Law, Joey; Ong, Jeen Wei; Aziz, Kama ulzaman Ab.
A icle
Cul u al he i age sa egua ding h ough social
en ep eneu ship: a case s udy analysis in Geo ge Town
UNESCO Wo ld he i age si e, Malaysia
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Law, Joey; Ong, Jeen Wei; Aziz, Kama ulzaman Ab. (2024) : Cul u al he i age
sa egua ding h ough social en ep eneu ship: a case s udy analysis in Geo ge Town UNESCO
Wo ld he i age si e, Malaysia, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis,
Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-19,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2347964
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/326256
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Cogen Business & Managemen
ISSN: 2331-1975 (Online) Jou nal homepage: www. and online.com/jou nals/oabm20
Cul u al he i age sa egua ding h ough social
en ep eneu ship: a case s udy analysis in Geo ge
Town UNESCO Wo ld he i age si e, Malaysia
Joey Law, Jeen Wei Ong & Kama ulzaman Ab. Aziz
To ci e his a icle: Joey Law, Jeen Wei Ong & Kama ulzaman Ab. Aziz (2024) Cul u al he i age
sa egua ding h ough social en ep eneu ship: a case s udy analysis in Geo ge Town
UNESCO Wo ld he i age si e, Malaysia, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2347964, DOI:
10.1080/23311975.2024.2347964
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2347964
© 2024 Mul imedia Uni e si y, Malaysia.
Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Published online: 10 May 2024.
Submi you a icle o his jou nal
A icle iews: 1625
View ela ed a icles
View C ossma k da a
Ci ing a icles: 1 View ci ing a icles
Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a
h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode=oabm20
En Ep EnEu ship & inno a ion | EsEa ch a iclE
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2347964
Cul u al he i age sa egua ding h ough social en ep eneu ship: a
case s udy analysis in Geo ge Town UNESCO Wo ld he i age si e,
Malaysia
Joey lawa , Jeen Wei onga and Kama ulzaman ab. azizb
aFacul y o Managemen , Mul imedia uni e si y, Cybe jaya, Malaysia; bFacul y o Business, Mul imedia uni e si y, Melaka,
Malaysia
ABSTRACT
his a icle sugges s social en ep eneu ship, d i en by he ocal poin o social
En ep eneu ship o ien a ion, as a mechanism o sa egua d he cul u al he i age o
Geo ge own, a unEsco Wo ld he i age si e, h ough he case s udy o wo en i ies - a
legally egis e ed o ganisa ion (o G01) and an in o mal g oup (o G02). Gi en he
complex mechanism o social en ep eneu ship, his s udy employed a quali a i e
app oach u ilising he heo y o change amewo k o dissec he in ica ed aspec s o
social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es in o p ocesses and challenges, ocusing on inpu s,
ac i i ies, ou pu s, ou comes, and impac s. he key indings shed ligh on he oles o
wo en i ies embodying he cha ac e is ics o social En ep eneu ship o ien a ion in
hei sa egua ding e o s. las ly, his a icle con ibu es o a p ac ical unde s anding
and possible de elopmen o a sus ainable model o cul u al he i age sa egua ding by
comp ehending he social en ep eneu ship p ocess and aligning wi h sus ainable
De elopmen Goal 11 o os e ing sus ainable ci ies and communi ies.
1. In oduc ion
his o ically, Geo ge own became he in e sec ion o mul icul u al socie y when i was u ned in o a ee
ading po by he B i ish Eas india company (penang po commission, 2023; Jackson, 2013). e e ing
o Figu e 1, Geo ge own, penang is s a egically posi ioned be ween china and he indian subcon inen
and se ed as a c ucial comme cial po o he B i ish, acili a ing ade and comme ce be ween hese
wo signi ican egions (Zhao e al., 2019).
as an ini ia i e o de elop Geo ge own, he B i ish encou aged mo e se le s by allowing hem o
claim as much land as hey could clea (penang po commission, 2023). his has igge ed a la ge wa e
o immig a ion om china and india o Malaya. Besides angible i ems, he se le s also b ough hei
in angible cul u al he i age. i is indispu able ha penang possesses a unique cul u al he i age whe e
many eligions and cul u es mee and coexis due o he in luences o B i ish colonisa ion and mass
emig a ion. as a esul , Geo ge own was awa ded he unEsco Wo ld he i age si e (Whs) i le in con-
junc ion wi h Melaka on 7 h July 2008 o ha ing ou s anding uni e sal alues (ou s); he i le in ends
o p ese e he cul u al he i age o u u e gene a ions (unEsco, 2019). Figu e 2 shows ha 259.42 hec -
a es in Geo ge own all unde he Bu e and co e Zone (unEsco, 2007). he insc ip ion encloses he
co e Zone and Bu e Zone, which su ounds and p o ec s he co e Zone, ensu ing holis ic p ese a ion
o he he i age si e (unEsco, 2007).
© 2024 Mul imedia uni e si y, Malaysia. Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Jeen Wei ong [email p o ec ed].my Facul y o Managemen , Mul imedia uni e si y, Cybe jaya, Malaysia
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2347964
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 26 Decembe
2023
e ised 22 Feb ua y 2024
accep ed 22 ap il 2024
SUBJECTS
asian s udies (gene al),
social en ep eneu ship,
an h opology - soc sci,
cul u e, issues; cul u al
he i age
KEYWORDS
social en ep eneu ship
ini ia i es; sus ainabili y
ini ia i es; heo y o
change; cul u al he i age
sa egua ding; u ban
he i age conse a ion;
sDG alignmen
REVIEWING EDITOR
G an Wilson, uni e si y o
egina Facul y o Business
adminis a ion, canada
2 J. laW E al.
Following he insc ip ion, ou ism in Geo ge own unEsco Wo ld he i age si e (G Whs) has boomed,
and i has since gained a en ion om many s akeholde s. ou ism- ela ed ac i i ies con ibu e signi i-
can ly o penang’s economy and u n penang in o a bus ling island (ong, 2022). E en hough he
co iD-19 pandemic slowed he ou ism sec o , i is on a ebounding end (Mok, 2023; Be nama, 2023;
solhi, 2021). indispu ably, he Whs i le did mo e han p omo e and li penang o in e na ional s a us.
howe e , i also p o ec ed he angible cul u al he i age ( ch), such as buil he i age wi hin he G Whs,
om being demolished o make oom o high- ise and mode nised buildings (Kau , 2019). un o una ely,
he e a e some ha m ul e ec s om he lis ing, speci ically on he in angible cul u al he i age (ich) –
indi ec ly and unin en ionally changes he social ab ic in G Whs, causing mass exodus and ceasing o
adi ional businesses (Foo & K ishnapillai, 2018; eoh, 2018; Ba on, 2017). a e he exodus p ocess, buil
he i age is o en u ned in o ho els and ca es o ca e o ou ism- ela ed ac i i ies wi h li le o no ele-
men s o ich a ached as he li ing cul u al he i age has aken hem along du ing he exodus p ocess.
apa om ha , he p ope y p ices o he buil he i age a e cons an ly inc easing, plus he p ohibi i e
cos wi h ons o guidelines on upkeeping; hose unable o sell o en will e en ually be abandoned
and le o o (lo, 2020). Based on he la es o icial epo by penang island ci y council (MBpp) in
2020, he e a e epo edly 73 uni s o abandoned buil he i age wi hin G Whs (lo, 2020). Mo eo e ,
ime- ela ed ac o s, including globalisa ion, in la ion, and social cohesion, h ea en G Whs’s cul u al he -
i age in he long e m.
Globally, i is a known ac ha sa egua ding cul u al he i age is a long- e m p ocess ha equi es a
cons an low o unds (Mekonnen e al., 2022; unEsco, 2016). ne e heless, one o he many obs acles
in he sa egua ding p ocess is he need o mo e unds. sadly, he dying o cul u al he i age does no
ank as a p esen issue equi ing immedia e ac ion; he eby, i is less likely o ecei e enough a en ion
and unding om he go e nmen and p i a e sec o . Go e nmen s ha e a s a u o y esponsibili y o
p o ide unds o sa egua d he cul u al he i age, bu wi h he sh inking o inances and inc ease in social
issues, he e is a gap le unme . Fac o s such as in la ion make sa egua ding cul u al he i age cos s
sky ocke , especially he cos o p ese ing buil he i age. as Mohd nawi e al. (2020) men ioned, he
isks and cos s in conse ing and p ese ing buil he i age a e highe and o en mo e complica ed gi en
he igid se o guidelines o main ain he buil he i age’s au hen ici y. he disappea ance o cul u al
he i age is iewed as a social issue because cul u al he i age is a aluable sha ed asse ha e lec s pas
Figu e 1. Map showing geo ge own’s s a egic Posi ioning be ween China and india. No e: he ed ci cle highligh s
he geog aphic loca ion o geo ge own, Penang, on he map. Sou ce: google Maps. (n.d.) (h ps://www.google.com/
maps/@13.6960393,101.5092679,5z?en y = u).
coGEn BusinEss & ManaGEMEn 3
gene a ions’ human legacy (Mekonnen e al., 2022; ha ey, 2019). Besides, sa egua ding cul u al he i age
ecei es less a en ion and unds han o he con empo a y issues in sec o s such as heal h, educa ion,
and en i onmen (singh & lee, 2023; B i ish council, 2018); hese sec o s a e deemed mo e i al.
Fo he pas ew decades, social en ep eneu ship has eme ged as a mechanism o accomplish social
change by b idging gaps unme by he go e nmen and p i a e sec o . Es ablishing social en e p ises
comes wi h he main aim o add essing a ge ed social and en i onmen al issues. Fo ins ance, hong
Kong has p o ed ha social en ep eneu ship is an e ec i e mechanism o sa egua d cul u al he i age
h ough he e i alisa ion o abandoned buil he i age, such as he old ai o police s a ion and lai chi
Kok hospi al, in o a he i age ho el and an ins i u ion ha ope a es as social en e p ises and p omo ing
o he chinese cul u e (cho, 2022; J ia, 2021; chung, 2012). he e o e, social en ep eneu ship is an ic-
ipa ed o posi i ely impac he e o s o sa egua ding he cul u al he i age o G Whs as i is p o en ha
social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies can sol e con empo a y social and en i onmen al issues (Dickel e al.,
2020; Zhang & li, 2017; Dacin e al., 2010; Dees e al., 2001).
Gi en social en ep eneu ship’s complex ye ambiguous ci cums ances, his a icle seeks o unde s and
i s p ocess in he con ex o G Whs. al hough social en ep eneu ship is p ac ised widely, he e is nei-
he a co e business model no a uni ying de ini ion o pin down he e m. Besides, Malaysia’s lack o a
Figu e 2. Map o co e and bu e zones o he his o ic ci y o geo ge own. No e: he da k o ange a ea ep esen s he
Co e Zone, co e ing 109.38 hec a es, while he ligh o ange a ea ep esen s he Bu e Zone, co e ing 150.04 hec a es.
Sou ce: unesCo, 2007 (h ps://whc.unesco.o g/en/documen s/101085/).
4 J. laW E al.
legal amewo k o social en e p ise does no s op o ganisa ions and g oups om wo king o sa egua d
G Whs’s cul u al he i age. social en ep eneu ship in Malaysia is s ill in i s in ancy bu gaining ac ion.
his a icle will analyse case s udies o one o ganisa ion and one in o mal g oup in G Whs o comp e-
hend he social en ep eneu ship p ocess h ough he lens o social En ep eneu ship o ien a ion (sEo)
using elemen s om he heo y o change ( oc). in his con ex , his a icle a emp s o ill a esea ch
gap by ancho ing on he pe spec i e o business managemen – he ole o social en ep eneu ship in
he e o o sa egua d he cul u al he i age in G Whs. apa om ha , he e is a lack o (social) en e-
p eneu ship s udies in sa egua ding he cul u al he i age wi hin G Whs, lea ing an unde -explo ed gap.
heo e ically, his a icle also con ibu es o social en ep eneu ship and cul u al an h opology li e a u e.
his a icle is s uc u ed in o se en main sec ions: in oduc ion, li e a u e e iew, esea ch me hodol-
ogy, indings, c oss-case analysis, discussion, and las ly, conclusion.
2. Li e a u e e iew
he lack o esou ces o sa egua ding will h ea en G Whs’s cul u al he i age. he disappea ance o
cul u al he i age is a social issue, and his a icle sugges ed social en ep eneu ship as a mechanism o
add ess his con empo a y social issue. Fi s , a li e a u e e iew on cul u al he i age sa egua ding and
social en ep eneu ship will be discussed, ollowed by sEo, as i helps o c ea e a bounda y in he o gan-
isa ions’ and g oups’ selec ion p ocess. addi ionally, oc, alongside he elemen s, will be discussed o
unde s and he social en ep eneu ship p ocess, ollowed by a discussion o o mal and in o mal g oups.
2.1. The impo ance o cul u al he i age sa egua ding
an h opologically, cul u e ep esen s he sha ed sys em o explici and implici knowledge wi hin a spe-
ci ic g oup, while he i age encompasses he cul u al aspec s ansmi ed h ough gene a ions (pappas &
McKel ie, 2022; hudelson, 2004). cul u al he i age embodies alues, adi ions, skills, knowledge, places,
a is ic exp essions, languages, and alues ha signi y a sha ed ela ionship wi hin a communi y.
Es ablished in 1945, he uni ed na ions Educa ional, scien i ic and cul u al o ganiza ion (unEsco)
aims o p omo e global peace, sus ainable de elopmen , and human igh s (unEsco, 2024). cul u al
he i age sa egua ding is one o he majo ocus a eas o unEsco, in ol ing p o ec ing angible and
in angible elemen s, as i os e s a sense o iden i y and belonging wi hin communi ies. sus ainable
De elopmen Goal (sDG) 11.4 emphasises he impo ance o sa egua ding cul u al he i age, explici ly
a ge ing p ese ing cul u al and na u al he i age (uni ed na ions, 2022). s akeholde s should s eng hen
e o s o sa egua d cul u al he i age because i con ibu es o esilience and sus ainable de elopmen
(hosag aha , 2017). also, sa egua ding cul u al he i age is c ucial o b oade sus ainabili y goals, includ-
ing economic g ow h and po e y educ ion (unEsco, 2015). Despi e unEsco’s ini ia i e o spea head
he e o s o sa egua d cul u al he i age h ough a ious con en ions, i has ye o mi iga e he inhe en
complexi ies and challenges associa ed wi h hese sa egua ding e o s. hence, adi ional sa egua ding
is insu icien when acing apid social change and he eby equi es a new adap a ion, such as using
sus ainable mechanisms o sa egua d cul u al he i age.
his a icle ocuses on unde s anding he signi icance o cul u al he i age sa egua ding wi hin he
con ex o G Whs. las ly, h ough comp ehensi e analysis, his a icle p o ides insigh s in o social en e-
p eneu ship as an e ec i e mechanism o sa egua ding cul u al he i age.
2.2. The pano ama o social en ep eneu ship in Malaysia
he p ac ices and con ibu ions o social en ep eneu ship may be publicly and widely gaining suppo
and ecogni ion, bu he e m i sel is s ill ying o achie e alidi y academically (Ka é & Mee ke k,
2023). apa om being aguely and bounda yless de ined, social en ep eneu ship also con inues o
challenge he unc ional pe spec i e o business and economics wi h no co e business model o speci ic
economic measu emen scales (Dickel e al., 2020; Welle & an, 2020; Wu e al., 2020; abu-sai an, 2012).
he de ini ion o social en ep eneu ship is inconclusi e, bu he undamen al idea o social en ep e-
neu ship is ela i ely simple and s aigh o he poin ; i is all abou doing business and add essing any
coGEn BusinEss & ManaGEMEn 5
social issues ha a e le unsol ed by he go e nmen and p i a e sec o s wi h i s esou ces such as
ea ned income, knowledge and skills, among o he s (MEcD, 2023; osbe g & Ma in, 2015; Dohe y e al.,
2014). al hough social en e p ises aim o p o i abili y in he in e es o sus ainabili y, he p ima y goal
always lies in add essing socie al issues (osbe g & Ma in, 2015).
Jus a decade ago, he concep and ac i i ies o social en ep eneu ship we e ha dly known o dis-
cussed in Malaysia (abdul Kadi e al., 2019). in he pas ew yea s, social en ep eneu ship has gained
popula i y and a ac ed he a en ion o many s akeholde s, including he go e nmen . in 2015, he
go e nmen ecognised he impo ance o social en ep eneu ship owa ds socie y and launched he
Malaysia social En e p ise Bluep in , which en ailed a h ee-yea s a egic oadmap o suppo he de el-
opmen o social en e p ises (Dna, 2015). un o una ely, h ee yea s was inadequa e o social en ep e-
neu ship o be a sel -sus aining sec o no o es ablish a legal amewo k o ca e o social en e p ises;
he ambigui y and challenges in social en ep eneu ship emain. he e o e, building on he wo k om
2018, he go e nmen launched he social En ep eneu ship ac ion F amewo k 2030 (sEMy2030) in ap il
2022 o suppo and spu he de elopmen and g ow h o social en ep eneu ship and social en e p ise
(Galimbe i, 2022). Wi h he sEMy2030, he penang s a e go e nmen aspi es o g ow mo e social en e -
p ises by 2030 (Mo o e , 2023). cu en ly, a social en e p ise in Malaysia is nei he ecognised as a con-
en ional business no a non-go e nmen al o ganisa ion (nGo); ins ead, o ganisa ions can be acc edi ed
and o mally ecognised as one (MEcD, 2023; Yeow & ng, 2022). E en wi h he agueness and chal-
lenges, i does no hinde social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies. acco ding o he da a published by he
Minis y o En ep eneu and coope a i es De elopmen (MEcD), he e a e cu en ly 17 acc edi ed social
en e p ises ha ha e been ope a ing o mo e han wo yea s, and 223 mo e ha ha e been ope a ing
o a leas six mon hs h oughou Malaysia (MEcD, 2023).
in he Malaysian con ex , MEcD de ines social en e p ise as a legally egis e ed en i y, pu pose-d i en,
and has a inancially sus ainable business model ha aims o ackle social o en i onmen al issues o
achie e posi i e impac s on bo h he bene icia ies and he economy; hese a e also he c i e ia o ge
acc edi ed (MEcD, 2023). he mos ecen da a om 2018 indica es an es ima ion o o e 20,000 social
en e p ises in Malaysia, he numbe egis e ed unde mic o, small, and medium en e p ises, co-ope a i es,
and nGos, excluding associa ions/g oups ha a e no legally egis e ed (loh, 2020; lee, 2019; B i ish
council, 2018). While he e a e o e 81,000 egis e ed cha i able o ganisa ions, such as non-p o i o gani-
sa ions (npos) and nGos, he e is a lack o cohe ence, and so a , he e is no s a u o y body ha egu-
la es cha i ies – hence, he ules and egula ions a e s ill blu y (Yeow & ng, 2022; B i ish council, 2018).
as o now, i is unclea how many exac numbe s o social en e p ises ope a e wi hou being legally
egis e ed o being egis e ed unde o he legal en i ies. his is a sign ha he social en ep eneu ship
scena io in Malaysia is h i ing, bu challenges and ambigui ies emain. howe e , he go e nmen ec-
ognised he impo ance o social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies owa ds socie y and he economy and
acknowledged he po en ial o social en ep eneu ship o g ow. he e o e, he go e nmen is wo king
owa ds add essing he challenges o encou age mo e social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies in Malaysia. While
he go e nmen ’s aspi a ion o encou age mo e social en e p ises is a posi i e goal, i is c ucial o assess
he exis ing challenges aced by en i ies ha ca y ou social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es and i he ame-
wo k is compelling enough o achie e his goal. he h i ing social en ep eneu ship scena io in Malaysia
is p omising. howe e , i s ull po en ial may emain un ealised wi hou comp ehensi e da a on in o mal
g oups. his lack o da a hinde s he abili y o ully g asp he unde s anding o he social en ep eneu -
ship landscape in Malaysia. in ligh o hese challenges, he subsequen discussion will p o ide a ame-
wo k o assessing he cha ac e is ics o en i ies engaged in social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es.
2.3. Social en ep eneu ship o ien a ion
sEo is a concep ha explains he cha ac e is ics o he o ganisa ion in p ac ices and decision-making; i
e ol ed om en ep eneu ship o ien a ion (Eo) (halbe s ad & spiegle , 2018). howe e , sEo di e s om
Eo as social alue c ea ion was he main aim, no inancial alue c ea ion (Gali e al., 2020; K aus e al.,
2017). K aus e al. (2017) es ablished a scale o ope a ionalise sEo wi h ou dimensions, see able 1.
halbe s ad and spiegle (2018) and K aus e al. (2017) men ioned ha ega dless o which (legal)
s uc u es, o ganisa ions ha possess he cha ac e is ics o social en ep eneu ship and concu en ly
6 J. laW E al.
ope a e o add ess socie al issues a e o be conside ed social en e p ises. Fu he mo e, social en ep e-
neu ship ac i i ies can be ound in all ypes o o ganisa ions, ega dless o he (legal) s uc u e, as long
he ea ned income o a ailable esou ces a e used o sol e socie al and en i onmen al issues. as he
numbe o o ganisa ions and g oups ca ying ou social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies in Malaysia emains
ague and needs o be cla i ied, i impedes and aises many ques ions ega ding which ypes o ac i i-
ies, business models o o ganisa ions should be conside ed pa o he social en ep eneu ship spec-
um. he e o e, sEo can help c ea e unc ional bounda ies in he selec ion p ocess based on he ocus
and scope o o ganisa ions and g oups con ibu ing o he sa egua ding e o s in G Whs. as a gued by
Ma in and osbe g (2007), i is i al o es ablish bounda ies in social en ep eneu ship because he e m
would be insigni ican and meaningless i i is le oo wide open; he e o e, bounda ies a e essen ial.
also, a bounda y ha is oo na ow is deemed meaningless (Wanyoike & Maseno, 2021). he e o e, sEo
can jus i y he inclusion o o ganisa ions and g oups wo king o sa egua d cul u al he i age in G Whs,
ega dless o hei (legal) s uc u e.
on he o he hand, applying he lens o sEo in sa egua ding e o s goes beyond delinea ing bounda ies in
he social en ep eneu ship p ocess; i also highligh s he signi icance o each dimension. social inno a i eness
is essen ial in add essing he challenges in sa egua ding e o s, emphasising he impo ance o an o ganisa-
ion’s c ea i e p oblem-sol ing skills. social isk- aking emphasises ha an o ganisa ion is willing o go he ex a
mile and accep ambigui ies, which is i al in add essing e e -changing issues aced du ing sa egua ding
e o s. simul aneously, social p oac i eness u ges an o ganisa ion o pu sue oppo uni ies ac i ely while align-
ing wi h he na u e o cul u al he i age issues. las ly, socialness emphasises he o ganisa ion’s commi men o
c ea ing social alue by p io i ising posi i e social impac s o e inancial gain. in he con ex o G Whs, sEo
p o ides de ailed insigh s in o how o ganisa ions, i espec i e o hei (legal) s uc u es, play a ole in sa e-
gua ding e o s h ough social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies.
2.4. Theo y o change
oc will be used as an unde lying amewo k o s udy he p ocess o social en ep eneu ship. he e has
ye o be a consensus on how o desc ibe and de ine a oc o an exac se o me hodologies o u ilise
i (Da ies, 2018; se a , 2017; ogel, 2012). s ein and al e s (2012) b oadly de ined and summa ised oc
in o a se o "i … hen" s a emen s – i ep esen s a se o in e en ion(s) and hen ep esen s he ou -
come(s). Fo ins ance, i pa en s con inue o each and speak o hei child en in penang hokkien ins ead
o Manda in, hen he li espan o penang hokkien will be p olonged o gene a ions o come. on he
con a y, oc is na owly de ined and di ec ly linked o posi i e social change ( u , 2021; Bacq, 2017) -
oc is expec ed o be used o social impac and change. howe e , i is no exclusi ely applicable o only
posi i e social change. he e a e di e en de ini ions o oc, bu he sha ed co e elemen s a e simila .
hus, his makes oc a e y lexible ye me hodical model o examine he links be ween ac i i ies and
expec ed ou comes while conside ing he con ex s o he ini ia i e(s). Gi en he complexi y o social
issues in which he solu ions a e o en no o - he-shel , oc can agmen he social en ep eneu ship
p ocess and, in pa allel, p o ides comp ehensi e illus a ions on how and why change(s) is expec ed o
occu (Bacq, 2017; se a , 2017; ogel, 2012). oc comp ises mul iple key elemen s; see able 2.
Table 1. Dimensions om seo.
Dimensions Desc ip ions
social inno a i eness his dimension e lec s an o ganisa ion’s abili y o inno a i e p oblem-sol ing, ac i ely pu suing posi i e impac ,
and employing new ideas and me hods o ackle socie al p oblems and acili a e social change. i highligh s he
impo ance o c ea i i y and adap abili y in social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es.
social Risk- aking his dimension highligh s an o ganisa ion’s p oac i e app oach o add essing social issues, e en when ou comes a e
unce ain. i in ol es challenging es ablished models and employing uncon en ional app oaches o c ea e a
posi i e social impac . i emphasises he o ganisa ion’s willingness o accep possible ailu es as an in eg al pa
o c ea ing social change.
social P oac i eness his dimension emphasises an o ganisa ion’s ac i e engagemen in iden i ying and u ilising oppo uni ies o add ess
i s a ge ed social issues. i in ol es p oac i ely pu suing oppo uni ies o impac socie al challenges posi i ely. i
emphasises he impo ance o aking ini ia i e and being a sigh ed in social en ep eneu ship ac i i ies.
socialness his dimension signi ies he o ganisa ion’s dedica ion o c ea ing social alue by add essing socie al issues and
con ibu ing o posi i e social impac s. i emphasises he social o ien a ion o an o ganisa ion, highligh ing i s
dedica ion o acili a ing social change a he han solely pu suing inancial alue.
No e: adap ed om “seo: De elopmen o a Measu emen scale” by K aus e al. (2017).
coGEn BusinEss & ManaGEMEn 7
he mapping o oc is ela i ely lexible, allowing ini ia o s (o social en ep eneu s) o design, implemen
and assess he p og ess e ec i ely (se a , 2017; s ein & al e s, 2012). he oc model can be p esen ed in
a ious ways, p o ided ha i inco po a es he i e key elemen s: inpu s, ac i i ies, ou pu s, ou comes and
impac s (Bacq, 2017; ogel, 2012). he e o e, oc is a help ul model guiding o ganisa ions in na iga ing he
complexi y o social p oblems and de eloping solu ions o sol e hem (se a , 2017; ogel, 2012).
in his a icle, oc se es as an essen ial amewo k o unde s anding he social en ep eneu ship
p ocess by o e ing an o ganised app oach linking ac i i ies wi h expec ed ou comes(s), pa icula ly in
sa egua ding he cul u al he i age o G Whs. sa egua ding e o s a e complex and mul i ace ed and
o en lack eadily a ailable solu ions (Wagne & clippele, 2023). By u ilising oc, o ganisa ions and in o -
mal g oups engaged in sa egua ding e o s can comp ehensi ely analyse he inpu s, ac i i ies, and ou -
pu s, align hem wi h expec ed ou comes, and ul ima ely lead o ans o ma i e impac s. las ly, he
lexibili y o oc can accommoda e he challenges ha a ise om he sa egua ding p ocess, allowing
e ec i e and as planning o ini ia i es and implemen a ion in he con ex o G Whs.
2.5. Fo mal and in o mal g oups
a o mal g oup, also known as a legally egis e ed o ganisa ion, is an en i y ha is o icially ecognised
by he Malaysian go e nmen and ope a es wi hin he legal amewo k and egula ions. in con as , an
in o mal g oup ope a es collec i ely and ep esen s an associa ion o med by indi iduals uni ed by com-
mon in e es s; such a g oup p ima ily exis s o ul il i s membe s’ social and psychological needs (c oss,
2018; Mullins, 2010). unlike o mal o ganisa ions, in o mal g oups a e gene ally mo e adap able and lex-
ible due o he lack o igid policies, hie a chical s uc u e and p ede ined common goals du ing hei
o ma ion (Mullins, 2010). Due o i s lexibili y, in o mal g oups can swi ly espond o h ea s o di ec-
ional changes, as hey a e no cons ained by o icial p ocedu es o adminis a i e p ocesses (c oss,
2018). his a icle will explo e hese wo en i ies and hei con ibu ions o social en ep eneu ship in he
e o o sa egua d cul u al he i age.
3. Me hodology
his a icle employed quali a i e echniques o explo e and unde s and he p ocess o social en ep e-
neu ship wi hin G Whs. conside ing social en ep eneu ship’s mul i a ious complexi y, a case s udy
me hod was employed as deemed app op ia e. acco ding o c eswell and c eswell (2018), he case
s udy me hod enables he acquisi ion o mo e a luen and deepe explana ions and desc ip ions o a
Table 2. Key elemen s om oC.
Key elemen s Desc ip ions
P oblem his elemen e lec s ha he ini ia o should i s iden i y and de ine he a ge ed social issue.
expec ed ou come(s) his elemen ep esen s he social en ep eneu ship p ocess’s inal consequence(s). addi ionally, i se es as a
guideline o he ini ia o o ensu e ha all inpu s and ac i i ies align wi h he expec ed ou come(s).
inpu s his elemen ep esen s he angible and in angible esou ces equi ed o execu e ac i i ies. inpu s a e necessa y
o he ini ia o o d i e he oC and sus ain he social en ep eneu ship ini ia i e.
ac i i ies his elemen e lec s he ac ions ha ans o m inpu s in o ou pu s - encompassing s a egic s eps and
in e en ions implemen ed by he ini ia o o con ibu e o he an icipa ed ou come(s).
ou pu s his elemen signi ies ha he angible and in angible esul s de i ed om ac i i ies a e o en quan i iable and
a i m o he implemen ed se o ac i i ies.
ou comes his elemen indica es he expec ed ansi ional changes esul ing om posi i e epe cussions o ou pu s ha
se e as u ning poin s o impac s. ou comes a e ca ego ised in o sho and long- e m, which ange om 1
o 3 yea s and 4 o 6 yea s.
impac s his elemen indica es ha impac s gene ally ep esen he b oade and ans o ma i e socie al and/o s uc u ed
changes; impac s signi y esol ing he a ge ed social p oblem. Due o hei ans o ma i e na u e, impac s a e
challenging o quan i y and ake longe o eme ge - usually mo e han se en yea s.
assump ions his elemen exp esses he o ma ion o a undamen al ye c i ical elemen in oC, as assump ions unde pin he
mapping p ocess. assump ions may encompass he beha iou s o ele an s akeholde s, causal ela ionships,
powe dynamics and cul u es, among o he s. hey ep esen ac o s ha mus be unde s ood o he
in e en ions o e ec i ely con ibu e o he expec ed ou come(s).
Con ex his elemen e e s o he ci cums ances o he socie ies and poli ical si ua ions in which he ini ia i e(s) occu s.
iden i ying he con ex allows he ini ia o o unde s and he unde lying in luences, undamen al causes, and
ele an s akeholde s su ounding he speci ic social o en i onmen al issue.
No e: adap ed om “Re iew o he use o oC in in e na ional De elopmen ” by Vogel (2012).
14 J. laW E al.
communica ions and pos s om o G02 isk being dismissed as i ele an clu e s. Besides ha , ad ocacy
e o s also ex end o in luencing poli icians, decision-make s, and policymake s o ensu e ha sa egua d-
ing cul u al he i age emains a p io i y on hei agenda. While o G02 aces hu dles and obs acles, i s
app oach and s a egy illus a e he signi ican po en ial o in o mal g oups in leading impac ul ad o-
cacy and educa ional ini ia i es o sa egua d cul u al he i age wi hin G Whs.
5. C oss-case analysis
as p esen ed in able 3 below, his c oss-case analysis o e s comp ehensi e insigh s in o o G01 and
o G02 in he sa egua ding e o s wi hin G Whs.
he abo e able concisely compa es o G01 and o G02. i highligh s key di e ences in legal ame-
wo ks, unding sou ces, ac i i ies, ocus on p ese a ion, collabo a ions, challenges, ou comes, and s a -
egies o adap abili y and sus ainabili y. his c oss-case analysis p o ides insigh s in o how hese en i ies
ope a e and app oach cul u al he i age sa egua ding wi hin G Whs, showcasing hei unique cha ac e -
is ics and s a egies.
6. Discussions
E en hough o G01 and o G02 sha ed he same expec ed ou come, hey somehow demons a ed di -
e en s eng hs in he ou sEo dimensions - social inno a i eness, isk- aking, social p oac i eness, and
socialness.
in e ms o cul u al he i age sa egua ding, o G01 and o G02 exhibi inno a i e app oaches in di e -
en manne s. o ensu e he su i al o he i age a s, o G01 inspi es adi ional a isans and c a smen o
be inno a i e by encou aging hem o ans o m he end p oduc s in o a s bu s ill s ay wi hin he
adi ional bounda y. Fo ins ance, o G01 encou ages adi ional shoemake s o u n wooden clogs in o
a ious sizes as deco a ions, as hey a e no longe a common op ion o oo wea . his s a egy no only
sa egua ds he con inui y o he i age a s bu also ein o ces adi ional c a s by in eg a ing con empo-
a y hemes, such as deco a i e a - ensu ing hei ele ance in oday’s wo ld. addi ionally, o G01 is
willing o inno a e in communi y engagemen s, such as planning o include in e ac i e echnology in i s
he i age wo kshops o a ac mo e youngs e s.
on he o he hand, o G02 demons a es inno a i eness by u ilising social media o ad ocacy wo k
o each a wide audience. o G02 displays an inno a i e use o echnology o social impac - hei
abili y o adap and use con empo a y communica ion channels o each a b oade audience and ally
suppo o sa egua ding ini ia i es; his is pa icula ly ele an in he con empo a y digi al e a, whe e
connec i i y and ou each a e essen ial. E en hough o G01 and o G02 display social inno a i eness in
hei app oaches, he deg ee o which hey implemen i in hei social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es a ies.
in he dimension o social isk- aking, o G01 and o G02 exhibi opposi e ai s; his has signi ican ly
in luenced hei abili y in sa egua ding e o s. o G01 adop s a isk-a e se s andpoin by a oiding
Table 3. Compa a i e analysis o oRg01 and oRg02.
Dimension oRg01 oRg02
Legal F amewo k Fo mal in o mal
Funding Relies on di e se suppo . Relies solely on in e nal unding.
ac i i ies engages in ad ocacy wo ks, public s ances, and awa eness
campaigns.
Focuses on ad ocacy h ough social media
campaigns, wo kshops, and communi y
engagemen .
P ese a ion Focus shi ed ocus o sa egua ding iCH pos -unesCo insc ip ion. emphasises he impo ance o p ese ing buil
he i age.
Collabo a ion es ablished ne wo ks and collabo a ions. open o collabo a ions bu main ains independence.
Challenges Balances sa egua ding e o s wi h socioeconomic in e es s. Faces complexi ies in engaging ele an au ho i ies
and na iga ing bu eauc a ic hu dles.
ou comes Mo e es ablished wi h no iceable ou comes Young g oup wi h limi ed immedia e in luence
adap abili y Demons a es adap abili y in esponse o changes and
challenges.
Remains lexible in add essing new h ea s.
sus ainabili y embodies p inciples o social en ep eneu ship o main ain
sus ainabili y.
seeks o main ain sus ainabili y by a oiding ex e nal
unding and main aining lexibili y.
No e: he c oss-analysis able o oRg01 and oRg02.
coGEn BusinEss & ManaGEMEn 15
signi ican isks in sa egua ding ini ia i es and sus aining i s ope a ion. in con as , o G02 is a isk- ake ,
especially ob ious in i s ac i e ad ocacy wo ks. one o he main s a egies o o G02 is o disclose mis-
conduc ha isks po en ial backlash and possible edelega ion o one o i s ounde s. he e o e, o G02
demons a es i s willingness and eadiness o ake isks in ad oca ing o he cause o cul u al he i age
sa egua ding. he isk appe i es o o G01 and o G02 show he di e ences in hei s a egies o add ess-
ing challenges and po en ial ou comes.
as o social p oac i eness, o G01 and o G02 show dis inc app oaches. hese s a egies hold signi ican
implica ions and p esen solu ions o challenges, he eby in luencing he long- e m sus ainabili y o hei sa e-
gua ding ini ia i es. o G01 appea s o ha e shi ed om a p oac i e o a mo e eac i e s ance due o se e al
challenges he o ganisa ion is acing in e nally. Despi e ha , o G01 is willing and planning o change i s usual
way o conduc ing wo kshops and ou s o a ac younge audiences. con e sely, o G02 p oac i ely in e ac s
and engages wi h communi ies, such as seeking opinions and eelings om esiden s and adi ional a isans
abou he unEsco insc ip ion - i is a p oac i e elemen in hei sa egua ding e o s o unde s and he com-
muni ies be e . i shows ha o G01 and o G02 na iga e di e en ly in his dimension.
he dimension o socialness e eals ha o G01 and o G02 display dedica ion o c ea ing social alue
and s aying sus ainable simul aneously. o G01 edi ec s all i s ea nings owa ds mee ing i s expec ed
ou come. simila ly, o G02 also exhibi s he same commi men , excep h ough in e nal means o und
i s sa egua ding e o s. apa om ha , o G01 and o G02 show s ong ne wo king and pa ne ship; as
bo h key in o man s men ioned, sa egua ding cul u al he i age is a collec i e e o . he eby, in his
sense, ne wo king and pa ne ships a e impo an . E en hough he e a e di e ences be ween he inan-
cial models, o G01 and o G02 sha e simila dedica ions o hei social causes.
he dimensions un old unique insigh s in o how o G01 and o G02 ep esen and enac social en e-
p eneu ship p inciples in hei espec i e e o s o sa egua d cul u al he i age wi hin G Whs. apa om
p omo ing cul u al he i age sa egua ding, hei sa egua ding e o s and ini ia i es also con ibu e di ec ly
o making G Whs inclusi e, sa e, esilien , and sus ainable, which aligns wi h he spi i o sDG 11:
sus ainable ci ies and communi ies, speci ically 11.4, p omo ing he conse a ion o cul u al he i age.
hence, hei e o s ha e a b oade signi icance and a e beyond he local con ex o G Whs.
7. Conclusion
he case s udies o o G01 and o G02 p esen insigh s in o he ole o social en ep eneu ship in sa e-
gua ding cul u al he i age. Despi e hei di e ences in cha ac e is ics, bo h en i ies exhibi a commi men
o hei goals, u ilising inno a i e s a egies, isk- aking, and p oac i e app oaches o c ea e social alue.
he oc amewo k p o ides a p ac ical lens o unde s anding how hese en i ies ackle socie al p ob-
lems like he loss o cul u al he i age. howe e , obs acles ela ed o powe dynamics and engagemen
wi h au ho i ies hinde hei e ec i eness – highligh ing po en ial challenges in he social en ep eneu -
ship ield. Fu u e esea ch should explo e he implica ions o social en ep eneu ship and sEo ac oss
di e se o ganisa ional s uc u es and con ex s, imp o ing discou se and de eloping sus ainable sa e-
gua ding models. he agmen ed egula o y en i onmen and lack o o icial da a on in o mal g oups
wi h social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es in Malaysia pose challenges o social en e p ises, highligh ing he
need o mo e suppo i e policies. his a icle sugges s ha in eg a ing sEo p inciples can enhance and
s eng hen he ole o social en ep eneu ship in sa egua ding e o s, e en beyond o mal social en e-
p eneu ship s uc u es. While his s udy o e s insigh s, i s scope is limi ed, and ex e nal ac o s may
in luence he applicabili y o sEo p inciples. las ly, despi e hese limi a ions, his s udy p o ides a un-
damen al g asp o how social en ep eneu ship ini ia i es con ibu e o sa egua ding e o s wi hin
G Whs h ough he lens o o G01 and o G02, laying he g oundwo k o p ac ical social en ep eneu -
ship applica ions o u u e esea ch.
Au ho s’ con ibu ions
J.l., J.W.o. and K.a.a. con ibu ed subs an ially o he concep ion and design o he wo k. J.l. is esponsible o
d a ing he manusc ip , and J.W.o. and K.a.a. p o ided suppo and aluable inpu du ing he w i ing p ocess and
supe ision h oughou he esea ch p ocess. all au ho s c i ically e iewed he manusc ip o impo an in ellec ual
16 J. laW E al.
con en , ga e inal app o al o he e sion o be published, and ag eed o be accoun able o all aspec s o he
wo k, ensu ing he accu acy and in eg i y o e e y componen , and commi ed o app op ia ely in es iga ing and
esol ing any ques ions.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Abou he au ho s
Joey Law is a ph.D. candida e a he Facul y o Managemen , Mul imedia uni e si y, Malaysia, ocusing on social
en ep eneu ship and cul u al he i age. she is concu en ly enhancing he skills in supply chain managemen h ough
a p o essional de elopmen p og am (Wei e bildung) sponso ed by he Ge man go e nmen . he expe ience in mul-
ina ional o ganisa ions signi ican ly en iches bo h he esea ch and p o essional de elopmen .
Ong Jeen Wei is an associa e p o esso a he Facul y o Managemen , Mul imedia uni e si y, Malaysia. he also se es
as he Di ec o o alumni Engagemen , ca ee , and En ep eneu ship De elopmen . Jeen Wei ea ns his phD
(Managemen ) in En ep eneu ship and s a egic Managemen . his main esea ch in e es s include en ep eneu ship,
s a egic managemen , ag icul u e business and echnology adop ion, sus ainable issues in managemen , and small
and medium en e p ises.
Kama ulzaman Ab. Aziz is cu en ly a p o esso a he Facul y o Business and a membe o he cen e o e-se ices,
En ep eneu ship, and Ma ke ing (cEsEM). Be o e ans e ing o he cu en acul y, he was he Depu y Dean ( &D)
o he Facul y o Managemen , and he ounding Di ec o o he En ep eneu De elopmen cen e (EDc), a
Mul imedia uni e si y. he was also he ounding p esiden o he aKEp Young esea che s ci cle (aY c). his
esea ch in e es s include En ep eneu ship, comme cializa ion, p ojec Managemen , echnology and inno a ion
Managemen .
Funding
no unding was ecei ed.
ORCID
Joey law h p://o cid.o g/0009-0006-2153-6869
Jeen Wei ong h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0333-495X
Kama ulzaman ab. aziz h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0134-4951
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
he da a suppo ing his s udy’s indings a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho , J.W.o., upon easonable
eques .
Re e ences
abdul Kadi , M. a. B., Zainudin, a. h., ha un, u. s., Mohamad, n. a., & che ha un, n. h. a. (2019). Malaysian social
en e p ise bluep in 2015-2018: Wha ’s nex ? ASEAN En ep eneu ship Jou nal, 5(2), 1–19.
abu-sai an, s. (2012). social en ep eneu ship: De ini ion and bounda ies. Technology Inno a ion Managemen Re iew,
2(2), 22–27. h ps://doi.o g/10.22215/ im e iew/523
Bacq, s. (2017). social en ep eneu ship exe cise: De eloping you “ heo y o change. En ep eneu and Inno a ion
Exchange, 1, 1-6. h ps://doi.o g/10.17919/X9Z96J
Ba on, l. (2017). “unEsco-cide”: does wo ld he i age s a us do ci ies mo e ha m han good?. The Gua dian, augus
30. h ps://www. hegua dian.com/ci ies/2017/aug/30/unescocide-wo ld-he i age-s a us-hu -help- ou ism
Be nama. (2023). penang ou ism sec o sees esilien ebound a e bo de s eopen. Be nama, Feb ua y 8. h ps://
www.be nama.com/en/business/news.php?id=2162759
B i ish council. (2018). he s a e o social En ep eneu ship in Malaysia. Pionee s Pos (pp. 28–58). h ps://www.
pionee spos .com/news- iews/20190312/malaysia-p o i -p o es-p oblema ic
coGEn BusinEss & ManaGEMEn 17
cho. (2022). Conse e and Re i alise Hong Kong He i age - Commissione o He i age’s O ice (9). www.he i age.go .hk.
h ps://www.he i age.go .hk/en/abou -us/commissione - o -he i ages-o ice/index.h ml
chung, J. K. h. (2012) Adap i e Reuse o His o ic Buildings h ough PPP A Case S udy o Old Tai-O Police S a ion in HK
[pape p esen a ion]. he 2nd in e na ional con e ence on Managemen , Economics and social sciences.
c eswell, J. W., & c eswell, J. D. (2018). Resea ch Design: Quali a i e, Quan i a i e & Mixed Me hods App oaches (5 h ed.).
sage publica ion.
c oss, D. o. (2018). impac o in o mal g oups on o ganisa ional pe o mance. In e na ional Jou nal o Scien i ic
Resea ch and Managemen , 6(9), 686-694. h ps://doi.o g/10.18535/ijs m/ 6i9.em04
Dacin, p. a., Dacin, M. ., & Ma ea , M. (2010). social en ep eneu ship: Why we don’ need a new heo y and how
we mo e o wa d om he e. Academy o Managemen Pe spec i es, 24(3), 37–57. h ps://doi.o g/10.5465/
aMp.2010.52842950
Da ies, . (2018). ep esen ing heo ies o change: echnical challenges wi h e alua ion consequences. Jou nal o
De elopmen E ec i eness, 10(4), 438–461. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/19439342.2018.1526202
Dees, J. G., Eme son, J., & Economy, p. (2001). En e p ising Nonp o i s: A Toolki o Social En ep eneu s. Wiley.
De mawan, a. (2023). he i age ad oca es no happy o e cons uc ion o i e-s o ey block wi hin G Whs | new
s ai s imes. NST Online, ap il 5. h ps://www.ns .com.my/news/na ion/2023/04/896561/he i age-ad oca e
s-no -happy-o e -cons uc ion- i e-s o ey-block-wi hin
Dickel, p., sienknech , M., & hö isch, J. (2020). he ea ly bi d ca ches he wo m: an empi ical analysis o imp in ing
in social en ep eneu ship. Jou nal o Business Economics, 91(2), 127–150. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11573-020-00969-z
Dna. (2015). Malaysia un eils social en e p ise bluep in . Digi al News Asia, May 14. h ps://www.digi alnewsasia.com/
digi al-economy/malaysia-un eils-social-en e p ise-bluep in
Dohe y, B., haugh, h., & lyon, F. (2014). social en e p ises as hyb id o ganiza ions: a e iew and esea ch agenda.
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen Re iews, 16(4), 417–436. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/ijm .12028
Foo, ., & K ishnapillai, G. (2018). p ese ing he in angible li ing he i age in he Geo ge own Wo ld he i age si e,
Malaysia. Jou nal o He i age Tou ism, 14(4), 358–370. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1743873X.2018.1549054
Gali, n., niemand, ., shaw, E., hughes, M., K aus, s., & B em, a. (2020). social en ep eneu ship o ien a ion and com-
pany success: he media ing ole o social pe o mance. Technological Fo ecas ing and Social Change, 160, 120230.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ech o e.2020.120230
Galimbe i, s. (2022). eal commi men needed o achie e sEMy2030 objec i e. New S ai s Times, ap il 26.
h ps://www.ns .com.my/opinion/columnis s/2022/04/792087/ eal-commi men -needed-achie
e-semy2030-objec i e
Google Maps. (n.d). Google Maps. e ie ed Feb ua y 10, 2024, om Google Maps websi e: h ps://www.google.com/
maps/@13.6960393,101.5092679,5z?en y= u
halbe s ad , J., & spiegle , a. B. (2018). ne wo ks and he idea- ui ion p ocess o emale social en ep eneu s in
sou h a ica. Social En e p ise Jou nal, 14(4), 429–449. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/sEJ-01-2018-0012
ha ey, E. (2019). Clima e Change and he Loss o Cul u al He i age - UNA-USA. unausa. h ps://unausa.o g/
clima e-change-and- he-loss-o -cul u al-he i age/
hosag aha , J. (2017). cul u e: a he hea o sDGs. UNESCO, 1, 12–14. h ps://unesdoc.unesco.o g/a k:/48223/
p 0000248116
hudelson, p. M. (2004). cul u e and quali y: an an h opological pe spec i e. In e na ional Jou nal o Quali y in Heal h Ca e:
jou nal o he In e na ional Socie y o Quali y in Heal h Ca e, 16(5), 345–346. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/in qhc/mzh076
Jackson, a. (2013). Buildings o empi e. in Google Books. oup ox o d. h ps://books.google.de/books?id=_
7aaaaQBaJ&pg=pa7& edi _esc=y# =onepage&q& = alse
Ka é, p. M., & Mee ke k, i. . (2023). he challenge o na iga ing he double hyb idi y in he ela ionship be ween
communi y en e p ises and municipali ies. Jou nal o Social En ep eneu ship, 1, 1–21. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1942
0676.2023.2263772
Kau , B. (2019). clan je ies unesco lis ing boon o bane? New S ai s Times, July 7. h ps://www.ns .com.my/news/
na ion/2019/07/502201/clan-je ies-unesco-lis ing-boon-o -bane
K aus, s., niemand, ., halbe s ad , J., shaw, E., & sy jä, p. (2017). social en ep eneu ship o ien a ion: de elopmen
o a measu emen scale. In e na ional Jou nal o En ep eneu ial Beha io & Resea ch, 23(6), 977–997. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1108/iJEB -07-2016-0206
Key in o man 1. (2022). in e iew [Face- o-Face]. oc obe 5.
Key in o man 2. (2023). in e iew [Google Mee ]. ap il 14
lee, M. (2019). Malaysia: p o i p o es p oblema ic. Pionee s pos , Ma ch 12. www.pionee spos .com. h ps://www.
pionee spos .com/news- iews/20190312/malaysia-p o i -p o es-p oblema ic
liew, J. X. (2022). Gen i ica ion ha ming clan Je ies si e. The S a Newspape , no embe 24. h ps://www. hes a .
com.my/news/na ion/2022/11/24/gen i ica ion-ha ming-clan-je ies-si e
lo, . c. (2020). he i age buildings le o o . The S a , augus 20. h ps://www. hes a .com.my/news/na ion/2020/08/20/
he i age-buildings-le - o- o
loh, J. (2020). social en e p ises in Malaysia – an eme ging employmen p o ide . Malay Mail, June 17. h ps://www.
malaymail.com/news/wha -you- hink/2020/06/17/social-en e p ises-in-malaysia-an-eme ging-employmen -p o
ide -jason-loh/1876306
18 J. laW E al.
Ma in, . l., & osbe g, s. (2007). social en ep eneu ship: he case o de ini ion. S an o d Social Inno a ion Re iew,
29–39.
MEcD. (2023). Abou Social En e p ise. Kuskop.go .my. h ps://www.kuskop.go .my/index.php? =si e/index&id=11&page_
id=22&a icleid=6839&language=en
Mekonnen, h., Bi es, Z., & Be hanu, K. (2022). p ac ices and challenges o cul u al he i age conse a ion in his o ical
and eligious he i age si es: e idence om no h shoa Zone, amha a egion, E hiopia. He i age Science, 10, 2–22.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40494-022-00802-6
Mohd nawi, n. h., che ha on, ., & Kama udin, Z. (2020). isk cos analysis in Malay he i age conse a ion p ojec .
Planning Malaysia, 18(12), 48–58. h ps://doi.o g/10.21837/pm. 18i12.742
Mok, o. (2023). penang’s ou ism indus y sees s ong ebound, expec s ull eco e y by end o 2023. Yahoo! News,
Ma ch 11. h ps://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/penang- ou ism-indus y-sees-s ong-024155632.h ml?guccoun e =1&
guce_ e e e =ah 0chM6ly93d3cuZ29 Z2xllmn bs8&guce_ e e e _sig=aQaaaa9ensM2 jGwonq laG_
c-0nbo3K 4duc_bqaZqo 2Fmkbu28 J onjm D0-4sao0pDy_sahbd Fikw yh8Dm-pJ3YEMEGlK3mw3dx
wqj ucpn_zzE84l12auJjJ Fl2u u D3BEEihed7l q1cp o0k3_i8cgMJm7n cun1da_
Mo o e , . (2023). penang hopes o g ow mo e social en e p ises by 2030. Bule in Mu ia a, Ma ch 21. h ps://
www.bule inmu ia a.com/. h ps://www.bule inmu ia a.com/penang-hopes- o-g ow-mo e-social-en e p ises-by-
2030/
Mullins, l. J. (2010). Managemen and O ganisa ional Beha iou (9 h ed., pp. 311–313). Financial imes p en ice
hall.
ong, W. l. (2022). Penang’s Economy in he Immedia e Pos -Pandemic Pe iod: Excelling in a Challenging En i onmen .
penang ins i u e. h ps://penangins i u e.o g/publica ions/issues/penangs-economy-in- he-immedia e-pos -pand
emic-pe iod-excelling-in-a-challenging-en i onmen /#:~: ex =penang's%20economy%20is%20led%20by%20
manu ac u ing%20and%20 ou ism%2D ela ed%20ac i i ies
osbe g, s., & Ma in, . (2015). wo keys o sus ainable social en e p ise. Ha a d Business Re iew. h ps://hb .
o g/2015/05/ wo-keys- o-sus ainable-social-en e p ise
pappas, s., & McKel ie, c. (2022). Wha is cul u e? e ie ed Feb ua y 15, 2024, om li escience.com websi e: h ps://
www.li escience.com/21478-wha -is-cul u e-de ini ion-o -cul u e.h ml
penang po commission. (2023). Penang po commission - his o y penang po . penangpo .go .my. h ps://
penangpo .go .my/en/public/his o y-penang-po
od íguez- amí ez, a., Zapa a-Domínguez, Á., & amí ez-plazas, E. (2022). heo e ical analysis o he social en ep e-
neu ’s mode o being. Jou nal o Social En ep eneu ship, 1, 1–23. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/19420676.2022.2128393
u , K. (2021). how impac measu emen de ices ac : he pe o ma i i y o heo y o change, s oi and dashboa ds.
Quali a i e Resea ch in Accoun ing & Managemen , 18(3), 332–360. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/Q aM-02-2019-0041
se a , o. (2017). heo ies o change. in Knowledge Solu ions (pp. 237–243). sp inge . h ps://link.sp inge .com/chap
e /10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_24#
singh, n. B., & lee, Y. (2023). an analysis o ac o s a ec ing malaysia’s you h unemploymen a e. In e na ional
Jou nal o Managemen , Finance and Accoun ing, 4(1), 68–86. h ps://doi.o g/10.33093/ijom a.2023.4.1.5
solhi, F. (2021). penang ou ism indus y badly hi | new s ai s imes. NST Online, sep embe 10. h ps://www.ns .
com.my/news/na ion/2021/09/725960/penang- ou ism-indus y-badly-hi
s ein, D., & al e s, c. (2012). unde s anding heo y o change in in e na ional De elopmen . Jus ice and secu i y
esea ch p og amme, Js p pape 1, 3–15. Js p.
eoh, s. (2018). unEsco lis ing bo h a boon and bane o Geo ge own. The S ai s Times, Janua y 16. www.
s ai s imes.com. h p://www.s ai s imes.com/asia/se-asia/unesco-lis ing-bo h-a-boon-and-bane- o -geo ge- own
unEsco. (2007). UNESCO Wo ld He i age Cen e - Documen - Melaka and Geo ge Town, The insc ibed p ope y and he
bu e zone o he His o ic ci y o Melaka and Geo ge Town. e ie ed Feb ua y 12, 2024, om unesco.o g websi e:
h ps://whc.unesco.o g/en/documen s/101085/
unEsco. (2015). In angible cul u al he i age in angible cul u al he i age and sus ainable de elopmen . h ps://ich.unesco.
o g/doc/s c/34299-En.pd
unEsco. (2016). In e na ional unds suppo ing cul u e. unEsco. h ps://en.unesco.o g/p o ec ing-ou -he i age-an
d- os e ing-c ea i i y/in e na ional- unds-suppo ing-cul u e
unEsco. (2019). Wo ld he i age. unEsco. h ps://whc.unesco.o g/pg.c m?cid=160
unEsco. (2024). his o y o unEsco. e ie ed Feb ua y 15, 2024, om unesco.o g websi e: h ps://www.unesco.o g/
en/his o y
uni ed na ions. (2022). Goal 11: sus ainable ci ies and communi ies. The Global Goals. h ps://www.globalgoals.o g/
goals/11-sus ainable-ci ies-and-communi ies/
ogel, i. (2012). e iew o he use o “ heo y o change” in in e na ional de elopmen . in UK Depa men o
In e na ional De elopmen (pp. 8–22). uK Depa men o in e na ional De elopmen . h ps://www. heo yo change.
o g/pd /DFiD_ oc_ e iew_ ogel 7.pd
Wagne , a., & clippele, M. s. (2023). sa egua ding cul u al he i age in he digi al e a – a c i ical challenge. In e na ional
Jou nal o he Semio ics o Law - Re ue In e na ionale de Sémio ique Ju idique, 36(5), 1915–1923. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1007/s11196-023-10040-z
coGEn BusinEss & ManaGEMEn 19
Wanyoike, c. n., & Maseno, M. (2021). Explo ing he mo i a ion o social en ep eneu s in c ea ing success ul social
en e p ises in Eas a ica. New England Jou nal o En ep eneu ship, 24(2), 79–104. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/
nEJE-07-2020-0028
Welle , s., & an, B. (2020). social en ep eneu ship: he logic o pa adox. Sus ainabili y, 12(24), 10642. h ps://doi.
o g/10.3390/su122410642
Wu, Y. J., Wu, ., & sha pe, J. (2020). consensus on he de ini ion o social en ep eneu ship: a con en analysis ap-
p oach. Managemen Decision, 58(12), 2593–2619. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/MD-11-2016-0791
Yeow, J. Y., & ng, B.-K. (2022). Empowe ing and sus aining social en e p ises. The Edge Ma ke s, sep embe 6. h ps://
www. heedgema ke s.com/a icle/empowe ing-and-sus aining-social-en e p ises
Yin, . K. (2018). Case S udy Resea ch and applica ions: Design and Me hods (6 h ed.). sage publica ions, inc.
Zhang, Y., & li, Y. (2017). a li e a u e e iew on social en e p ise. esea ch on Mode n highe Educa ion 3. h ps://
doi.o g/10.24104/ mhe/2017.03.01006
Zhao, l., Wong, W. B., & hana i, Z. B. (2019). he e olu ion o Geo ge own’s u ban mo phology in he s ai s o
Malacca, la e 18 h cen u y-ea ly 21s cen u y. F on ie s o A chi ec u al Resea ch, 8(4), 513–534. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j. oa .2019.09.001
