Ju g, Maa en F. M.; Kamp, Linda M.; an de Kaa, Gee en
A icle
Fac o s a ec ing he adop ion o quali y s anda ds in he
semiconduc o indus y: The impo ance o s akeholde
p essu es
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ju g, Maa en F. M.; Kamp, Linda M.; an de Kaa, Gee en (2025) : Fac o s
a ec ing he adop ion o quali y s anda ds in he semiconduc o indus y: The impo ance
o s akeholde p essu es, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie ,
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Fac o s a ec ing he adop ion o quali y s anda ds in he semiconduc o
indus y: The impo ance o s akeholde p essu es
Maa en F.M. Ju g , Linda M. Kamp , Gee en an de Kaa
*
Facul y o Technology, Policy and Managemen , Del Uni e si y o Technology, Ja alaan 5, 2628BX Del , he Ne he lands
ARTICLE INFO
JEL:
O32
Keywo ds:
S anda ds adop ion
S anda ds ba le
Bes -wo s me hod
BWM
S anda diza ion
ABSTRACT
S anda ds play a signi ican ole in he semiconduc o indus y. Howe e , ew schola s ha e ocused on gaining a
be e unde s anding o s anda diza ion in his indus y. This s udy examines a speci ic aspec o s anda diza ion:
he adop ion o quali y s anda ds by companies in The Ne he lands’ semiconduc o indus y. Mul iple quali y
s anda ds a e a ailable and he unce ain y su ounding ha choice is high. The e is a need o dec ease his
unce ain y. This pape a emp s o accomplish ha by ocusing on a Du ch mul ina ional semiconduc o com-
pany ha has adop ed quali y s anda ds ha imp o e sus ainabili y. This is a ypical example o a company
a ec ed by unce ain y ega ding he quali y s anda ds ha should be adop ed. Based on a li e a u e e iew and
in e iews wi h expe s om he company, we de elop a lis o ac o s ha in luence he company’s adop ion o
wo quali y s anda ds and assign weigh s o hese ac o s by applying he bes -wo s me hod. Ou esul s show
ha p essu e om cus ome s, p essu e om big playe s, managemen suppo , and o maliza ion a e he mos
impo an ac o s explaining quali y s anda d adop ion in The Ne he lands’ semiconduc o indus y. Applying
hese ac o s and weigh s can educe he unce ain y o companies ega ding which s anda ds should be
adop ed, which is he p ac ical implica ion o ou s udy.
In oduc ion
The semiconduc o indus y depends on s anda ds (Khazam &
Mowe y, 1994; Vanha e beke & Noo de ha en, 2001). S anda ds a e
se s o solu ions ha help add ess so-called coo dina ion p oblems (G illo
e al., 2024). They can be di ided in o ca ego ies, such as s anda ds ha
gua an ee compa ibili y be ween sys ems (e.g., USB and Wi-Fi), a ie-
y- educing s anda ds (e.g., A4 pape size), in o ma ion and measu e-
men s anda ds (e.g., me e s), and s anda ds ha speci y a minimum
quali y (e.g., ISO9001) (Blind, 2004). This s udy ocuses on quali y
s anda ds. Schola s also o en dis inguish be ween ypes o s anda ds
based on how hey come in o exis ence and he ac o s in ol ed. They
dis inguish be ween de ac o and de ju e s anda ds. The o me eme ge
h ough ma ke -media ed p ocesses and a e o en de eloped by (con-
so ia o ) companies, whe eas he la e a e discussed in commi ees o
en o ced by he go e nmen (Da id & G eens ein, 1990). How s anda ds
a e en e ed in o o ceo en a ies ac oss egions (Van de Kaa & G ee en,
2017). This s udy ocuses on de ju e quali y s anda ds de eloped by
commi ees in The Ne he lands.
Scien is s in es iga ing s anda diza ion o en ocus on gaining a
be e unde s anding o he s anda diza ion p ocess. They mainly
examine he de elopmen o s anda ds wi hin o mal o ganiza ions
(Backhouse e al., 2006; Lems a e al., 2011), hei e ec s (Wu & de
V ies, 2022), he s a egies ha companies can apply (Gallaghe , 2012;
Gallaghe & Pa k, 2002; Shapi o & Va ian, 1998; Van de Kaa e al.,
2011) and he cha ac e is ics o he i m (Dai e al., 2024) o achie e
dominance wi h hei s anda ds. Few esea che s ha e examined he
ac o s ha in luence companies’ adop ion o s anda ds (Van de Kaa,
2023) o hei e ec s (Sco e al., 2017). Mos esea che s ha e ocused
on s anda diza ion in he ields o consume elec onics, in o ma ion
echnology, and elecommunica ions. Few esea che s ha e examined
s anda diza ion in he semiconduc o indus y ( he wo excep ions a e
Khazam and Mowe y (1994) and Vanha e beke and Noo de ha en
(2001)). This s udy con ibu es o s anda diza ion esea ch by ocusing
on an aspec ha is o en unde - esea ched (i.e., he ac o s ha lead o
he adop ion o quali y s anda ds) and on a sec o ha is sca cely s udied
(i.e., he semiconduc o indus y).
The esea ch objec i e o his s udy is o p esen he ac o s ha lead
The esea ch p esen ed in his a icle was conduc ed by Maa en Ju g as pa o his Mas e Thesis. TU Del ega ds Theses as unpublished wo ks and he e o e ha e
no o icial publica ion s a us.
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (G. an de Kaa).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jik
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100690
Recei ed 20 Augus 2024; Accep ed 7 Ma ch 2025
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100690
A ailable online 12 Ma ch 2025
2444-569X/© 2025 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he
CC BY license (
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o he adop ion o quali y s anda ds. The esea ch ques ion is: Which
ac o s a ec he adop ion o quali y s anda ds in he semiconduc o indus y
in The Ne he lands, acco ding o expe s? We in es iga e wo s anda ds
ha suppo sus ainabili y and cleane p oduc ion – ISO 9001 and ISO
13485. We answe he esea ch ques ion by conduc ing a li e a u e e-
iew o he main heo ies ha discuss he ac o s in he adop ion o
s anda ds. We hen supplemen hose ac o s wi h opinions om expe s
in he semiconduc o indus y and ank he ac o s acco ding o
impo ance using he bes -wo s me hod (BWM).
The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. The pape p o-
ides an o e iew o heo e ical pe spec i es conce ning s anda ds
adop ion and hen desc ibes he me hodology in de ail. The esul s a e
hen p esen ed. The pape concludes wi h a discussion, implica ions,
and sugges ions o u u e esea ch.
Theo e ical pe spec i es on s anda ds adop ion
Hashem and Tann (2007) dis inguished be ween he i e phases in
inno a ion adop ion, which hey a gue can also be applied o s anda ds
adop ion. Fi s , awa eness will a ise abou he exis ence o he s anda d,
and, o en, a his s age, he company will look o mo e de ailed in-
o ma ion abou he s anda d so ha i can be be e unde s ood. In he
second phase, he company o ms an opinion o he s anda d by es i-
ma ing he e ec o i s adop ion. Thi d, he s anda d is e alua ed by
assessing he ad an ages and disad an ages o i s adop ion. In he ou h
s age, called he adop ion s age, he decision is made o choose whe he
o implemen o ejec he s anda d. Finally, i he s anda d is adop ed,
ac ual and con inued use migh be se in. This s udy ocuses on he
ou h s age, i.e., he decision o implemen he s anda d, which is
e e ed o as s anda d adop ion in his pape . The ields and ac o s
in ol ed a e discussed in he ollowing subsec ions.
Adop ion o inno a ions
Inno a ion adop ion ocuses on he legi imiza ion o inno a i e
beha io and he adop ion, di usion, and accep ance o inno a ion (Van
Oo scho e al., 2018). Resea che s ha e s udied he ac o s a ec ing
inno a ion adop ion. Fo example, Roge s (2003) dis inguished among
an inno a ion’s (1) ela i e ad an age, (2) compa ibili y, (3)
complexi y, (4) ialabili y, and (5) obse abili y. The pe cep ions o
hese i e cha ac e is ics in luence an indi idual’s decision o adop
inno a ion. An inno a ion ha has a ela i e ad an age, is compa ible,
no complex, es able, and obse able, and will be adop ed mo e apidly
han o he inno a ions.
While esea che s s udying he adop ion o inno a ions examine
which aspec s lead o consume adop ion o inno a ions, esea che s
in e es ed in he adop ion o s anda ds examine which aspec s lead o
he adop ion o s anda ds. These schola s show ha he ac o s ha
explain inno a ion adop ion can also be used o explain he adop ion o
s anda ds (Ezingea d & Bi chall, 2005; Mo a is & Widjaja, 2014; Zhou
e al., 2011). Fo ins ance, in he con ex o s anda ds, ela i e ad an-
age e e s o he po en ial bene i s o implemen ing he s anda d in a
company in e ms o , o example, he s uc u e ha i b ings (Mo a is &
Widjaja, 2014); obse abili y e e s o, o example, whe he i is
possible o es he s anda d be o e a decision is made o adop i (Ho a
& Schu , 2005). Finally, complexi y e e s o whe he he s anda d is
unde s ood by i s use s; when s anda ds a e no comp ehensible,
chances ha hey will be adop ed a e lowe as was shown by Alk aiji
e al. o he case o heal h da a s anda ds (Alk aiji e al., 2013).
Ne wo k economics
Some ma ke s a e cha ac e ized by inc easing e u ns o adop ion,
which implies ha he alue o a gi en echnology inc eases once mo e
use s adop ha echnology. Ne wo k e ec s a e among he causes o
hese inc easing e u ns on adop ion (Fa ell & Salone , 1985; Ka z &
Shapi o, 1985). We can dis inguish be ween di ec and indi ec ne wo k
e ec s. Di ec ne wo k e ec s play a ole when p oduc s a e physically
connec ed. A classic example is a mobile phone ne wo k, which in-
c eases in alue as mo e use s u ilize he ne wo k since use s a e able o
each mo e people. Indi ec ne wo k e ec s play an impo an ole in
pla o m-based ma ke s. The pla o m’s alue inc eases as mo e com-
plemen a y goods become a ailable. An example o a gaming console
can explain his phenomenon since gaming consoles inc ease in alue as
mo e games become a ailable.
Because o he exis ence o ne wo k e ec s, use s end o adop a
echnology ha is adop ed by he majo i y o he ma ke , as he alue
acc ued om ne wo k e ec s is highe o ha echnology. The e o e,
when >50 pe cen o he ma ke adop s a ce ain echnology, he
bandwagon e ec o en occu s, whe eby companies ollow each o he in
hei adop ion choices. Ne wo k e ec s a e also common in ma ke s
based on compa ibili y s anda ds; schola s who s udy ac o s o s an-
da d adop ion o en men ion ne wo k e ec s as impo an d i e s o
adop ion. As his s udy ocuses on quali y s anda ds, he ele ance o
ne wo k e ec s is deemed lowe . Howe e , when a s anda d is
compa ible wi h o he s anda ds used wi hin a company, his can
con ibu e posi i ely o i s adop ion, as a gued by Hashem and Tann
(2007).
Neo-ins i u ional heo y
Neo-ins i u ional heo is s ocus on how i ms’ beha io is a ec ed
by he con ex in which hey ope a e. Fo example, Di Maggio and
Powell explo ed he concep o ins i u ional isomo phism and de ined
h ee ypes o ex e nal p essu es ha may ac upon companies and a ec
hei beha io : coe ci e, mime ic, and no ma i e p essu es (DiMaggio &
Powell, 1983). O ganiza ions migh be dependen on o he o ganiza-
ions ha exe coe ci e p essu es ha di ec owa d a ce ain pa h.
No ma i e p essu es o igina e om ins i u ions, such as p o essional o
indus y associa ions, which de ine he no ms ha i ms should ollow.
Mime ic p essu es a e de ined as i ms’ endencies o copy he success ul
ac ions o o he i ms and signi ican compe i o s when aced wi h
unce ain y.
Schola s ocusing on s anda ds adop ion and neoins i u ional heo y
emphasize how ac o s a e o ced o adop a s anda d because o ex e nal
p essu es. Schola s a gue ha companies adop s anda ds because o he
ac o s in hei alue chains o ce hem o do so (i.e., coe ci e p essu e).
These ac o s include, o example, (non-)go e nmen al o ganiza ions,
cus ome s, big playe s, and supplie s. Companies also ollow he adop-
ion choices o o he , mos ly la ge ac o s (mime ic p essu es) o ha e an
in insic mo i a ion o adop s anda ds (no ma i e p essu es). Se e al
scien is s ha e ocused on hese h ee ypes o p essu es o explain why
quali y s anda ds a e adop ed (Kedzio e al., 2020; Wijen, 2014; Yo k
e al., 2018; Zhou e al., 2011).
S anda diza ion
Acco ding o s anda diza ion schola s, he p ocess o s anda diza ion
can be oughly subdi ided in o h ee s ages: de elopmen o a s anda d
(which o en occu s in s anda ds de elopmen o ganiza ions), selec ion
o a s anda d (which o en occu s in a ma ke in ol ing s anda ds ba -
les), and adop ion o a s anda d. Resea che s who explo e he de el-
opmen o s anda ds ocus on, o example, he bene i s o joining
s anda ds de elopmen o ganiza ions (Axel od e al., 1995), he poli ics
in ol ed in de eloping s anda ds (Backhouse e al., 2006), he mo i es
behind s anda diza ion in gene al (Blind & Mangelsdo , 2016), and
how he s anda diza ion p ocess can become mo e esponsible. Schola s
who ocus on he selec ion o s anda ds ha e in es iga ed s a egies ha
may be applied by companies o be success ul in s anda ds ba les and
se de ac o s anda ds. These schola s highligh he impo ance o quickly
building an ins alled use base (Shapi o & Va ian, 1998, 1999). Schola s
ha e in es iga ed he s a egies ha can be applied o inc ease he
M.F.M. Ju g e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100690
2
ins alled base and poin o s a egically p icing a s anda d (Liu, 2010),
choosing an op imal poin in ime o en e he ma ke (Schilling, 1998,
2002), and inc easing he a ailabili y o complemen a y goods (Hill,
1997; Schilling, 1999). Complemen a y asse s in he o m o inancial
esou ces and epu a ion a e equi ed (Gallaghe & Pa k, 2002).
This s udy ocuses on he hi d s age: he adop ion o s anda ds.
S anda diza ion schola s who ocus on his s age ha e u ilized one o
mo e o he abo e-men ioned h ee pe spec i es o explain he adop ion
o s anda ds. Fo example, Ho a e al. (2004) in eg a ed ne wo k
economics heo y and he di usion o inno a ion heo y o be e un-
de s and he adop ion o s anda ds o he In e ne . Hashem and Tann
(2007) p ima ily d ew on he di usion o inno a ion li e a u e o be e
unde s and he adop ion o ISO 9001 s anda ds. These schola s also
s essed he ele ance o o ganiza ional cha ac e is ics such as cen al-
iza ion, o maliza ion, and o ganiza ion size (Mi sch e al., 2021) which
make an o ganiza ion mo e inclined o adop a s anda d. In addi ion,
Chan and Chong (2012) s udied he de e minan s o he adop ion o
s anda ds o supply chain managemen in eg a ion by u ilizing insigh s
om he adop ion o inno a ion li e a u e and ins i u ional heo y and
ound ha managemen suppo in he o m o commi men om op
managemen is an impo an d i e o he adop ion o s anda ds.
Recen ly, a ho ough li e a u e s udy on ac o s o he adop ion o
s anda ds was pe o med (Van de Kaa 2023) which esul ed in he mos
comple e amewo k o da e; 18 ac o s we e di ided in o he ollowing
i e ca ego ies: (1) cha ac e is ics o he s anda d, (2) ex e nal p es-
su es, (3) cha ac e is ics o he i m, (4) en i onmen al ac o s, and (5)
he s anda ds o ganiza ion’s cha ac e is ics and s a egies. The i s
h ee ca ego ies a e ele an o he cu en s udy and a e u ilized in he
accompanying heo e ical amewo k.
Me hods
To answe ou esea ch ques ion, which ac o s a ec he adop ion o
quali y s anda ds in he semiconduc o indus y in The Ne he lands, ac-
co ding o expe s?, ollowing ea lie esea ch (Hooge b ugge e al.,
2023), we conduc ed wo phases o s udy (see Fig. 1). In Phase 1, we
de e mined he ele an ac o s o he adop ion o s anda ds by
e iewing he li e a u e on he adop ion o s anda ds and iden i ying he
ele an de e minan s o he adop ion o quali y s anda ds (Chan &
Chong, 2012; Hashem & Tann, 2007; Lee & Xia, 2006; Liu e al., 2018).
We also in e iewed i e indus y expe s (expe s 1–5 in Table 1). In
hese in e iews, in e iewees explici ly o implici ly men ioned he
de e minan s o adop ing s anda ds. When a de e minan was
men ioned in one o he ou a icles ha we ead, o by a leas one
indus y expe , i was conside ed a ele an ac o in he adop ion o
s anda ds. In his p ocess, we we e open o new ac o s in oduced by
expe s. Following his app oach, we also compiled a comp ehensi e lis
o ac o s ha included he de e minan s ha ha e al eady been dis-
cussed in he li e a u e, as well as he de e minan s ha we e no dis-
cussed in he li e a u e bu ha expe s ound ele an .
This s udy was conduc ed a a mul ina ional semiconduc o com-
pany (Company X). The company was es ablished in 2004 and is ac i e
in Eu ope and Asia. I specializes in de eloping mecha onic p oduc s o
he in-house semiconduc o indus y, which may e en ually be ins alled
in he la ge machines o la ge semiconduc o i ms, such as ASML. This
company has adop ed o e 300 s anda ds; he e o e, i can be assumed
ha i s employees ha e su icien knowledge o s anda d adop ion. All
in e iewed expe s we e employees o Company X. They we e selec ed
using he h ee c i e ia men ioned by Shan eau e al. (2002): expe ience,
ce i ica ion, and social acclama ion. All expe s we e selec ed using he
c i e ion ce i ica ion; a a minimum, hey had a Bachelo o Sciences
deg ee. Fu he mo e, Expe 1 was selec ed by means o he c i e ion
expe ise (an expe is someone wi h many yea s o expe ience, which in
ou s udy is 30 yea s o wo k expe ience o mo e). Expe 1 iden i ied
o he expe s (social acclaims). Thus, in summa y, we conside ed
someone o be an expe i hey had a leas a Bachelo o Sciences de-
g ees, al hough mos held an Mas e o Sciences deg ee. Fu he mo e,
we selec ed Expe 1 as his expe had >30 yea s o wo k expe ience,
while he o he ecommended people we e conside ed expe s because
Expe 1 designa ed hem.
Table 1 lis s he selec ed expe s. Du ing Phase 1, we in e iewed
Expe s 2, 3, 4, and 5. Each in e iew was uns uc u ed, meaning ha no
p ede ined lis o ques ions was used. The expe s did no p o ide a lis
o de e minan s om he li e a u e, which made hem unbiased when
explaining he p incipal easons o adop ing quali y s anda ds.
In Phase 2, we used he bes -wo s me hod (BWM), which is a mul i-
c i e ia decision-making me hod (MCDM), o iden i y he weigh s o he
de e minan s. This me hod was in oduced by Rezaei (2015) and is
explained below. We choose his me hod o e o he MCDM me hods
because i esul s in mo e eliable esul s (Rezaei, 2015). BWM has been
applied in a ious s udies and sec o s, including ene gy (Ridha e al.,
2024), heal hca e (Chen & Ruan, 2024), and in o ma ion echnology
(Kapoo e al., 2024). The pa icipan s we e asked o choose a disc e e
se o decisions. The op imal weigh s o he c i e ia can hen be de e -
mined, wi h he ec o s unc ioning as he inpu o an op imiza ion
model (Rezaei, 2020). BWM p o ides mo e eliable answe s han o he
MCDM me hods because i equi es less da a and is simple (Rezaei,
2015, 2020). Applying his me hod esul s in a consis ency a io ha ,
when close o ze o, implies ha he answe s o he expe s a e mo e
eliable. In ou s udy, Expe s 1–10 conduc ed he BWM. This was done
du ing ace- o- ace in e iews, du ing which he me hod was isualized.
Fig. 1. Diag am o he wo phases o he s udy.
Table 1
O e iew o in e iewees.
Expe Backg ound Posi ion Yea s o wo k
expe ience
Expe 1 Indus y Manage ope a ions 34
Expe 2 Indus y Manage s anda diza ion and
p ocess de elopmen
30
Expe 3 Indus y and
academia
P oduc ion and de elopmen
manage
25
Expe 4 Indus y and
academia
Di ec o 27
Expe 5 Indus y and
academia
Di ec o 24
Expe 6 Indus y Manage ope a ion 30
Expe 7 Indus y and
academia
P ocu emen manage 19
Expe 8 Indus y Manage 29
Expe 9 Indus y Di ec o 28
Expe
10
Indus y P oduc ion manage 6
M.F.M. Ju g e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100690
3
The s eps o BWM a e as ollows:
S ep 1: The ele an c i e ia a e dis illed {c1,c2,…,cn}; hese a e
he ele an ac o s o quali y s anda d adop ion ha eme ged in
esea ch phase 1.
S ep 2: The expe s assessed he mos and leas p e e ed c i e ia o
adop ing quali y s anda ds.
S ep 3: The p e e ed c i e ion is compa ed wi h he o he c i e ia.
The p e e ence o he mos p e e ed c i e ion o e all o he c i e ia
was de e mined using a numbe be ween 1 and 9. This esul s in he
bes - o-o he s ec o :
B−O= (aB1,aB2,…,aBn)
S ep 4: The o he c i e ia a e compa ed wi h he leas p e e ed
c i e ion. The p e e ence o all o he c i e ia o e he leas p e e ed
c i e ion was de e mined using a numbe be ween 1 and 9. This
esul ed in an o he s- o-wo s ec o :
O−W= (a1W,a2W,…,anW)T
S ep 5 – op imal weigh s a e calcula ed by sol ing he ollowing
p oblem:
min ξ
s. .
wB−aBjWj
≤ξ, o all j
wj−ajwWw
≤ξ, o all j
∑
j
Wj=1
Wj≥0, o all j
The solu ion o his p oblem esul s in op imal weigh s (w∗
1,w∗
2,…,
w∗
n)and a consis ency a io ξ∗.
Resul s
The wo mos p ominen s anda ds adop ed by Company X a e ISO
9001 and ISO 13485, bo h o which a e quali y managemen s anda ds
used by he company o se up i s p oduc ion p ocesses. The in-
e iewees we e asked which ac o s led o he adop ion o hese wo
s anda ds. S anda ds om he ISO 9000 amily a e among he mos
pe asi e and in luen ial quali y s anda ds (Van de Kaa & De V ies,
2015). Company X adop ed his s anda d mo e han wo decades ago;
la e , he company adop ed ISO 13485. The s anda d is based on he ISO
9001 s anda d. ISO 13485 is speci ically ele an o companies ha
p oduce, de elop, design, ins all, and se ice medical de ices, which a e
among he main a eas in which Company X specializes.
Phase 1 yielded 15 ac o s, g ouped in o h ee ca ego ies using he
Technology O ganiza ion En i onmen (TOE) amewo k de eloped by
To na zky and Fleische (2007). In his amewo k, a i m’s con ex o
adop ing inno a ion is subdi ided in o h ee en i onmen s: o ganiza-
ional, echnological, and ex e nal. Va ious schola s ha e used his
amewo k o analyze inno a ion adop ion. Howe e , his can also
explain he adop ion o s anda ds (Hashem & Tann, 2007). We used he
TOE amewo k’s echnological en i onmen o g oup he ac o s om
he di usion o inno a ion heo y; we used he TOE amewo k’s
ex e nal en i onmen ca ego y o g oup he ac o s om he
neoins i u ional heo y. The hi d TOE en i onmen , he o ganiza ional
en i onmen , was used o g oup he o ganiza ional de e minan s.
Table 2 p esen s all ele an de e minan s ound in he li e a u e and/o
hose men ioned by expe s du ing he in e iews. The able also lis s he
sou ce(s) o each ac o . Based on he in e iews, coe ci e p essu es om
neoins i u ional heo y we e subdi ided in o i e sepa a e ac o s. These
a e ac o s om 1.1 o 1.5 in Table 2.
In Phase 2, we de e mined he weigh s o he ac o s. The inal
weigh s a e lis ed in Table 3. The h ee columns on he igh -hand side
ep esen he local a e age weigh , global a e age weigh , and anking.
Local weigh s a e he a e age weigh s assigned o ca ego ies and ac o s,
whe eas global weigh s a e ob ained by mul iplying he ca ego y
weigh s by he ac o weigh s. The global weigh was used o de e mine
he impo ance o he ac o ; he highe he global weigh , he mo e
impo an he ac o . The esul s indica e ha he ou key ac o s a e
p essu e om cus ome s (0.16), managemen suppo (0.13), p essu e om
big playe (s) (0.12), and o maliza ion (0.10). Table 4 p esen s he inpu -
based consis ency a ios and associa ed h eshold alues. Mos com-
pa isons we e lowe han o close o hei associa ed h eshold alues,
which indica ed su icien consis ency. We an a sepa a e analysis du -
ing which we only conside ed he consis en esul s; du ing his analysis,
he op ou ac o s did no change, bu hei ela i e ankings did
change. The ankings we e as ollows: managemen suppo (0.15),
o maliza ion (0.14), p essu es om cus ome s (0.10), and p essu e om big
playe (s) (0.09).
Discussion
In e p e a ion o he indings
This sec ion in e p e s he esul s in ela ion o ou esea ch ques ion
(Which ac o s a ec he adop ion o quali y s anda ds in he semiconduc o
indus y in The Ne he lands, acco ding o expe s). We also in e p e he
esul s in ela ion o he exis ing li e a u e on s anda ds adop ion. Ac-
co ding o expe s, cus ome p essu e is among he mos impo an
ac o s o s anda d adop ion. As one o he expe s men ioned, wi hou
an ISO 9001 ce i ica e, hey will no ob ain assignmen s om o he
o ganiza ions. Ano he expe indica ed ha he company is, in p inci-
ple, o ced o implemen he ISO 9001 s anda d, because i i did no do
so, cus ome s could swi ch o a compe i o . Essen ially, he adop ion o
ISO 9001 would inc ease he c edibili y o he company among cus-
ome s, and he eby, cus ome s would choose ha company. Howe e ,
his expe added ha his o ganiza ion would always look c i ically a
wha a s anda d would b ing.
The expe s also a ed he p essu e om (a) big playe (s) as a c ucial
ac o . Once a majo company in he alue chain has adop ed a ce ain
quali y s anda d, o he companies eel he u ge o adop he same
s anda d as a equi emen o conduc ing business. Mo e companies may
ollow, a e which i may become an unw i en ule in he alue chain
ha he quali y s anda d is a mus -ha e o conduc ing business. This
phenomenon can also be obse ed in compa ibili y s anda ds such as
MS-DOS, he p edecesso o he Windows ope a ing sys em. Once IBM
adop ed his as he s anda d ope a ing sys em o i s pe sonal com-
pu e s, o he companies ollowed (Van de Kaa e al., 2011).
P essu e om cus ome s and big playe s is an example o coe ci e
p essu e. O ganiza ions in his indus y a e su ounded by an ins i u-
ionalized en i onmen and o ced by o he s o adop he same s an-
da ds in ha en i onmen (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Meye & Rowan,
1977). Coe ci e p essu e is also impo an when adop ing quali y
s anda ds ha we e epo ed in he li e a u e (Geo gie & Geo gie ,
2015; Gule e al., 2002; Hashem & Tann, 2007; Jajja e al., 2019;
Kedzio e al., 2020; Yo k e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, many esea che s
ha e men ioned he p essu es ele an o he adop ion o s anda ds in
gene al (Ezingea d & Bi chall, 2005; Hende son e al., 2011; Van de Kaa
2023). Ou s udy p o ides u he e idence o he impo ance o coe -
ci e p essu e in he adop ion o s anda ds.
M.F.M. Ju g e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100690
4
In addi ion, expe s a ed managemen suppo and o maliza ion as
c ucial ac o s in he adop ion o quali y s anda ds. F om he li e a u e
on ma ke -based s anda diza ion, we know ha commi men om op
managemen is an impo an p e equisi e o he adop ion o s anda ds.
In he s anda ds ba le o mul i-channel audio sounds, he conso ium
behind he widely adop ed s anda d (AC-3) was commi ed o he
s anda d, which, in pa , led o i s la ge-scale adop ion (Van de Kaa & De
V ies, 2015). Howe e , o he compe ing conso ium, he Mo ing Pic-
u es Expe G oup (MPEG), one o he companies, Philips, did no gain
ull suppo because o con lic ing in e es s, hus educing he o e all
commi men o he s anda d wi hin he conso ium, pa ly leading o he
ailu e o MPEG-2.
In el, he main company behind he HomeRF s anda d (a compe i o
o Wi-Fi), also p omo ed o he s anda ds, educing hei o e all
commi men o HomeRF. This is one o he easons why his s anda d
was unsuccess ul (Van de Kaa e al., 2015). We also show ha
commi men is impo an o he adop ion o quali y s anda ds.
Fu he mo e, o maliza ion was ound o be impo an in ou esea ch.
This is in line wi h he esea ch pe o med by Mo a is and Widjaja
(2014) and Xu e al. (2012) who showed ha s anda ds a e mo e easily
implemen ed when hey a e compa ible wi h a i m’s in as uc u e.
Limi a ions
This sec ion discusses he h ee limi a ions o his s udy. Fi s , he
sample had one main limi a ion, i.e., ha we in e iewed expe s om
only one company. This inhe en ly esul s in indings ha may no apply
o o he companies in he semiconduc o indus y. Howe e , because
he company has adop ed o e 300 s anda ds, i can be assumed ha
expe s in he company ha e su icien knowledge o s anda d adop ion.
Fu he mo e, as Table 1 shows, mos o he in e iewed expe s had
been wo king in his indus y o a conside able amoun o ime, and
mos o hem also had wo k expe ience ou side Company X. Fu he -
mo e, hei quali a i e s a emen s showed o e lapping insigh s. In
addi ion, we ound ha he ou mos impo an ac o s did no change
a e adding he indings o expe s 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. This indica ed ha
a su icien numbe o in e iews we e conduc ed.
Second, he expe s mainly ope a ed in managemen posi ions,
which migh also bias he esul s. As explained in Sec ion ’Me hods’, all
expe s we e selec ed by means o ce i ica ion and hey should ha e
ope a ed a he manage ial le el as manage s o di ec o s. Howe e , i
may ha e been be e o use a b oade sample in his ega d.
Thi d, expe s did no always p o ide su icien ly consis en answe s.
Table 2
Rele an ac o s o quali y s anda ds adop ion.
Ca ego y/ ac o Explana ion Sou ce(s)
1. P essu e om
(ex e nal)
s akeholde s
The ex en o which ex e nal
p essu es esul in companies
adop ing ce ain s anda ds.
Expe s 1, 2, 3,
4, 5
1.1. P essu es om he
go e nmen
The ex en o which i ms
adop s anda ds as hey a e
p essu ed in o doing his by he
go e nmen . Fo example,
s anda ds may be imposed by
he go e nmen in which case
s anda ds adop ion has o ake
place.
Expe s 3, 4, 5
1.2. P essu e om non-
go e nmen al
o ganiza ions
P essu es om o ganiza ions
ha do no eside in he
semiconduc o indus y (e.g.,
ISO)
Expe 4
1.3. P essu es om
cus ome s
P essu es exe ed by cus ome s
demanding ha ce ain
s anda ds be applied.
Expe 1, 4
1.4. P essu es om (a) big
playe (s)
P essu es exe ed by la ge
pa ies (e.g., ZEISS, ASML,
The mo Fische ) wi h whom
he ocal o ganiza ion
coope a es and who demand
ha ce ain s anda ds be
applied.
Expe s 1, 2, 4,
5
1.5. P essu e om
supplie s
P essu es exe ed by
echnology p o ide s in he
ocal o ganiza ion’s alue
chain wi h which i
collabo a es and who demand
ha ce ain s anda ds be
applied.
Expe 4
1.6. Mime ic p essu es The ex en o which companies
eel p essu ed o copy he
choices made by o he
companies so ha hey a e
aken mo e o g an ed.
Expe 4
1.7. No ma i e p essu es The ex en o which companies
adop s anda ds because hey
eel ha his is a good decision.
This can be because hey ha e
been augh so o adop ing he
s anda d is in line wi h hei
alues.
Expe 3, 4, 5
2. O ganiza ional
cha ac e is ics
O ganiza ional cha ac e is ics
ha ensu e ha an
o ganiza ion op s o a ce ain
s anda d.
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007).
2.1. Managemen suppo The ex en o which he
managemen o an
o ganiza ion suppo s he
decision o adop he s anda d.
(Chan & Chong,
2012; Liu e al.,
2018).
2.2. Cen aliza ion The deg ee o which decision-
making ac i i ies and powe s
a e concen a ed. A highe
cen aliza ion inc eases he
chances ha he s anda d is
adop ed.
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Zmud, 1982).
2.3. Fo maliza ion The ex en o which p ocedu es
and ules a e inco po a ed in
he o ganiza ion. A highly
o malized o ganiza ion is
likely o adop quali y
s anda ds because i ce i ies
i s o de ly way o wo king.
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Zmud, 1982).
2.4. O ganiza ion size La ge o ganiza ions ha e mo e
esou ces a ailable han
smalle o ganiza ions, which
acili a es s anda ds adop ion.
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Lee & Xia,
2006).
3. Pe cei ed
cha ac e is ics o
quali y s anda ds
The cha ac e is ics ha he
s anda d complies wi h
acco ding o he company.
Table 2 (con inued)
Ca ego y/ ac o Explana ion Sou ce(s)
3.1. Rela i e ad an age The bene i s ha adop ing he
s anda d will b ing o he
company
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Roge s, 2003).
3.2. Compa ibili y The ex en o which he
s anda d is in e ope able wi h
o he s anda ds. The mo e he
s anda d is compa ible wi h
exis ing s anda ds ha a e used
in he company, he highe he
chance ha an o ganiza ion
will adop ha s anda d.
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Roge s, 2003).
3.3. Complexi y The ex en o which a s anda d
is unde s ood and he ex en o
which i is challenging o he
company o adop he
s anda d. The highe he
complexi y o he s anda d, he
lowe he chance ha i will be
adop ed.
(Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Roge s, 2003)).
3.4. Obse abili y The isibili y o he s anda d. (Hashem &
Tann, 2007;
Roge s, 2003).
M.F.M. Ju g e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100690
5
When using his me hod, i is ine i able ha a ce ain deg ee o incon-
sis ency will occu in he expe s’ answe s. Howe e , his is no p ob-
lema ic i he inconsis ency is no excessi ely high (below he associa ed
h eshold), which is he case o mos esul s. Fu he mo e, he mos
inconsis en esul s we e sligh ly abo e he associa ed h esholds. The
low consis ency o some answe s could indica e ha he expe s ound i
di icul o compa e he c i e ia. We ied o a oid his by de ining he
ac o s o s anda d adop ion as clea ly as possible and conduc ing ace-
o- ace in e iews so ha he in e iewe could explain he ac o s o he
in e iewees i necessa y. We also asked in e iewees o ee alua e
inconsis en compa isons, which inc eased he consis ency o he da a.
Implica ions
Theo e ical implica ions
This s udy con ibu es o he s anda diza ion li e a u e in se e al
ways, which a e discussed in his subsec ion. The main con ibu ion o
his s udy is ha i is one o he i s o de e mine he ac o s a ec ing he
adop ion o quali y s anda ds and o assign weigh s o hese ac o s. An
excep ion is he s udy by Hooge b ugge e al. (2023). The o he con-
ibu ions o his s udy include he ollowing. Fi s , al hough many
esea che s ha e ocused on s anda ds de elopmen (Backhouse e al.,
2006) and selec ion (Hill, 1997), ew ha e ocused on s anda ds adop-
ion (Van de Kaa 2023). Second, ew schola s who ocused on he ac o s
in s anda d adop ion ocus on compa ibili y s anda ds (Ho a e al.,
2004). We ocused on quali y s anda ds. Thi d, his is one o he i s
s udies o apply BWM o assign weigh s o ac o s o s anda d adop ion.
Finally, esea che s who ocus on s anda diza ion ha e mos ly con-
duc ed esea ch in consume elec onics, in o ma ion echnology, ele-
communica ions, and he ene gy sec o (Ho a & Schu , 2005; Liu
e al., 2018; an de Bu g e al., 2022). Few schola s ha e ocused on he
semiconduc o indus y (some excep ions a e Funk and Luo (2015) and
Ga ud and Kuma aswamy (1993)), which is he ocus o his s udy.
P ac ical implica ions
This subsec ion ocuses on p ac ical implica ions. Manage s o en
ace unce ain y ega ding he s anda ds ha should be chosen when
mul iple s anda ds coexis . This unce ain y can be educed by unde -
s anding he ac o s ha in luence he adop ion o s anda ds, which is
he ocus o his s udy. This s udy ocuses speci ically on s anda ds ha
indi ec ly p omo e sus ainabili y and cleane p oduc ion wi hin he
semiconduc o indus y; hus, manage s who pe o m his ask and a e
Table 3
Resul s o he BWM analysis.
Ca ego ies & ac o s Expe
1
Expe
2
Expe
3
Expe
4
Expe
5
Expe
6
Expe
7
Expe
8
Expe
9
Expe
10
Local
a e age
weigh
global
weigh
anking
P essu e om (ex e nal)
s akeholde s
0.65 0.72 0.82 0.29 0.65 0.68 0.17 0.14 0.64 0.58 0.53
1. P essu es om
go e nmen
o ganiza ions
0.27 0.27 0.04 0.24 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.20 0.06 0.13 0.07 5
2. P essu e om non-
go e nmen
o ganiza ions
0.11 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.04 9
3. P essu es om
cus ome (s)
0.17 0.30 0.39 0.24 0.41 0.26 0.20 0.36 0.22 0.41 0.30 0.16 1
4. P essu es om big
playe (s)
0.17 0.15 0.39 0.14 0.18 0.35 0.20 0.36 0.13 0.15 0.22 0.12 3
5. P essu e om
supplie (s)
0.05 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.03 14
6. Mime ic p essu es 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.18 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.22 0.06 0.08 0.04 10
7. No ma i e
p essu es
0.22 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.17 0.32 0.06 0.08 0.22 0.13 0.07 6
O ganiza ional
cha ac e is ics
0.23 0.10 0.10 0.54 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.78 0.27 0.31 0.31
8. Managemen
suppo
0.55 0.57 0.04 0.55 0.40 0.39 0.47 0.14 0.54 0.56 0.42 0.13 2
9. Cen aliza ion 0.05 0.14 0.31 0.27 0.05 0.14 0.10 0.05 0.24 0.16 0.15 0.05 8
10. Fo maliza ion 0.33 0.23 0.49 0.09 0.40 0.39 0.26 0.58 0.04 0.22 0.30 0.10 4
11. O ganiza ion size 0.07 0.07 0.16 0.09 0.15 0.08 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.05 0.12 0.04 11
Pe cei ed cha ac e is ics
o quali y s anda ds
0.13 0.18 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.06 0.54 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.15
12. Rela i e ad an age 0.05 0.48 0.57 0.54 0.39 0.61 0.49 0.24 0.04 0.57 0.40 0.06 7
13. Compa ibili y 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.59 0.25 0.05 0.21 0.03 13
14. Complexi y 0.47 0.09 0.05 0.17 0.39 0.13 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.24 0.19 0.03 15
15. Obse abili y 0.19 0.17 0.13 0.22 0.15 0.16 0.29 0.06 0.58 0.14 0.21 0.03 12
Table 4
Inpu -based consis ency a ios and he associa ed h esholds.
Expe 1 Expe 2 Expe 3 Expe 4 Expe 5 Expe 6 Expe 7 Expe 8 Expe 9 Expe 10
Ca ego ies 0.05
(0.13)
0.02
(0.13)
0.13
(0.14)
0.17
(0.17)
0.30
(0.13)
0.13
(0.14)
0.17
(0.17)
0.13
(0.14)
0.50
(0.14)
0.05
(0.14)
P essu e om (ex e nal) s akeholde s 0.21
(0.35)
0.05
(0.27)
0.00
(0.35)
0.26
(0.35)
0.38
(0.35)
0.13
(0.34)
0.21
(0.35)
0.37
(0.35)
0.17
(0.35)
0.02
(0.34)
O ganiza ional cha ac e is ics 0.13
(0.27)
0.19
(0.25)
0.26
(0.27)
0.08
(0.27)
0.20
(0.20)
0.05
(0.20)
0.17
(0.15)
0.15
(0.27)
0.32
(0.27)
0.15
(0.27)
Pe cei ed cha ac e is ics o quali y
s anda d
0.19
(0.25)
0.05
(0.20)
0.15
(0.27)
0.33
(0.20)
0.20
(0.20)
0.07
(0.20)
0.35
(0.20)
0.29
(0.25)
0.46
(0.27)
0.21
(0.27)
M.F.M. Ju g e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100690
6
esponsible o i can bene i om he esul s o his s udy. Ou indings
sugges ha p ac i ione s should ocus on de e mining he s anda ds
ha cus ome s adop . In addi ion, hey should in es iga e he big
playe s in he indus y and he s anda ds hey adop . Gi en he impo -
ance o he p essu e om cus ome s and big playe s, we ecommend
ha manage s choose he s anda ds adop ed by hese s akeholde s.
Policy- ela ed implica ions
Implica ions o policymake s a e discussed in his subsec ion. They
some imes p e e ce ain s anda ds. Policymake s can use ou esul s o
in es iga e he ac o s ha will in luence he adop ion o ce ain s an-
da ds. Gi en ha companies pa ly base hei choice o a s anda d on he
choice o hei cus ome s and la ge playe s, policymake s a e ad ised o
pe suade hese pa ies o choose hei p e e ed s anda d. This can be
achie ed, o example, by p o iding subsidies o educe he p ice o
implemen ing he s anda ds. In addi ion, policymake s can pe o m
simila s udies o o he s anda ds using he p esen ed app oach and
hus de ine policies ha ensu e ha ce ain s anda ds a e adop ed.
Fu u e esea ch di ec ions
This s udy examined he ac o s ha a ec he adop ion o quali y
s anda ds in he semiconduc o indus y in The Ne he lands, acco ding
o expe s. We iden i ied i een ele an ac o s o he adop ion o
quali y s anda ds by analyzing he li e a u e and conduc ing expe in-
e iews. Fou ac o s appea ed o be especially impo an o he
adop ion o quali y s anda ds: p essu e om cus ome s, managemen
suppo , p essu e om big playe s (s), and o maliza ion. The emainde
o his sec ion p o ides ecommenda ions o u u e esea ch.
This s udy ocused on quali y s anda ds. Howe e , mo e ypes o
s anda ds exis , including compa ibili y, in o ma ion, and a ie y
educ ion s anda ds (De V ies, 1998). Al hough ac o s o he adop ion
o compa ibili y s anda ds ha e al eady been in es iga ed (Ho a e al.,
2004), hose o he adop ion o in o ma ion s anda ds and a ie y
educ ion s anda ds ha e no been in es iga ed be o e and could p o-
ide a ui ul a enue o u u e esea ch. Schola s in e es ed in his
opic a e ecommended o in es iga e ele an ac o s o he adop ion
o he ype o s anda d by ollowing he same s eps: e iewing he
li e a u e, conduc ing expe in e iews, and applying a simila MCDM
me hod, such as BWM. Howe e , gi en ha he li e a u e on adop ion
o hese ypes o s anda ds is sca ce, we ecommend applying gene al
ac o s o compa ibili y and quali y s anda d adop ion.
In his s udy, he expe s had he g ea es di icul y compa ing he
ca ego ies o pe cei ed cha ac e is ics o quali y s anda ds and o gani-
za ional cha ac e is ics. I schola s choose o adop ou lis o ac o s o
u u e esea ch, i is ecommended ha he ac o s be ca ego ized
di e en ly, o ha he ca ego ies (p essu e om (ex e nal) s akeholde s,
o ganiza ional cha ac e is ics, and pe cei ed cha ac e is ics o quali y
s anda ds) be dis inguished mo e clea ly om one ano he . This could
be achie ed by conduc ing addi ional in e iews wi h expe s.
The ele ance and impo ance o hese ac o s may be con ex -
speci ic. Fo example, he impo ance o p essu e om he go e n-
men in he o m o egula ions on s anda ds adop ion migh depend on
he powe o he go e nmen in ce ain egions ega ding s anda diza-
ion. The go e nmen in The Ne he lands may in e ene less quickly
han in o he coun ies. P e ious esea ch has shown ha , in China, he
go e nmen has a much mo e powe ul ole in s anda diza ion (Van de
Kaa e al., 2013). Fu u e esea ch could s udy he ex en o which he
ele ance and impo ance o ac o s in he adop ion o s anda ds depend
on he speci ici ies o he egion. Schola s can ocus on coun ies o he
han The Ne he lands. Fu he mo e, u u e esea ch could s udy he
ex en o which a lis o ac o s may be used o explain (o e en p edic )
he adop ion o quali y s anda ds by o he companies in he semi-
conduc o sec o and o he sec o s such as consume elec onics.
In his s udy, coe ci e p essu e was ound o be pa icula ly
impo an . Howe e , he ques ion is whe he hese p essu es can be
in luenced by an indi idual company, and i so, how. Acco ding o one
o he in e iewed expe s, p essu e om big playe s canno be in lu-
enced by a company, as majo companies in he ma ke can only be
cus ome s i hey comply wi h hei demand cha ac e is ics. In o he
wo ds, companies a he co po a e le el (e.g., ASML and ZEISS) a e
p o ec ed in he ma ke . The e o e, ano he in e es ing a ea o u u e
esea ch is he ex en o which and way in which indi idual companies
can in luence he adop ion o s anda ds. Schola s could pe o m a
li e a u e s udy and in es iga e whe he his opic has been add essed
explici ly o implici ly in case s udies o s anda ds adop ion, and hey
could conduc case s udies ha ha e such an explici ocus.
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