Hoang, Hue Thi; Vu, Ngan Hoang; Nguyen, Hang Thu; Nguyen, Hanh Thi Hai; Mai,
Bao Quoc
A icle
The impac o inno a ion on expo s o Vie namese
manu ac u ing and p ocessing en e p ises: he
mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hoang, Hue Thi; Vu, Ngan Hoang; Nguyen, Hang Thu; Nguyen, Hanh Thi Hai;
Mai, Bao Quoc (2024) : The impac o inno a ion on expo s o Vie namese manu ac u ing and
p ocessing en e p ises: he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y, Cogen Business &
Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-21,
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The impac o inno a ion on expo s o
Vie namese manu ac u ing and p ocessing
en e p ises: he mode a ing ole o
en i onmen al unce ain y
Hue Thi Hoang, Ngan Hoang Vu, Hang Thu Nguyen, Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen &
Bao Quoc Mai
To ci e his a icle: Hue Thi Hoang, Ngan Hoang Vu, Hang Thu Nguyen, Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen
& Bao Quoc Mai (2024) The impac o inno a ion on expo s o Vie namese manu ac u ing and
p ocessing en e p ises: he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y, Cogen Business &
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The impac o inno a ion on expo s o Vie namese manu ac u ing
and p ocessing en e p ises: he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al
unce ain y
hue hi hoang , ngan hoang Vu , hang hu nguyen , hanh hi hai nguyen and
Bao Quoc Mai
Depa men o Human Resou ces economics and Managemen , na ional economics uni e si y, Hanoi, Vie nam
ABSTRACT
his s udy in es iga es he impac o inno a ion dimensions on he expo ac i i ies o
Vie namese manu ac u ing and p ocessing en e p ises, conside ing he mode a ing ole
o en i onmen al unce ain y. By applying he P obi e ec Random Regula o y Model
(Re P obi ) and x obi , he s udy u ilizes h ee di e en sou ces o seconda y da a in
he pe iod 2016–2019: he gene al s a is ics O ice (gsO)’s annual en e p ise census, he
su ey on he use o echnology in he p oduc ion o manu ac u ing and p ocessing
companies by gsO, and he P o incial compe i i eness index (Pci) o he Vie nam
chambe o comme ce and indus y (Vcci) o de e mine he co ela ion be ween he
esea ch a iables. he esea ch indings demons a e ha inno a ion posi i ely a ec s
bo h he p opensi y and in ensi y o expo s. speci ically, when compa ed o
non-inno a i e i ms, hose ha p io i ize inno a ion obse e a no able 12.4% inc ease
in expo p opensi y and a 1.4% enhancemen in expo in ensi y. Mo eo e , he s udy
highligh s he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y, encompassing challenges
ela ed o basic in as uc u e, anspo in as uc u e, communica ion in as uc u e,
and ins i u ional en i onmen , in mi iga ing he impac o inno a ion on expo
ou comes. hese esul s p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o how p ocess and
p oduc inno a ion a ec expo p opensi y and in ensi y while conside ing he
complexi ies in oduced by en i onmen al unce ain y. consequen ly, he s udy o e s
se e al implica ions ha can aid policymake s in enhancing expo pe o mance,
pa icula ly in dynamic and changing en i onmen s.
IMPACT STATEMENT
his esea ch in es iga es he impac o inno a ion on he expo s o Vie namese
manu ac u ing and p ocessing en e p ises, speci ically looking a how en i onmen al
unce ain y mode a es his ela ionship. inno a ion is a no able d i e o economic
g ow h and de elopmen and a ec s he abili y o compe e in global ma ke s, especially
o i ms in Vie nam - an eme ging economies coun y wi h a ious changes. he e o e,
by examining he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y, he s udy b oadens
ou unde s anding o he condi ions unde which inno a ion is mos e ec i e in
boos ing expo s. he indings o his esea ch a e impo an o policymake s, business
leade s, and anyone in e es ed in unde s anding how inno a ion can con ibu e o he
g ow h and success o businesses in Vie nam and o he eme ging economies.
1. In oduc ion
inno a ion and expo a e c i ical ac o s o he g ow h o en e p ises (Fila o che e al., 2009). in e ms o
he esou ce-based iew (RBV), much o he li e a u e has ega ded i ms as an idiosync a ic bundle o
esou ces ha con e an endu ing compe i i e ad an age (chabowski e al., 2018). Despi e heo e ical s a e-
men s abou he posi i e impac o inno a ion on i m expo s, empi ical indings a e mixed. While many
s udies epo e idence o posi i e e ec s o inno a ion on expo s such as: aza and ciabuschi (2017),
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup.
CONTACT Hue hi Hoang [email p o ec ed] Depa men o Human Resou ces economics and Managemen , na ional economics
uni e si y, Vie nam, Hanoi
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2341637
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 1 Feb ua y 2023
Re ised 24 Janua y 2024
accep ed 8 ap il 2024
KEYWORDS
inno a ion; expo ;
en i onmen al
unce ain y;
manu ac u ing and
p ocessing en e p ises;
Vie nam
REVIEWING EDITOR
Job Rod igo-ala cón,
Uni e si y o cas illa-la
Mancha: Uni e sidad de
cas illa-la Mancha, spain
SUBJECTS
in e na ional economics;
P oduc ion, Ope a ions &
in o ma ion Managemen ;
indus y & indus ial
s udies
2 h. . hOang e al.
se e al s udies ha e ound a s a is ically insigni ican ela ionship be ween hese wo a iables (aw e al.,
2007; ayllón & Radicic, 2019), and some ha e e ealed a nega i e ela ionship (Be na dini Papalia e al.,
2018; Rialp-c iado & Komochko a, 2017). hese di e gen esul s aise he ques ion o how inno a ion is
ela ed o expo pe o mance in di e en con ex s.
When examining he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo s, schola s sugges ha i is c ucial
o conside he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y (chan e al., 2016; Yi e al., 2013).
en i onmen al unce ain y can limi a i m’s abili y o pu sue inno a i e ac i i ies om in e nal esou ces,
making inno a ion cos lie and iskie , he eby ha ming he i m’s inancial pe o mance and compe i i e-
ness (Zah a & Bogne , 2000). howe e , while pas esea ch has p ima ily examined unce ain y in he
ela ionship be ween se e al ac o s and o ganiza ional pe o mance, such as op-managemen boa d
di e si y (cannella e al., 2008), supply chain s a egy (Qi e al., 2011), and social capi al (liu, 2017), he
associa ion be ween inno a ion and expo pe o mance is no men ioned. Despi e some schola s ha ing
made u he analyses o he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y, he e a e s ill con lic ing
indings. speci ically, while Oke e al. (2012) ound ha inno a ion s a egies end o be mo e e ec i e
as en i onmen al unce ain y inc eases, Rialp-c iado and Komochko a (2017) a gued ha expo in en-
si y has g adually declined based on he se e i y o each di icul y.
his pape seeks o make wo con ibu ions o he li e a u e on inno a ion, expo s, and en i onmen-
al unce ain y. Fi s ly, while he co ela ion be ween inno a ion and expo pe o mance is ecognized,
esea ch implies ha he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y in his ela ionship is limi ed,
he e o e, his s udy aims o analyze he e ec s o a ious dimensions o inno a ion on expo p open-
si y and in ensi y h ough he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al. secondly, his esea ch p o ides a
con ex -speci ic con ibu ion, ocusing on Vie nam—a leading expo e coun y. speci ically, Vie nam’s
manu ac u ing and p ocessing indus y plays a c ucial ole in he coun y’s economy, and no ably aims
o achie e in e na ional compe i i eness h ough inno a ion. his esea ch can p o ide schola ly and
p ac ical alue o esea che s and p ac i ione s who ha e an in e es in en i onmen al unce ain y and
hei ole in inno a ion and expo . Mo e b oadly, gi en he p e alence o en i onmen al unce ain y in
o he coun ies, he au ho s expec he esea ch esul s o be o ele ance o eme ging economies.
he emainde o his pape is s uc u ed as ollows. sec ion 2 p o ides a comp ehensi e e iew o
he ele an li e a u e. While sec ion 3 ou lines he esea ch me hodology, sec ion 4 p esen s he esea ch
esul s, which a e discussed in sec ion 5. Finally, conclusions, limi a ions, and sugges ions a e gi en ou
in sec ion 6.
2. Li e a u e e iew and esea ch hypo heses
2.1. The ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo
inno a ion has become a ascina ing ield among esea che s and can be app oached in di e en ields.
no ably, inno a ion is conside ed a undamen al elemen o a g ow h s a egy o businesses o gain a
compe i i e ad an age in in e na ional ma ke s (Ka e zopoulos e al., 2019). inno a ion can be classi ied in o
di e en o ms ( echnological inno a ion and non- echnological inno a ion) (Roge s & Roge s, 1998) o ca -
ego ies (p oduc inno a ion, p ocess inno a ion, o ganiza ional inno a ion, and ma ke ing inno a ion) (OecD,
2005). o e ec i ely e alua e he ole o inno a ion on i ms’ expo pe o mance as well as o gua an ee
he consis en o he esea ch esul s wi h he seconda y da a o Vie namese manu ac u ing and p ocessing
en e p ises, he au ho s ocus on he analysis o echnological inno a ion, which encompasses bo h p oduc
and p ocess inno a ion since hese ac o s a e o en associa ed wi h p ac icali y esea ch wi hin en e p ises
as well as a e commonly used in p e ious s udies, such as Kelly e al. (2021).
in he end o globaliza ion and in e na ional economic in eg a ion, expo s ha e become an essen ial
ac i i y in he de elopmen s a egy o en e p ises, which is o in e es o many domes ic and o eign
schola s (es in e al., 2008). expo is a c ucial elemen o in e na ional business as i in ol es ma ke ing
and sales ac i i ies implemen ed by en e p ises on a global scale (Paul & Mas, 2020), and e e s o he
mo emen o goods and se ices ac oss na ional bo de s (Young e al., 1989). in esea ch on expo pe -
o mance, mos empi ical s udies examine wo key aspec s: expo p opensi y and in ensi y (Ma ineau &
Pas o iza, 2016). his app oach has also been used by lópez Rod íguez and se ano O ellana (2020) when
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
in es iga ing he e ec s o gene al i ms and human capi al on expo s. speci ically, expo in ensi y is
measu ed by compa ing expo s wi h expo in ensi y in e ms o sales is widely ecognized as a signi i-
can measu e in empi ical s udies (la imo, 2013). he e o e, h ough he a ailable manu ac u ing and p o-
cessing indus ies da a in Vie nam, his esea ch will only measu e expo p opensi y and in ensi y
(exp essly, expo in ensi y measu ed by e enue), and exclude expo scope as an indica o .
he ad an ages o inno a ion o expo ing ha e been ex ensi ely acknowledged. nume ous schola s
ha e highligh ed ha inno a ion can se e as a s a egic ool o companies o expand hei ma ke
sha e and en e new ma ke s (Wang e al., 2008). Mo eo e , inno a ion enables i ms o c ea e unique
p oduc s and se ices, enhance quali y, minimize cos s, and adap in e nal s uc u es o add ess echno-
logical ad ancemen s and en i onmen al unp edic abili y. as a esul , p oduc alues (including subse-
quen se ices) will inc ease o eign cus ome sa is ac ion and willingness o pay o ha p oduc , he eby
businesses ha e mo e p oduc ion and expo incen i es (golo ko & Valen ini, 2011). hese bene i s lead
o inc eased compe i i eness and ma ke in luence, as well as suppo in expanding i s ope a ions as
well as es ablishing a i m’s p esence in he expo ma ke s (aza & ciabuschi, 2017). smi h e al. (1992)
also conside inno a ion a c ucial ac o in p omo ing i ms’ pa icipa ion in expo ing as inno a ion can
enhance hei posi ion in he in e na ional ma ke h ough p oduc i i y g ow h and commodi y de el-
opmen . he impac o inno a ion on expo ac i i ies, encompassing bo h expo p opensi y and in en-
si y is ypically examined h ough p oduc inno a ion and p ocess inno a ion. empi ical e idence
sugges s ha in oducing p oduc and p ocess inno a ions posi i ely a ec s a i m’s expo pe o mance
(Wagne , 2012). no ably, empi ical indings by nguyen e al. (2008) demons a e a posi i e ela ionship
be ween inno a ion and expo in ensi y dimensions. his posi i e ela ionship s ems om he a ious
bene i s ha p oduc and p ocess inno a ions o e , mo i a ing en e p ises o expand in e na ionally
(cheng e al., 2010). in line wi h hese indings, i has been obse ed ha i ms implemen ing inno a ion
a e signi ican ly posi i ely associa ed wi h i m pe o mance and expo pe o mance (Phan, 2019; edeh
e al., 2020). he speci ic ole played by each dimension o inno a ion on expo pe o mance is shown
as ollows:
2.1.1. The e ec o p oduc inno a ion on expo s
P oduc inno a ion is de ined as de elopmen d i en by a desi e o imp o e he p ope ies and pe o -
mance o inished p oduc s ha help businesses enhance hei compe i i eness (Be g o s & la sson,
2009). he e o e, i ms ha e a s ong incen i e o expand in o global ma ke s o maximize p o i s and
ob ain highe e u ns on in es men ( eece, 1986). Fu he mo e, Rope and lo e (2002) ound a posi i e
e ec o p oduc inno a ions on expo p opensi y and in ensi y in manu ac u ing i ms in he UK and
ge many.
2.1.2. The e ec o p ocess inno a ion on expo s
P ocess inno a ion is de ined as de elopmen d i en by in e nal p oduc ion objec i es (Be g o s &
la sson, 2009). in addi ion, cheng e al. (2010) demons a e ha p ocess inno a ion helps i ms sa e
esou ces and p oduc ion cos s, and imp o e hei o e all ma ke pe o mance, which is di icul o copy
by compe i o s. Mo eo e , Fila o che and Piesse (2009) poin ou ha h i ing on p ocess inno a ion
ends o be mo e p oduc i e and mo e likely o gain a a o able posi ion in he global expo p ocess.
in summa y, li e a u e and empi ical s udies all show g ea consis ency in he posi i e impac o inno-
a ion on he expo pe o mance o p ocessing and manu ac u ing en e p ises. he e o e, he au ho s
p opose he ollowing hypo hesis:
Hypo hesis 1: inno a ion has a posi i e impac on expo s in he p ocessing and manu ac u ing en e p ises
in Vie nam.
2.2. The mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y
in many s udies, en i onmen al unce ain y has been iden i ied as an impo an media ing ac o ha
a ec s he ela ionship be ween i m pe o mance and i s in e nal and ex e nal e ec s (Yu e al., 2016).
4 h. . hOang e al.
in which, en i onmen al unce ain y is a si ua ion ha a ises in an unp edic able business en i onmen
(la an e al., 2018). in line wi h his iew, Mille (1993) ca ego izes unce ain y in o h ee ypes: gene al,
indus y, and co po a ion en i onmen al unce ain y. Due o he esea ch da a assessmen , his esea ch
adop s Mille ’s concep ualiza ion o en i onmen al unce ain y, which sha es simila i ies wi h p e ious
s udies (ei e e al., 2005). his esea ch no only con i ms he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce -
ain y bu also measu es i s impac s on he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo a he en e p ise
le el h ough an objec i e me hod. his me hod has also been used in p e ious esea ch by Zhang e al.
(2020) when measu ing he mode a ing e ec s o en i onmen al unce ain y in he ela ionship be ween
co po a e en i onmen and inancial pe o mance.
he s udy o he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y in he ela ionship be ween inno a ion
and expo is o signi ican in e es due o i s p ac ical implica ions. acco ding o ins i u ional heo y, he
socio-economic en i onmen g ea ly a ec s in e na ionaliza ion (sco , 2008). speci ically, his heo y sug-
ges s ha he ex e nal ins i u ional en i onmen shapes he beha io o leade s and he eby in luences
o ganiza ional decisions (Rialp-c iado & Komochko a, 2017). in eme ging economies like Vie nam, ins i-
u ions can change apidly and unp edic ably, making hem a signi ican sou ce o en i onmen al unce -
ain y (Xu e al., 2013).
By applying he abo e heo y, ins i u ional cons ain s can di ec ly o indi ec ly shape he expo
beha io o en e p ises h ough ac o s associa ed wi h expo ac i i ies, such as inno a ion. his poin
o iew sha es simila i ies wi h he esea ch o Peng e al. (2008). Mo eo e , Yi e al. (2013) show ha he
ins i u ional en i onmen mode a es he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo s. speci ically, a
a o able egula o y egime and low ansac ion cos s p o ide companies ope a ing in a de eloped ins i-
u ional en i onmen wi h mo e oppo uni ies o in es in inno a ion and pu sue expo s a egies,
he eby enhancing he ole o inno a ion in in e na ionaliza ion.
simila ly, e hy oulou and Vah e (2016) e eal ha i ms in es ing in inno a ion o en encoun e
inancial di icul ies ha limi hei access o basic economic esou ces such as land and labo , he eby
indi ec ly a ec ing he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo . he e o e, i is impo an o conside
ins i u ional cons ain s and hei mode a ing e ec on he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo
in eme ging economies like Vie nam.
in summa y, i ms ha ace challenges du ing imes o unce ain y, need o adop a ious dimensions
o inno a ion o ensu e hei su i al, po en ially impac ing hei expo pe o mance. he ins i u ional
heo y pe spec i e sugges s ha he ex e nal en i onmen and i s cons ain s can shape a company’s
beha io and a ec i s decisions ela ed o inno a ion and in e na ionaliza ion. his aises he ques ion
o whe he en i onmen al unce ain y mode a es he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo
pe o mance.
Hypo hesis 2: he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo pe o mance is mode a ed by en i onmen al
unce ain y.
3. Resea ch me hodology
3.1. Sample and da a collec ion
o achie e he objec i es o he s udy, da a was compiled om h ee di e en sou ces:
Fi s ly, he Vie nam annual en e p ise su ey (Ves) da a (co e ing he pe iod 2016-2019) collec ed by he
gene al s a is ics O ice o Vie nam (gsO) a e used o compiled essen ial in o ma ion ela ed o Vie namese
en e p ises such as human capi al, en e p ise size, capi al in ensi y, wo-digi indus y, and ype o
en e p ise.
secondly, he s udy also uses he su ey da a se on he use o echnology in he manu ac u ing and p ocess-
ing en e p ises (co e ing he pe iod 2016-2019), which we e conduc ed by he gene al s a is ics O ice o
Vie nam (gsO) o collec in o ma ion ela ed o en e p ises in he manu ac u ing and p ocessing indus y
(inno a ion, expo , en i onmen al unce ain y).
las ly, he s udy uses he se o P o incial compe i i eness index (Pci) da a which we e conduc ed by he
Vie nam chambe o comme ce and indus y (Vcci) wi h he suppo o he Uni ed s a es agency o
in e na ional De elopmen (UsaiD) o collec in o ma ion om he ins i u ional en i onmen . his da ase
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
includes se e al indica o s ep esen ing he business en i onmen o economic ins i u ions suppo ing he
esea ch ma ke .
as he compiled da a we e being ma ched, e iewed, and businesses, un easonable in o ma ion was
elimina ed (such as he numbe o employees o capi al less han 0). consequen ly, he s udy analyzeda
o al sample o 17,932 obse a ions.
3.2. Va iables and measu emen s
3.2.1. Independen a iables
simila o p io esea ch (Becke & egge , 2013), inno a ion is measu ed using h ee indica o a iables:
inno a ion, p oduc inno a ion, and p ocess inno a ion, which a e all assigned a alue o 0 o 1.
3.2.2. Dependen a iable
his s udy measu es expo s using bo h expo p opensi y (eP) and expo in ensi y (ei) as dependen
a iables. expo p opensi y is de ined as a bina y a iable, assigned a alue o 1 i he en e p ise engages
in expo ing in he yea o s udy and 0 o he wise. expo in ensi y is calcula ed as he a io o expo
sales o o al sales. his measu emen me hod is consis en wi h p e ious esea ch by a is ei e al. (2013),
Falk and de lemos (2019).
3.2.3. Mode a ing a iable
he measu emen o en i onmen al unce ain y is based on wo dimensions, which a e he gene al en i-
onmen and he co po a e en i onmen . he unce ain y o he indus y en i onmen is excluded as i
is assumed o be ela i ely simila wi hin he same manu ac u ing and p ocessing indus y. he unce -
ain y o he en i onmen is composed o eigh di icul y ac o s, including local ins i u ional en i on-
men , basic in as uc u e, anspo in as uc u e, communica ion in as uc u e, inance, labo esou ces,
skilled labo , and machine y/ echnological equipmen .
he di icul y in he local ins i u ional en i onmen is calcula ed by aking he in e se o he Pci
(P o incial compe i i eness index). his measu e is consis en wi h p e ious s udies by slangen and
Beugelsdijk (2010). he Pci index used in his s udy consis s o en sub-indices, including Ma ke en y,
land access, anspa ency, ime cos , in o mal cos , Fai compe i ion, Dynamici y, suppo se ices
en e p ises, labo aining, and legal ins i u ions. he o he di icul y ac o s, including basic in as uc-
u e, anspo in as uc u e, communica ion in as uc u e, inance, labo esou ces, skilled labo , and
machine y/ echnological equipmen , a e based on su ey da a on he use o echnology in he p oduc-
ion o manu ac u ing and p ocessing en e p ises. hese a iables a e measu ed on a scale o 0 o 10,
whe e 0 indica es i ele ance, 1 indica es less impo ance, and 10 indica es e y high impo ance.
3.2.4. Con ol a iable
he s udy u ilized he collec ed annual en e p ise su ey da a o measu e he ollowing a iables: en e -
p ise size, human capi al, capi al in ensi y, ype o en e p ise, yea , and wo-digi indus y.
En e p ise size: was calcula ed by he na u al loga i hm o he numbe o employees in ha en e p ise
on Decembe 31 o each yea . P e ious s udies ha e demons a ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween i m
size and expo (ayllón & Radicic, 2019).
Human capi al: was measu ed by he na u al loga i hm o he a io o o al wages o employees (mil-
lion VnD), e lec ing he quali y o he labo o ce. s udies ha e shown ha be e -quali y labo has a
posi i e impac on expo (amadu & Danquah, 2019).
Capi al in ensi y: was measu ed by he na u al loga i hm o he a io o o al capi al o o al employees
(million VnD). empi ical s udy ha e ound a posi i e ela ionship be ween capi al in ensi y and expo
(Wu e al., 2021).
Type o en e p ise: was ca ego ized in o FDi en e p ises, s a e-owned en e p ises and non-s a e en e -
p ises (gsO, 2015) using wo dummy a iables, wi h s a e-owned en e p ises se ing as he e e ence
ca ego y. Di e en ypes o en e p ises ha e speci ic cha ac e is ics ha can a ec expo (Majumda
e al., 2012).
6 h. . hOang e al.
Yea : yea dummy a iables a e included o cap u e he ime e ec s ela ed o exchange a e and
o he ime- a ying ac o s on expo s.
Two-digi indus y: wo-digi indus y dummy a iables a e included o egula e indus y-speci ic cha -
ac e is ics ha can a ec he changes in i ms’ expo pe o mance.
able 1 p o ides an o e iew o he a iables in he s udy.
3.3. Model o mula ion
Based on he abo e heo e ical backg ounds and hypo heses, his s udy p oposes he ollowing in e-
g a ed model (Figu e 1).
3.4. Me hod
he esea ch employs ad anced s a is ical models o measu e expo p opensi y and in ensi y. he expo
p opensi y (a bina y a iable) is measu ed using a andom-e ec s p obi (Re P obi ) eg ession model. his
model is conside ed an e ec i e app oach as bina y dependen a iables wi h speci ic di e ences among
i ms ha a e no di ec ly obse able (Robe s & ybou , 1997). he use o he Re P obi model o mea-
su ing expo p opensi y is also suppo ed in he s udy o ayllón and Radicic (2019). On he o he hand,
he expo in ensi y (a dependen a iable measu ed by he a io o expo o e enue) is subjec ed o
he obi eg ession model de eloped by obin (1958). his model is deemed app op ia e o es ima ing
models wi h censo ed dependen a iables ha a e es ic ed in he ange om 0 o 1 (guja a i, 2004).
4. Resul s
4.1. Desc ip i e s a is ics esul s
as mos a iables in he s udy a e bina y and hie a chical, meaning ul co ela ion coe icien s could no
be de i ed (g eenac e, 2017). he e o e, he au ho s will no conside he co ela ion coe icien ma ix
o a iables when p esen ing he esea ch esul s. able 2 p o ides desc ip i e s a is ics o he main a i-
ables in he model. he sample consis s o 46% o companies engaged in expo ing, wi h an a e age
expo in ensi y o 29%. addi ionally, 92% o he en e p ises epo ed inno a ion, wi h 81% and 68%
epo ing p oduc and p ocess inno a ion, espec i ely. he en e p ises also epo ed acing a ious
Table 1. summa y o he a iable scales used in his pape .
Va iable Measu emen
Independen a iables
inno a ion (inno)
P oduc inno a ion (P odi)
P ocess inno a ion (P oci)
Dependen a iables
expo p opensi y (eP)
expo in ensi y (ei)
Mode a ing a iables
Basic in as uc u e Cons ain s (eu1)
anspo in as uc u e Cons ain s (eu2)
Communica ion in as uc u e Cons ain s (eu3)
Financing Cons ain s (eu4)
Labo o ce Cons ain s (eu5)
skilled labo Cons ain s (eu6)
Machine y/ equipmen Cons ain s (eu7)
Local ins i u ion en i onmen Cons ain s (eu8)
Con ol a iables
size (siZe)
Human capi al (HC)
Capi al in ensi y (CaP)
non-s a e en e p ises (non-s a e)
en e p ises FDi (FDi)
Yea
wo-digi indus y
en e p ises c ea e inno a ion: “1” Yes “0” no
en e p ises ha e p oduc inno a ion: “1” Yes “0” no
en e p ises ha e p ocess inno a ion: “1” Yes “0” no
en e p ises pa icipa e in expo ing: “1” Yes “0” no
he a io e enue om expo and o als o sales
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
Ha ing a alue om 0 o 10 whe e: 0 = i ele an , 1 = less impo an ; 10 = e y impo an
in e se o P o incial Compe i i eness index (PCi)
Ln (numbe o employees)
Ln ( a io o o al sala y o numbe o employees (million VnD))
Ln ( a io o o al capi al o numbe o employees (million VnD))
en e p ise is a non-s a e en e p ise: “1” Yes “0” no
en e p ise is an FDi en e p ise: “1” Yes “0” no
he a iable is ep esen ed by 3 dummy a iables, o which 2015 is used as he base o
compa ison.
he a iable ep esen ed by 24 dummy in he manu ac u ing indus y is used as a
e e ence.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
di icul ies, wi h he machine y and echnological equipmen sec o ha ing he highes di icul y sco e
o 5.92.
4.2. The e ec o inno a ion on expo p opensi y and in ensi y
as men ioned in sec ion 3.4, his s udy employs he Re P obi eg ession model o analyze expo p open-
si y and he x obi model o in es iga e expo in ensi y. speci ically, while models 1, 2, and 3 show he
impac o inno a ion, p oduc inno a ion, and p ocess inno a ion on expo , model 4 includes bo h inde-
penden a iables (p oduc inno a ion and p ocess inno a ion) o compa e hei e ec s on i ms’ expo s.
Be o e es ing he hypo heses based on he model ou comes, i is necessa y o examine he issue o
mul icollinea i y. gi en ha he majo i y o a iables in his s udy a e bina y and hie a chical, he co -
ela ion coe icien s lack subs an i e meaning (g eenac e, 2017). consequen ly, in he p esen a ion o
esea ch indings, he co ela ion coe icien ma ix o a iables will be dis ega ded by he au ho s.
ins ead, he deg ee o mul icollinea i y among he independen a iables in he eg ession model was
e es ed using he ViF me hod (Va iance in la ion Fac o ) (O’b ien, 2007). he igu es equi ed o de ec
such an issue a ep esen ed in able 3.
Figu e 1. Resea ch model.
Table 2. Desc ip i e s a is ics.
Va iable obs Mean s d. De Min Max
eP 17,932 0.46 0.50 0 1
ei 17,932 0.29 0.41 0 1
inno 17,932 0.92 0.27 0 1
P odi 17,932 0.81 0.40 0 1
P oci 17,932 0.68 0.47 0 1
EU1
17,932 4.89 3.73 0 10
EU2
17,932 4.74 3.51 0 10
EU3
17,932 4.36 3.39 0 10
EU4
17,932 5.58 3.57 0 10
EU5
17,932 5.31 3.34 0 10
EU6
17,932 5.78 3.35 0 10
EU7
17,932 5.92 3.49 0 10
EU8
17,932 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02
14 h. . hOang e al.
Table 8. he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y in he linkage be ween p ocess inno a ion and expo .
Va iables
Dependen a iables: expo p opensi y and expo in ensi y
expo p opensi y expo in ensi y
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
P oci 0.290** 0.381*** 0.379*** 0.424*** 0.116 0.018 0.193 1.862 0.023*0.042*** 0.035*** 0.042*** 0.029** 0.009 0.018 0.508***
(0.117) (0.118) (0.116) (0.129) (0.129) (0.138) (0.135) (1.214) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013) (0.014) (0.015) (0.015) (0.015) (0.128)
EU1
0.015 −0.001
(0.016) (0.002)
EU2
0.028*0.002
(0.016) (0.002)
EU3
0.035** 0.002
(0.017) (0.002)
EU4
0.050*** 0.004**
(0.016) (0.002)
EU5
0.009 0.003*
(0.017) (0.002)
EU6
0.012 0.002
(0.017) (0.002)
EU7
0.011 −0.001
(0.016) (0.002)
EU8
−31.697 0.022**
(88.118) (0.010)
P oci*
EU1
−0.007 −0.003
(0.019) (0.002)
P oci*
EU2
−0.027 −0.007***
(0.020) (0.002)
P oci*
EU3
−0.028 −0.006**
(0.020) (0.002)
***p < 0.01.
**p < 0.05.
*p < 0.1.
(Con inued)
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
Va iables
Dependen a iables: expo p opensi y and expo in ensi y
expo p opensi y expo in ensi y
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
P oci*
EU4
−0.033*−0.006***
(0.019) (0.002)
P oci*
EU5
0.027 −0.004
(0.020) (0.002)
P oci*
EU6
0.041** 0.000
(0.021) (0.002)
P oci*
EU7
0.011 −0.001
(0.020) (0.002)
P oci*
EU8
−98.993 −0.031***
(74.990) (0.008)
HC 0.401*** 0.400*** 0.401*** 0.397*** 0.402*** 0.404*** 0.403*** 0.401*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.039*** 0.040*** 0.040***
(0.069) (0.069) (0.069) (0.069) (0.069) (0.069) (0.069) (0.068) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
siZe 1.482*** 1.483*** 1.484*** 1.490*** 1.483*** 1.484*** 1.483*** 1.470*** 0.161*** 0.161*** 0.161*** 0.161*** 0.161*** 0.161*** 0.161*** 0.161***
(0.068) (0.068) (0.068) (0.068) (0.067) (0.067) (0.068) (0.063) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
CaP 0.484*** 0.483*** 0.482*** 0.480*** 0.484*** 0.483*** 0.482*** 0.477*** 0.046*** 0.046*** 0.046*** 0.045*** 0.045*** 0.046*** 0.046*** 0.045***
(0.055) (0.055) (0.055) (0.055) (0.055) (0.055) (0.055) (0.054) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
non-s a e 0.168 0.160 0.159 0.154 0.174 0.190 0.164 0.146 0.061 0.069 0.072 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.063 0.058
(0.620) (0.621) (0.621) (0.624) (0.622) (0.624) (0.621) (0.611) (0.089) (0.090) (0.090) (0.089) (0.089) (0.089) (0.089) (0.089)
FDi 5.453*** 5.448*** 5.453*** 5.504*** 5.467*** 5.509*** 5.463*** 5.285*** 0.750*** 0.758*** 0.760*** 0.754*** 0.753*** 0.753*** 0.753*** 0.749***
(0.636) (0.637) (0.637) (0.641) (0.639) (0.640) (0.637) (0.626) (0.091) (0.092) (0.092) (0.091) (0.092) (0.092) (0.092) (0.091)
Yea dummies (3) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
indus y dummies
(24)
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cons an −13.471*** −13.519*** −13.542*** −13.672*** −13.466*** −13.499*** −13.474*** −12.634*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.040*** 0.039*** 0.040*** 0.040***
(0.845) (0.846) (0.846) (0.851) (0.847) (0.849) (0.847) (1.705) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007)
obs 17,898 17,898 17,898 17,898 17,898 17,898 17,898 17,898 17,920 17,920 17,920 17,920 17,920 17,920 17,920 17,920
Wald chi22655.99 2658.26 2656.10 2663.78 2649.55 2640.81 2652.02 2553.02 4118.97 4123.52 4118.30 4120.15 4114.29 4114.74 4115.55 4127.19
P ob Wald 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
***p < 0.01.
**p < 0.05.
*p < 0.1.
Table 8. Con inued.
16 h. . hOang e al.
5%. speci ically, o en e p ises in he p ocessing and manu ac u ing indus ies ha ha e emb aced
inno a ion, encoun e ing a 1-poin inc ease in he di icul y o communica ion in as uc u e esul s in a
3.4% educ ion in he p obabili y o expo ing.
4.3.1.2. Conce ning expo in ensi y. in e ms o di icul y o he local ins i u ional en i onmen , able 6
shows he egula o y ole o local ins i u ional cons ain s in mi iga ing he e ec o inno a ion on expo
in ensi y by 1.5%. in e ms o basic in as uc u e cons ain s, able 6 shows he mode a ing ole o basic
in as uc u e cons ain s in mi iga ing he e ec o inno a ion on expo in ensi y wi h a eg ession
coe icien o −0.009 and is s a is ically signi ican a 1%. in e ms o di icul y o anspo in as uc u e,
wi h he eg ession coe icien o he in e ac ion a iable −0.012, s a is ically signi ican a 1%, he esul s
indica e he mode a ing ole o he anspo in as uc u e di icul y in educing he e ec o inno a ion
on expo in ensi y by 0.4%. in e ms o di icul y o communica ion in as uc u e, he in e ac ion a iable
is nega i ely co ela ed wi h he expo end a he signi icance le el o 1% and has a eg ession coe icien
o −0.008, showing he mode a ing ole o he di icul y in communica ion in as uc u e educes he e ec
o inno a ion on expo in ensi y by 0.4%. in e ms o di icul y o machine y/ echnological equipmen , he
in e ac ion a iable is nega i ely co ela ed wi h he expo in ensi y a a 1% signi icance le el and has a
eg ession coe icien o −0.007 he eby educing he expo in ensi y by 0.4%.
4.3.2. The mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y in he co ela ion be ween p oduc
inno a ion and expo
he esul s p esen ed in able 7 indica e ha when en e p ises conduc p oduc inno a ion, mos di i-
cul ies ha e a mode a ing ole in mi iga ing he impac o p oduc inno a ion on expo p opensi y and
in ensi y, excep o di icul ies in labo esou ces o expo p opensi y and di icul ies in communica ion
in as uc u e, inance, and labo esou ces on expo in ensi y.
4.3.3. The mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y in he co ela ion be ween p ocess
inno a ion and expo
he esea ch esul s in able 8 highligh ha when en e p ises ace di icul ies in labo esou ces, skilled
labo , machine y, echnological equipmen , and ins i u ional en i onmen , p ocess inno a ion is no s a-
is ically signi ican in e ms o expo ing. he e o e, i sugges s ha p ocess inno a ion is no longe an
ad an age o a i m o engage in expo ing. his obse a ion helps explain why, when en e p ises ace
hese di icul ies, hey a e unable o inc ease hei expo in ensi y h ough p ocess inno a ion. he
pape also indica es ha he di icul y o inance educes he impac o inno a ion on expo p opensi y,
and he di icul y in anspo in as uc u e, communica ion in as uc u e, inance, and ins i u ional en i-
onmen educes he impac o p ocess inno a ion on expo in ensi y. howe e , esea ch has no ound
any mode a ing ole o o he di icul ies.
in summa y, mos di icul ies ha e a mode a ing ole in educing he impac o one o he h ee
dimensions o inno a ion on expo p opensi y and in ensi y. he e o e, he esea ch esul s suppo
hypo hesis 2, s a ing ha en i onmen al unce ain y has a mode a ing ole in mi iga ing he impac o
inno a ion on expo s. he s udy also shows ha con ol a iables such as size, human capi al, capi al
in ensi y, and FDi en e p ises ha e s a is ical signi icance and a posi i e e ec on expo , while non-s a e
i ms do no a ec expo .
5. Discussion
he indings o his s udy demons a e ha all h ee dimensions o inno a ion ha e a posi i e in luence
on expo p opensi y, consis en wi h a p e ious s udy by gajewski and cho ek (2017). he bene i s o
inno a ion o expo p opensi y include he de elopmen o di e en ia ed p oduc s and se ices,
imp o ed quali y, educed cos s in esponse o echnological ad ancemen s, and he abili y o pene a e
and expand expo ma ke s (aza & ciabuschi, 2017). Fu he mo e, he s udy e eals ha p oduc inno-
a ion has a s onge posi i e e ec on expo p opensi y compa ed o p ocess inno a ion. his can be
a ibu ed o p oduc inno a ion’s abili y o c ea e ba ie s o imi a ion, es ablish a p eceden ad an age
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 17
(lo e & Rope , 2015), and ul ima ely lead o compe i i e ad an age (Rod íguez & Rod íguez, 2005), as
suppo ed by a p io s udy by nguyen e al. (2008).
he esul s also indica e a posi i e impac o inno a ion and p oduc inno a ion on expo in ensi y,
consis en wi h p e ious esea ch conduc ed by Becke and egge (2013). con e sely, he e ec o p o-
cess inno a ion on expo in ensi y is no signi ican , aligning wi h p io s udies sugges ing ha p ocess
inno a ion may no di ec ly impac in e na ionaliza ion ( sukano a, 2019), o may only in luence expo
when accompanied by p oduc inno a ion (Becke & egge , 2013; sukano a, 2019).
addi ionally, he esea ch demons a es ha en i onmen al unce ain y nega i ely a ec s he ela ion-
ship be ween inno a ion and expo s, speci ically in e ms o expo p opensi y and in ensi y. his ind-
ing aligns wi h he s udy by Yi e al. (2013), which analyzed panel da a o manu ac u ing companies in
china om 2005 o 2007 and indica ed ha he ins i u ional en i onmen plays a egula o y ole in
mi iga ing he impac o inno a ion on expo s.
he esea ch u he e eals ha Vie namese en e p ises in he manu ac u ing and p ocessing indus y
ace se e al di icul ies impeding he impac o inno a ions on expo p opensi y and in ensi y. Rega ding
he mode a ing ole o he local ins i u ional en i onmen , de eloping coun ies like Vie nam o en lag
behind in egula o y ins i u ions and business en i onmen s, in luenced by ola ile ac o s ha a ec
companies’ in e na ionaliza ion capabili ies (Peng e al., 2008). in such en i onmen s, i ms no only ace
he cos s associa ed wi h inno a ion bu also encoun e axes and in o mal cos s, which may necessi a e
adjus men s o hei inno a ion and expo s a egies (Wu e al., 2021). addi ionally, high le els o co -
up ion o ine ec i e legal sys ems can lead o un ai compe i ion and hinde inno a ion e iciency
(Rialp-c iado & Komochko a, 2017). Mo eo e , cons ain s on echnology and in e na ionaliza ion can
discou age i ms om pu suing inno a ion, esul ing in unde u iliza ion o he po en ial bene i s o inno-
a ion (anokhin & schulze, 2009).
s ong basic in as uc u e acili a es connec ions be ween companies, cus ome s, and supplie s,
encou ages he adop ion o mode n echnologies, and p o ides e icien communica ion channels, all o
which p omo e in e na ionaliza ion (Rialp-c iado & Komochko a, 2017). Mode n and e icien anspo a-
ion in as uc u e mee s he needs o anspo a ion, ensu ing smoo h in e na ionaliza ion p ocesses
(O ia & McDougall, 2005). howe e , i en e p ises ace in as uc u e challenges, goods may no each
cus ome s, hus nega i ely impac ing he expo p ocess.
Wi h ega ds o he mode a ing ole o inancial di icul ies, he esul s o his s udy align wi h he
indings o e hy oulou and Vah e (2016) o sMes in china. companies in es ing in inno a ion o en
ace inancial cons ain s, limi ing hei access o o he essen ial economic esou ces such as capi al and
labo , which can ha e a nega i e e ec on he ela ionship be ween inno a ion and expo . addi ionally,
se e al s udies ha e shown ha co po a e inancial capi al plays a mode a ing ole by enhancing he
impac o inno a ion on i m pe o mance (Kijkasiwa & Phuensane, 2020).
While he s udy did no ind e idence suppo ing he mode a ing ole o labo esou ce cons ain s,
en e p ises may choose o inc ease labo in ensi y o mee sho - e m p oduc ion equi emen s o
expo , he eby in luencing he expo p ocess. Rega ding he mode a ing ole o skilled labo cons ain s,
en e p ises acing his di icul y may encoun e challenges in mee ing he labo equi emen s o inno-
a ion, he eby diminishing he bene i s o inno a ion o impeding inno a ion adop ion (Rialp-c iado &
Komochko a, 2017). consequen ly, hese ac o s can con ibu e o a decline in expo pe o mance.
Fu he mo e, di icul ies in machine y and echnological equipmen play a signi ican ole in shaping
business s a egies. echnological machine y and equipmen a e c ucial inpu esou ces ha de e mine
he success o ailu e o p ocess inno a ion, while p oduc inno a ion also elies on he in ol emen o
machine y and echnological equipmen o c ea e new o imp o ed p oduc s. When en e p ises ace
challenges in accessing o u ilizing machine y and echnological equipmen , i can educe inno a ion
e iciency, inc ease isks, and ul ima ely impac expo ac i i ies (Flo & Ol a, 2005).
6. Conclusion
his s udy aims o in es iga e he impac o inno a ion dimensions on expo ac i i ies in manu ac u ing
and p ocessing en e p ises in Vie nam h ough he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y.
h ough he applica ion o he eg ession models o analyze h ee di e en seconda y da ase s, he
18 h. . hOang e al.
esea ch esul s show ha inno a ion has a posi i e in luence on bo h he p opensi y and in ensi y o
expo s, speci ically, in compa ison o non-inno a i e i ms, hose ha p io i ize inno a ion expe ience a
12.4% inc ease in he expo p opensi y, along wi h a 1.4% boos in expo in ensi y. in addi ion, he
p esence o en i onmen al unce ain y ( he di icul ies in basic in as uc u e, anspo in as uc u e,
communica ion in as uc u e, and ins i u ion en i onmen ) plays a mode a ing ole in educing he
impac o inno a ion on expo ou comes. no ably, he indings highligh he impo ance o p oduc
inno a ion in achie ing g ea e success in in e na ional ma ke s.
he indings o his esea ch p o ide de ailed insigh s in o he impac o inno a ion on expo s
h ough he mode a ing ole o en i onmen al unce ain y, which can be used o p ac ical implica ions
o help policymake s and p ac i ione s in p omo ing in e na ionaliza ion and compe i i eness wi hin
i ms, especially hose in unce ain en i onmen s. Recognizing he impo ance o inno a ion in expo
s a egies and he impac o en i onmen al unce ain y can help manage s de elop business s a egies
ha imp o e business pe o mance.
howe e , limi a ions a e ine i able, due o he limi ed da a access, he measu emen o inno a ion using
only p oduc and p ocess inno a ion dimensions as well as his esea ch only conside ing wo dimensions
o expo s. Fu u e esea ch is encou aged o expand he scope o da a o o he indus ies and use a longe
pe iod sample o ob ain mo e gene alizable and accu a e esul s in he esea ch ela ionships.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Funding
his esea ch is unded by na ional economics Uni e si y, hanoi, Vie nam.
Abou he au ho s
Hue Thi Hoang has been a lec u e a na ional economics Uni e si y o mo e han 10 yea s. she
holds a bachelo ’s deg ee and a PhD deg ee in human Resou ce Managemen . she has au ho ed
and co-au ho ed nume ous esea ch pape s in human Resou ce Managemen , human Resou ce
De elopmen , and inno a ion and Business De elopmen .
Ngan Hoang Vu, cu en ly an associa e P o esso , comple ed he doc o al disse a ion a Pa is
Desca es Uni e si y (Pa is V) in F ance in 1998 and has been wo king o nea ly 30 yea s a he
na ional economics Uni e si y (neU) in Vie nam since. she has au ho ed and co-au ho ed nume ous
pape s in human Resou ce Managemen , human Resou ce De elopmen , labo Ma ke s, and labo
P oduc i i y.
Hang Thu Nguyen has a bachelo ’s deg ee in human Resou ce Managemen om na ional
economics Uni e si y. she has co-au ho ed se e al esea ch pape s on inno a ion, en i onmen al
Unce ain y.
Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen is cu en ly a lec u e a na ional economics Uni e si y. she is a PhD s uden
a V ije Uni e si ei ams e dam. she has au ho ed and co-au ho ed nume ous esea ches in
Managemen , O ganiza ional Beha io , and sociology.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 19
Bao Quoc Mai is cu en ly a lec u e a na ional economics Uni e si y. he holds a Mas e o labo
economics. Bao does esea ch in human Resou ce Managemen , human Resou ce De elopmen ,
O ganiza ional Beha io , and labo economics.
ORCID
hue hi hoang h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-1460-5492
ngan hoang Vu h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8852-5826
hang hu nguyen h p://o cid.o g/0009-0003-5024-138X
hanh hi hai nguyen h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-7448-0973
Bao Quoc Mai h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9021-3020
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