I anusch, Ch is oph
A icle — Published Ve sion
Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches? A
Compu e ‐based Con en Analysis o Legisla i e Deba es in
he Aus ian Na ional a
Legisla i e S udies Qua e ly
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
WZB Be lin Social Science Cen e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: I anusch, Ch is oph (2024) : Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches? A
Compu e ‐based Con en Analysis o Legisla i e Deba es in he Aus ian Na ional a , Legisla i e
S udies Qua e ly, ISSN 1939-9162, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, Vol. 49, Iss. 1, pp. 203-221,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/lsq.12421
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203
LegisLa i e s udies Qua e Ly, 49, 1, Feb ua y 2024
dOi: 10.1111/lsq.12421
CH is OPH i aNusCH
Be lin Social Science Cen e (WZB)
Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y
Speeches? A Compu e - based
Con en Analysis o Legisla i e
Deba es in he Aus ian Na ional a
Pa liamen a y speeches a e an impo an communica ion channel o poli i-
cal pa ies. a g owing amoun o li e a u e sugges s ha pa ies use hem o
send policy signals in pa y compe i ion. al hough his pe spec i e has be-
come mo e popula in he li e a u e, he e is a lack o s udies ha ocus on
issue compe i ion. i ake a s ep owa ds closing his esea ch gap by using
a ex - as- da a app oach o analyze pa liamen a y speeches in he aus ian
Na ional a . he da a se consis s o mo e han 56,700 speeches gi en by MPs
be ween 2002 and 2019. i apply a semi- supe ised echnique o classi y he
speeches a sen ence le el in o 20 issue ca ego ies. he analysis shows ha , de-
spi e he cons aining pa liamen a y con ex (e.g., legisla i e agenda), pa ies
pu compa a i ely s ong emphasis on hei issue p e e ences. he magni ude
o his e ec , howe e , depends on a pa y’s legisla i e agenda- se ing powe .
hese indings con i m he p esence and speci ic na u e o issue compe i ion
in pa liamen a y speeches.
academic in e es in pa liamen a y speeches has g own sig-
ni ican ly in ecen yea s. his inc eased schola ly a en ion has
b oadened he iew on he unc ions o pa liamen a y speeches.
hey a e no longe seen only as an ins umen o pe suade o he
MPs and o inc ease he legi imacy o decision making, bu a e
now also seen as a ool o send policy signals in pa y compe i ion
(Bäch ige 2014; Bäck and debus2016; debus and osun2021;
P oksch and slapin2012, 2015).
© 2023 he au ho . Legisla i e S udies Qua e ly published by Wiley
Pe iodicals LLC on behal o Washing on uni e si y in s . Louis.
his is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
a ibu ion License, which pe mi s use, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion
in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
204 Ch is oph I anusch
One o he mos impo an aspec s in pa y compe i ion
is issue compe i ion. Which issues a e impo an in he poli ical
deba e can ha e a p o ound e ec on policymaking (e.g., g een-
Pede sen and Walg a e2014) and o ing decisions (e.g., al a ez
and Nagle 1995; g een and Hobol 2008). Poli ical pa ies ha e
ce ain issue p e e ences— s emming om o e- seeking and policy-
seeking— and compe e o inc ease he salience o hese issues in
he poli ical deba e. in his way, hey aim o domina e he poli i-
cal agenda (e.g., Budge and Fa lie 1983; g een- Pede sen 2007;
Pe ocik1996). Legisla i e deba es, howe e , cons i u e a special
en i onmen . in con as o la gely uncons ained elec o al com-
pe i ion (e.g., in mani es os), he pa liamen a y con ex s ongly
in luences issue compe i ion be ween pa ies. Fi s , pa liamen a y
deba es e ol e a ound bills and issues on he legisla i e agenda
(P oksch and slapin2015). his limi s he eedom o pa ies and
hei MPs o add ess issues o hei choice. second, pa liamen a y
deba es a e ma ked by pa isan con ol o he legisla i e agenda
(Cox and McCubbins2005). go e nmen pa ies o en ha e la ge
agenda- se ing powe in pa liamen and can shape he legisla i e
agenda acco ding o hei own issue p e e ences (dö ing1995).
Howe e , speeches also o e some oom o maneu e .
al hough he legisla i e agenda pu s an issue a he cen e o he
deba e, speake s can s ill ocus on di e en aspec s o i o link i
wi h o he issues by going “o - opic” o by applying aming. Fo
example, al hough a pa liamen a y deba e may e ol e a ound
ou ism as an impo an economic sec o , speake s may s ill ad-
d ess ela ed issues by discussing he en i onmen al consequences
o labo - ma ke implica ions o ou ism.
Whe he pa ies and hei MPs use his oom o maneu e
in pa liamen a y speeches o ocus on hei issue p e e ences and
engage in issue compe i ion is, howe e , la gely unclea . al hough
issue salience in he pa liamen a y a ena ecei es an inc easing
amoun o a en ion (e.g., g een and Jennings2019; Meye and
Wagne 2021; Quinn e al.2010), li le esea ch ocuses on he dy-
namics o issue compe i ion be ween poli ical pa ies. debus and
osun(2021) ake an impo an i s s ep in his a ea by showing
ha g een pa ies pu mo e emphasis on issues ela ed o he g een
agenda han o he pa ies in pa liamen a y deba es. his inding
o a selec i e emphasis on issue p e e ences p o ides in e es ing
insigh s, bu he s udy also has wo ele an limi a ions. Fi s , he
ocus on a pa icula pa y amily makes i di icul o gene al-
ize he esul s. second, he au ho s do no analyze he speeches
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205Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches?
hemsel es, bu a he analyze he opic o he whole deba e and
hen su ey he MPs and pa ies who made speeches du ing his
deba e. hus, e idence as o whe he and o wha ex en pa lia-
men a y speeches a e a ool o issue compe i ion be ween pa ies
is s ill limi ed.
in his a icle, i a gue ha issue compe i ion is p esen in
pa liamen a y deba es, albei in luenced by he agenda- se ing
powe o pa ies in pa liamen . i analyze mo e han 56,700
speeches madein he aus ian Na ional a du ing he legisla i e
pe iods 22– 26 (decembe 20, 2002– Oc obe 22, 2019) and use a
ex - as- da a app oach (semi- supe ised opic classi ica ion) o
classi y hese speeches a sen ence- le el in o 20 issue ca ego ies.
Based on his classi ica ion, i measu e o wha ex en and why
issue agendas di e be ween pa ies in pa liamen a y speeches.
he esul s show ha , al hough pa liamen a y deba es o e lim-
i ed oom o maneu e , pa ies s ill pu ela i ely s ong empha-
sis on hei espec i e issue p e e ences. he magni ude o his
e ec is, howe e , in luenced by a pa y’s posi ion in go e nmen
o opposi ion. O e all, he esul s con i m ha pa ies use pa -
liamen a y speeches o add ess issue p e e ences and hus en-
gage in issue compe i ion, albei shaped by he speci ic con ex
o legisla i e deba es.
Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches
as discussed abo e, pa liamen a y deba es o e a speci ic
con ex o issue compe i ion be ween pa ies. he legisla i e
agenda and pa isan con ol o e i in luence he ex en o which
pa ies and hei MPs can add ess speci ic issues. he na u e o
pa liamen a y speeches, howe e , s ill o e s some oom o ma-
neu e as speake s can go “o - opic” o apply aming. i expec
ha pa ies use his deg ee o eedom o send signals in issue com-
pe i ion. Poli ical pa ies ha e ce ain issue p e e ences and selec-
i ely emphasize hese issues in hei communica ion wi h he aim
o domina ing he poli ical agenda (e.g., Budge and Fa lie1983;
g een- Pede sen 2007; Pe ocik 1996). Hence, e en hough he
pa liamen a y con ex (e.g., legisla i e agenda) cons ains pa ies,
issue p e e ences should lead o di e ences in speechmaking be-
ween hem. he issue p e e ences he eby s em om wo main
sou ces.
Fi s o all, issue p e e ences o pa ies a e closely ela ed
o o e- seeking and s a egic conside a ions ega ding issue
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206 Ch is oph I anusch
owne ship. issue owne ship heo y sugges s ha pa ies “own” ce -
ain issues, ei he because o e s associa e hem wi h hese issues
o ega d hem as especially compe en on hem (Pe ocik1996;
Walg a e, Le e e e, and esch2012). o e s o en eso o issue
owne ship e alua ions (e.g., pa y compe ence) in hei o ing
decisions, especially when hey pe cei e an issue as impo an
(Bélange and Meguid2008). his should incen i ize pa ies o
aise he salience o “owned” issues and communica e hem com-
pa a i ely o en.
H1: Issue owne ship posi i ely in luences issue salience in
pa liamen a y speeches.
second, issue p e e ences based on policy- seeking should
in luence pa y communica ion in pa liamen a y speeches. some
issues a e mo e impo an o pa ies han o he s. While en i on-
men al issues a e, o example, especially impo an o g een
and ag a ian pa ies, law and o de issues a e pa icula ly im-
po an o cen e - igh pa ies (e.g., g een- Pede sen 2007).
Pa ies aim o push hese issues on he poli ical agenda and
hus inc ease a en ion o hem. his is c ucial as poli ical a en-
ion o an issue is a p econdi ion o poli ical ac ion and policy
change (g een- Pede sen and Walg a e2014). he ela i e im-
po ance o each issue o a pa y is mos accu a ely ep esen ed
in mani es os. Mani es os a e nego ia ed a leng h inside pa ies
and he e o e o e a “uniquely ep esen a i e and au ho i a i e
cha ac e iza ion o pa y policy a a gi en poin in ime” (Budge,
obe son, and Hea l1987, 18). hus, i expec he policy- seeking
p e e ences se ou in mani es os o be e lec ed in pa liamen a y
speechmaking.
H2: High issue salience in mani es os posi i ely in luences
issue salience in pa liamen a y speeches.
Howe e , pa liamen a y deba es a e ma ked by pa isan con-
ol o e he legisla i e agenda (e.g., Cox and McCubbins2005;
dö ing1995). Hence, no e e y pa y is equally able o shape de-
ba es acco ding o i s p e e ences. especially go e nmen pa ies
ha e mo e in luence on which issues a e discussed in pa liamen .
hus, i expec ha pa ies wi h la ge legisla i e agenda- se ing
powe (i.e., go e nmen pa ies) a e able o add ess hei issue p e -
e ences mo e s ongly.
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207Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches?
H3: The in luence o issue p e e ences on pa liamen a y
speechmaking should be s onge o go e nmen pa ies han
o opposi ion pa ies.
Da a
his a icle analyzes pa liamen a y speeches in he aus ian
Na ional a be ween decembe 20, 2002 and Oc obe 22, 2019
(legisla i e pe iods 22– 26). aus ia is an ideal case o s udy po-
en ial issue compe i ion in pa liamen a y speeches. Fi s , i is a
mul i- pa y sys em wi h high le els o pa y uni y. his is he case
as pa ies s ongly con ol candida e selec ion p ocesses ahead
o elec ions (Mülle 2006) and he dis ibu ion o speaking ime
du ing legisla i e deba es (Jenny and Mülle 2001; P oksch and
slapin2015). second, pa liamen a y speeches a e an impo an
ool o poli ical communica ion (e.g., sche beck2006). hese ac-
o s ep esen a con ex ha should a o issue compe i ion be-
ween pa ies in pa liamen a y speeches.
Fu he mo e, he go e nmen – opposi ion dynamic in he
aus ian pa liamen is well- sui ed o in es iga ing po en ial e -
ec s o legisla i e agenda- se ing powe on issue compe i ion.
in ecen decades, wo pa ies ha e ypically o med a coali ion
go e nmen , while wo o ou pa ies ha e been in opposi ion.
in pa liamen , mos deba es a e de o ed o bills ha o igina e
om he go e nmen o MPs o he go e nmen pa ies. his al-
lows go e nmen pa ies a high deg ee o con ol o e he legisla-
i e agenda, bu opposi ion pa ies also ha e some ins umen s
o b ing hei issues o he loo . Fi s , pa ies can make use o
“u gen mo ions” and “u gen ques ions” o en o ce a deba e on
an issue. second, he e a e deba es de o ed o “ opical issues” se
aside in he pa liamen a y calenda , allowing each pa y g oup o
p opose an issue o discussion in a e ol ing sys em (Jenny and
Mülle 2021; Kon a h2017).
he ull da a se used in he a icle con ains mo e han 56,700
speeches, which we e held by MPs du ing he s udied ime pe iod.
he main da a sou ce is he Pa lspeech 2 da a se by auh and
schwalbach(2020), which includes speeches un il he end o 2018.
o comple e he da a se o he en i e 26 h legisla i e pe iods, i
collec ed he emaining speeches made be ween Janua y 1, 2019
and Oc obe 22, 2019 ia websc aping om he websi e o he
aus ian pa liamen .
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208 Ch is oph I anusch
Me hodology
Classi ying Pa liamen a y Speeches a Sen ence Le el
o s udy his da a se , i employ compu e - based ex analy-
sis. O e he pas yea s, se e al ools ha e been de eloped and
applied o pa liamen a y speeches. some well- known app oaches
es ima e policy posi ions (e.g., La e , Benoi , and ga y2003;
slapin and P oksch2008), while o he ecen app oaches pe -
o m sen imen analysis (e.g., P oksch e al.2019; udkowsky
e al.2018).
Fo he pu pose o his a icle, i is necessa y o de ec is-
sues wi hin he speeches. Wa anabe and Zhou(2022) p opose a
no el p ocedu e o he c ea ion o a seed- wo d dic iona y and a
semi- supe ised opic classi ica ion app oach, which hey apply o
speeches in he uni ed Na ions gene al assembly. he classi ica-
ion esul s deli e ed by his app oach clea ly ou pe o m o he
echniques such as simple dic iona y analysis o (seeded) Lda
(Wa anabe and Zhou2022) and has u he ad an ages. Fi s , semi-
supe ised app oaches allow di ec in e p e a ion o he model
ou pu as ca ego ies a e clea ly de ined by he seed- wo d dic ion-
a y. his is a big ad an age compa ed o unsupe ised opic mod-
els, which equi e ex- pos e io in e p e a ion o he model ou pu
and o en p oduce opics ha a e inconsis en wi h he heo e ical
amewo k (Wa anabe and Zhou2022). second, semi- supe ised
app oaches a e compa a i ely esou ce- e icien because hey do
no equi e ex ensi e manually coded aining da a like ully su-
pe ised models. he e o e, i adap and apply he semi- supe ised
app oach p oposed by Wa anabe and Zhou(2022) o analyze pa -
liamen a y speeches in h ee s eps.1
Fi s , i p ep ocessed he ex da a wi h he - package
quan eda (Benoi e al.2018). i di ided he speeches in o indi idual
sen ences as he classi ica ion is pe o med a he sen ence le el. i
hen okenized he sen ences and pe o med some basic p ep oc-
essing s eps.
second, i c ea ed a seed- wo d dic iona y. o iden i y issue
ca ego ies, i use he coding scheme o he Compa a i e agendas
P ojec (CaP) as a poin o depa u e.2 Pa liamen a y speeches,
howe e , ep esen a speci ic con ex . he e o e, i adap ed he
issue ca ego ies o i he domain- and coun y- speci ic con ex
(e.g., adding ca ego ies “g ee ing” and “pa liamen ” o cap u e
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209Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches?
g ee ings and opics ela ed o pa liamen a y p ocedu es). a e
de ining he issue ca ego ies, i iden i ied ele an seed- wo ds in
a wo- s age p ocess as p oposed by Wa anabe and Zhou(2022).
in he i s s ep, i assigned knowledge- based seed- wo ds o he
issue ca ego ies. He e, signi ican domain- and coun y- speci ic
knowledge was equi ed o ind sui able seed- wo ds o each issue
ca ego y. o complemen and imp o e his knowledge- based dic-
iona y, Wa anabe and Zhou(2022) sugges adding equen wo ds
o he dic iona y in a second s ep. he e o e, i checked and es ed
he 1,500 mos equen wo ds om he speeches o po en ial new
seed- wo ds o imp o e he dic iona y.3
Finally, i pe o med he classi ica ion. he seed- wo d dic-
iona y he eby unc ioned as inpu o a semi- supe ised opic
classi ica ion. i use he - package newsmap (Wa anabe2018),
which classi ies he indi idual sen ences in o he de ined issue
ca ego ies. he model i s iden i ies seed- wo ds om he dic-
iona y in indi idual sen ences (keywo d ma ching) and assigns
opic labels o hem. he model hen es ima es he associa ion
be ween he opics and ex ual ea u es ia he co- occu ence
o wo ds (dic iona y- based lea ning). Based on his es ima ion,
he model assigns opic labels o all sen ences (Wa anabe2018).
addi ionally, i applied con ex ual smoo hing o ake con ex ual
in o ma ion om su ounding sen ences in o accoun du ing he
classi ica ion p ocess ( o a simila applica ion, see Wa anabe
and Zhou2022).
o alida e he classi ica ion, i use manual coding o 600
andomly sampled speeches as a “gold- s anda d”.4 he classi ica-
ion app oach applied in his a icle deli e s a F1- sco e o 0.61.5
his pe o mance is compa able o esul s o simila ad anced
mul i- ca ego y classi ica ion asks (e.g., Osnab ügge e al.2021;
Wa anabe and Zhou2022) and he e o e qui e sa is ac o y.6
O e all, he applied echnique, which was i s p oposed by
Wa anabe and Zhou(2022), deli e s eliable esul s in a ela i ely
esou ce- e icien manne . Howe e , conside able domain- and
coun y- speci ic knowledge is necessa y o de elop a sui able seed-
wo d dic iona y. he dic iona y de eloped in his s udy is ailo ed
o he speci ic case and ocabula y used in aus ia and he e o e
canno be di ec ly ans e ed o o he coun ies. his d awback
poses hu dles o c oss- coun y analysis, and se e al adjus men s
o he dic iona y would e en be necessa y o i i o he con ex o
o he ge man- speaking coun ies, o example.
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210 Ch is oph I anusch
Measu ing Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches
Based on he hypo heses de eloped abo e, i s udy whe he
and o wha ex en pa y issue p e e ences in he o m o issue
owne ship and mani es o salience d i e issue communica ion in
pa liamen a y speeches. he ollowing se s o a iables a e used
in he analysis.
he dependen a iable is he a ia ion in issue commu-
nica ion ha can be obse ed in pa liamen a y speeches. Pa y
agendas in pa liamen a e compa a i ely simila because o he
in luence o he legisla i e agenda. his analysis ocuses on ac o s
ha d i e po en ial a ia ion be ween pa ies in pa liamen a y
speeches. Hence, i would no be meaning ul o choose he simple
pa y issue agenda as dependen a iable since i would no be able
o measu e a ia ion be ween pa ies. ins ead, i use he measu e-
men o speech issue a ia ion. i is he a ia ion in issue a en-
ion (%) o each pa y om he median o he issue a en ion o
all pa ies du ing he espec i e legisla i e pe iod.7 his measu e-
men ep esen s how much mo e o less a en ion a pa y de o es
o e e y single issue in compa ison o he o he pa ies du ing a
legisla i e pe iod. Hence, each issue pe pa y and pe legisla i e
pe iod is one obse a ion.
wo independen a iables a e used o measu e he e ec
o pa y issue p e e ences on speech issue a ia ion. he i s in-
dependen a iable is issue owne ship (iO). a pa y is assigned a
alue o 1 i he pa y owns he issue and 0 i i does no .8 he
au Nes Panel s udy 2017 (Wagne e al.2018) p o ides da a
on issue owne ship in aus ia. un o una ely, hese ypes o da a
a e only a ailable o 2017. Howe e , seebe g(2017) shows ha
issue owne ship is qui e s able ac oss ime. Following his a gu-
men , he alues p o ided by Wagne e al.(2018) can be used as a
basis o he whole obse a ional pe iod. hese da a allow o iden-
i y owne ship o he issues “ag icul u e,” “economy and ene gy,”
“en i onmen ,” “immig a ion,” and “labo and wel a e.” hus, he
a iable issue owne ship cap u es he one o wo “co e” issues o
pa ies in aus ia. Howe e , his a iable alone does no ully e-
lec issue p e e ences, as se e al issues (e.g., ci il igh s, cul u e,
educa ion) a e no “owned” by a pa y. he e o e, ano he inde-
penden a iable complemen s he analysis.
he second independen a iable co e s a b oade unde -
s anding o issue p e e ences and is called mani es o issue a ia ion.
his a iable e lec s he ela i e impo ance o each indi idual
19399162, 2024, 1, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lsq.12421 by Wissenscha zen um Be lin, Wiley Online Lib a y on [17/01/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
217Issue Compe i ion in Pa liamen a y Speeches?
a icle also has limi a ions. Fi s , i analyzes a single case only and
mo e s udies a e needed o make he indings mo e igid. second,
he exac mechanism and u he impo an dynamics in ela ion
o issue compe i ion in pa liamen a y speeches a e no co e ed in
his a icle. Fu u e esea ch should he e o e ocus mo e s ongly
on he unde lying mechanisms o issue compe i ion in legisla i e
deba es (e.g., aming) and in es iga e po en ial dynamics s em-
ming om di e en phases o he elec o al cycle (e.g., “ ou ine
imes o poli ics” s. “campaign imes”).
Acknowledgemen . “i wish o hank Jona han slapin and he
anonymous e iewe s o hei commen s and guidance. i am also
e y g a e ul o Ma celo Jenny, Ma ius säl ze , Pola Lehmann, Lo e
Hayek, Kohei Wa anabe and obe s elzle o help ul commen s and
suppo . addi ionally, he pape was g ea ly imp o ed by eedback om
pa icipan s a he eCP gene al Con e ence 2021 and a wo kshop
a he uni e si y o innsb uck.” Open access unding enabled and
o ganized by P ojek deaL.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen . he da a ha suppo he indings
o his s udy a e openly a ailable in Ha a d da a e se a h ps://doi.
o g/10.7910/d N/yXXWQg.
Ch is oph I anusch is a esea ch ellow in he Ho izon 2020
p ojec “OPTED Obse a o y o Poli ical Tex s in Eu opean
Democ acies” a he WZB Be lin Social Science Cen e and a doc-
o al s uden in Poli ical Science a he Be lin G adua e School o
Social Sciences (BGSS), Humbold - Uni e si ä zu Be lin.
ENDNOTES
1. a de ailed explana ion o he p ocedu e is p o ided in appendixa.
2. he Compa a i e agendas P ojec (CaP) p o ides documen a ion on i s
main websi e: h ps://www.compa a i eagen das.ne /. CaP has de eloped a code-
book consis ing o 21 majo opics and issue ca ego ies (Be an2019).
3. he seed- wo d dic iona y is a ailable in appendixB.
4. Coding ins uc ions o manual coding and he codebook a e a ailable in
appendixC.
5. he F1- sco e is a egula ly used accu acy measu e in he ield o compu e -
based ex analysis (e.g., Wa anabe and Zhou2022). i epo he mic o- a e age F1-
sco e. Fu he alida ion s a is ics pe issue ca ego y a e p o ided in appendixd.
19399162, 2024, 1, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lsq.12421 by Wissenscha zen um Be lin, Wiley Online Lib a y on [17/01/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
218 Ch is oph I anusch
6. in hei espec i e applica ions, Osnab ügge e al.(2021) achie e a F1-
sco e o 0.54 (44 opics) and 0.64 (8 opics) on mani es os as well as 0.41 (44 op-
ics) and 0.51 (8 opics) o pa liamen a y speeches; Wa anabe and Zhou(2022)
achie e a F1- sco e o 0.72 (6 opics) o uN speeches. he coding scheme used
in his applica ion consis s o 22 opic ca ego ies (20 issues plus he addi ional
ca ego ies “g ee ing” and “pa liamen ”).
7. i use he median and no he mean because he la e is mo e s ongly
in luenced by ex eme alues and ou lie s. appendixi con ains he same analysis
as p esen ed in able2, bu calcula ed wi h mean alues.
8. an explana ion and o e iew o he alues assigned o each pa y o issue
owne ship (iO) is p esen ed in appendixe.
9. Fo an explana ion o he choice o he median, see oo no e 7.
10. Go e nmen pa icipa ion is measu ed in he ollowing way: 0— no go -
e nmen pa icipa ion du ing he legisla i e pe iod; 0.5— empo a y go e nmen
pa icipa ion du ing he legisla i e pe iod, 1— go e nmen pa icipa ion du ing
he whole legisla i e pe iod.
11. he issue agendas (%) o he o he co e ed legisla i e pe iods (22, 23, 24,
and 26) a e gi en in appendixF.
12. appendicesH, i and J con ain obus ness checks o he eg ession mod-
els epo ed in able2. appendixH shows he eg ession model epo ed in he
main a icle wi hou he ou lie a poin (38/3.8). he model in appendixi uses
mean alues o calcula e he a iables speech issue a ia ion and mani es o issue
a ia ion ins ead o median alues. appendixJ epo s models ha use al e na-
i e combina ions o clus e ed s anda d e o s and ixed e ec s o accoun o
he da a s uc u e. he main indings emain la gely s able ac oss he di e en
speci ica ions.
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Suppo ing In o ma ion
addi ional suppo ing in o ma ion may be ound in he online
e sion o his a icle a he publishe ’s web si e:
da a s1
Figu e s1.
19399162, 2024, 1, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lsq.12421 by Wissenscha zen um Be lin, Wiley Online Lib a y on [17/01/2025]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
