Liu, Hui; Zhou, Yaodong
A icle
Do indus ial suppo policies help o e come inno a ion
ine ia in adi ional sec o s?
Economies
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Liu, Hui; Zhou, Yaodong (2025) : Do indus ial suppo policies help o e come
inno a ion ine ia in adi ional sec o s?, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 13, Iss. 7,
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Ci a ion: Liu, H., & Zhou, Y. (2025).
Do Indus ial Suppo Policies Help
O e come Inno a ion Ine ia in
T adi ional Sec o s? Economies,13(7),
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A icle
Do Indus ial Suppo Policies Help O e come Inno a ion
Ine ia in T adi ional Sec o s?
Hui Liu and Yaodong Zhou *
School o Economics and Managemen , Beijing Jiao ong Uni e si y, Beijing 100044, China; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
Enhancing inno a ion capabili y can e ec i ely p omo e he de elopmen o adi ional in-
dus ies. Based on Lewin’s beha io al model heo y, his s udy in es iga ed he ela ionship
be ween indus ial suppo policies and inno a ion beha io wi hin adi ional indus ies.
U ilizing su ey da a collec ed om 152 adi ional indus ial en e p ises in 2024 and em-
ploying s uc u al equa ion modeling, he main indings a e as ollows: Indus ial suppo
policies can e ec i ely alle ia e he “inno a ion ine ia” o adi ional indus ies, wi h
all policies being signi ican a he 1% con idence le el. Among hem, policies ela ed o
indus y–uni e si y– esea ch coope a ion pla o ms ha e he mos signi ican impac , wi h
a s anda dized coe icien o 0.941, ollowed by iscal and axa ion policies (s anda dized
coe icien : 0.846) and inancial policies (s anda dized coe icien : 0.729). Inno a ion mo i-
a ion ac s as a media ing mechanism be ween indus ial policies and inno a ion beha io .
Indus ial suppo policies accele a e he con e sion o ese e-o ien ed pa en po olios
in o p ac ical applica ions, helping o b eak h ough pa en ba ie s and e ec i ely alle ia e
inno a ion ine ia. Consequen ly, he go e nmen should p io i ize imp o ing public se -
ices, and policy o mula ion needs o be o ien ed owa ds enhancing inno a ion e iciency.
While ensu ing indus ial secu i y, i is ad isable o mode a ely inc ease compe i ion o
guide adi ional indus y ma ke playe s owa ds h i ing in compe i i e en i onmen s.
Keywo ds: policy ins umen s; inno a ion ine ia; adi ional indus ies
1. In oduc ion
Agains he backd op o p omo ing indus ial upg ading h ough scien i ic and ech-
nological inno a ion, he ans o ma ion and upg ading o adi ional indus ies hold
signi ican impo ance. The concep o “ adi ional indus ies” is ela i e, ypically e e -
ing o a ange o indus ies e ained om he p e ious s age o indus ializa ion ollowing
a pe iod o apid g ow h. These indus ies a e p edominan ly labo -in ensi e and capi al-
in ensi e. The Thi d Plena y Session o he 23 d Cen al Commi ee o he Communis
Pa y o China emphasized he need o “use na ional s anda ds o lead he op imiza ion and
upg ading o adi ional indus ies, and suppo en e p ises in ans o ming and upg ad-
ing adi ional indus ies using digi al in elligence echnologies and g een echnologies.”
Fo many yea s, go e nmen inno a ion policies ha e consis en ly emphasized hei ole
in enhancing he inno a ion capabili ies o adi ional indus ies. S udies ha e shown
ha go e nmen R&D subsidies, when coupled wi h he comme cializa ion o ad anced
R&D ou comes, lead o signi ican knowledge spillo e e ec s om he R&D ac i i ies o
adi ional indus ies in o he echnological p og ess o eme ging indus ies. Howe e ,
he beha io al ine ia o go e nmen in e en ion has os e ed a business en i onmen
Economies 2025,13, 206 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies13070206
Economies 2025,13, 206 2 o 21
o manu ac u ing en e p ises cha ac e ized by agglome a ion and eliance on low-cos
compe i ion. This “g eenhouse e ec ” inclines i ms’ echnological inno a ion models
owa ds he lowe end o he spec um, esul ing in “inno a ion ine ia”, a phenomenon
obse ed in indus ial de elopmen . Inno a ion ine ia indica es how adi ional indus-
ies exhibi s ong pa h dependence in hei de elopmen models, inding i di icul o
elinquish es ablished co e ad an ages and esou ces—such as speci ic echnologies and
equipmen , s able ma ke demand, and supply chains. As a esul , he ans o ma i e and
inno a i e capabili ies o adi ional indus ies g adually weaken. The causes o inno a ion
ine ia may s em om he in luence o monopolis ic ac o s on en e p ise echnology. They
may also a ise om he e ec s o sunk cos s, economies o scale, and es ed in e es s,
which solidi y p oduc ion modes and supply ela ionships, he eby es ic ing he en y o
mo e e icien i ms. Fu he mo e, inno a ion ine ia is p e alen in nume ous esou ce-
in ensi e indus ies, whe e esou ce abundance os e s esou ce dependence and exe s a
c owding-ou e ec on echnological inno a ion.
T adi ional indus ies, cha ac e ized by hei di e si y, massi e scale, ex ensi e ma -
ke each, and subs an ial ou pu alue, cons i u e he ounda ion o a mode n indus ial
sys em and play an indispensable ole in indus ial and supply chains. Wi hou adi ional
indus ies, many eme ging and u u e indus ies would s uggle o achie e ull ci cula i y,
po en ially leading o “supply chain agmen a ion”. The CPC Cen al Commi ee Decision
on Fu he Comp ehensi ely Deepening Re o m and Ad ancing Chinese Mode niza ion
emphasizes es ablishing ins i u ional mechanisms o de eloping new-quali y p oduc i e
o ces based on local condi ions, s a ing ha “The ans o ma ion and upg ading o adi-
ional indus ies also cons i u es de eloping new quali y p oduc i e o ces.” Fu he mo e,
he Guidelines on Accele a ing he T ans o ma ion and Upg ading o T adi ional Manu ac-
u ing, issued by he Minis y o Indus y and In o ma ion Technology (MIIT) and se en
o he minis ies, explici ly ad oca e inno a ion-d i en de elopmen , ascending o he
mid- o-high end o global alue chains, accele a ing he adop ion o ad anced applicable
echnologies, pe sis en ly op imizing indus ial s uc u es, and implemen ing indus ial
ounda ion e-enginee ing p ojec s. Accele a ing his ans o ma ion enhances supply chain
esilience, sa egua ds indus ial and supply chain secu i y, achie es indus ial s uc u e
op imiza ion, and cons uc s a mode n indus ial ecosys em. Examining whe he China’s
indus ial and inno a ion policies can mi iga e inno a ion ine ia in adi ional indus ies
is he e o e c i ical o enhancing he e ec i eness o indus ial policy.
In iew o his, based on he su ey da a o 152 adi ional indus ial en e p ises, his
s udy employs s uc u al equa ion modeling o e alua e whe he indus ial policies can e ec-
i ely p omo e inno a ion in adi ional indus ies and examines he media ing mechanism o
inno a ion mo i a ion. The ma ginal con ibu ions o his s udy a e as ollows:
Fi s , inno a ion mo i a ion signi ican ly a ec s he ans o ma ion o inno a ion
achie emen s in adi ional indus ies. En e p ises a e he main playe s in inno a ion,
and di e en inno a ion mo i a ions ha e a ying impac s on en e p ises’ pa en ans-
o ma ion. In he u u e, inno a i e achie emen s made o ca e o he go e nmen o
policy suppo will be un a o able o ans o ma ion; howe e , pa en s used o p e en
in ingemen , supp ess compe i o s, o accumula e echnical ese es can help en e p ises
achie e echnical ma ke locking. Meanwhile, such pa en s ha e high ma ke alue and can
be ans o med e ec i ely. Second, indus ial suppo policies p o ide an objec i e ac ual
basis om an inno a ion beha io pe spec i e, hus playing a posi i e ole in imp o ing
inno a ion ine ia in adi ional indus ies. Among hem, public se ice policies, such as
aining and in oducing p o essional alen s, es ablishing indus y–uni e si y– esea ch
inno a ion coope a ion pla o ms, and p omo ing he sha ing o ins umen s and equip-
men , es si es, and o he esou ces, ha e he mos signi ican impac , ollowed by iscal
Economies 2025,13, 206 3 o 21
and axa ion policies and inancial policies. Thi d, indus ial suppo policies demons a e
he highes inno a ion e iciency in d i ing he ans o ma ion o pa en s mo i a ed by
p e en ing in ingemen , supp essing compe i o s, o accumula ing echnical ese es.
On one hand, such policies can help s anda d incumben s b eak h ough pa en ba ie s,
he eby o e coming “ac i e inno a ion ine ia” and shi ing away om he p e ious inc e-
men al upg ading model. On he o he hand, hey can empowe non-s anda d incumben s
o pu sue inno a ion: by gaining insigh s in o exis ing inno a ion ou comes while sus-
aining he accumula ion o he e ogeneous inno a ion esou ces, hese en e p ises can
wo k owa d o e coming “passi e inno a ion ine ia.” Fou h, his s udy en iches he
li e a u e on adi ional indus ies. Unlike p e ious esea ch ocusing on s a egic eme ging
indus ies and “specialized, sophis ica ed, dis inc i e, and no el” indus ies, his s udy
akes adi ional indus ies as i s s a ing poin o explo e he ela ionship be ween China’s
inno a ion incen i e policy ools and inno a ion beha io s in adi ional indus ies, he eby
con ibu ing o he exis ing li e a u e.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
2.1. Concep ual Dimensions and Fo ma ion Mechanisms o Inno a ion Ine ia
The concep o “inno a ion ine ia” was i s p oposed by Moo e, who es ablished a
co e–pe iphe y analy ical amewo k o s udy his phenomenon (Moo e,1993). The co e
heo e ical p emise classi ies business ope a ions in o wo ca ego ies based on whe he
hey gene a e di e en ial compe i i e ad an ages: co e ac i i ies and pe iphe al ac i i ies.
The ela i e p opo ion o hese ac i i ies wi hin an en e p ise de e mines i s deg ee o
inno a ion ine ia. This ine ia mani es s h ough diminished inno a ion in en ionali y,
comp omised inno a ion quali y, igid inno a ion modali ies, and a enua ed inno a ion
capaci y. Inno a ion ine ia can be ca ego ized in o unc ional ine ia and dys unc ional
ine ia. Dys unc ional ine ia occu s when inno a ion agen s consciously ecognize en-
i onmen al changes ye esis adap a ion because o en enched p ac ices, mani es ing
p ima ily as diminished inno a ion in en ionali y (Bandu a,1978). Func ional ine ia a ises
when inno a ion agen s engage in inno a i e ac i i ies wi hou ecognizing con ex ual
shi s, esul ing in ou pu s ha ail o e lec en i onmen al demands, p ima ily e iden in
inno a ion ou comes (Teece,1986). Mul iple ac o s con ibu e o inno a ion ine ia, includ-
ing indus ial agglome a ion (Oh ake,2023), echnological lock-in (Rajneesh,2002), pa h
dependency in inno a ion ajec o ies (Dosi,1982), and insu icien inno a ion incen i es.
2.2. Policy Ins umen s and Inno a ion Ine ia
Lee and Male ba a gue ha indus ial echnology ca ch-up in la e-de eloping coun ies
is a p ocess whe e en e p ises, in esponse o speci ic windows o oppo uni y, o mula e
e ec i e s a egic esponses h ough connec ions and in e ac ions wi h sec o al inno a ion
sys ems (Lee & Male ba,2017). They iden i y h ee key a iables o indus ial ca ch-up
in la e-de eloping coun ies, namely, oppo uni y, s a egy, and inno a ion sys em. Since
Solow i s p oposed a me hod o measu e he con ibu ion o echnological p og ess o
economic g ow h and a ibu ed he unexplained po ion o pe capi al ou pu g ow h
(a e deduc ing he ne g ow h in capi al and labo ) o echnological p og ess, he d i ing
ac o s o echnological inno a ion ha e become a esea ch ocus (Solow,1956). The wo
mos ep esen a i e hypo heses o ha e eme ged a e “ echnology push” and “demand
pull”, and i bo h d i ing o ces a e o coexis , he ac i e ole o he go e nmen is equi ed.
On his basis, go e nmen s need o encou age inno a ion h ough wo app oaches, namely,
educing inno a ion cos s ia “ echnology push policies” and inc easing he e u ns o
success ul inno a ions h ough “demand pull policies,” which o m he “go e nmen
a ac ion” dynamic hypo hesis (Neme ,2009).
Economies 2025,13, 206 4 o 21
Policy ools exe mul i ace ed in luences on inno a ion beha io h ough le e age e -
ec s, c owding-ou e ec s, and signaling mechanisms. To coun e ac inno a ion ine ia,
go e nmen s deploy a ious in e en ions—subsidies, g an s, and iscal incen i es—aiming
o s imula e inno a ion in en ionali y and cul i a e p e e ences o high-end inno a ion
(Xiao & Jiang,2013). Howe e , empi ical indings di e ge ega ding indus ial policy e -
icacy in mi iga ing inno a ion ine ia. Fo ins ance, indus ial agglome a ion—a p ima y
de elopmen model p omo ed by local go e nmen s—o en os e s o ganiza ional igidi y
(Hannan & F eeman,1984) and isomo phic s uc u es (DiMaggio & Powell,1983). This
ins i u ional en i onmen incen i izes i ms o pu sue imi able p ocess inno a ions while
neglec ing no el p oduc /se ice R&D, culmina ing in policy-induced inno a ion ine ia
(Tao e al.,2013). Hu Bin and his colleagues ca ego ized i ms’ inno a ion p e e ences in o
wo a che ypes: high-end inno a ion, which in ol es he simul aneous pu sui o p oduc
and p ocess inno a ion, and low-end inno a ion, which exclusi ely ocuses on p ocess in-
no a ion. Thei analysis o manu ac u ing agglome a ions e ealed ha beha io al ine ia
(No h,1990) in go e nmen in e en ion os e s ecosys ems dependen on low-cos compe-
i ion (Moo e,1993). This ins i u ional en i onmen p ecipi a es he dominance o low-end
inno a ion pa e ns and en enches inno a ion ine ia. Mo eo e , in o ma ion asymme y
in go e nmen al subsidy alloca ion cul i a es policy dependency, incen i izing i ms o en-
gage in en -seeking and p e e en ial policy exploi a ion. This s a egic gaming mani es s as
“s a egic inno a ion”—p io i izing quan i iable ou pu s o e subs an i e quali y, he eby
ein o cing he quan i y/quali y ade-o (Ahuja & Lampe ,2001) dilemma in co po a e
inno a ion. On he con a y, a en ion should be paid o en e p ises’ s a egies o coping
wi h ins i u ional limi a ions, and i is p oposed ha en e p ises can ei he a emp o e o m
he exis ing ins i u ional en i onmen o seek al e na i e ins i u ional a angemen s in o he
egions o mee hei echnological needs (Rajneesh,2002).
2.3. Pa hways o T adi ional Indus y T ans o ma ion
China’s adi ional indus ies exhibi subs an ial echnological gaps compa ed o ad-
anced economies. Cu en ly posi ioned o le e age la ecome ad an ages, hese indus ies
demons a e s a is ically signi ican p oduc i i y gains h ough exogenous echnological
p og ess d i en by imi a i e inno a ion. Con e sely, endogenous p og ess ia indigenous
inno a ion shows no s a is ically signi ican imp o emen in echnological ad ancemen
le els. Technological inno a ion cons i u es he undamen al pa hway o upg ading adi-
ional indus ies (Zheng & Zhang,2022). Th ough scien i ic and echnological inno a ion,
he inhe en pa h dependency o adi ional indus ies can be o e come, enabling mul-
idimensional de elopmen . Fo ins ance, in eg a ing high echnologies can ans o m
adi ional indus ies in o s a egic eme ging indus ies o ansi ion hem owa ds sun ise
indus ies cha ac e ized by low pollu ion and ene gy consump ion. The inno a ion-d i en
p ocess is ealized h ough h ee syne gis ic phases: on -end d i ing, mid-end d i -
ing, and back-end d i ing, as well as he simul aneous ealiza ion o hese h ee phases
(Ge e i,1999).These phases exhibi spa ial coexis ence and empo al succession, wi h hei
synch oniza ion in ensi ying and in e -phase in e als sho ening p og essi ely.
3. Me hodology
3.1. Resea ch Design
This s udy employs a quan i a i e esea ch app oach, i s iden i ying beha io al
pa e ns o he a ge popula ion h ough ques ionnai e su eys and hen p o iding an
in-dep h explo a ion o causal ela ionships among pa en applica ion mo i a ions, policy
ins umen s, and pa en comme cializa ion beha io s using s uc u al equa ion modeling
(SEM), he eby o e coming he limi a ions o singula me hodological app oaches.
Economies 2025,13, 206 5 o 21
3.2. Va iable Selec ion
As a c ucial means o he s a e o egula e he mac o-economy, indus ial policies ha e
become signi ican ex e nal ac o s in luencing indus y de elopmen . To add ess ma ke
ailu es, go e nmen s encou age o es ic he de elopmen o speci ic indus ies h ough
indus ial policies. Indus ial suppo policies can be ca ego ized in o iscal, ax, inancial,
and public se ice policies. Based on adi ional indus ial inno a ion demand policies
and d awing on he con en o he China Pa en In es iga ion Repo 2023 ega ding policy
suppo o pa en indus ializa ion, his s udy ocuses on h ee majo policy ools, namely,
ax, inancial, and public se ice policies, de ined as ollows:
Tax policy ools: Rep esen ed by ax educ ion and ee exemp ion policies, condi ional
on pa en indus ializa ion.
Financial policy ools: Rep esen ed by measu es o s eng hen guidance on in ellec ual
p ope y pledge inancing, en u e capi al, and o he ela ed ac i i ies.
Public se ice policies: Cul i a ion and in oduc ion o p o essional alen ; es ab-
lishmen o indus y–uni e si y– esea ch (IUR) inno a ion coope a ion pla o ms; and
p omo ion o esou ce sha ing o equipmen , es ing acili ies, and expe imen al si es.
Based on he exis ing schola ly esea ch and he wo main su ey componen s e-
ga ding he p ima y pu poses o en e p ise pa en applica ions, combined wi h he su ey
objec s, he ollowing h ee i ems we e designed based on a i e-poin Like scale:
“Wha ypes o policy suppo a e needed o p omo e he indus ializa ion o en e p ise
pa en s?”—This ep esen s he demand le el o adi ional indus y pa en beha io s o
policy ools.
“Wha do you conside o be he mo i a ions behind you en e p ise’s pa en acquisi ion?”
—This ep esen s di e en mo i a ional ypes o en e p ise pa en acquisi ion.
“The con ibu ion o pa en ans o ma ion o he en e p ise’s p o i ma gin is high.”
—This ep esen s he e iciency o pa en ans o ma ion. The con en s o he ele an
a iables a e shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Va iable de ini ions.
Va iable Ca ego y Va iable Name Symbol Measu emen I ems Va iable Type Scale/Value Range
Indus ial Suppo
Policy
Talen Cul i a ion and
In oduc ion G1 “Cul i a e and in oduce p o essional
alen s” Independen
5-poin Like scale
(1 = no impo an a
all~5 = ex emely
impo an )
Tax Incen i es o
Pa en
Comme cializa ion
G2 “Tax educ ion and exemp ion policies
condi ional on pa en comme cializa ion” Independen
Indus y–Uni e si y–
Resea ch Collabo a ion
Pla o m
G3 “Es ablish indus y–uni e si y– esea ch
inno a ion coope a ion pla o ms” Independen
Resou ce Sha ing
Policy G4
“P omo e he sha ing o equipmen , es ing
acili ies, and expe imen al si es” Independen
In ellec ual P ope y
Financing Suppo G5
“S eng hen guidance on in ellec ual
p ope y pledge inancing, en u e capi al,
e c.”
Independen
Pa en Applica ion
Mo i a ion
Quali ica ion and
Assessmen M1
“Fo assessmen , en e p ise quali ica ion
ce i ica ion, p ojec applica ion, o i le
e alua ion”
Independen
Co po a e Image
Building M2 “Shape co po a e image and enhance
publici y e ec s” Independen
P e en In ingemen ,
De e Compe i o s, o
Accumula e
Technology Rese es
M3
“P e en in ingemen , supp ess
compe i o s, o accumula e echnology
ese es”
Independen
Licensing and T ans e
o P o i M4 “Achie e economic bene i s h ough
licensing o ans e ing pa en s” Independen
Pa en
Comme cializa ion M5 “Realize pa en comme cializa ion” Independen
P o i Con ibu ion
o Pa en
T ans o ma ion
P o i Ma gin
Con ibu ion P
“The con ibu ion o pa en ans o ma ion
o he en e p ise’s p o i ma gin is high” Independen
Economies 2025,13, 206 6 o 21
Table 1. Con .
Va iable Ca ego y Va iable Name Symbol Measu emen I ems Va iable Type Scale/Value Range
Pa en T ans o ma ion T ans o ma ion
Beha io T
“Whe he he pa en has been
ans o med in e nally o
ex e nally” (0 = no ans o ma ion;
1 = ans o med)
Dependen Bina y a iable (0/1)
3.3. Da a Sou ces
This s udy p ima ily ocuses on he ela ionship be ween policy incen i es and inno-
a ion beha io s in adi ional indus ies, such as mining, elec ici y, hea , gas, wa e p o-
duc ion and supply, and manu ac u ing, whe e he main business en i ies a e s a e-owned
en e p ises. Inno a ion beha io s in adi ional indus ies a e p oxied by pa en - ela ed
ac i i ies, including using pa en applica ion mo i a ions o subs i u e o inno a ion
willingness and pa en ans o ma ion beha io indica o s o subs i u e o inno a ion
ou comes. Gi en ha he equi ed da a on pa en beha io s canno be e ie ed om public
da abases o s a is ical eco ds, a ques ionnai e su ey me hod was employed o da a
collec ion. The comple e ques ionnai e can be ound in Appendix A.
This s udy’s sampling ame is de ined as la ge-scale s a e-owned en e p ises in 2024
ha belong o he ca ego y o adi ional manu ac u ing indus ies (including mining,
elec ici y, hea , gas, wa e p oduc ion and supply, and manu ac u ing) and ha e been
es ablished o mo e han 5 yea s. This s udy adop ed a combina ion o s a i ied andom
sampling and a ge ed in i a ion o ec ui sample en e p ises. En e p ises in he sampling
ame we e di ided in o ou laye s acco ding o indus y, wi h 25% o en e p ises andomly
selec ed om each laye , esul ing in a o al o 300 en e p ises (75 om each laye ). Rele an
pe sonnel o he en e p ises we e con ac ed by dis ibu ing bo h pape and elec onic
ques ionnai es. The esponse a e o his su ey was as ollows: 300 en e p ises we e
ini ially in i ed, wi h 152 e ec i ely pa icipa ing. The ac ual e ec i e esponse a e,
calcula ed as he p opo ion o he inal sample size o he ini ial sampling ame, is
app oxima ely 152/1200
≈
12.7%, which is consis en wi h he gene al esponse le el
o su eys on adi ional indus ial en e p ises. As Joseph F. Hai J . no ed, when he
numbe o in luencing ac o s alls wi hin a easonable ange (e.g., 7), he minimum sample
size should be 150. The sample size in his s udy hus mee s he equi emen o he
esea ch ques ion.
The ques ionnai e included 4 la en a iables (pa en applica ion mo i a ion, pa en
ans o ma ion policy ools, pa en ans o ma ion beha io , pa en ans o ma ion e i-
ciency) and 12 obse ed a iables, measu ed using a i e-poin Like scale. The espon-
den s we e asked o use numbe s om 1 o 5 o indica e hei ag eemen wi h he s a emen s,
whe e he numbe s ep esen he ollowing:
1 = Comple ely disag ee;
2 = Disag ee;
3 = Unce ain;
4 = Ag ee;
5 = Comple ely ag ee.
3.4. Desc ip i e S a is ics
The high p opo ion o middle- o-senio managemen (91%) ensu es ha he espon-
den s ha e di ec in ol emen in s a egic decisions ela ed o pa en applica ions and
ans o ma ion. Addi ionally, o e one- hi d o he esponden s (35.53%) ha e mo e han
10 yea s o enu e, wi h 59.35% ha ing wo ked in hei companies o 3–10 yea s. This
long- e m employmen expe ience equips hem wi h in-dep h knowledge o he en e -
p ise’s pa en p ac ices, policy en i onmen s, and ope a ional de ails. These demog aphic
Economies 2025,13, 206 7 o 21
cha ac e is ics collec i ely demons a e ha he esponden s a e well-quali ied o p o ide
accu a e insigh s in o hei companies’ pa en beha io s, he eby enhancing he c edibili y
and eliabili y o he su ey da a.
The alid en e p ise samples ob ained om he su ey, when classi ied by indus y
ca ego y, e eal ha mining en e p ises accoun o he highes p opo ion, a 58.4%,
ollowed by en e p ises in elec ici y, hea , gas, and wa e p oduc ion and supply, a 18.10%,
and manu ac u ing en e p ises, a 13.6%. This ques ionnai e can e ec i ely e lec he basic
si ua ion o adi ional indus ies.
The su ey shows ha pa en ou pu and in e nal pa en usage exhibi a U-shaped
pa e n. In he pas h ee yea s, en e p ises applying o 1–10 pa en s accoun ed o 54.5%,
while hose applying o mo e han 60 pa en s ep esen ed 21.7%. Rega ding he p opo ion
o pa en s used in e nally, 71.10% o he en e p ises ha e an in e nal u iliza ion a e below
30%, and 12.5% ha e a u iliza ion a e o 76% o highe . The da a e eal ha bo h he pa en
applica ion olumes and in e nal ans o ma ion a es o en e p ises show a U-shaped
end—mos en e p ises ha e low applica ion olumes and low ans o ma ion a es, bu a
small numbe ha e bo h high applica ion olumes and high in e nal usage a es. In e ms
o in e nal and ex e nal ans o ma ion, in e nal is he p ima y mode. Desc ip i e s a is ical
in o ma ion o he samples is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Desc ip i e s a is ics.
Name Op ion
F equency
Pe cen age
(%)
Cumula i e
Pe cen age
(%)
Name Op ion F equency Pe cen age
(%)
Cumula i e
Pe cen age
(%)
Iden i y
In ellec ual
P ope y
Manage s
2 1.32 1.32
A e age annual sales
o ope a ing income
in he pas 3 yea s
0–200 13 8.55 8.55
Middle and
Senio
Manage s
138 90.79 92.11 201–2000 9 5.92 14.47
Adminis a i e
Suppo S a 2 1.32 93.42 2001–
10,000 3 1.97 16.45
O he s 4 2.63 96.05 10,001–
30,000 9 5.92 22.37
Technical
Enginee s 6 3.95 100.00 Mo e han
30,000 118 77.63 100.00
Tenu e
Less han
1 yea 13 8.55 8.55
Numbe o pa en s
applied o by he
en e p ise in he pas
3 yea s
(uni : piece)
1–10 83 54.61 54.61
1–3 yea s 35 23.03 31.58 11–30 19 12.50 67.11
3–5 yea s 40 26.32 57.89 30–60 17 11.18 78.29
6–10 yea s 10 6.58 64.47 Mo e han
60 33 21.71 100.00
Mo e han
10 yea s 54 35.53 100.00
The p opo ion o
pa en s used o
sel -pu pose in he
o al numbe o
pa en s
Less
han30% 108 71.10 71.1
The p opo ion o
p o essional and
echnical pe sonnel in
he en e p ise o he
o al numbe o
ull- ime employees
Less han 20%
50 32.89 32.89 31–50% 20 13.20 84.2
21–50% 75 49.34 82.24 51–75% 5 3.30 87.5
51–80% 10 6.58 88.82 Mo e
han76% 19 12.5 100
Mo e han
80% 17 11.18 100.00
The p opo ion o
pa en s con e ed
ex e nally o he o al
numbe o pa en s
Less
han30% 138 90.8 90.8
Indus y
Mining 75 49.3 49.3 31–50% 10 6.6 97.4
Manu ac u ing
29 19.1 68.4 51–75% 3 2 99.3
Elec ici y,
Hea , Gas,
and Wa e
P oduc ion
and Supply
32 21.1 89.5 Mo e han
76% 1 0.7 100
O he s 16 10.5 100 To al 152 100.0 100.0 100
3.5. Model Speci ica ion
Based on he p e ious analysis, he ac o s in luencing pa en beha io a e nume ous,
and hei measu emen is highly subjec i e; hey a e di icul o di ec ly quan i y, and he
ela ionships among hem a e complex. This s udy he e o e employed s uc u al equa ion
modeling (SEM) o measu emen and analysis, whe eby SEM was used o desc ibe he
Economies 2025,13, 206 8 o 21
ela ionships be ween explana o y and explained a iables among la en a iables. In
his con ex , i was applied o es ima e he causal ela ionships among pa en applica ion
mo i a ions, policy ools, and pa en ans o ma ion beha io s. The SEM amewo k
consis s o wo componen s: he measu emen model, which assesses he ela ionship
be ween la en a iables and obse ed indica o s, and he s uc u al model, which examines
he causal ela ionships among la en a iables hemsel es.
The measu emen model cha ac e izes la en a iables by selec ing indica o a iables
and desc ibes he ela ionship be ween la en a iables and indica o a iables. Since
bo h pa en applica ion mo i a ion and policy ools a e e lec i e la en a iables (i.e., he
di ec ion o causal in luence is om he la en a iable o he indica o a iables), he
measu emen models o hese wo la en a iables can bo h be speci ied as e lec i e ypes.
Taking he explana o y la en a iable pa en applica ion mo i a ion as an example, i s
measu emen model is exp essed as in Equa ion (1):
Y=Λη+ε(1)
Equa ion (1) demons a es ha a single ac o “pa en applica ion mo i a ion” (
η
) is
measu ed by a i e-dimensional indica o ec o Y, which includes he ollowing:
y1: E alua ion and assessmen , and en e p ise quali ica ion ce i ica ion;
y
2
: P ojec applica ion, p o essional i le e alua ion, o co po a e image building and
p omo ional e ec s;
y3: P e en in ingemen , de e compe i o s, o accumula e echnology ese es
y4: Economic bene i s achie ed h ough licensing o ans e ;
y5: Pa en indus ializa ion.
He e,
Λ
ep esen s he ac o loading coe icien s be ween each measu emen indica o
a iable and he la en a iable being explained (
η
), while
ε
deno es he measu emen e o
o he la en a iable.
This s udy, he e o e, i s es ed he eliabili y and alidi y o he measu ed la en
a iables. Reliabili y measu es he deg ee o measu emen e o and e alua es he ex en o
which a measu emen me hod is ee om andom and uns able e o s. A scale eliabili y
coe icien abo e 0.9 indica es excellen eliabili y, while a coe icien below 0.7 sugges s
some i ems need o be disca ded. Using he SPSSAU so wa e p og am o analysis, he
eliabili y es esul s show ha he coe icien o pa en suppo policies is 0.931, and he
coe icien o pa en applica ion mo i a ion is 0.75, indica ing ha hese indica o s pass
he eliabili y es .
Validi y assesses whe he a comp ehensi e e alua ion sys em can accu a ely e lec
he e alua ion objec i es and equi emen s, e e ing o he co ec ness o he measu emen
ool’s cha ac e is ics. Highe alidi y means he measu emen esul s be e e lec he
cha ac e is ics o be measu ed. The KMO alues o all a iables a e g ea e han 0.8,
indica ing good pa ial co ela ion among a iables. The esul om Ba le ’s es o
sphe ici y is less han 0.05, ejec ing he sphe ici y hypo hesis and con i ming signi ican
co ela ions among he o iginal a iables a he 1% le el, which is sui able o u he
analysis. The eliabili y s a is ics a e p esen ed in Table 3. KMO and Ba le ’s es a e
p esen ed in Table 4.
Table 3. Reliabili y s a is ics.
Va iable C onbach’s Alpha S anda dized C onbach’s
Alpha Numbe o I ems
Pa en Applica ion Mo i a ion 0.753 0.750 5
Indus ial Suppo Policies 0.928 0.931 5
Economies 2025,13, 206 15 o 21
(Neme ,2009). When bo h d i e s a e equi ed o coexis , he ac i e ole o he go e nmen
becomes essen ial, based on which go e nmen s a e called upon o adop wo app oaches
o encou age inno a ion, namely, educing inno a ion cos s h ough “ echnology push
policies” and inc easing he e u n on inno a ion success h ough “demand pull policies,”
hus o ming he “go e nmen g a i y” hypo hesis o inno a ion d i e s. This s udy uses
su ey da a ob ained om 152 adi ional indus y en e p ises and employs s uc u al
equa ion modeling o es whe he indus ial policies e ec i ely p omo e inno a ion in
adi ional indus ies, wi h inno a ion mo i a ion examined as a media ing mechanism.
The ma ginal con ibu ions o his s udy a e as ollows:
Fi s , indus ial suppo policies play a ole in imp o ing he “inno a ion ine ia”
o adi ional indus ies and p o ide objec i e empi ical e idence om he pe spec i e
o inno a i e beha io . Indus ial suppo policies can e ec i ely alle ia e inno a ion
ine ia in adi ional indus ies, among which public se ice policies, such as cul i a ing
and in oducing p o essional alen , building indus y–uni e si y– esea ch inno a ion
coope a ion pla o ms, and p omo ing he sha ing o esou ces like equipmen and es ing
acili ies, ha e he mos signi ican impac , ollowed by iscal and axa ion policies and
inancial policies.
Second, inno a ion mo i a ion media es he ela ionship be ween indus ial suppo
policies and inno a i e beha io , bu ma ke -o ien ed inno a ion mo i a ion is less in lu-
enced by indus ial suppo policies. Rega ding pa en ans o ma ion beha io , he impac
o inno a ion mo i a ion dec eases in he ollowing o de : epu a ion mo i a ion, quali i-
ca ion e alua ion mo i a ion, s a egic ese e mo i a ion, licensing/ ans e mo i a ion,
and indus ializa ion mo i a ion. In e ms o pa en ans o ma ion e iciency, he in luence
o inno a ion mo i a ion dec eases as ollows: s a egic ese e mo i a ion, epu a ion
mo i a ion, licensing/ ans e mo i a ion, indus ializa ion mo i a ion, and quali ica ion
e alua ion mo i a ion.
Thi d, his s udy en iches he li e a u e on adi ional indus ies. Unlike p e ious e-
sea ch ocusing on s a egic eme ging indus ies o specialized and sophis ica ed indus ies,
his s udy akes adi ional indus ies as he en y poin o discuss he ela ionship be ween
China’s inno a ion incen i e policy ools o adi ional indus ies and hei inno a ion
ac i i ies, he eby expanding he exis ing academic discou se.
The nex esea ch di ec ion is o conduc a compa a i e analysis a e in es iga ing
high- ech indus ies.
6. Conclusions and Policy Implica ions
The upg ading and ans o ma ion o adi ional indus ies play a c i ical ole in
enhancing he esilience and compe i i eness o China’s indus ial and supply chains,
os e ing new-quali y p oduc i i y, and d i ing high-quali y economic de elopmen . Based
on su ey da a om adi ional indus y en e p ises, his s udy uses pa en - ela ed beha -
io al indica o s o measu e inno a ion ac i i ies in adi ional indus ies and empi ically
analyzes he e ec s o policy ins umen s on pa en applica ion mo i a ions and pa en
ans o ma ion beha io s. The main conclusions a e as ollows:
•
Inno a ion Mo i a ion Signi ican ly In luences he T ans o ma ion o Inno a ion
Achie emen s in T adi ional Indus ies.
•
The da a analysis shows ha pa en mo i a ions e ec i ely a ec en e p ises’ pa en
ans o ma ion beha io s. The mo i a ion o p e en in ingemen , supp ess compe i-
o s, o accumula e echnological ese es has he g ea es impac ; ma ke -o ien ed
mo i a ions, such as achie ing economic bene i s h ough licensing/ ans e and
pa en indus ializa ion ollow, and mo i a ions, like building co po a e image, mee -
ing e alua ion equi emen s (e.g., en e p ise quali ica ion ce i ica ion, p ojec appli-
Economies 2025,13, 206 16 o 21
ca ion, p o essional i le e alua ion), and o he pu poses, ha e he smalles impac .
This indica es ha s a egic inno a ions aimed a “ca e ing o” go e nmen policies
ha e limi ed e ec s on pa en ans o ma ion. In con as , pa en s d i en by mo i-
a ions such as p e en ing in ingemen , supp essing compe i o s, o accumula ing
echnological ese es end o unc ion as a means o echnological locking in he
ma ke . Cha ac e ized by high quali y and ma ke alue, such pa en s a e mo e
eadily ans o mable.Public Indus ial Suppo Policies Mo e E ec i ely P omo e he
T ans o ma ion o Inno a ion Achie emen s in T adi ional Indus ies.
Among a ious indus ial suppo policies, hose suppo ing indus y–uni e si y–
esea ch (IUR) inno a ion coope a ion pla o ms ha e he la ges impac on pa en ans-
o ma ion beha io s in adi ional indus ies, ollowed by policies o cul i a ing and
in oducing p o essional alen . This e lec s he s ong demand o specialized pe sonnel
in adi ional indus ies o d i e pa en ans o ma ion, as alen in oduc ion enables he
implemen a ion o exis ing pa en s. T adi ional indus ies also ha e a s ong need o
policies p omo ing sha ed access o equipmen and es ing acili ies o expe imen s and
pilo ials. In con as , ax educ ion and ee exemp ion policies condi ional on pa en
indus ializa ion a e less e ec i e han o he public policies, while in ellec ual p ope y
pledge inancing and en u e capi al policies ha e he weakes e ec s. This indica es ha
adi ional indus ies ha e limi ed awa eness o using inancial ools o inno a ion and
lowe policy demand in his ega d.
•
Indus ial Suppo Policies Achie e he Highes Inno a ion E iciency by S imula ing
Pa en T ans o ma ion D i en by In ingemen P e en ion, Compe i o Supp ession,
o Technological Rese e Mo i es.
The locking e ec o echnical s anda ds ampli ies he gap be ween incumben s and
non-incumben s, wi h pa en ba ie s being one mani es a ion o echnological locking.
Guided by ma ke p o i ma gins, indus ial suppo policies can e ec i ely p omo e he
ans o ma ion o pa en s mo i a ed by in ingemen p e en ion, compe i o supp ession,
o echnological ese e accumula ion. On one hand, his b eaks down pa en ba ie s,
u ging incumben s anda d-se e s o o e come “ac i e inno a ion ine ia” and shi om
inc emen al upg ades o mo e adical inno a ion. On he o he hand, i enables non-
incumben s o inno a e based on exis ing achie emen s while accumula ing he e ogeneous
inno a i e esou ces, hus o e coming “passi e inno a ion ine ia.” Addi ionally, his
mechanism e ec i ely le e ages he spillo e e ec s o echnological inno a ion o d i e
he o e all upg ading o adi ional indus ies.
Based on he abo e conclusions, he ollowing policy implica ions a e d awn:
•
Design Indus ial Suppo Policies wi h Inno a ion Mo i a ion as he Co e o O e -
come Inno a ion Ine ia.
When o mula ing indus ial suppo policies, go e nmen s should comp ehensi ely
unde s and he inno a ion mo i a ions o adi ional indus ies and p io i ize hem as he
s a ing poin . Policies should aim o genuinely suppo inno a ion a he han incen i ize
“s a egic” inno a ions ha me ely ca e o policy equi emen s, he eby alle ia ing he
“ac i e inno a ion ine ia” in adi ional indus ies.
Pa icula a en ion should be paid o pa en s mo i a ed by in ingemen p e en ion,
compe i o supp ession, o echnological ese e accumula ion. These pa en s no only help
b eak he echnological s anda d ad an ages o pa en holde s and os e b eak h ough
inno a ions beyond inc emen al upg ades bu also disman le pa en ba ie s, enabling
non-incumben i ms o le e age exis ing echnologies e ec i ely, ealize spillo e e ec s
o inno a ion in adi ional indus ies, and accumula e he e ogeneous esou ces.
Economies 2025,13, 206 17 o 21
Indus ial suppo policies should p io i ize e iciency o e quan i y, shi ing he ocus
om “quan i y-o ien ed” o “quali y- and e ec -o ien ed” inno a ion. E alua ion indica-
o s o policy ou comes should emphasize he e ec i eness o scien i ic and echnological
achie emen ans o ma ion a he han me e pa en quan i y. O he wise, low-quali y
s a egic pa en s may unde go ine icien ans o ma ion, yielding limi ed impac s despi e
supe icial e ec i eness.
Fo ma ke -o ien ed pa en mo i a ions, indus ial policies should a oid excessi e
in e en ion and ully le e age en e p ises’ ole as he main d i e s o inno a ion.
•S eng hen Public Se ice Policies o Suppo Inno a ion in T adi ional Indus ies.
Among a ious indus ial suppo policies, public se ice policies a e mo e e ec i e
han iscal and inancial policies in p omo ing echnology ans e in adi ional indus ies.
The e o e, e o s should be made o achie e he ollowing:
Expand Indus y-Uni e si y-Resea ch (IUR) Collabo a ion Pla o ms: T adi ional
indus ies a e con on ed wi h bo h echnological pa h dependence and he dilemma o
ha ing he desi e o ans o m ye lacking he capabili y. IUR collabo a ion pla o ms
can add ess echnological bo lenecks by in eg a ing he echnical and alen ad an ages
o esea ch ins i u ions wi h en e p ises’ ma ke -o ien ed R&D capabili ies, d i ing join
echnological b eak h oughs.
Enhance P o essional Talen De elopmen : T adi ional indus ies s uggle o a ac
alen compa ed o high- ech sec o s. Policies should combine “ alen ec ui men ” and
“ alen cul i a ion,” o e ing p e e en ial ea men s in social secu i y and compensa ion o
a ac highly skilled and composi e alen . Mul i-s akeholde aining mechanisms—such
as IUR coope a ion, men o ing p og ams, and oca ional aining—should be p omo ed o
acili a e wo k o ce ans o ma ion wi hin indus ies.
Suppo Pilo Tes Pla o ms: Pilo es ing is c i ical o b idging R&D and p oduc ion.
Policies should encou age leading en e p ises o build indus y-wide pilo pla o ms o
upg ade ups eam and downs eam capabili ies while es ablishing public pilo se ice
ins i u ions wi h ad anced acili ies, equipmen , and p o essional eams o p o ide ull-
chain, high-le el se ices.
•
In oducing Compe i ion Mechanisms While Sa egua ding Na ional Economic Secu i y.
To achie e inno a ion-d i en de elopmen , i is essen ial o in oduce compe i i e
mechanisms—pa icula ly by exposing adminis a i e monopolies o ma ke compe i ion.
Economis s a gue ha mos echnological inno a ions a e passi e and eac i e; only a
mino i y o en e p ises p oac i ely inno a e wi hou ex e nal compe i i e p essu e. To
compel adi ional indus ies o inno a e ac i ely and imp o e e iciency, compe i ion mus
be in ensi ied while ensu ing na ional economic secu i y. Inc eased ma ke compe i ion
o ces adi ional playe s o ac i ely moni o ma ke dynamics and seek p o i oppo uni ies
o su i e.
Fo adminis a i e monopolies, e o ms should ocus on sepa a ing go e nmen unc-
ions om en e p ise managemen , dis inguishing public owne ship om ope a ional
con ol, implemen ing anchise sys ems, and s eng hening go e nmen o e sigh . Con-
cu en ly, an ins i u ional en i onmen conduci e o high-quali y de elopmen in he
non-public sec o mus be os e ed. This includes imp o ing ma ke access, policies, legal
amewo ks, and social suppo o p i a e and o eign- unded en e p ises o enhance hei
i ali y and c ea i i y.
Fu he mo e, he inno a ion e alua ion sys em mus shi om “emphasizing su-
pe icial me ics” o “p io i izing eal-wo ld impac .” Go e nmen s should mo e beyond
assessing en e p ises solely based on pa en quan i y o con e sion a es. Ins ead, a mul-
idimensional e alua ion amewo k—de eloped collabo a i ely by go e nmen s, i ms,
Economies 2025,13, 206 18 o 21
indus y associa ions, and academia—should balance quan i a i e and quali a i e ou -
comes. Such a sys em mus no only moni o indus ial inno a ion bu also se e as a
s a egic guide, incen i izing high-quali y scien i ic and echnological ad ancemen s wi h
angible applica ions.
7. Limi a ions and Fu u e Resea ch
This s udy examines he impac o indus ial suppo policies on he inno a ion
capabili y o adi ional indus ies and he media ing mechanism, bu he e is s ill oom
o imp o emen . In e ms o da a comp ehensi eness, because o he con enience o
da a collec ion, he cu en esea ch mainly ocuses on s a e-owned en e p ises, wi hou
ully conside ing non-s a e-owned en e p ises. On he o he hand, he indus ies s udied
a e mainly concen a ed in adi ional sec o s, such as mining, elec ici y, hea , gas, wa e
p oduc ion and supply, and manu ac u ing, wi h no co e age o o he indus ies.
In u u e esea ch, we can u he explo e he impac o indus ial suppo policies on
he inno a ion capabili y o non-s a e-owned en e p ises and o he adi ional indus ies.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, Y.Z.; me hodology, Y.Z.; alida ion, H.L.; o mal analysis,
H.L.; in es iga ion, H.L.; da a cu a ion, H.L.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, H.L.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, Y.Z.; unding acquisi ion, Y.Z. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding: The Fundamen al Resea ch Funds o he Cen al Uni e si ies: 2023JBWB001; he Na ional
Social Science Fund o China: 24BJY018.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : In o med consen was ob ained om all subjec s in ol ed in he s udy.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a o his s udy canno be sha ed due o p i acy conce ns.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Appendix A
Ques ionnai e on he Impac o Indus ial Suppo Policies on Imp o ing he Inno a-
ion Capabili y o T adi ional Indus ies
Dea Si /Madam,
This s udy aims o analyze he ole o indus ial suppo policies in imp o ing he
inno a ion capabili y o adi ional indus ies and explo e coun e measu es o enhance
such capabili y. You opinions a e o g ea signi icance o his esea ch, and we kindly ask
you o spend a ew minu es comple ing his ques ionnai e. This su ey is o academic
esea ch pu poses only. All da a will be kep con iden ial wi hou you pe mission, and
he con en o he ques ionnai e will no in ol e you company’s ade sec e s. Please ill
i ou objec i ely. I you a e in e es ed in he analysis esul s, please p o ide you email
add ess, and we will send he esea ch indings o you p omp ly upon comple ion o he
s udy. Thank you again o you suppo !
We wish you e e y success in you wo k and all he bes !
Appendix A.1. Pe sonal Basic In o ma ion
1. You gende : ( )
A. Male B. Female
2. You age: ( )
A. Unde 30 yea s old B. 31–40 yea s old C. 41–50 yea s old
D. 51–60 yea s old E. O e 60 yea s old
Economies 2025,13, 206 19 o 21
3. You educa ion le el: ( )
A. Junio college B. Bachelo ’s deg ee
C. Mas e ’s deg ee D. Doc o al deg ee E. O he
4. You posi ion: ( )
A. In ellec ual p ope y manage B. Middle and senio managemen
C. Adminis a i e suppo s a D. O he E. Technical enginee
5. As o Oc obe 2024, how long ha e you been in you cu en posi ion? ( )
A. Less han 1 yea B. 1–3 yea s
C. 3–5 yea s D. 6–10 yea s E. Mo e han 10 yea s
6. Do you ha e a echnical i le? ( )
A. Yes B. No
7. You echnical i le le el: ( )
A. P ima y B. In e media e C. Senio
8. Do you hold any pa en s? ( )
A. Yes B. No
9. The numbe o pa en s you hold: ( )
A. 1–3 B. 4–6 C. 6–10 D. Mo e han 10
Appendix A.2. Basic In o ma ion o he En e p ise
1. The indus y in which he en e p ise’s main business ope a es: ( )
A. Ag icul u e, o es y, animal husband y, and ishe y
B. Mining
C. Manu ac u ing
D. Elec ici y, hea , gas, and wa e p oduc ion and supply
E. Cons uc ion
F. Wholesale and e ail
G. T anspo a ion, s o age, and pos al se ices
H. Accommoda ion and ca e ing
I. In o ma ion ansmission, so wa e, and in o ma ion echnology se ices
J. Financial indus y
K. Real es a e
L. Leasing and business se ices
M. Scien i ic esea ch and echnical se ices
N. Wa e conse ancy, en i onmen , and public acili ies managemen
O. Residen se ices, epai , and o he se ices
P. Educa ion
Q. Heal h and social wo k
R. Cul u e, spo s, and en e ainmen
S. Public managemen , social secu i y, and social o ganiza ions
2. The ype o you en e p ise: ( )
A. High- ech en e p ise
B. Technology gian en e p ise
C. Technology-based small and medium-sized en e p ise
D. Gene al en e p ise
E. O he
3. The ime since he en e p ise was ounded: ( )
A. 3 yea s o less
B. 4–6 yea s
C. 7–10 yea s
Economies 2025,13, 206 20 o 21
D. 10–20 yea s
E. Mo e han 20 yea s
4. The numbe o egula employees in he en e p ise: ( )
A. 500 o less
B. 501–2000
C. 2001–10,000
D. Mo e han 10,000
5.
The p opo ion o p o essional and echnical pe sonnel among egula employees: ( )
A. Less han 20% B. 20–50%
C. 51–80% D. Mo e han 80%
6. The a e age annual sales e enue o ope a ing income o he en e p ise in he pas 3
yea s (Uni : RMB 10,000): ( )
A. 0–200 B. 201–2000
C. 2001–10,000 D. 10,001–30,000 E. Mo e han 30,000
7. The p opo ion o R&D in es men in ope a ing income: ( )
A. Less han 1% B. 1–3%
C. 3–6% D. Mo e han 6%
8. The numbe o pa en applica ions iled by he en e p ise in he pas 3 yea s: ( )
A. 1–10 B. 11–30
C. 30–60 D. Mo e han 60
9. The p opo ion o applied o ex e nally licensed pa en s among he applied pa en s: ( )
A. Less han 30% B. 30–50%
C. 50–75% D. Mo e han 75%
10.
The p opo ion o pa en pu chase amoun in R&D expenses: ( )
A. Less han 10% B. 10–30%
C. 31–50% D. Mo e han 50%
11.
The p opo ion o sel -used pa en s in he o al numbe o pa en s: ( )
A. 30% o less B. 31–50%
C. 51–75% D. Mo e han 76%
12.
The p opo ion o ex e nally ans o med pa en s in he o al numbe o pa en s: ( )
A. 30% o less B. 31–50%
C. 51–75% D. Mo e han 76%
Appendix A.3
Table A1. Indus ial Suppo Policies and Indus ial Inno a ion (Please Tick
√
he Sco e Tha Ma ches
You Opinion).
Ques ionnai e Con en Sco e
(Ve y Li le E ec ← → Ve y Signi ican E ec )
1. Wha a e he mo i es o inno a ion? Comple ely
inconsis en Sligh ly
consis en Neu al Basically
consis en Comple ely
consis en
Quali ica ion and Assessmen 1 2 3 4 5
Co po a e Image Building 1 2 3 4 5
P e en In ingemen , De e Compe i o s, o Conduc Technology
Rese es 1 2 3 4 5
Licensing and T ans e o P o i 1 2 3 4 5
Pa en Comme cializa ion 1 2 3 4 5
2. Wha go e nmen policy suppo is needed o imp o e he
inno a ion capabili y o adi ional indus ies?
Comple ely
inconsis en Sligh ly
consis en Neu al Basically
consis en Comple ely
consis en
Economies 2025,13, 206 21 o 21
Table A1. Con .
Ques ionnai e Con en Sco e
(Ve y Li le E ec ← → Ve y Signi ican E ec )
Talen Cul i a ion and In oduc ion 1 2 3 4 5
Tax Incen i es o Pa en Comme cializa ion 1 2 3 4 5
Indus y–Uni e si y–Resea ch Collabo a ion Pla o m 1 2 3 4 5
Resou ce Sha ing Policy 1 2 3 4 5
In ellec ual P ope y Financing Suppo 1 2 3 4 5
3. Pa en con e sion me hods Comple ely
inconsis en Sligh ly
consis en Neu al Basically
consis en Comple ely
consis en
Sel -in es men o implemen a ion and ans o ma ion 1 2 3 4 5
Coope a i e implemen a ion 1 2 3 4 5
Pa en assignmen 1 2 3 4 5
Pa en licensing 1 2 3 4 5
Valua ion o equi y pa icipa ion 1 2 3 4 5
4. The e iciency and e ec i eness o pa en con e sion a e e y high.
1 2 3 4 5
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Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
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people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
