Hassan, Ali H. e al.
A icle
A cybe physical sus ainable sma ci y amewo k owa d
socie y 5.0: Explainable AI o enhanced SDGs moni o ing
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hassan, Ali H. e al. (2025) : A cybe physical sus ainable sma ci y amewo k
owa d socie y 5.0: Explainable AI o enhanced SDGs moni o ing, Resea ch in Globaliza ion, ISSN
2590-051X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 10, pp. 1-15,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2025.100275
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A cybe physical sus ainable sma ci y amewo k owa d socie y 5.0:
Explainable AI o enhanced SDGs moni o ing
☆
Ali H. Hassan
a,b
, Elsadig Musa Ahmed
c,*
, Jamal M. Hussien
a,d
, Riza bin Sulaiman
a
,
Mansoo Abdulhak
e
, Hasan Kah an
a
Ins i u e o IR 4.0 (IIR4.0), Uni e si i Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
b
College o Compu e and Cybe Sciences, Uni e si y o P ince Mug in, Madinah 41499, Saudi A abia
c
Facul y o Business, Mul imedia Uni e si y, Melaka, Malaysia
d
In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology (ICT) Depa men , Uni e si y o P ince Mug in, Madinah 41499, Saudi A abia
e
School o Compu e Science, Uni e si y o Oklahoma, The Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
C ea i e Compu ing Resea ch Cen e (CCRC), Ca di School o Technologies, Ca di Me opoli an Uni e si y, Ca di CF5 2YB, Uni ed Kingdom
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Sma Ci y F amewo k
SDGs
Explainable AI
Edge Compu ing
Blockchain
O -chain
IoT
Cybe -physical sys em
ABSTRACT
Indus y 4.0 has e olu ionized mode n u baniza ion and sma ci ies. Howe e , he ela ionship be ween In-
dus y 4.0 echnology ad ances such as A i icial In elligence (AI) and hei impac on he ea h, en i onmen ,
people, and biological ecosys ems needs u he conside a ion, pa icula ly du ing pandemics like COVID-19.
This pape p oposes a cybe -physical Indus y 5.0 amewo k ha is complian wi h he Sus ainable De elop-
men Goals (SDGs) de ined by he Uni ed Na ions (UN) in gene al and SDG 11 (Sus ainable Ci ies and Com-
muni ies) in pa icula . The amewo k a ge s h ee main pilla s o SDGs om a echnical pe spec i e: global
socie y, economy, and en i onmen . I b eaks down he cybe -physical sys em (CPS) in o smalle componen s,
linking hem o each o he 17 SDGs and g ouping hem in o b oade ca ego ies. These componen s use ou
leading echnologies: blockchain o secu e da a handling, B5G ne wo k unc ion i ualiza ions, edge-cloud
compu ing o scalable and lexible da a p ocessing and AI o deli e insigh s in o he model’s da a. This
pape add esses he challenge o moni o ing he indica o s o 17 SDGs by u ilizing Indus y 5.0 ad ancemen s. I
o e s p ac ical alida ion o he amewo k h ough use cases in ene gy and wa e managemen . Resul s
demons a e how he amewo k can enhance SDG moni o ing’s p ecision, anspa ency, and scalabili y while
p o iding s akeholde s wi h help ul in o ma ion.
In oduc ion
The e olu ion in Indus y 4.0 has been d i en by se e al echno-
logical ad ancemen s, including cybe -physical sys ems, indus ial IoT,
machine lea ning, beyond 5G, cloud compu ing, explainable AI, block-
chain, i ual eali y (VR), digi al win echnology, obo ics, and
sma phone echnologies. Toge he , hese de elopmen s add o he
e olu iona y shi s obse ed in Indus y 4.0. Howe e , while Indus y
4.0 p io i ized u baniza ion and echnological ad ancemen s, i did no
add ess he needs o global socie y, he economy, o he en i onmen ,
which ci ies, co po a ions, o go e nmen s did no go e n. In esponse
o hese limi a ions, he p og ess owa d Indus y 5.0 has been d i en by
conce n o undamen al componen s like human na u e, socie y, and
he en i onmen (Naha andi, 2019). Inno a i e echnologies and In-
dus y 5.0 applica ions combined wi h socie al ideals, en i onmen al
sus ainabili y, and he ci cula economy c ea e he ounda ion o Socie y
5.0 (Shi oishi e al., 2018). Cen al o Socie y 5.0
′
s ision is use -cen ic
explainable AI (XAI), which ensu es ha he use o AI echnologies e-
mains anspa en , unde s andable, and aligned wi h human needs and
alues (Khanna e al., 2024; T´
o h e al., 2023).
The Uni ed Na ions’ 17 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs)
p o ide a amewo k o inco po a ing human-cen ic and en i on-
men al ac o s wi h echnological inno a ions ha p omo e a mo e
balanced and sus ainable app oach o de elopmen ( an Zan en & an
Tulde , 2021). Each goal has se e al a ge s and indica o s ha need
acking and moni o ing. Goals a e g ouped o o m high-le el en i ies
☆
This a icle is pa o a special issue en i led: ‘Sma Ci ies’ published in Resea ch in Globaliza ion.
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (E.M. Ahmed).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
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h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2025.100275
Recei ed 3 Sep embe 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 23 Janua y 2025; Accep ed 11 Feb ua y 2025
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
A ailable online 18 Feb ua y 2025
2590-051X/© 2025 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
such as SDG 1, SDG 2, and SDG 3, ep esen ing Heal hy Li e oge he . In
o he wo ds, o measu e he quali y o heal hy li e in a communi y, ci y,
s a e, o coun y, SDG1-3 indica o s a e being used (Bo o-´
Al a ez &
Ga cía-Fe n´
andez, 2020). Howe e , a signi ican challenge in achie ing
he SDGs is e ec i ely moni o ing and quan i ying p og ess. Acco ding
o he 2024 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals Repo , se e al c ises ha e
impac ed p og ess owa d achie ing he SDGs, including he COVID-19
pandemic, clima e change, and egional dispu es (UN DESA, 2024). The
esea ch also highligh s how hese p oblems wo sen al eady-exis ing
dispa i ies since hey disp opo iona ely impac he wo ld’s mos
disad an aged g oups. Se e al s udies ha e also unde lined he neces-
si y o s ong moni o ing sys ems o ack ad ancemen and pinpoin
a eas ha need u gen a en ion (Nakhle e al., 2024; Nilashi e al.,
2023; Sane e al., 2020). T adi ional me hods o moni o ing SDG in-
dica o s a e o en manual, ha e da a de iciencies and a e no as au o-
ma ed as equi ed o accu a e, eal- ime moni o ing. Due o a lack o
essen ial da a poin s and da a se s o manual managemen o indica o
da a, no all KPIs a e ully main ained (Koilo, 2020). Da a is limi ed
because da a collec ing o he di e en SDGs is mos ly manual. The
absence o comp ehensi e moni o ing and assessmen o hese in-
dica o s is a signi ican ba ie o global and egional au ho i ies in
measu ing p og ess owa d hese objec i es. This is whe e ad ances in
Indus y 5.0 can help by enabling speci ic componen s o moni o
di e en deg ees o Socie y 5.0 (Vinuesa e al., 2020). Ad anced ech-
nologies such as a i icial in elligence (AI), blockchain, IoT and B5G
enable secu e da a collec ion, e alua ion and decision-making in eal
ime. Explainable AI (XAI), o example, helps o ensu e ha compli-
ca ed algo i hms o da a collec ion and analysis a e clea ly unde s ood
by a wide ange o s akeholde s, including indi iduals, go e nmen s,
academic ins i u ions and businesses (Be na do & Se a, 2023; Hassan
e al., 2023). Mo eo e , indi idual ci izens, s a up businesses, medical
ca egi e s, communi ies, academic ins i u ions, indus ies, municipal-
i ies, go e nmen s, and small and medium en e p ises can use he In-
dus y 5.0 ad ancemen s o suppo di e en applica ions such ha
socie y, he en i onmen , and he economy all become op imum (Se ´
o-
Pamies & Papaoikonomou, 2020). Fo example, while sha ing da a wi h
o he na ions, he c i ical da a o one en i y mus be kep sa e and un-
al e ed. Technological ad ancemen s such as Blockchain, 5G, AI, and
IoT can wo k oge he o uphold collabo a i e secu e ile au ho ing and
moni o ing, secu e IoT de ices and da a, secu e da a communica ion,
secu e logis ics suppo and asse managemen , secu e HR managemen
wo king o SDG p ojec s. (Fu & Zhu, 2019).
Despi e hese p omising ad ancemen s, he challenge emains o
e ec i ely u ilize hese echnologies o moni o , measu e, and op imize
SDG indica o s. By inco po a ing use -cen ic XAI, Indus y 5.0 ame-
wo ks can be designed o op imize he collec ion and analysis o SDG
indica o s, empowe ing s akeholde s o make in o med decisions based
on accu a e and anspa en da a. Fo example, indus y 5.0 can add ess
his by enabling eal- ime solu ions o AI and IoT applica ions ha
suppo SDG moni o ing, so wa izing ne wo k se ices, and cus om-
izing ne wo k in as uc u es. Communica ion be ween AI and IoT can
occu wi hin milliseconds delay h ough B5G So wa e De ined Ne -
wo ks (SDN). SDN enables he so wa iza ion o ne wo k unc ions
se ing Indus y 5.0 applica ions (Ahmad e al., 2019) ha equi e
cus om ne wo k slices. Each indica o can book cus om ne wo k slices
wi h cus omized i ualized in as uc u e needed o IoT o AI appli-
ca ions. In o he wo ds, indus y 5.0 will allow key Socie y 5.0 KPIs o be
measu ed o di e en aspec s such as co po a e social esponsibili ies,
c ea ing social alues, ci cula economy, and cybe -physical hings.
While he ask se ings, cause-and-e ec modeling, policy design and
ecommenda ion, 21‘and execu ion can be done by human in elligence,
he simula ion and classi ica ion o mul iple scena ios as he na ional
le el can be pe o med using AI and o he echnological panes.
Acknowledging hese challenges, his pape add esses he ques ion o
‘How can a use -cen ic cybe -physical amewo k d i en by Indus y
5.0 echnologies enhance he measu emen and moni o ing o
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) wi hin he con ex o Socie y
5.0?’ The p ima y objec i e o his esea ch is o p opose a cybe -
physical amewo k ha in eg a es use -cen ic explainable AI, ma-
chine lea ning, blockchain, edge-cloud compu ing, and beyond 5G
(B5G) ne wo k i ualiza ions. This amewo k acili a es eal- ime
moni o ing and analysis o SDG indica o s, ensu ing ha da a collec-
ion p ocesses emain anspa en and aligned wi h he needs o di e se
s akeholde s. These echnologies enable eal- ime da a collec ion,
analysis, and decision-making, o e ing a mo e dynamic and au oma ed
app oach o acking SDG p og ess. This pape in oduces se e al key
con ibu ions. Fi s ly, i p oposes an Indus y 5.0 amewo k designed o
suppo use -cen ic SDG moni o ing wi hin Socie y 5.0. Secondly, i
p esen s a cybe -physical sys em o moni o ing he de elopmen o
Socie y 5.0. Thi dly, he pape ou lines a echnological panel aimed a
op imizing each Sus ainable De elopmen Goal (SDG) componen by
unde s anding he in e dependence among SDGs. Addi ionally, he
pape de ines deep lea ning-based Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) o
each SDG componen o he cybe -physical sys em, which a e measu -
able h ough he echnological panel. Fu he mo e, i designs a cybe -
physical sys em o measu e SDG KPIs using Indus y 5.0 and show-
cases a ious sma ci y cybe -physical sys em applica ions as e-
aliza ions o he Socie y 5.0 SDG model.
The emainde o his s udy is illus a ed in Fig. 1. Sec ion 2 p o ides
backg ound in o ma ion, sec ion 3 in oduces me hodology, sec ion 4
desc ibes he p oposed amewo k, Sec ion 5 de ails he implemen a-
ion, Sec ion 6 p esen s he esul s analysis, and Sec ion 7 concludes he
pape .
P elimina ies and li e a u e e iew
UN sus ainable de elopmen goals
To deli e a sus ainable u u e by 2030, 193 na ions pledged o wo k
on 17 sus ainable de elopmen goals in 2015. The 17 goals p esen ed in
Table 1 a e b oken down in o a ge s and indica o s ha aim o add ess a
ange o global challenges, including hunge , po e y, inequali y and
clean wa e (Fonseca e al., 2020).
To ensu e ha e o s a e aligned wi h he long- e m objec i es o he
17 goals, ack and moni o i hese goals a e essen ial. Indus y 5.0
o e s a new way o acking and moni o ing he SDGs. Ano he aspec
and challenge o he moni o ing p ocess is ensu ing ha op imizing one
SDG does no a ec he quali y o o he SDGs. Fo example, esea ch by
(Sø up e al., 2020) has shown ha mos o he SDG6 suppo ing clean
wa e ea men plan s cause high le els o emissions, he eby c ossing
plane a y bounda ies and se iously endange ing he SDG13. Ano he
salien example o SDG6 moni o ing is co up ion. Mos o he UN
unding o clean wa e p ojec s does no ha e emo e sensing o wa e
plan il e ing mechanisms. Indus y 5.0 will allow wa e quali y
moni o ing, he amoun o wa e being il e ed e c. o uphold he SDG6.
Resea che s ha e p oposed di e en key pe o mance indica o s ha
will allow us o measu e and moni o hese SDGs (Sø up e al., 2020).
This sol es one o he challenges aced by some coun ies o ci ies, which
is associa ing quan i iable alues o each g anula indica o , g ouping
hese o each a ge and hen inding he SDG alue in a nume ic
numbe (B essan & Ma ques, 2019). Then, each ci y o coun y can
compa e he in a-SDG and in e -SDG alues among he UN na ions
(Guan e al., 2019). Once he SDG alues a e known by ci y, s a e and
coun y, he SDGs ha a e poo ly sco ed can be iden i ied, he oo cause
o he de iciency can be de ined, new s eps and con ol measu es can be
aken and con inuous moni o ing o hose indica o s can be pe o med
(Bo o-´
Al a ez & Ga cía-Fe n´
andez, 2020). Fo example, by le e aging
he ad ancemen o AI echnologies, which suppo s eaming wi h
humans, AI can educe human and inancial cos s o SDG indica o
moni o ing (Nam e al., 2019). AI will allow he SDG moni o ing cycle o
obse ing, o ien ing, deciding, ac by keeping human ac o s in he loop.
Mo eo e , ecen ad ancemen s in explainable and e hical AI can b ing
A.H. Hassan e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
2
us in hose SDG applica ion a eas whe e demand o au oma ion
ac oss socie y is o u mos necessi y. Toge he , AI-enabled cybe agen s
and humans can p o ide SDG applica ions wi h eal- ime o his o ical
da a om IoT de ices, easoning on possible causes, and sensible de-
cisions (Singh e al., 2024).
Socie y 5.0
The ision o a mo e balanced and comp ehensi e app oach o social
de elopmen has pushed o wa d he concep o Socie y 5.0. The base-
line o Socie y 5.0 ocuses on c ea ing a mo e sus ainable and human-
cen ic socie y ha aligns wi h he economic and echnological ad-
ancemen s (Fukuda, 2020; Ghobakhloo e al., 2024; Yuko Ha ayama,
n.d.). Technological inno a ions, such as a i icial in elligence, he
In e ne o Things, and big da a, a e le e aged o ca e o hei ci izens
o an imp o ed u u e, which complies wi h he 17 sus ainable de el-
opmen goals (De Felice e al., 2021). Indus y 5.0 builds upon he
ounda ions o Socie y 5.0 o deli e human-cen ic echnological ad-
ancemen s (Fe ei a & Se pa, 2018). Indus y 5.0 ad ancemen s in
sma ag icul u e and sma Food can con ibu e o he ul illmen o
SDGs 1–2, while he da a a ailable om SDG3 can be used as an indi-
ca o o an ea ly heal h wa ning sys em (Fe oni e al., 2019; Nawaz
e al., 2024). Fo example, when he whole wo ld aced he COVID-19
pandemic, he ollowing ulne abili ies we e obse ed:
•Loss o income has led o poo pe o mance in SDG1, whe e he
ulne able popula ion o socie y alls below he po e y line
(Ela a asan e al., 2022).
•Almos all coun ies needed imp o emen in SDG 2 (Ze o Hunge )
due o social isola ion, indus ies closed, jobs, no mobili y and so on.
Food p oduc ion and dis ibu ion ha e se e ely dis u bed SDG2
de elopmen (Filho e al., 2020).
•Coun ies we e inconsis en in achie ing SDG 3 (in he a eas o poo
heal h suppo , he e is no accine, PPE, p ope COVID-19 es ing
acili y on a mass le el, e c.), SDG 9 (Inno a ion, Indus y, In a-
s uc u e) and SDG 10 (Reducing Inequali y) (Filho e al., 2020;
Ma ín-Blanco e al., 2022).
•SDG4 su e ed due o schools being closed, emo e lea ning being
ei he ine ec i e, o a la ge popula ion no ha ing access o he
emo e lea ning en i onmen .
•SDG5 has obse ed a blow as women’s income has su e ed o
inc eased le els o domes ic iolence (Kuhlmann e al., 2023).
•Supply chain and pe sonnel sho ages ha e dis up ed SDG6 and
SDG7.
•SDG8 has been se e ely dis u bed by in e up ed economic ope a-
ions, dec eased income, ewe wo k hou s, and unemploymen in
Fig. 1. Roadmap o he pape ’s s uc u e.
Table 1
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals.
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals Ta ge s
Goal 1 No po e y
Goal 2 Ze o hunge
Goal 3 Good heal h and well-being
Goal 4 Quali y educa ion
Goal 5 Gende equali y
Goal 6 Clean wa e and sani a ion
Goal 7 A o dable and clean ene gy
Goal 8 Decen wo k and economic g ow h
Goal 9 Indus y, inno a ion, and in as uc u e
Goal 10 Reduced inequali y
Goal 11 Sus ainable ci ies and communi ies
Goal 12 Responsible consump ion and p oduc ion
Goal 13 Clima e ac ion
Goal 14 Li e below wa e
Goal 15 Li e on land
Goal 16 Peace and jus ice s ong ins i u ions
Goal 17 Pa ne ships o achie e he goal
A.H. Hassan e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
3
some job ca ego ies (Ela a asan e al., 2022; Ma ín-Blanco e al.,
2022).
•Dis up ions in SDG4, SDG5, SDG8, and SDG11 al oge he ha e
a ec ed SDG10 (Ibn-Mohammed e al., 2021)
•Popula ion and mig an s li ing in slums ha e high popula ion den-
si y and poo sani a ion, which esul s in poo pe o mance o
SDG11.
•Collec i ely, all coun ies pe o med poo ly in SDGs 12 – 15.
•Finally, SDG13, SDG15, and SDG17 ailed hea ily due o lack o
commi men and collabo a ion (Filho e al., 2020; Ibn-Mohammed
e al., 2021).
Indus y 5.0
Indus y 5.0 builds on he echnological ad ancemen s in Indus y
4.0, emphasizing a sus ainable, human-cen ic, and esilien app oach
o he u u e (Leng e al., 2022; Pe ei a & dos San os, 2023). I s ongly
emphasizes collabo a ion be ween humans and obo s o imp o e p o-
cess e iciency by combining inno a i e echnology wi h human c ea-
i i y (T´
o h e al., 2023). Indus y 5.0 aims o shi om mass
cus omiza ion o mass pe sonaliza ion using a i icial in elligence o
sus ainable g ow h (Sla ic e al., 2024; Tiwa i e al., 2022). Re olu ion
in Indus y 5.0 echnologies is assumed o con ibu e o Socie y 5.0 in
se e al ways by in e wea ing SDGs (Aslam e al., 2020; Humayun,
2021). Fig. 2 illus a es how a ious Socie y 5.0 applica ions a e ela ed
o speci ic Indus y 5.0 echnologies, including he In e ne o Things
(IoT), machine lea ning, senso s, 5G/6G, cloud explainable AI,
blockchain/o -chain, i ual eali y, digi al win, and obo ics, o name
a ew. Indus y 5.0 echnological ad ancemen s ha e con ibu ed o-
wa d di e en high-le el applica ions in a ious a eas, including
heal hca e, ag icul u e, manu ac u ing, and supply chain (Adel, 2022;
T´
o h e al., 2023). In eg a ing he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDG)
wi h he e olu ion in Indus y 5.0 echnology is hough o ha e an
encou aging in luence on Socie y 5.0 (Aslam e al., 2020). The SDGs
we e es ablished o end po e y and s op clima e change. The 17 SDGs
a e each ela ed o a ious Socie y 5.0 domains and add ess issues like
po e y, clima e change, clean wa e , good heal h, and indus y. Fo
example, SDG3 a ge s ’Be e Heal h,’ which aims o gi e e e yone
access o heal hca e solu ions and con ol hei heal h and heal h da a
(Na aez Rojas e al., 2021). These applica ions can hen be mapped o a
subse o SDGs as con ibu o s o pe o mance indica o s. SDGs a e hen
g ouped o sa is y highe -le el indica o s, e.g., SDG13-15 con ibu e o
he En i onmen eco- iendliness, whe eas SDG8, SDG9, SDG10, SDG12
and SDG17 indica e he heal h o he Economy. The es o he SDGs a e
ied o Socie al alues. Simila ly, SDG6-7 helps us o moni o Uni e sal
Access o Basic Se ices, and SDG4 and SDG8 ep esen ou Suppo o
he Nex Gene a ion. In o de o make u baniza ion sus ainable and
sma , SDG9, SDG11, and SDG12 a e being measu ed while lowe ing
gende inequali y is being a ge ed by SDG5 and SDG10. How a com-
muni y o business upholds he eco- iendliness, SDG13-15 is being
moni o ed. Finally, in e na ional collabo a ion is main ained ia SDG16
and SDG17. Al hough many ini ia i es ha e been p oposed in he pas ,
he u baniza ion challenge lies in he global op imiza ion o he 17 SDGs
by pu ing no single SDG o e he o he .
While emo e and au oma ed sys ems p o ide an ad an age o e
wo king wi h massi e olumes o IoT da a om di e en SDG applica-
ions, human judgmen emains essen ial o SDG applica ions. Fo
example, unde wa e li e moni o ing ma ine essels ace he h ea o
mines. The Mine Coun e measu es (MCM) a e done ia UAV and UUVs,
which can be equipped o ecognize, loca e and neu alize sea mines
along wi h unde wa e li e moni o ing o SDG applica ions by
le e aging AI-powe ed syn he ic ape u e sona (SAS) classi ica ion ia
cen ime e- esolu ion acous ic image y o he sea loo . AI-powe ed
Au oma ic Iden i ica ion Sys em (AIS) can be used o analyze olumi-
nous amoun s o SDG- ela ed in o ma ion om ixed ada s a ions,
UAVs, USVs, d one swa ms, and UUVs. Ano he dimension o AI is ha
AI in he w ong hands will lead o he au onomous s ockpiling o so -
wa e ulne abili ies (e.g., ze o-day a acks). These sys ems will au o-
ma ically decide on he mos e ec i e ad e sa ial a ack on SDG
applica ions and de ense ec o s using machine lea ning app oaches. In
he u u e, ‘SDG da a wa a e’ will include a i ual ba le be ween
a i icial in elligence seeking o disable one ano he and in ec SDG
command and con ol sys ems wi h disin o ma ion o malicious code.
Fig. 2. Rela ionship be ween Socie y 5.0 applica ions and speci ic Indus y 5.0 echnologies.
A.H. Hassan e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
4
Sma ci y
A sma ci y is an u ban ci y ha aims o imp o e he quali y o li e
o i s ci izens. This is a chi ed using echnology and da a o enhance
in as uc u e se ices and add ess c i ical p oblems in mode n ci ies
(Hassan e al., 2023). The indi idual s akeholde s in a sma ci y include
public adminis a o s, echnology designe s, en ep eneu s and, busi-
ness owne s and he gene al ci izen (Jayasena e al., 2019). Sma ci ies
may imp o e ci izens’ li ing s anda ds while p omo ing sus ainabili y
and e iciency. Au ho s in (Pa appallil Ma hew & Bangwal, 2024) asse
ha Big Da a and IoT-enabled sus ainable in as uc u e can help
o e come many mode n ci ies’ sho comings in c ucial aspec s o a high-
quali y li es yle. These echnologies can assis go e nmen s and com-
muni ies deal wi h he challenges o g owing u baniza ion. A sma ci y
ini ia i e is o c ea e e icien , li eable en i onmen s by combining
inno a i e echnology and c i ical se ices in six key a eas: People,
Economy, Mobili y, Li ing, Go e nance, and En i onmen . These ci ies’
p ospe i y is in ima ely ela ed o he quali y o li e expe ienced by hei
ci izens (Pa appallil Ma hew & Bangwal, 2024). Sma ci ies align wi h
SDG goals by enhancing li ing s anda ds h ough e icien esou ce
managemen (Sha i i e al., 2024). Mo eo e , sma ci ies can con ibu e
o he SDGs by p o iding eal- ime moni o ing and da a analysis h ough
Indus y 5.0 echnologies o ensu e sus ainable u ban de elopmen
(Cos a e al., 2024; Yin e al., 2023).
Key enabling echnologies owa ds he ans o ma ion
AI and explainable AI
Exis ing AI sys ems ha e h ee main componen s: compu ing capa-
bili y, ad anced machine lea ning algo i hms, and Access o su icien
quan i ies and quali y o ield da a – bo h he da a o ain he AI sys em
and he da a o be exploi ed (Adadi & Be ada, 2018). Socie y 5.0 Ap-
plica ions and Au onomous Sys ems need an eno mous olume o
au oma ic da a p ocessing o deduce in e ences. These h ee hings
oge he make an in elligen connec ion be ween pe cep ion o ac ion.
Gi en he a ailable in o ma ion, an AI sys em is in elligen o he ex en
ha i does he igh hing, i.e., he ac ion expec ed o achie e a ce ain
SDG o a Socie y 5.0 ou come o maximize he expec ed u ili y. The
sensing, ac ing, and decision-making cycles a e pe o med au ono-
mously and in he o de o milliseconds o some applica ions.
Exis ing machine lea ning (ML) and deep lea ning (DL) models wo k
like a black box, which su e s om Explainabili y (Adadi & Be ada,
2018). This explainabili y hinde s he smoo h ela ionship be ween
human and machine eaming. Human ac o s do no always unde s and
how a machine lea ning algo i hm comes o a inal decision due o he
Black-box na u e (Hassan, Sulaiman, e al., 2021). Hence, c i ical ma-
chine lea ning applica ions such as heal hca e, de ense, Indus ial IoT,
and IoT-based au oma ed insu ance claim p ocesses e c. su e om
e hical obliga ion and seman ics. Thanks o he ecen ad ancemen s in
explainable AI (XAI), which adds explainabili y and seman ics in
di e en aspec s o ML and DL models, human subjec ma e expe s
can ha e inne sigh s, isualize he da ase s and a ious pa ame e s
used, obse e he p og ess o di e en laye s and app o e o gi e
eedback o he inal decisions(Adadi & Be ada, 2018; Hassan, Abdul-
hak, e al., 2021; Schoenbo n & Al ho , 2019). This helps s akeholde s
o AI i.e., human–machine eaming o highe -le el ope a ions. Th ough
XAI, human s a egic guidance combined wi h he ac ical acui y o AI
would allow SDG planne s o concen a e on s a egic planning ins ead
o spending so much ime on manual calcula ions (Vinuesa e al., 2020).
IoT
The In e ne o Things (IoT) has pene a ed almos e e y pa o
human li e and he indus ial a ena. While Indus y 4.0 p ima ily
ocused on IoT ha dwa e and so wa e design o au oma ed indus ial-
economic p ocesses, he side e ec s o such g ow h we e no measu ed
h ough he lens o SDGs. As a esul , he p ima y mo i a ion o push
owa d Indus y 5.0 is o allow smoo h human-IoT in e ac ion, socie y-
IoT in eg a ion, and SDG-IoT suppo . IoT de ices in he physical wo ld
will be able o p o ide he much-needed da a o di e en SDG and In-
dus y 5.0 indica o s. Fo example, Medical IoT de ices will be able o
supply much-needed moni o ing da a (Hassan e al., 2023) o a ious
Indus y 5.0 indica o s o hei global coun e pa , as seen in Fig. 3. XAI
en i y o big da a analy ics and he design o indi idualized se ices and
p oduc s. The In e ne o Things (IoT) is becoming mo e popula in
heal hca e, wi h applica ions such as da a collec ing, epo e i ica ion,
pa ien acking, emo e ea men , moni o ing, and su eillance. In he
e en o medical he apy, eal- ime moni o ing is used o ollow in ec ed
pa ien s and check hei condi ions such as blood p essu e and hea
a e, ECG, EEG, SpO2, b ea hing a e, and skin empe a u e (Hossain,
2017)and (Muhammad e al., 2021).
Blockchain and o -chain
Blockchain allows decen alized ansac ions wi hou bo de s, while
o -chain enables big da a o be s o ed decen alized (Alam, 2023).
Blockchain ensu es da a secu i y and in eg i y. Blockchain secu es da a
and allows sha ing i wi h he igh SDG en i ies. Blockchain suppo s
secu e, p i a e ne wo ks ia pe mission mode. One coun y can main-
ain i s own p i a e Blockchain and secu e he p i a e da a while making
only he needed da a a ailable o o he pa ne s. Blockchain allows
keeping he in o ma ion in a speci ic SDG ne wo k while allowing only
needed in o ma ion sha ed wi h he SDG collabo a o s. Fo example,
Blockchain allows one coun y ope a ing wi h allies wi hin SDG17 o
decide he KPI da a o be sha ed wi h he allies, and he in o ma ion ha
needs o be p i a e. Blockchain shows p omising p ospec s in a eas such
as supply chain managemen , heal h da a s o age and sha ing, in ech,
ag icul u al ans o ma ion, mul i-pa y classi ied da a sha ing wi h
da a p i acy, p o ide anspa ency and us , sha ing economy, and so
on. Hence, blockchain can be used o upholding di e en SDG alues.
Fo example, Blockchain suppo ed SDG1 by empowe ing c yp o-
cu encies and o he blockchain-based okens o ade and ansac ions.
Blockchain can be used o suppo SDG3 by allowing pa ien EHR and
EMR eco ds o be sha ed secu ely. Disease ou b eak s a is ics and
ansac ions can be sa ed on o he blockchain, in addi ion o he supply
chain and elie managemen . Goals 12, 14 & 15 i.e., esponsible p o-
duc ion and consump ion, li e below wa e and li e on land can be
suppo ed by Blockchain. Blockchain can suppo good p o enance
h oughou supply chains and ci cula economy. Blockchain amewo k
p o ides a digi al walle , sma con ac , dis ibu ed app suppo o
pe sonalized, p i acy-o ien ed, and immu able ansac ions sui able o
SDG applica ions. I also suppo s di e en SDG modes such as public,
p i a e, and ede a ed. Recen Blockchain sma con ac ad ancemen
allows secu e IoT da a au oma ion, and secu e mul i-pa y ansac ions.
SDG Blockchain can help na ions sa egua d hei da a including c i ical
in as uc u e da a and o he sensi i e u baniza ion oadmap
in o ma ion.
B5G/6G
B5G/6G echnologies manda e enhanced mobile b oadband,
mission-c i ical se ices, and massi e IoT. As a esul , enabling ech-
nologies such as i ual eali y, elemedicine, ac ile in e ne ,
augmen ed eali y, and au onomous d i ing, o name a ew, a e
becoming a eali y. Tac ile In e ne can deli e emo e physical expe-
iences globally e.g., emo e su ge y. Massi e IoT applica ions such as
sma building and sma ag icul u e a e becoming commonplace.
C i ical IoT applica ions such as emo e heal hca e, emo e
manu ac u ing, and su ge y a e becoming a o dable. Digi iza ion and
au oma ion o all p oduc ion p ocesses such as au omo i e halls and
logis ic wa ehouses can be pe o med wi h inc easing e iciency, cos
educ ion, and emo e ope a o -con olled collabo a ion (A a an,
2023). Wi h he in oduc ion o og and mobile edge compu ing wi h
B5G, he emo e la ency conce ning he analy ics chain ends o be in
milliseconds. A cons an ly g owing numbe o sensing and
A.H. Hassan e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
5
communica ion-capable de ices a e deployed in ou homes, o ices, and
anspo a ion means. Due o he suppo o 5G mmWa e echnologies,
he In e ne o wea able hings wi h excellen use expe ience is
becoming a eali y. Remo e moni o ing o phenomena and p ocesses
wi h he help o au onomous ehicle lee s, eal- ime communica ion
be ween emo e wo ke s and command cen e s is gaining ac ion.
Any ime, anyplace connec i i y o X2X allows humans o make de-
cisions based on eal- ime analysis gene a ed by in eg a ing Senso y
da a om unmanned senso s om a emo e loca ion. B5G can suppo
eal- ime moni o ing o sma acili y ene gy and secu i y managemen
sys ems, in en o y, and supply chain managemen sys em h ough
cus omized 5G RAN, ne wo k slicing, ad anced MIMO, de ice- o-de ice
communica ion, Ne wo k unc ion i ualiza ion and so wa e-de ined
ne wo king capabili y. The SDG isions align wi h he B5G/6G isions
such as connec ed heal h, connec ed hings, sma wea ables, sma
mobili y, sma ca s, sma g id, and o he sma u ili y managemen .
Challenges and e hical conside a ions o in eg a ing indus y 5.0
echnology o SDG moni o ing
The in eg a ion o Indus y 5.0 echnologies in o Socie y 5.0 o
imp o e he measu emen and moni o ing o he Sus ainable De elop-
men Goals (SDGs) poses some challenges and e hical conside a ions
ha need o be aken in o accoun . Technologies such as AI, B5G, IoT
and blockchain can op imize esou ce use and imp o e ope a ional e -
iciency, which suppo s sus ainabili y goals (E. Cos a, 2024). Howe e ,
challenges include he complexi y o deploying ad anced echnologies
in di e en egions, especially in a eas wi h limi ed digi al in as uc-
u e (Hassan e al., 2023). Add essing hese challenges equi es collab-
o a ion ac oss go e nmen s and in e na ional bo de s. O he a eas ha
need o be add essed a e implemen a ion cos s, he lack o global
sus ainabili y s anda ds and wo k o ce adap a ion (E. Cos a, 2024;
Paschek e al., 2022). In addi ion, he ade-o be ween en i onmen al
sus ainabili y and ene gy consump ion o ad anced echnologies e-
mains a majo conce n, as AI and blockchain sys ems a e ene gy-
in ensi e, aising ques ions abou hei sus ainabili y. Acco ding o
s udies, blockchain mining and AI aining p ocesses was e signi ican
esou ces, po en ially con adic ing SDGs 7 (A o dable and Clean En-
e gy) and 13 (Sha i e al., 2024).
The e hical conside a ions and p i acy issues associa ed wi h he
in oduc ion o new echnologies equi e compliance wi h egula o y
s anda ds (Dhi ani e al., 2023). E hical conside a ions may a ise om
he human-cen e ed app oach o Indus y 5.0, and he human-cen ic
aspec in manu ac u ing p ocesses (Adel, 2022; E. Cos a, 2024). Fo
ins ance, mino i y g oups migh be unable o de elop he digi al skill
se s needed o engage wi h new sys ems, hinde ing hei capaci y o
bene i om his p og ess. Likewise, e hical issues a e also associa-
ed wi h p i acy, secu i y and he inapp op ia e use o p i a e da a om
indi iduals, pa icula ly o he pu poses o AI-based decision-making
(Hassan e al., 2023; Zhou e al., 2020). Though blockchain o e s a
secu e o da a sha ing, i s ill has some weaknesses in ensu ing he
comple e anonymiza ion o sha ed da a o e global ne wo k (Liu e al.,
2020).
To add ess hese challenges e ec i ely, se e al measu es a e needed
o ensu e e ec i e and socially esponsible in eg a ion o Indus y 5.0
echnologies in o SDG moni o ing sys ems. Da a p o ec ion echniques
such as di e en ial p i acy and ede a ed lea ning minimize da a
exposu e while enabling obus analy ics (Choudhu y e al., 2019).
P omo ing inclusi e go e nance equi es global s anda ds ha balance
egional inequali ies and ensu e equal access o echnology (Izzo e al.,
2020). Fu he , sus ainable de elopmen could be suppo ed by adop ing
ene gy-e icien algo i hms and g een da a p ocessing p ac ices o
Fig. 3. Medical IoT de ices supply moni o ing da a h ough Indus y 5.0 echnologies.
A.H. Hassan e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
6
educe en i onmen al impac (Shi e al., 2020). Finally, capaci y
building h ough digi al li e acy aining and in es men in in as uc-
u e in unde se ed egions is c i ical (Hassan e al., 2023).
AI in eg a ion and amewo ks o ad ancing SDG moni o ing
The use o AI echniques o measu e p og ess owa ds achie ing he
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) has been he subjec o se e al
esea ch ini ia i es. Howe e , he cu en li e a u e alls o en sho due
o echnological, me hodological and in as uc u al limi a ions. As
con en ional SDG moni o ing me hods a e mos ly based on human
p ocesses and da a se s, hey can lead o e o s and ine iciencies. Ac-
co ding o esea ch by Nilashi e al., (2023), inadequa e da ase s lead o
poo da a quali y, which in u n leads o inaccu a e assessmen o SDG
pe o mance. This consequen ly has a nega i e impac on he decision-
making o go e ning bodies and limi s hei abili y o de elop ac ics
ha wo k. Guena e al. (2022), highligh he po en ial o obo ics and
au onomous sys ems o p o ide eal- ime insigh s o sus ainable
de elopmen moni o ing. These ools a e used o analyze la ge da a se s
ela ed o po e y, disease and en i onmen al issues (Guena e al.,
2022). Ye , a numbe o challenges s ill emain, especially in e ms o
scaling hese sys ems and ensu ing in as uc u e eadiness in places
wi h limi ed echnological capaci y (UN DESA, 2023). Many exis ing
amewo ks lack he in eg a ion o ad anced echnologies such as
A i icial In elligence (AI), In e ne o Things (IoT), and blockchain.
While s udies such as (Vinuesa e al., 2020) and (Lamp opoulos e al.,
2024) showcase he po en ial o hese echnologies o ad ance SDGs,
hei eal-wo ld applica ions o en ail o mee e hical s anda ds. The
s udy by (Vinuesa e al., 2020), o example, examines how AI ools can
in luence he achie emen o he 17 SDGs and hei 169 a ge s. The
au ho s conclude ha AI is likely o ad ance 128 o hese goals. How-
e e , despi e clea imp o emen s in a eas such as e iciency and p o-
duc ion, he s udy aises ques ions abou e hical issues and he
possibili y o u he inequi ies. The au ho s emphasize ha , while AI
has he po en ial o conside ably ad ance he accomplishmen o he
SDGs, i s ull impac is dependen on he implemen a ion o p ope
legisla ion and policies. Yin e al., (2023) employ na u al language
p ocessing (NLP) me hods such as cosine simila i y o demons a e how
AI may be used o link esea ch a icles o SDG- ele an subjec s. Thei
app oach assesses how e ec i ely esea ch is aligned wi h speci ic SDG
objec i es, a ge s, and indica o s. They also sugges a ex embedding
model o help academics be e unde s and how a ious s udies
con ibu e o he 17 SDGs.
One o he majo challenges wi h AI is he lack o anspa ency in
how decisions a e made, which o en e odes us among s akeholde s.
Black-box algo i hms, in pa icula , make i di icul o esea che s,
policymake s, and communi ies o ully ely on AI sys ems. To close his
gap, explainable AI (XAI) has become essen ial, as i helps make AI’s
decision-making p ocesses mo e anspa en and easie o unde s and
(Ehsan e al., 2023; Hassan, Sulaiman, e al., 2021; Schoenbo n &
Al ho , 2019). Despi e p og ess in XAI, mo e comp ehensi e ame-
wo ks a e equi ed o add ess mo al dilemmas and link AI ou pu s a e
closely aligned wi h SDG goals.
Me hodology
Se e al me hods and p ocesses we e in ol ed in he de elopmen o
he p oposed amewo k o enable e ec i e da a acquisi ion, p ocessing,
and eedback mechanisms. The amewo k combines IoT, AI, blockchain
and B5G/6G echnologies o allow eal- ime, in e p e able moni o ing o
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs h ough a cybe -physical sys em.
This in eg a ion was chosen because IoT and B5G/6G echnologies
p o ides o seamless and ul a-low la ency communica ion, which is
essen ial o eal- ime moni o ing (Hassan e al., 2023; Sha ma e al.,
2024). Blockchain ensu e da a secu i y and in eg i y and allows sha ing
be ween en i ies h ough secu e, p i a e ne wo ks (Goel e al., 2019; Liu
e al., 2020). Mo eo e , he use o Explainable AI (XAI) p omo es us
and anspa ency, bo h o which a e c ucial aspec s o using AI o ach-
ie e he SDGs, as highligh ed by (Singh e al., 2024; Vinuesa e al.,
2020).
F amewo k de elopmen
The amewo k ollows a mul i-laye ed app oach o b idge he
physical and digi al domains e ec i ely as illus a ed in Fig. 4.
1. Da a Collec ion and T ansmission: Da a was ga he ed om open-
sou ce da a se s a ailable on pla o ms such as Zindi, wi h speci ic
a en ion gi en o ea u es ele an o ene gy and wa e consump ion
me ics. This included a iables indica ing ene gy e iciency by
building ype, s ee -le el consump ion, and b oade ci y-le el
ends. Da a p ep ocessing in ol ed se e al echniques including
da a cleaning, Missing alues we e handled h ough impu a ion
echniques, and da a no maliza ion was pe o med o s anda dize
he inpu ea u es. Key elemen s we e chosen and modi ied o be e
cap u e he ela ionships equi ed o acking SDG KPIs. Among
hese we e enginee ing composi e indica o s ha depic ed wa e and
ene gy consump ion ends. IoT de ices a e deployed o ga he da a
om he physical en i onmen , digi izing and con e ing i o
meaning ul insigh s be o e ansmission o he cybe domain. B5G/
6G allows o eal- ime da a ans e wi h ul a-low la ency and high-
bandwid h connec i i y, ensu ing imely analysis and eedback
loops.
2. Da a P ocessing and Analysis: AI and cloud a chi ec u es p ocess and
analyze he da a o ex ac insigh s, de ec anomalies, and p edic
u u e ends. Insigh s a e o e ed h ough SHapley Addi i e exPla-
na ions (SHAP) plo s o p o ide in e p e able isualiza ions o AI
ou pu s, ensu ing anspa ency in p edic ions.
3. Da a Secu i y and Sha ing: The implemen a ion employed Hype -
ledge Fab ic and E he eum blockchain in pe missioned and ede -
a ed modes o secu e s akeholde collabo a ion and da a-sha ing.
Compa ed o a adi ional cen alized sys ems ha is di icul o su-
pe ise, decen alized blockchain echnology, helps o minimize
isks o single poin s o ailu e and enhances accoun abili y (Zhu
e al., 2023). Blockchain’s ampe -p oo s o age and sma con ac s
au oma e da a alida ion, signi ican ly lowe ing he isks associa ed
wi h unau ho ized modi ica ions o b eaches (Rai e al., 2024). Al-
e na i es, such as ad anced enc yp ion, which sa egua d da a in
ansi and a es bu do no gua an ee aceabili y o immu abili y,
lack blockchain’s collabo a i e and anspa en aspec s. The e o e,
blockchain is he mos sui able solu ion o add ess he da a secu i y
equi emen s o p i a e in o ma ion.
4. Visualiza ion and Feedback: Visualizes collec ed senso y da a
h ough cus omizable dashboa ds, cha s, and widge s, acili a ing
eal- ime moni o ing and in o med decision-making o enhance he
impac o he Indus y 5.0 sys em on socie al and en i onmen al
goals.
Deep lea ning a chi ec u e
The AI a chi ec u e includes PyTo ch and Tenso Flow o implemen
he models, le e aging bo h lib a ies’ lexibili y and e iciency o
building complex neu al ne wo k a chi ec u es. Inpu laye s helped o
p ocess he aw da a om he IoT senso s. A combina ion o con olu-
ional neu al ne wo ks (CNNs) and ecu en neu al ne wo ks (RNNs)
was employed o ex ac spa ial ea u es, such as a ia ions in ene gy
usage ac oss loca ions and o cap u e empo al dependencies in he
sequen ial da a, such as daily wa e usage pa e ns. To p o ide insigh s
in o he model’s da a, SHAP isualiza ions helped o highligh he mos
in luen ial ac o s in model p edic ions, ensu ing ou pu s a e ans-
pa en and ac ionable. Al hough, adi ional s a is ical models p o ide
some anspa ency, hey lack he scalabili y and capabili y o handle
A.H. Hassan e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 10 (2025) 100275
7
complica ed, high-dimensional da a such as SDG indica o s. XAI o e -
comes his gap by adhe ing o he e hical and accoun abili y c i e ia o
SDG ac i i ies.
The decision o in eg a e hese echnologies — IoT, B5G/6G,
blockchain, AI and XAI — was based on hei abili y o sol e he unique
p oblems o SDG moni o ing. While s andalone solu ions can mee in-
di idual equi emen s, hey do no ha e he comp ehensi e capabili ies
equi ed o a sys em ha balances eal- ime esponsi eness, secu i y,
anspa ency and in e p e a ion.
E alua ion amewo k
The sys em’s pe o mance was e alua ed using se e al me ics
including:
Accu acy Me ics:
•P edic ion Accu acy: Assesses he co ec ness o AI p edic ions o
ene gy and wa e moni o ing.
•Roo Mean Squa ed E o (RMSE): E alua es he model’s abili y o
minimize e o s in con inuous p edic ions.
E iciency Me ics:
•La ency: Measu es sys em esponsi eness, wi h a a ge o <10 ms
o eal- ime da a p ocessing.
•Scalabili y: Assesses he amewo k’s abili y o main ain pe o -
mance wi h inc eased da a loads.
S a is ical Valida ion:
•C oss- alida ion: Ensu es he gene alizabili y o AI models ac oss
da ase s.
•Compa a i e Benchma ks: The amewo k was compa ed wi h an
exis ing SDG moni o ing sys em.
Implemen a ion s a egy
Demons a ion: Valida es he sys em h ough a li ing lab se up,
demons a ing deep lea ning and blockchain applica ions o measu ing
and p io i izing KPIs.
Da a Flow Tes ing: Conduc end- o-end senso y da a low es s using
esiden ial (ene gy me e ) and indus ial-g ade senso s (wa e low
me e ).
Technology S ack: The backend uses Ja a, Node.js, and MQTT; he
on end u ilizes Angula JS o dynamic UI.
The amewo k was implemen ed in li ing lab se up using wo use
cases:
1. Ene gy Moni o ing:
a. A sma ene gy me e cap u ed 33 senso y da a poin s in eal-
ime.
b. The sys em p edic ed ene gy consump ion pa e ns, wi h anomaly
de ec ion and SHAP-based explana ions.
2. Wa e Flow Moni o ing:
a. Indus ial-g ade low me e s acked eal- ime wa e usage.
b. AI models op imized i iga ion schedules, educing esou ce
was age by 15 %.
P oposed sys em design
Due o he massi e numbe o en i ies in ol ed in he Indus y 5.0
moni o ing p ocess, smoo h coo dina ion be ween cybe space and
physical space will be needed. Da a o igina ed om he physical space
h ough IoT, and people need o be sensed, and digi ized, con e sion o
meaning ul da a ex ac ion needs o be done be o e sha ing he da a o
he cybe wo ld. Wi h he help o B5G/6G ac ile in e ne , he da a om
he physical wo ld will each cybe space wi h ul a-low la ency and
enhanced bandwid h. The cybe sys em will le e age AI, cloud p o-
cessing and o he echnologies o p ocess, analyze and deduce impo an
KPIs om he ecei ed da a, which is sha ed wi h he u iliza ion se ices
Fig. 4. O e iew o he mul i-laye ed app oach o b idge he physical and digi al domains.
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