Mohamed Ahmed Ali Nem ; Liu, Yuhuan
A icle
Team le el an eceden s and consequences o e hical
leade ship: A e iew and u u e di ec ions
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences (IJMESS)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences (IJMESS)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mohamed Ahmed Ali Nem ; Liu, Yuhuan (2024) : Team le el an eceden s
and consequences o e hical leade ship: A e iew and u u e di ec ions, In e na ional Jou nal
o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences (IJMESS), ISSN 2304-1366, IJMESS In e na ional
Publishe s, Je sey Ci y, NJ, Vol. 13, Iss. 1/2, pp. 68-90,
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2024, Vol. 13(1-2), pp. 68 – 90.
ISSN 2304 – 1366
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Team Le el An eceden s and Consequences o
E hical Leade ship: A Re iew and Fu u e
Di ec ions
*Mohamed Ahmed Ali Nem 1.2
Yuhuan Liu1
1 School o Economic & Managemen , Sou hwes Jiao ong Uni e si y, Chengdu, China
2 Facul y o Comme ce, Sohag Uni e si y, New Sohag Ci y, Egyp
The cu en s udy conduc ed a comp ehensi e e iew o p e ious
s udies ha ha e examined he an eceden s and consequences o
e hical leade ship a he eam le el. The me hodology ocused on
elucida ing heo ies pe aining o he concep o e hical
leade ship, wi h he aim o p oposing new heo ies ha can be
used o explain ela ionships ela ed o e hical leade ship,
speci ically he heo ies o signaling and a ibu ion. The
cu en pape also emphasizes he impo ance, in u u e s udies,
o u ilizing mode n heo ies o expand he concep o mo al
leade ship and achie e a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o i s
dynamics. The inco po a ion o heo ies such as signaling heo y
and a ibu ion heo y can p o ide aluable insigh s in o he
mechanisms and p ocesses unde lying e hical leade ship. The
analysis esul s e ealed ha e hical leade ship a he g oup
le el has p edominan ly been unexplo ed, p esen ing esea che s
wi h oppo uni ies o unco e no el indings and leade s wi h
p ospec s o enhance hei e ec i eness. The s udy p esen ed new
a iables ega ding he an eceden s leading o e hical leade ship,
including in e nal ac o s such as leade e hical oice and
ex e nal ac o s such as a cynicism clima e. I also p esen ed
new a iables ega ding he consequences o e hical leade ship a
he g oup le el, such as g oup sanc ioning, g oup coope a ion,
and g oup social unde mining.
Keywo ds: E hical leade ship, an eceden s, consequences,
signaling heo y, a ibu ion heo y, eam le el
JEL: M12, M19, M51, M54
William C. Powe s, Dean o he Texas School o Law and leade o he En on in es iga ion eam, es i ied
be o e he Uni ed S a es Cong ess and p esen ed easons o he En on’s collapse. He a ibu ed
esponsibili y o he signi ican a e ma h o he En on collapse o a ange o ac o s, wi h une hical
leade ship being highligh ed as he p ima y ac o (T e iño and B own, 2004). Powe s’ es imony se es
as a clea example o he expec ed e hical beha io om leade s and hei ole in main aining an e hical
a mosphe e wi hin hei o ganiza ions (F azie and Jacezko, 2021; Gok
e al
., 2023; Peng and Kim,
2020). Resea ch on he concep o e hical leade ship has seen a su ge in in e es due o a ise in no able
e hics- ela ed con o e sies (Banks
e al
., 2021). P e ious esea ch has add essed e hical leade ship
om a ious pe spec i es, examining how leade s’ beha io adhe es o e hical s anda ds and bene i s
s akeholde s (Yukl
e al
., 2013).
DOI:10.32327/IJMESS
.
1
3
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1
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2
.202
4
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Manusc ip ecei ed Janua y 31, 2024; e ised May 24, 2024; accep ed June 2
,
2024. © The Au ho (s); CC BY-NC; Licensee IJMESS
Publishe : UCHPRO & Na ional D.B.A Socie y, USA
*Co esponding au ho : nem mem @gmail.com
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
69
Howe e , despi e ecognizing he signi icance o e hical leade ship, se e al no able issues pe sis ,
ca ying implica ions o bo h heo y and p ac ice (Banks
e al
., 2021). Speci ically, p io s udies ha e
p edominan ly ocused on explo ing he ou comes associa ed wi h e hical leade ship. These s udies ha e
demons a ed ha e hical leade ship posi i ely in luences o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io s,
o ganiza ional commi men , and inno a i e wo k beha io s (Ja ed
e al
., 2018; Musenze and Mayende,
2023; Neube
e al
., 2013), while educing coun e p oduc i e wo k beha io s (Zhang, 2012).
Reg e ably, he e has been limi ed in e es in unde s anding he easons behind leade s engaging in
e hical beha io s and ollowe s pe cei ing some leade s as e hical while pe cei ing o he s di e en ly
(Banks
e al
., 2021; Bedi
e al
., 2016).
Despi e he c ucial ole o unde s anding he an eceden s o e hical leade ship in comp ehending he
ac o s con ibu ing o i s de elopmen and p ac ice wi hin o ganiza ions, ou cu en unde s anding in
his a ea emains ela i ely cons ained (Rahaman
e al
., 2019). Addi ionally, explo ing he an eceden s
p o ides a deepe unde s anding o e hical leade ship (F azie and Jacezko, 2021) and acili a es he
es ablishmen o an e hical cul u e. Consequen ly, he pape aims o add ess his gap by expanding he
exis ing esea ch on he an eceden s o e hical leade ship. To achie e his, i conduc s a comp ehensi e
e iew o p e ious s udies examining he an eceden s o e hical leade ship and p oposing addi ional
an eceden s ha wa an in es iga ion in u u e esea ch.
Secondly, wha se s p e ious s udies apa is hei p edominan ocus on examining e hical leade ship
p ima ily a he indi idual le el (e.g., Rahaman
e al
., 2022). Howe e , he e is a no iceable sca ci y o
esea ch adop ing a g oup-le el pe spec i e, despi e he po en ial heo e ical and p ac ical bene i s i
o e s. By deepening he unde s anding and acili a ing he implemen a ion o e hical leade ship in
o ganiza ional con ex s, leade s can concen a e on os e ing a posi i e e hical clima e wi hin eams
(Mansu
e al
., 2020). This emphasis on he eam le el which enhances eam dynamics, collabo a ion,
and cohesion, ul ima ely leading o imp o ed o e all eam pe o mance. No ably, Banks
e al
. (2021)
and Bedi
e al
. (2016) highligh he need o u u e esea ch o explo e he an eceden s and
consequences o e hical leade ship speci ically a he eam le el. The e o e, he p esen s udy aims o
add ess his gap by e iewing p e ious s udies ha ha e examined he consequences o e hical
leade ship a he eam le el and p oposing addi ional consequences ha should be in es iga ed in u u e
esea ch.
Thi dly, A no ewo hy obse a ion in p io s udies is hei p edominan eliance on social exchange
and social lea ning heo ies (e.g., F azie and Jacezko, 2021), which somewha es ic s he pe spec i e
on e hical leade ship. Conside ing he comp ehensi e and mul i ace ed na u e o e hical leade ship,
he e is a need o b oaden he ange o heo ies employed o gain a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding
(Banks
e al
., 2021). Thus, he cu en s udy aims o add ess his limi a ion by p oposing o he mode n
Nem & Liu
70
heo ies ha should be explo ed in u u e esea ch. Based on he p e ious explana ions, he cu en s udy
aims o conduc a comp ehensi e e iew o he an eceden s and consequences o e hical leade ship
speci ically a he eam le el. By examining exis ing esea ch, he pape seeks o iden i y any gaps o
a eas ha ha e no been adequa ely explo ed wi hin his con ex . This analysis will p o ide aluable
insigh s in o he esea ch landscape and highligh speci ic a eas ha equi e u he in es iga ion in u u e
s udies. By add essing hese esea ch gaps, i can con ibu e o he ad ancemen o knowledge in he
ield o e hical leade ship a he eam le el.
Following he a o emen ioned in oduc ion, he li e a u e e iew sec ion del es in o an o e iew o he
concep o e hical leade ship. I expounds on he dimensions o e hical leade ship. Mo ing o wa d, i
p esen s he signi icance o s udying e hical leade ship. This li e a u e e iew se es as a ounda ion
be o e del ing in o he concep s o an eceden s and consequences o e hical leade ship a he eam
le el. Mo ing o wa d o he hi d sec ion, he pape will e iew he me hodology o conduc ing e iew
ype esea ch o explo e he gaps. Fi s ly, he s udy will elucida e heo ies ela ed o he concep o
e hical leade ship in an a emp o p opose new heo ies ha can expand i s unde s anding and
applica ion. By explo ing exis ing heo ies, his sec ion aims o p opose new heo ies ha can be used
o explain ela ionships ela ed o e hical leade ship and enhance ou comp ehension o e hical
leade ship. Nex , i will examine he an eceden s and consequences o e hical leade ship a he g oup
le el in an a emp o iden i y esea ch gaps ha need o be add essed by u u e esea che s. This
sec ion aims o shed ligh on he ac o s ha con ibu e o e hical leade ship and he ou comes i
p oduces wi hin g oups. Then, he pape p oceeded o he ou h sec ion, which p esen s he s udy’s
esul s. These esul s we e de i ed om he pape ’s me hodology and encompass a clea iden i ica ion
o gaps, as well as u u e ecommenda ions. Then, i p oceeded o he i h sec ion, which discusses
he implica ions o he esea ch. Subsequen ly, he six h sec ion encapsula es he conclusion o he
pape . Finally, he limi a ions and u u e di ec ions o he s udy a e p esen ed.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The cu en sec ion e iews he li e a u e on e hical leade ship, encompassing i s concep , dimensions,
and impo ance, wi h he aim o p o iding a b oade unde s anding o e hical leade ship. This li e a u e
e iew se es as a ounda ion be o e del ing in o he concep s o an eceden s and consequences o
e hical leade ship a he eam le el.
E hical Leade ship Concep
E hical leade ship (EL) is de ined as ollows: “ he demons a ion o no ma i ely app op ia e conduc
h ough pe sonal ac ions and in e pe sonal ela ionships, and he p omo ion o such conduc o ollowe s
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
71
h ough wo-way communica ion, ein o cemen , and decision-making” (B own
e al
., 2005: 121).
Khuong and Nhu (2015) a gue ha e hical leade ship is cha ac e ized by a leade who is hones , loyal,
ocused on pu pose, goodness, social jus ice, pe sonal s eng h, humili y, in eg i y, decision-making
based on i ue, and in luences hei s a o ac e hically. The ollowing sec ion p o ides a summa y o
de ini ions o e hical leade ship om p e ious s udies, as p esen ed in Table 1.
The de ini ion S udy
I is a leade ship s yle ha acknowledges ollowe s' needs, alues, and e hics while also
assuming a g ea e esponsibili y o helping wo ke s add ess con lic s by unde s anding
hei mo i a ions.
Bu ns (1978)
I exp esses leade s' suppo o wo ke s in managing con lic s and implemen ing
changes by emphasizing alues wi hin an en i onmen cha ac e ized by s abili y, us ,
and ca e. This s yle o leade ship also in ol es assis ing ollowe s in hei jou ney
h ough change.
Hei e z (1994)
He de ined i as encompassing a se o cha ac e is ics p esen in leade s, such as hones y
and us wo hiness. Howe e , i goes beyond hese ai s o encompass a deep
unde s anding o he undamen al aspec s o al uism, including he abili y o make
sound mo al choices and o comp ehend and analyze e hical dilemmas o mo e e ec i e
es
olu ion o e hical issues.
T e iño & B own
(2004)
I in ol es in luencing e hical alues by clea ly a icula ing he o ganiza ional alues
ha employees should emb ace, sp eading hese alues h oughou he o ganiza ion,
adhe ing o hem in daily beha io , and os e ing a high le el o espec .
Da (2004)
I e lec s he capaci y o adminis a i e leade s o demons a e app op ia e s anda d
e hical beha io s h ough hei ac ions and in e pe sonal ela ionships and o encou age
subo dina es o exhibi hese beha io s.
B own e al. (2005)
I ep esen s a ype o leade ship ha upholds he igh s o o he s and is cha ac e ized by
ou dimensions, in eg i y, al uism, and mo i a ion.
Resick e al. (2006)
I in ol es he ac o demons a ing empa hy o he app op ia e s anda ds ha go e n
he ac ions o o he s and hei pe sonal in e ac ions. This p ocess aims o enhance he
guidance and communica ion p ocesses in p o id
ing suppo
o o he s.
Segon (2007)
I is he p ac ical mani es a ion o no ma i ely app op ia e beha io h ough pe sonal
ac ions, in e pe sonal ela ionships, and he ein o cemen o his beha io among
wo ke s ia wo
-
way communica ion.
Ponnu and Tennakoon
(2009)
I e lec s he capaci y o adminis a i e leade s o demons a e app op ia e s anda d
e hical beha io s h ough hei ac ions and in e pe sonal ela ionships and o encou age
subo dina es o exhibi hese beha io s h ough wo-way communica ion and in
decision-making.
B own and Mi chell
(2010)
The leade 's abili y o in luence hei ollowe s is de e mined by hei awa eness o se en
dimensions: ai ness, in eg i y, e hical di ec ion, people o ien a ion, powe sha ing,
cla i y o oles, and con inuous a en ion.
Kalsho en e al. (2011)
To p omo e no ma i ely accep able beha io among subo dina es, leade s should engage
in (a) li ing by he e hical s anda ds hey p each and ha ing a belie in jus ice, (b)
demons a ing no ma i ely accep able beha io h ough pe sonal ac ions and
in e pe sonal in e ac ions, and (c) p o iding ele an in o ma ion h ough
communica ion, ein o cemen , and wo-way decision-making.
Ja ed e al.
(2018)
Sou ce: Au ho s’ p esen a ion
Table 1. De ini ions o E hical Leade ship
The de ini ions o e hical leade ship emphasize he impo ance o leade ’s e hical beha io and se ing
Nem & Liu
72
as ole models o ollowe s (Banks
e al.,
2021). B own
e al
.’s (2005) s udy is conside ed one o he
i s o de elop a p ocedu al scale and de ini ion o e hical leade ship, due o a lack o accu acy in p io
de ini ions. The de ini ion o e hical leade ship has e ol ed beyond jus modeling e hics o include
ein o cing subo dina es’ e hical beha io s h ough cla i ica ion, highligh ing, and wo-way
communica ion (Mansu
e al.
, 2020; Yukl
e al.
, 2013). E hical leade s pay a en ion o wo ke s, g an
hem he igh o exp ess opinions, and es ablish mo al s anda ds (Banks
e al.,
2021), as well as ewa d
e hical beha io and penalize de ia ions (Ciulla, 2004). They also make jus decisions ha se e as
examples and discuss hese wi h ollowe s (Bedi
e al.
, 2016; Mansu
e al.
, 2020).
The esea che s ag ee ha e hical leade ship includes: 1) e hical leade s’ beha io being based on
s anda ds ha subo dina es mus accep (Bedi
e al.,
2016); 2) e hical leade s jus i ying hei beha io
o ollowe s and main aining open communica ion (Segon and Boo h, 2007); 3) e hical leade s adhe ing
o e hical ules, es ablishing e hical s anda ds, ewa ding e hical beha io , and penalizing une hical
beha io while conside ing he mo al implica ions o hei decisions and s i ing o ai choices (Banks
e al.,
2021; Yukl, 2002); 4) he de ini ion ca ego izes e hical leade ship as a posi i e o m o leade ship
(Musenze and Mayende, 2023); 5) ollowe s pe cei ing e hical leade ship as leade s embodying
app op ia e s anda d beha io h ough hei ac ions, beha io s, in e pe sonal ela ionships, and
de eloping hese beha io s in subo dina es h ough communica ion, ein o cemen , and decision-
making (Segon and Boo h, 2007; Musenze and Mayende, 2023); and 6) e hical leade ship anscending
indi idual conce ns and being a ma e o p inciples go e ning human e ec i eness, wi h e ec i e
leade s aluing hemsel es while commi ing o highe pu poses and p inciples (Banks
e al.,
2021; Yukl,
2002). Figu e 1 delinea es some cha ac e is ic beha io s o e hical and une hical leade s.
Sou ce: Au ho s’ P esen a ion
Figu e 1. The Di e ence Be ween E hical and Une hical Leade s
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
73
E hical Leade ship a Team Le el
The au ho s endea o o o mula e a de ini ion o e hical leade ship applicable o he collec i e o g oup
le el. E hical leade ship a he g oup le el en ails leade s di ec ing and in luencing hei eams in a way
ha places emphasis on e hical conduc , in eg i y, and social esponsibili y. The au ho s ou line key
elemen s o e hical leade ship a he g oup le el.
Fi s ly, se ing a posi i e example: e hical leade s ac as ole models o hei eam membe s by
consis en ly demons a ing e hical beha io in hei ac ions, decisions, and in e ac ions (Mansu
e al.
,
2020). Secondly, c ea ing a alues-based cul u e: e hical leade s ac i ely s i e o ins ill a cul u e wi hin
he g oup ha places a high ega d on in eg i y, hones y, and e hical conduc (Bedi
e al.
, 2016). Thi dly,
p omo ing anspa ency: leade s a he g oup le el ough o p io i ize anspa ency in bo h
communica ion and decision-making p ocesses, which se es o cul i a e us among eam membe s
and acili a es a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he easoning behind decisions (Banks
e al.
,
2021).
Fou hly, encou aging e hical decision-making: e hical leade s ac i ely p omo e and encou age g oup
membe s o pa icipa e in e hical decision-making (Mansu
e al.,
2020). Fi hly, add essing une hical
beha io : e hical leade s ake a p oac i e s ance in add essing any ins ances o une hical beha io wi hin
he g oup (Banks
e al.,
2021).
Six hly,
os e ing inclusi i y and di e si y: e hical leade ship ac i ely
p omo es inclusi i y and di e si y wi hin he g oup (Mansu
e al
., 2020). Leade s achie e his by
app ecia ing and espec ing di e ences among eam membe s, os e ing an en i onmen whe e
e e yone eels suppo ed and included (Peng and Kim, 2020). Se en hly, encou aging open
communica ion: e hical leade s ac i ely os e an en i onmen whe e eam membe s eel a ease
exp essing hei conce ns and opinions. By p omo ing open communica ion channels, leade s c ea e a
space whe e po en ial e hical issues can be iden i ied ea ly on (Peng and Kim, 2020). By p io i izing
hese p inciples, leade s play a pi o al ole in shaping a posi i e e hical clima e wi hin he o ganiza ion,
os e ing an en i onmen whe e e hical alues a e upheld and p ac iced by he en i e g oup (Mansu
e
al
., 2020).
Dimensions o E hical Leade ship
Th ough a comp ehensi e e iew o s udies in he ield o e hical leade ship, esea che s ha e iden i ied
a ious dimensions wi hin o ganiza ions. Resick
e al
. (2011) iden i y six key hemes o e hical leade ship:
1) Accoun abili y, which encompasses compliance wi h laws and egula ions, pe sonal accoun abili y,
and holding o he s accoun able; 2) Conside a ion and espec o o he s, in ol ing ea ing o he s wi h
digni y and espec , being app oachable, and exhibi ing empa hy and unde s anding (Bellingham, 2003);
3) Fai ness and non-disc imina o y ea men , including making ai , jus , and objec i e judgmen s, as
well as a oiding disc imina ion agains o he s; 4) Cha ac e , comp ising hones y, us wo hiness,
Nem & Liu
74
in eg i y, ha ing a mo al code, and p ac icing sel -discipline; 5) Collec i e o ien a ion (o ganiza ion and
social), ocusing on leade s p io i izing he o ganiza ion’s in e es s o e pe sonal in e es s, assessing he
long- e m consequences o choices, sa egua ding he i m’s and socie y’s in e es s, and ac ing
esponsibly a he han solely o p o i abili y; and 6) Openness and lexibili y, encompassing being a
good communica o and lis ene , as well as being open o o he iewpoin s and di e si y. Building on
he wo k o B own
e al
. (2005) and mo i a ed by p e ious e o s in measu ing e hical leade ship,
Kalsho en
e al
. (2011) de elop a comp ehensi e, mul i-dimensional measu e o e hical leade ship,
known as he E hical Leade ship a Wo k Ques ionnai e (ELW), designed o assess e hical leade ship in
he wo kplace. The ques ionnai e iden i ies se en dis inc e hical leade ship beha io s, as illus a ed in
Table 2.
Fai ness T ea ing o he s in a way ha is igh and equal, making p incipled and ai
choices, and no p ac icing a o i ism
.
People O ien a ion
Ca ing abou , espec ing and, suppo ing ollowe s
.
Role Cla i ica ion
Cla i ica ion o esponsibili ies, expec a ions, and pe o mance goals.
E hical Guidance Communica ion abou e hics in ol es explaining e hical ules, p omo ing
e hical conduc , and ewa ding i .
Conce n o he En i onmen
(En i onmen al O ien a ion)
Whe he he leade ca es o he en i onmen and s imula es ac s o conse e
i , such as ecycling
.
Powe Sha ing Allowing ollowe s a say in decision-making and lis ening o hei ideas and
conce ns.
In eg i y Consis ency o wo ds and deeds. Following h ough wi h he p omises ha
one has made .
Sou ce: Kalsho en e al. (2011)
Table 2. Dimensions o E hical Leade ship
Acco ding o Eisenbeiss
e al
. (2015), he e exis s a pe cep ion in some businesses ha e hical i m
leade ship and i m pe o mance a e conside ed mu ually exclusi e. D awing on he uppe echelon
heo y, which sugges s ha o ganiza ional ou comes mi o CEO alues, cha ac e is ics, and leade ship
beha io s (Bellingham, 2003), he au ho s p opose ha he in luence o CEO e hical leade ship is
media ed by o ganiza ional e hical cul u e and mode a ed by co po a e e hics p og ams wi hin
companies. Eisenbeiss
e al
. (2015) concep ualize e hical leade ship as a highe -le el cons uc wi h
sub-componen s, as ou lined in Table 3.
In he upcoming sec ion, he esea che s conduc a de ailed analysis and discussion o he i e
dimensions o e hical leade ship: mo ali y, compassion, e hical en isioning, e hical empowe men , and
managing e hics.
Mo ali y
: The i s dimension ocuses on he leade ’s mo al cha ac e , as de ined by T e iño
e
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
75
People O ien a ion Ca ing abou , espec ing and suppo ing ollowe s.
In eg i y Consis ency o wo ds and deeds Following h ough wi h he p omises ha one has
made.
Fai ness T ea ing o he s in a way ha is igh and equal, making p incipled and ai choices,
and no p ac icing a o i ism.
Responsibili y Ha ing a long- e m ocus on o ganiza ional success, aluing esponsibili y,
main aining sus ainable ela ionships wi h business pa ne s, being conce ned abou
he communi y, and p o ec ing he en i onmen
.
Mode a ion
Being empe a e and conside a e, no always occupying he ocus o a en ion, and
inding a balance be ween ex eme ideas, beha io s, decisions, and goals
.
Sou ce: Eisenbeiss e al. (2015)
Table 3. Sub-Componen s o E hical Leade ship
al
. (2000). E hical leade s o en in eg a e mo al p inciples in o hei ideas, alues, and beha io (Khun ia
and Sua , 2004). Elemen s o he leade ’s mo al pe sona a e measu ed h ough a ious dimensions,
including “conce n o mo ali y and ai ness” (De Hoogh and Den Ha og, 2008), “mo ali y” (Zheng
e
al.
, 2011), “in eg i y” (Eisenbeiss
e al.
, 2015), and “ ai ness” (Kalsho en
e al.
, 2011). This componen
inco po a es Spangenbe g and The on’s (2005) emphasis on us and ole modeling in e hical
leade ship.
Compassion :
Se e al s udies, including “People O ien a ion,” emphasize a communi y- and people-
o ien ed aspec o e hical leade ship (Eisenbeiss
e al.
, 2015; Kalsho en
e al.
, 2011; Resick
e al.
,
2011). Leade s cha ac e ized as empa hic, ca ing, sensi i e, and hough ul a e conside ed e hical,
unde sco ing he impo ance o being conside a e o hei ollowe s (De Hoogh and Den Ha og, 2008;
Eisenbeiss
e al.
, 2015; Spangenbe g and The on, 2005).
E hical En isioning :
Pionee ed by Spangenbe g and The on (2005), his dimension places emphasis
on “c ea ing and sha ing e hical ision” and “s imula ing ac oss bounda ies” by aking in o accoun he
o ganiza ion’s e hical image and os e ing endu ing ela ionships wi h s akeholde s.
E hical Empowe men :
Spangenbe g and The on (2005) unde sco e he signi icance o educa ion
and compe en managemen in employee empowe men , gi ing emphasis o au onomy, bene icence,
nonmale icence, and jus ice. This app oach aligns wi h con empo a y pe spec i es on e hical leade s
who empowe hei ollowe s, inco po a ing concep s like “powe sha ing” and “empowe men .”
Managing E hics :
Expanding on T e ino
e al
. (2000), his dimension en ails es ablishing e hical
sys ems o p omo e e hical beha io , suppo pe sonnel, and ensu e accoun abili y. Recognizing he
signi icance o e hical s uc u es and sys ems, leade s con ibu e o cla i ying e hical expec a ions and
a e pe cei ed as e hics coaches and men o s.
Impo ance o E hical Leade ship
Nem & Liu
82
(2004) p oposed ha such leade s se ed as pe sonal exempla s o e hical s anda ds and in eg i y.
Consis en wi h he esea ch o C aig and Gus a son (1998), posi i e esponses om ollowe s
encompassed pe cep ions o he leade ’s sel lessness, along wi h eelings o con idence and us in
he leade (Go lieb and Sanzgi i, 1996). The e o e, leade alues and e hics signi ican ly in luenced
g oup beha io . Walumbwa
e al
. (2012) also suppo ed he exis ence o a posi i e ela ionship be ween
e hical leade ship and wo k g oup pe o mance.
Peng and Lin (2017) con i med he posi i e ela ionship be ween e hical leade ship, g oup in- ole
pe o mance, and g oup helping beha io . Fu he mo e, Huang and Pa e son (2017) es ablished ha
e hical leade ship posi i ely in luenced g oup e hical oice, con ibu ing o e hical pe o mance. Howe e ,
Eissa and Wyland (2018) demons a ed ha e hical leade ship could mode a e he ela ionship be ween
wo k- amily con lic (WFC), employee hind ance s ess, and g oup social unde mining, wi h he
ela ionship being weake in high le els o e hical leade ship. Addi ionally, Zaim
e al
. (2021) iden i ied
a posi i e co ela ion be ween e hical leade ship and eam pe o mance, wi h jus ice, wisdom, and
empe ance eme ging as he mos in luen ial i ues. Mos s udies (e.g., Mansu
e al
., 2020) ocused
on he connec ion be ween e hical leade ship and ce ain g oup beha io s, such as g oup o ganiza ional
ci izenship beha io s (G oup OCBs) and g oup helping beha io s. Finally, Ma in
e al
. (2022) ound ha
e hical leade ship mode a ed he ela ionship be ween eam pe o mance, eam e icacy belie s, and
social in eg a ion. Table 7 illus a ed a summa y o he consequences o e hical leade ship a he g oup
le el.
Consequences o E hical Leade ship
Au ho
Task and Con ex ual pe o mance
A ey
e al
. (2010)
Wo k G oup Pe o mance.
Walumbwa
e al
, (2012)
G oup In
-
ole Pe o mance, and G oup Helping Beha io
Peng & Lin (2017)
G oup E hical Voice.
Huang & Pa e son (2017)
G oup Social Unde mining
Eissa & Wyland (2018)
G oup o ganiza ional ci izenship beha io s (G oup OCBs) and G oup
helping beha io s
Mansu e al. (2020)
Team pe o mance
Zaim
e al
. (2021)
Team pe o mance and Team e icacy belie s
Ma in
e al
. (2022)
Sou ce: Au ho s’ P esen a ion
Table 7. Consequences o E hical Leade ship
E hical Leade ship: Signaling and A ibu ion Theo ies
As explained p e iously, mos p e ious s udies ocused on social exchange heo y and social lea ning
heo y. The e o e, he cu en s udy sugges s ha u u e esea ch needs o expand he use o heo ies
o a mo e in-dep h unde s anding o e hical leade ship. Speci ically, i ad oca es o signaling heo y
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
83
o ake cen e s age as a no el heo y o unde s anding he concep o e hical leade ship and explaining
he ela ionships ela ed o i . Addi ionally, he esea ch sugges s adop ing an a ibu ion heo y
pe spec i e in o ganiza ional sciences (Ha ey
e al
., 2014). Despi e limi ed esea ch on a ibu ions
wi hin HR (Hewe
e al
., 2019), his app oach o e s new insigh s in o e hical leade ship. The cu en
s udy ecommended u u e esea ch con ibu e o he g owing body o knowledge by ex ending he
applica ion o signaling heo y and a ibu ion heo y o E hical Leade ship, add essing an a ea wi h
limi ed p io esea ch (Banks
e al
., 2021). The ollowing p o ides a b ie explana ion o signaling and
a ibu ion heo ies.
- Signaling Theo y
Signaling, oo ed in ields like e olu iona y biology and economics (Spence, 1978), ex ended i s in luence
o a eas such as en ep eneu ship, s a egic managemen , leade ship, and human esou ces (Banks
e
al
., 2021). The p ima y unc ion o signals was o mi iga e in o ma ion imbalances (Be gh
e al
., 2019).
In he con ex o e hical leade ship, signaling heo y sugges ed ha leade s could ansmi e hical signals
h ough hei ac ions o a ious s akeholde s, including ollowe s. E hical leade ship beha io s (ELBs)
se ed as hese signals, equi ing pe cep ibili y o ini ia e he social in luence p ocess inhe en in
leade ship. Signals could mani es in a ious o ms, such as a leade ’s pa icipa ion in cha i able e en s
o olun ee ini ia i es. While some e hical beha io s, like p i a e dona ions, didn’ ely on signaling, hey
didn’ cons i u e leade ship beha io s because leade ship in ol ed a social in luence p ocess ha
equi es o he s o ake no ice. The e ec i eness o signals depended on ac o s like signal isibili y (e.g.,
in ensi y, s eng h, cla i y) and a iables such as he ecipien 's a en ion and in e p e a ion (Connelly
e
al.
, 2011).
- A ibu ion Theo y
A ibu ion heo y, as ou lined by Kelley and Michela (1980), iden i ied wo ca ego ies o ac o s ha
in luenced a ibu ions: in o ma ion conce ning he s imulus and he gene al belie s o pe cei e s
ega ding causes and consequences. In he con ex o e hical leade ship, we emphasized he beha io s
o leade s as a c ucial sou ce o in o ma ion. Leade s’ e hical signals we e no able in he human
esou ces con ex , o ming he ounda ion o a ibu ions. The second g oup o ac o s included gene al
belie s shaped by pas and ongoing expe iences. The e o e, bo h a leade ’s beha io s and he belie s
o ollowe s we e conside ed an eceden s o ollowe s’ pe cep ion o e hical leade ship.
Analysis o p e ious s udies ha deal wi h he de e minan s o e hical leade ship illus a ed ha
nume ous s udies (B own and T e iño, 2014; F azie and Jacezko, 2021; Mansu
e al.,
2020; Maye
e
al.
, 2012; Sha ma
e al.
, 2019; Walumbwa and Schaub oeck, 2009) ha e explo ed some o he ac o s
Nem & Liu
84
con ibu ing o ollowe s’ pe cep ions o e hical leade ship, namely mo al iden i y, ole models, leade
Machia ellianism, pe sonali y cha ac e is ics, leade ag eeableness, leade conscien iousness, leade
neu o icism, and leade ’s mo al cou age. Consequen ly, i is e iden ha he cha ac e is ics and
beha io s exhibi ed by leade s in he wo k en i onmen se e as undamen al p ecu so s shaping
ollowe s’ pe cep ion o e hical leade ship (Banks
e al.
, 2021).
This pape ecommends u u e esea ch o expand he explo a ion o he an eceden s o e hical
leade ship by in es iga ing ac o s in luencing ollowe s’ unde s anding o hei leade s’ e hical beha io s,
such as he leade ’s e hical oice and cynicism clima e. The es ablishmen o e hical leade ship
signi ican ly elied on a leade ’s e hical oice, in ol ing con inuous communica ion wi h ollowe s and
he embodimen o mo al alues. This e hical oice was exp essed h ough beha io s di ec ed a bo h
lowe and highe o ganiza ional le els (Huang and Pa e son, 2017). Such communica ion s eng hened
ollowe s’ pe cep ion o hei leade ’s au hen ic commi men o e hical conduc , solidi ying i s c ucial ole
in how ollowe s pe cei ed e hical leade ship. This aspec dese ed u he explo a ion and esea ch. In
con as , a cynicism clima e e lec ed a p e alen pe cep ion wi hin he o ganiza ion lacking in eg i y and
au hen ici y (Hewe
e al
., 2019). O igina ing om employees’ o e all imp essions, his belie in luenced
hei expec a ions ega ding HR p ac ices (Dean
e al
., 1998) and unde mined he c edibili y o ini ia i es
aimed a p omo ing e hical leade ship.
A e e iewing p e ious s udies ha add essed he ou comes o e hical leade ship a he g oup le el,
he esea che s iden i ied a se o esea ch gaps. The s udy ecommended ha u u e esea ch should
aim o add ess hese gaps. S udies explo ing he ela ionship be ween e hical leade ship and g oup
pe o mance (e.g., Zaim
e al
., 2021; Peng and Lin, 2017) had p edominan ly ocused on assessing
g oup pe o mance h ough indi idual e alua ions. Howe e , he cu en s udy sugges ed a di e en
app oach o u u e in es iga ions. Ins ead o elying on indi idual assessmen s, we ad oca ed o senio
leade ship and o icials o e alua e g oup pe o mance. The e alua ion o g oup pe o mance should be
conduc ed by senio leade s, as i in ol ed he comp ehensi e assessmen o wo k quali y, quan i y, and
o e all pe o mance.
I ’s wo h no ing ha p io esea ch had highligh ed a ela i e sca ci y o s udies ocusing on he
ela ionship be ween e hical leade ship and ou comes a he g oup le el compa ed o he indi idual le el.
Many s udies (e.g., Peng and Lin, 2017; Mansu
e al
., 2020) explo ing he connec ion be ween e hical
leade ship and g oup beha io had p edominan ly concen a ed on opics like g oup o ganiza ional
ci izenship beha io s o g oup helping beha io s. The e had been a no iceable sho age o s udies
examining he ela ionship be ween e hical leade ship and o he g oup beha io s, such as g oup
coope a ion, g oup sanc ioning, and g oup social unde mining. Addi ionally, some s udies (e.g., Eissa
and Wyland, 2018; Mos a a
e al
., 2021) had no di ec ly add essed he ela ionship be ween e hical
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
85
leade ship and g oup social unde mining. The e o e, he cu en s udy ecommended ha u u e esea ch
should con ibu e o he ield o e hical leade ship by in es iga ing he impac o ollowe s’ pe cep ions
o e hical leade ship on g oup coope a ion, g oup sanc ioning, and g oup social unde mining.
Fu he mo e, i sugges ed explo ing he impac o ollowe s’ pe cep ions o e hical leade ship ia g oup
coope a ion, g oup sanc ioning, and g oup social unde mining on g oup pe o mance.
CONCLUSION
The cu en s udy begins by del ing in o he pe inen social scien i ic li e a u e ha explo es he concep
o e hical leade ship. The pape ’s ocus includes elucida ing heo ies ha shed ligh on e hical leade ship,
and we in oduce he heo ies o signaling and a ibu ion o b oaden he unde s anding o his concep .
I in es iga es he an eceden s and ou comes o e hical leade ship a he g oup le el. The heigh ened
in e es in e hical leade ship, ueled by p ominen ailu es, p omp s o ganiza ions o seek insigh s in o
selec ing, de eloping, and e aining e hical leade s. Likewise, business schools aim o op imize me hods
o eaching s uden s o embody e hical leade ship quali ies. Recen ad ancemen s in cons uc and
measu e de elopmen enable leade ship schola s o swi ly in eg a e e hical leade ship in o hei esea ch
agendas. Beyond academic conside a ions, he e is a mo al impe a i e o esea che s o con ibu e o
imp o ing he e hical pe o mance o leade s. Addi ionally, gi en he in insic link be ween e hical
leade ship and e ec i e leade ship, schola s wi h di e se mo i a ions and in e es s a e likely o ind he
opic o e hical leade ship compelling.
This s udy con ibu es o he unde s anding o e hical leade ship by explo ing i s an eceden s and
ou comes a he g oup le el. By inco po a ing heo ies o signaling and a ibu ion, we p o ide a b oade
pe spec i e on e hical leade ship and i s implica ions. The indings o his s udy ha e p ac ical
implica ions o o ganiza ions seeking o cul i a e e hical leade ship and imp o e e hical pe o mance
among hei leade s. Fu he mo e, he esea ch highligh s he impo ance o in eg a ing e hical leade ship
in o leade ship de elopmen p og ams in business schools. O e all, he s udy unde sco es he
signi icance o e hical leade ship in p omo ing o ganiza ional e hics and o e s insigh s o u u e esea ch
in his a ea.
IMPLICATIONS
The esea ch on eam-le el an eceden s and consequences o e hical leade ship has signi ican
implica ions o bo h heo y and p ac ice. Theo e ical implica ions in ol e ad ancing ou unde s anding
o leade ship by highligh ing he impo ance o eam-le el dynamics in he e hical leade ship p ocess. I
also emphasizes he impo ance, in u u e s udies, o u ilizing mode n heo ies o expand he concep
Nem & Liu
86
o mo al leade ship and achie e a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o i s dynamics. The inco po a ion
o heo ies such as signaling heo y and a ibu ion heo y can p o ide aluable insigh s in o he
mechanisms and p ocesses unde lying e hical leade ship. The analysis esul s e ealed ha e hical
leade ship a he g oup le el has p edominan ly been unexplo ed, p esen ing esea che s wi h
oppo uni ies o unco e no el indings and leade s wi h p ospec s o enhance hei e ec i eness. The
s udy p esen ed new a iables ega ding he an eceden s leading o e hical leade ship, including in e nal
ac o s such as leade e hical oice, and ex e nal ac o s such as a cynicism clima e. I also p esen ed
new a iables ega ding he consequences o e hical leade ship a he g oup le el, such as g oup
sanc ioning, g oup coope a ion, and g oup social unde mining. A limi ed numbe o s udies ha e
explo ed how e hical leade ship in luences he a i udes and ac ions o ollowe s wi hin a g oup con ex
(Hannah
e al
., 2011). This esea ch pa es he way o nume ous u u e s udies ha can del e in o he
in luence o e hical leade ship on g oup ou comes. This s udy signi ican ly deepens ou comp ehension
o hese dynamics and ills c i ical knowledge gaps.
P ac ically, o ganiza ions can bene i om he indings by de eloping and implemen ing e hical
leade ship aining p og ams ha ocus on eam-le el dynamics. Such p og ams can os e a cul u e o
in eg i y and p omo e posi i e e hical conduc wi hin eams. Leade ship de elopmen p og ams should
add ess eam-le el dynamics and include aining modules on e hical leade ship o equip leade s wi h
he necessa y skills o e ec i ely p omo e and uphold e hical s anda ds wi hin hei eams. O ganiza ions
should also p io i ize he selec ion and composi ion o eams based on e hical alues and beha io s,
enhancing he likelihood o e hical leade ship eme gence and posi i e eam e hical ou comes. Aligning
pe o mance managemen and ewa d sys ems wi h e hical leade ship beha io s and eam e hical
conduc can u he ein o ce he impo ance o e hical beha io and c ea e a posi i e e hical clima e
wi hin eams. T anspa en and pa icipa i e decision-making p ocesses wi hin eams, in ol ing eam
membe s in e hical decision-making and encou aging discussions abou e hical dilemmas, can also
con ibu e o a posi i e e hical clima e. In summa y, he esea ch on eam-le el an eceden s and
consequences o e hical leade ship has heo e ical implica ions o ad ancing leade ship heo ies and
p ac ical implica ions o guiding o ganiza ional p ac ices. I also highligh s a ious u u e esea ch
di ec ions ha can u he enhance ou unde s anding o e hical leade ship in eams.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The majo i y o s udies included in he e iew ha e u ilized c oss-sec ional designs, which p esen a
limi a ion in es ablishing causal ela ionships be ween eam-le el an eceden s, e hical leade ship, and
eam ou comes. To o e come his limi a ion, u u e esea ch should employ longi udinal designs ha
In e na ional Jou nal o Managemen , Economics and Social Sciences
87
allow o he examina ion o hese ela ionships o e ime. Longi udinal s udies would p o ide mo e obus
e idence o causali y and enhance ou unde s anding o he empo al dynamics in ol ed. Ano he
limi a ion is he eliance on sel - epo ed da a in many o he s udies. This in oduces he po en ial o
common me hod bias and social desi abili y e ec s. Solely elying on sel - epo measu es may
comp omise he objec i i y o he indings and in oduce esponse biases. To add ess his limi a ion,
u u e esea ch should conside inco po a ing mul iple sou ces o da a, such as objec i e pe o mance
measu es o independen obse e a ings, o p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e and accu a e assessmen
o e hical leade ship and eam ou comes. I is impo an o acknowledge hese limi a ions and exe cise
cau ion when in e p e ing he indings and implica ions o he e iewed s udies. Unde s anding hei
po en ial impac on he esul s can help esea che s and p ac i ione s make in o med decisions and
in e p e a ions.
To u he ad ance he unde s anding o eam-le el dynamics o e hical leade ship, u u e esea ch
should add ess he ollowing di ec ions: Fi s , conduc ing longi udinal s udies will allow o he
examina ion o he causal ela ionships be ween eam-le el an eceden s, e hical leade ship, and eam
ou comes o e ime. This will p o ide mo e obus e idence and deepe insigh s in o he empo al
dynamics in ol ed in e hical leade ship p ocesses wi hin eams. Second, inco po a ing mul iple sou ces
o da a, such as objec i e pe o mance measu es, pee a ings, o supe iso assessmen s, can help
o e come he limi a ions o sel - epo ed da a. This app oach will p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e and
accu a e assessmen o e hical leade ship and i s impac on eam ou comes. Thi d, conduc ing
expe imen al s udies can o e aluable insigh s in o he causal mechanisms unde lying e hical leade ship
in eams. By manipula ing eam-le el an eceden s and examining hei e ec s on e hical leade ship and
eam ou comes, esea che s can gain a clea e unde s anding o he dynamics a play. Fou h,
in es iga ing addi ional con ex ual ac o s ha may in luence e hical leade ship a he eam le el, such
as o ganiza ional cul u e, indus y cha ac e is ics, o eam composi ion, can enhance ou unde s anding
o he bounda y condi ions and con ingencies o e hical leade ship. By pu suing hese u u e di ec ions,
esea che s can build upon he exis ing knowledge and u he ad ance ou unde s anding o eam-le el
dynamics o e hical leade ship. This will p o ide p ac ical implica ions o o ganiza ions and guide
leade ship de elopmen e o s.
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