li ebybeing eused, epai ed, e u bished, ecycled,and
eco e ed.Addi ionally, heusabili yo hebuildingi sel canbeex ended[17].S udies
conduc edbyLeee al.andAljabe e al.iden i ied hecu en si ua iono CEs a egiesin
hecons uc ionindus yand he easibili yo CEadop ionin hebuildingsec o [18,19].
Thesepape sshedligh oncons uc ioncompanies’a i udes owa ds heimpo anceo CE
s a egiesandhighligh ed heba ie sandenable s o headop iono heCEconcep in he
buildingsec o .Thei indingsp o ide aluableinsigh s ha in o mou unde s andingo
helandscapeandchallengesassocia edwi himplemen ingCEp inciplesincons uc ion
p ac ices.
Buildingon heseinsigh s, hiss udyaims odeeplyunde s and owha deg eeandhow
exis ingCEs a egiescouldbeapplied o he e u bishmen anddensi ica iono esiden ial
buildings.Thein es iga ionseeks ob idge hegapbe ween heo e icalunde s andingand
p ac icalimplemen a iono CEp incipleswi hin hebuildingsec o ,pa icula ly ocusing
on hechallengesassocia edwi h e u bishmen anddensi ica ionp ojec s.Ul ima ely, he
s udysugges s u u e esea chdi ec ions o head ancemen o CEini ia i esand he eal-
iza iono en i onmen ally esponsiblebuildingp ac ices.
1 3
1900
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
S a e o he A
In hecon ex o ci cula s a egies o hebuildingsec o ,i isessen ial ounde s and he
CEconcep .Thiss udyconside s heCEasde inedby heEllenMacA hu Founda ion:
“TheCi cula Economyis asys emwhe ema e ialsne e becomewas e,andna u eis
egene a ed.Inaci cula economy,p oduc sandma e ialsa ekep inci cula ion h ough
p ocesseslikemain enance, euse, e u bishmen , emanu ac u e, ecycling,andcompos -
ing.Theci cula economy acklesclima echangeando he globalchallenges,likebiodi-
e si yloss,was e,andpollu ion,bydecouplingeconomicac i i y om heconsump ion
o ini e esou ces.”[17].
Inlinewi h hep incipleso heCE,buildings’li ecyclecanbeex endedbydesign-
ing hem obemo eadap ableandbygua an eeing ha ma e ialsandcomponen scanbe
eco e edand euseda hei endo li e.Unde s anding hedi e en ypeso ma e ialsand
componen so abuildingensu es ha biologicalma e ialscan e u n o hebiosphe eand
echnicalma e ialscanbe eco e edand eused[20].Figu e1illus a es he i ep inciples
o CEwhenapplied obuildings.Thenes edci clesdemons a e hehie a chicals uc u e,
wi h he i s h eein e nalci clesbeing hemos p e e able.Themos esou ce-e icien
s a egyis o e ain heal eadyexis ingbuildings ockand e i and e u bishexis ingbuild-
ings.Fo heo he h eeci cles, hemos impo an s a egiesa e eclaimingo emanu ac-
u ingma e ialsandcomponen s,wi h helas op ionbeing o ecycle[20].The i esec ions
supe imposedon heci clesa e hedesignp inciplesapplied obuildings o educewas e
andex end hei li ecycle.F om heli e a u e e iew,i becomesclea ha heconcep o
ci cula i yin hebuildingsec o iss illdi usesinceCEs a egieswe eappliedin a ious
waysdu ingbuildingdesignandcons uc ion.Ebe ha d e al.iden i ied16di e en CE
s a egyde ini ionsin heli e a u e[21].Ne e heless, heau ho salsonameddesign o
disassembly,ma e ialselec ion,anddesign o adap abili y& lexibili yas hemos applied
CEs a egies.
Fig. 1 Ci cula economyp inciplesapplied o hebuildingsec o adap ed om[20]
1 3
1901
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
Building in laye s (shea ing laye s model)
Thebuilding-in-laye sconcep de inesse e allaye sinabuilding,eachwi hadi e en li e
cycledu a ion.Theshea inglaye smodelincludessi e,s uc u e,skin,se ices,spaceplan,
ands u [22].The i s laye is hesi e, hegeog aphicalloca iono hebuilding.Thesi e
doesno ha eade e minedli espansincei isˈe e nalˈ.Thesecondlaye is hes uc u eo
abuilding,whichincludes he ounda ionand heload-bea ingelemen s.I sli espan anges
om30 o200yea s.The hi dlaye is heskino abuilding,whichcon ains he açadeand
oo andlas sa ound50yea s.The ou hlaye consis so hese iceso abuilding,such
aspipes,wi es,ene gy,andhea ingsys ems.Theli espano suchsys ems a iesbe ween7
and25yea s.The i hlaye consis so hespaceplan,which ep esen s hein e nallayou ,
includingwallsand loo sand hea e ageli espanis15yea s.Finally, hesix hlaye con-
sis so hes u ,including u ni u e,pic u es,ligh ing,e c.Theli ecycleo hislas laye
anges om1day o7yea s.These imespansa ees ima esand u he esea chis equi ed
obe e unde s and hisconcep inp ac ice[22].
Designing-ou Was e (DoW)
Designing-ou was emeansmakinge icien useo esou cesdu ing hedesignphaseo he
cons uc ionp ojec .Themainconcep is oimplemen a ailablema e ialsase icien lyas
possible odec ease hedemand o esou cesusedin hecons uc ionsec o [23].Fo exis -
ingbuildings,DoWdemands o e i and e u bishexis ingbuildingsins eado demolishing
andbuildingnewones.Re i ingand e u bishingexis ingbuildingsmeansusingasmuch
o heo iginalbuildingaspossible odec ease heneed o i ginma e ialsandsa e ime
onsi e.
Design o Adap abili y & Flexibili y
Designing o adap abili yisac ucials a egy o de elopingsus ainablebuildingssince
i dec eases helikelihoodo hebuildingbecomingobsole e[24].Bydesigning o adap -
abili y,buildingscanbeeasilymodi ied oaccommoda e heneedso newuse saswell
as oin eg a enew echnologies[20].The eisadi e encebe ween lexibleandadap able
buildingdesigns[13].Flexiblebuildingdesignsenableaneasy eo ganiza iono hebuild-
ing’sin e nal i -ou oma ch hechanging equi emen so occupan s.Incon as ,adap able
buildingdesigns e e obuildings ha canbeeasilymodi ied o heex en o hei li eand
sui newuses.Ne e heless, hese e minologiesa eoccasionallyneglec edo in e changed
in heli e a u e[25].
Design o Disassembly
Beingable oassembleanddisassemblebuildingma e ials oenableaneconomic eco e y
o s uc u alcomponen sand hei associa ed alueisanimpo an pa o implemen ing he
CE[26].Planning o decons uc ionin ol es hede elopmen o ade aileddecons uc ion
plan,whichshouldincludeins uc ionsonhow odisassembleelemen sandacomple e
in en o yo hebuildingcomponen sandma e ialsandhow heycanbe eused, ecycled,
o eclaimed[27].
1 3
1902
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
Selec ing Ma e ials
Ma e ialsplaya i al oleinci cula buildingdesign.Hence, he igh choiceo ma e ials
omaCEpe spec i edu ing hedesigningp ocesssigni ican ly educes heen i onmen al
impac so buildings[10].Toachie eaCE,ma e ialsandcomponen so abuildingneed
obedecla edandde inedinanin en o y.Ma e ialsshouldbeselec edacco ding o hei
li espanandma e ial ype(biologicalo echnical).Addi ionally,ma e ialsshould e ain
hei pu i ybyp e en ing hemix u eo biologicaland echnicalsubs ancesso ha biologi-
calma e ialscan e u n o hebiosphe eand he echnicalonescanbekep inaclosedloop.
Me hodology
Thiss udyadop saquali a i eapp oach oexplo e heimplemen a iono CEs a egies
in e u bishmen anddensi ica ionp ojec sin hebuildingsec o .Theme hodologycom-
p isessemi-s uc u edin e iewswi hexpe s.Theques ionnai ewascomposedo open
ques ions.Addi ional ques ions we e asked o achie e a deepe insigh in o he espon-
den s’knowledge ega ding heapplica iono CEin he e u bishmen anddensi ica ion
o esiden ialbuildings.Conce ning hesampleselec ion, i ea chi ec u ecompanieswe e
chosen.Table1showsallpa icipa ingcompaniesand hei espec i eloca ions.The i s
selec ionc i e ionwas oelec a chi ec u ecompanieswi hexpe ienceinapplyingci cula
s a egiesinp ojec de elopmen .Hence,du ing hesea ch, hecompanies’websi esand
p ojec publica ionswe eca e ullyexamined oensu e ha hecompanyhadknowledge
abou a leas oneCEs a egy.Thiss epgua an eed ha heycouldp o idesu icien da a.
Rega ding he i ein e iewees’ oles, ou a ea chi ec s esponsible o p ojec designand
de elopmen ,andoneis heheado enginee ing esponsible o p oduc de elopmen .The
secondselec ionc i e ionwas ochoosecompaniesloca edinEu ope.Thisis ela ed o he
ac ha manyEu opeancoun iesha easimila clima eand, he e o e,simila building
ea u esand equi emen s[28],aswellassimila CE- ela ed egula ionsandincen i es.
Thecollec edin o ma ionwasabou heusageo CEs a egiesdu ingp ojec designo
buildingsand hemainchallengesandba ie s.Fu he mo e,da awasga he edabou he
di e enceinimplemen ingCEs a egiesbe weennewandexis ingbuildings.Addi ionally,
pe spec i es om he esponden s ega ding hee ec i enessandhoweasyi is oimple-
men eachCEs a egywe eob ained.
Pa icipa ingcompanies Loca ions
TheNewMake s Ne he lands
FRANTZENe al.a chi ec s Ne he lands
A chi ek enCie Ne he lands
3XN/GXN Copenhagen,
S ockholm,
NewYo k,
andSydney
Zi kula Swi ze land
Table 1 In e iewedcompanies
andloca ions
1 3
1903
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
Resul s
CE S a egies o Buildings
Thein e iewsshow ha all i eci edCEp inciplescanbeapplieddu ingp ojec design.
Mo eo e ,i ise iden ha he esponden sha edi e en me hodso applyingCEs a e-
giesin hei p ojec s,i.e.,eachin e ieweehas hei p e e edCEs a egies.In his ega d,
he esponden omFRANTZENe al.a chi ec ssaid:‘Fi s ly,we y odesignbuildings
ha canbe eusedasawholeo e ando e again.Secondly,i he i s app oachisno pos-
sible,wemakesu e ha buildingscanbedisassembledand eusedelsewhe e.Thi dly,we
y ouseasmany enewablema e ialsaspossible.’Inaddi ion, he esponden s omZi ku-
la and omTheNewMake ss a ed, espec i ely:‘Ou s a egyis o eusesingleelemen s
o hebuildingi sel .Fi s ,welooka wha is he eandwha heclien wan s odo.Then
we y oma chbo h.Thebes is okeep hesameuse.When hebuildingisdecons uc ed,
we y oimplemen hema e ials om hedecons uc ionp ocess.’and‘Ou ocusis he
lexibili yo useand hepossibili y o disassembly.Thede elopmen phasecanbe lexible
omakei easy o a ia e,i helps ochange heusabili yo hebuildings,anda heend
o li e,youcandisassemble hem.Addi ionally,wemakeuseo enewable,bio-based,and
ecycledp oduc s.’Mo eo e , he esponden s omA chi ek enCieand3XN/GXNa gued,
espec i ely:‘Ou CEs a egieslayonselec ingma e ials,buildinginlaye s,andusing he
Du chchecklis called he10Rs.’and‘Wemain ainas onggeome icalbluep in o ou
buildingpa s h oughou ou de elopmen p ocess.Thisallowsus oapplya a ie yo
assembly,modula ,andsus ainableme hods oeachpa andlaye o hebuildingdesign.
Ou p ocessisdigi allycon olled,bu physicalmock-upsa ebeingbuil oensu e ha all
pa sandma e ialsa eca e ullyselec edandjoined oge he in hewaywein ended.’F om
hein e iewsi becameclea ha mos o hepa icipan susemo e hanoneCEs a egy.
Figu e2shows he equency ha hein e ieweesmen ioned he i eCEs a egies.The
mainCEs a egiesci edby hein e ieweesa edesign o disassemblywi h26%,selec ing
ma e ialsanddesigning-ou was e,bo hwi h22%, ollowedbydesign o adap abili y&
lexibili ywi h17%.
Fig. 2 F equency ha hein e ieweesmen ioned he i eCEs a egies
1 3
1904
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
CE S a egies Applied o Re u bishmen and Densi ica ion o Residen ial Buildings
Rega ding heapplica iono CEs a egiesinexis ingbuildings,mos in e ieweesimple-
men acommonbasicapp oach: ouseasmucho heo iginalbuildingaspossible oa oid
demoli ionandsa ena u al esou ces.Conside ing his, he ollowings a emen scanbe
highligh ed:
●‘Fi s ,welooka wha is he eandwha heclien wan s odo.We y oma chbo h.’
●‘We y o euseasmuchaspossibleo heexis ingbuildings.’
●‘Eachp ojec isdi e en ando e snewoppo uni iesandchallenges,bu ou me hod
andp inciplesa e hesame.We ho oughlyscan heexis ingbuildingson hesi eand
e alua ei hebes andmos easibleme hodis o euse, ecycle,o e u b.Alo o he
oldbuildingss illha eas ongs uc u alsys em,bu hespacesand loo heigh sneed
obe edesignedand econ igu ed.’
●‘Wekeep hes uc u alpa o hebuildingbyanalyzingwha canbeused, hengo o
designc i e iadependingon hep ojec .’
Howe e ,somein e ieweesa gued ha e u bishmen anddensi ica ionp ojec sa emo e
complexandcos ly.On hisma e ,one esponden s a ed:‘Youne e knowwha you ind
(in heexis ingbuilding),whichmakesi mo eexpensi e.I needsmo eskilledwo ke sand
he e o e, akingi allawayandplacinganewoneiseasie ’.
Addi ionally, woo hein e iewees oundi e ydi icul o e u bish esiden ialbuild-
ingsdue o egula ionba ie sandalacko awa enesso heclien s.Onein e ieweea gued:
‘Fo esiden ialbuildings,in hecaseo heNe he lands,ci cula i yisalmos impossible
oimplemen due os anda dsand egula ions o esiden ialbuildings.Fo ins ance, i e
egula ion.’Howe e ,i isimpo an ohighligh ha hispe cep ionisdi ec ly ela ed o
hecompany’s esou cessuchas henumbe o employeeswi hdi e si iedknow-how.The
esponden om3XN/GXNp esen edoneo hecompany’sdensi ica ionp ojec sasan
example.The esponden showed ha hedesigne swe eable o euse95%o hes uc u al
wallsand65%o hecolumns,beams,andslabso ahigh- isebuilding.Asa esul , he
companyachie edsubs an ialeconomicsa ingsandasigni ican educ iono CO2emis-
sions.Acco ding o he esponden , hea chi ec sandinno a ion eamwe e hemaind i e s
o hissuccess.
Wheni comes o hein e iewees’ iewpoin son heapplica iono heCEs a egies
in e u bishmen anddensi ica ionp ojec s, wodi e en pe spec i esa ose.The i s pe -
spec i e ega ds hedi e encein heapplica iono CEs a egiesbe weennewandexis ing
buildings,while hesecondpe spec i econce ns hedeg eeo di icul yapplyingCEs a -
egiesdu ingp ojec design.Rega ding he i s pe spec i e, o someo he esponden s,
he eisnodi e encebe weennewand e u bishmen /densi ica ionp ojec s,while o o h-
e s, helacko lexibili yo heexis ingbuildingisachallenge.Fo example, he esponden
omA chi ek enCiesaid:‘Wewo konnewand e u bishmen p ojec sin hesameway;
heonlydi e enceis ha o exis ingbuildings,we i s y oanalyzewha canbeused,
henwego o designc i e ia.’,while he esponden omZi kula said:‘I isbes okeep
hesameuseo hebuildings.O he wise, hep ojec becomescomplex oapplyci cula i y’.
1 3
1905
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1899–1912
Conce ning hesecondpe spec i e,each esponden hasaunique iewpoin ega ding
hedeg eeo di icul yinapplyingCEs a egiesdu ingp ojec de elopmen .In hiscon-
ex , he ollowings a emen scanbehighligh ed:
●‘Design o adap abili yisdoable,bu i cos ssome imes.Exis ingma e ialsa e he
mos complica edbecauseyoumus adap owha you ind.’
●‘Theeasies oapplyis hedesign o disassemblybecauseyoudono needadi e -
en design odoi ;i isjus de ailing.Opposi ely,design o adap abili y,youneeda
di e en design ha isno no malnowadays.Designing-ou was eis hemos di icul
because hebuildingindus yisno ye used oi ,andi isape ec si ua ion ha does
no exis a hemomen .’
●‘Ma e ialselec ionis heeasies becauseyoumus doi up on .Fi s ma e ialsand hen
design;o he wise,you aisecos andcomplexi y.(Themos di icul is)buildinginlay-
e s(youdoi )becausesome imesi makessense oin eg a eelemen s.Focusoni 5%
due oi scomplexi y.’
Mo eo e ,when he esponden swe easked o ank he i es a egies om hemos e ec-
i e o heleas e ec i e,mos o hemensu ed ha a ankingwasno possible.Fo ins ance,
esponden sA chi ek enCieand3XN/GXNsaid ha allo hema ee ec i eand, he e-
o e,i isno possible o ank hem.One esponden a gued u he :‘E e yapp oachisso
di e en omp ojec op ojec ,and he e o e,allo hema eimpo an .Addi ionally,I
wouldadd ha becauseeachp ojec di e s om henex , he ankingo hep inciplesalso
changesandis e-e alua eddependingon hep ojec ’schallenges.’In hiscon ex ,e en
houghsomeo he esponden s anked hes a egies, heyclea lys a ed ha allo hema e
essen ial o heapplica iono ci cula i yin hebuildingsec o .
Challenges o he CE S a egies
Se e alchallenges oimplemen ing CE s a egies in new and exis ing building p ojec s
we eno iceable om heli e a u e e iewand hein e iews.Thesecanbeassocia edwi h
h eep edomina ingchallenges:economical,ins i u ional,andsocial.Table2shows he
iden i iedchallengesand hei sub-challenges.
Mos esponden sa guedabou hedi icul yo applyingCEs a egiesinnewandexis -
ingbuildingp ojec sdue o inancialaspec s.Fo ins ance,onein e ieweesaid:‘Today’s
in es men s a egiesa ebasedon inancialdecisionsys emsinwhich u u e aluesa e
Challenges Sub-challenges
Economic •Highcos s
•Lacko u u e iew
Ins i u ional •Lack/no clea egula ionsandguidelines o
encou ageCE
•Regula ions ha wo kasanobs acle o
implemen ingCE
•Lacko knowledgeandexpe ienceo s ake-
holde s(a chi ec s,enginee s,e c.)
•Lacko communica ionbe weens akeholde s
Social •Lacko awa eness
•Lacko encou agemen
•Lacko commi men oCEimplemen a ion
Table 2 Challengeso heCE
s a egies
1 3
1906
