Kohne , Di k
Book Pa — Accep ed Manusc ip (Pos p in )
Togo – 2012: Domes ic poli ics, o eign a ai s, and socio-
economic de elopmen
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Kohne , Di k (2013) : Togo – 2012: Domes ic poli ics, o eign a ai s, and socio-
economic de elopmen , In: Melbe , Henning Mehle , And eas Wal a en, Klaas (Ed.): A ica Yea book
Volume 9: Poli ics, Economy and Socie y Sou h o he Saha a in 2012, B ill, Leiden, pp. 195-201
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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Au ho ’s e sion o : Kohne , Di k: Togo. In: Melbe /Mehle /Wal a en (eds.), A ica Yea book Vol. 9
– Poli ics, economy and socie y Sou h o he Saha a in 2012. Leiden & Bos on: B ill, 2013: 195 – 201
Togo – 2012
Domes ic poli ics, o eign a ai s,
and socio-economic de elopmen
Di k Kohne
1
Abs ac : - Domes ic poli ics in Togo in 2012 we e domina ed by he upcoming legisla i e and
local elec ions and i econcilable di e ences be ween he uling pa y on he one hand and a
b oad coali ion o opposi ion pa ies and ci il socie y o ganisa ions on he o he . Unde he
g owing momen um o egula an i-go e nmen demons a ions, o en iolen ly supp essed, he
call o he esigna ion o P esiden Fau e Gnassingbé and poli ical change became mo e
a icula e. In o eign a ai s, he p o-Wes e n s ance o he go e nmen was inc easingly alued
by in e na ional dono s in iew o he g owing h ea o e o ism in he neighbou ing Sahel.
P omising g ow h p ospec s led he go e nmen and i s majo i y in pa liamen o o e an
ambi ious budge o 2013.
Résumé: - La poli ique in é ieu e au Togo en 2012 a é é dominée pa les p ochaines élec ions
législa i es e locales e les di e gences i éconciliables en e le pa i au pou oi d'une pa e
une la ge coali ion de pa is d'opposi ion e d'o ganisa ions de la socié é ci ile d'au e pa . Sous
l'impulsion c oissan e des mani es a ions an i-gou e nemen ales éguliè es, sou en iolemmen
ép imées, l'appel à la démission du p ésiden Fau e Gnassingbé e le changemen poli ique son
de enus plus explici es. Dans le domaine des a ai es é angè es, la posi ion p o-occiden ale du
gou e nemen é ai de plus en plus app éciée pa les bailleu s de onds in e na ionaux en aison
de la menace g andissan e du e o isme dans le Sahel oisin. Des pe spec i es de c oissance
p ome euses on condui le gou e nemen e sa majo i é au pa lemen à o e un budge
ambi ieux pou 2013.
Keywo ds: coun ywide s udy, Togo, Wes A ica, domes ic poli ics, o eign a ai s,
socio-economic de elopmen
JEL-code: A14, F35, N97, O17, O55, Z13
1
Associa ed esea ch ellow a he Ins i u e o A ican A ai s (IAA) a he Ge man Ins i u e o Global
and A ea S udies (GIGA), Hambu g.
2
Domes ic poli ics we e domina ed by he upcoming legisla i e and local elec ions and
i econcilable di e ences be ween he uling pa y on he one hand and a b oad
coali ion o opposi ion pa ies and ci il socie y o ganisa ions on he o he . Unde he
g owing momen um o egula an i-go e nmen demons a ions, o en iolen ly
supp essed, he call o he esigna ion o P esiden Fau e Gnassingbé and poli ical
change became mo e a icula e. In o eign a ai s, he p o-Wes e n s ance o he
go e nmen was inc easingly alued by in e na ional dono s in iew o he g owing
h ea o e o ism in he neighbou ing Sahel. P omising g ow h p ospec s led he
go e nmen and i s majo i y in pa liamen o o e an ambi ious budge o 2013.
Domes ic Poli ics
The e o med ‘Cad e Pe manen de Dialogue e de Conce a ion’ (CDPC), c ea ed in
2009, which had esumed wo k in Sep embe 2011, submi ed ecommenda ions o i s
i s ound o alks in Feb ua y. Howe e , he mos impo an opposi ion pa ies, he
‘Alliance Na ionale pou le Changemen ’ (ANC) and he ‘Comi é d’Ac ion pou le
Renou eau’ (CAR), as well as a ious ci il socie y g oups, boyco ed he dialogue
because ANC MPs we e s ill denied hei igh s as elec ed legisla o s and ba ed om
pa liamen . The ANC, CAR and he uling ‘Rassemblemen du Peuple Togolais’ (RPT)
ag eed in Ma ch on sepa a e consul a ions in o de o o e come hei di e ences, bu
he dialogue s alled again. Finally, he p esiden accused P ime Minis e Gilbe F.
Houngbo o mishandling he a ai . A e he la e ’s eplacemen on 8 July, he new
p ime minis e , Ahoomey-Zunu, ied o eopen he dialogue again in Sep embe and
mid-No embe , bu o no a ail. This was he esul o incompa ible di e ences be ween
an unyielding uling pa y RPT/UNIR (‘Union pou la République’) and he opposi ion,
no ably on he ques ion o limi a ion o he p esiden ial manda e o wo consecu i e
e ms ( he cu en one e mina ing in 2015) and he adjus men o cons i u ional
bounda ies, which we e hea ily biased in a ou o he uling pa y.
The opposi ion became anxious o con on he uncomp omising a i ude o he
go e nmen and o e come he weakness in i s own anks caused by he schism in he
majo opposi ion pa y, ‘Union des Fo ces du Changemen ’, in 2010. In iew o he
limi ed success o con en ional pa y poli ics, opponen s o he Gnassingbé egime we e
keen o c ea e a b oad basis o ci il and poli ical ac ion agains he egime. On 4 Ap il,
six opposi ion pa ies o he so-called ‘ adical opposi ion’ (among hem he ANC, CAR,
‘Con en ion Démoc a ique des Peuples A icains’ [CDPA] and ‘O ganisa ion pou
Bâ i dans l’Union un Togo Solidai e’, along wi h ci il socie y g oups), launched a
b oadly based opposi ion alliance, ‘Collec i Sau ons le Togo’ (CST), headed by he
lawye Aja on Zeus. On 26 June, an alliance o 27 ci il socie y o ganisa ions, called he
‘Conce a ion Na ionale de la Socié é Ci ile Togolaise’, ollowed sui in c ea ing a
mo emen o p omo e democ a ic elec ions, he ‘Syne gie Ci oyenne pou des Elec ions
Démoc a iques’. And inally, on 3 Augus , a con ede a ion o smalle pa ies o he
‘mode a e’ opposi ion (such as he ‘Pa i Démoc a ique Pana icain’ and CDPA) joined
in, by ounding a ainbow coali ion, he ‘A c-en-ciel’, mean o complemen he CST.
As a esul , an i-go e nmen demons a ions in July-Sep embe eached a new le el
wi h up o 150,000 pa icipan s.
The dissolu ion o he RPT in a ou o a mode nized UNIR pa y, which had
long been in he pipeline and was o iginally scheduled o ake place on 28 Janua y, was
pos poned sine die because o he esis ance o old pa y ba ons. I ook inally place a
a second a emp du ing he 5 h ex ao dina y pa y cong ess a Bli a and a simul aneous
3
cons i u i e con e ence a A akpamé (14 Ap il). Subsequen o he decision, he
p esiden ou ed he no h, he adi ional ie o he RPT, in o de o explain he pa y’s
new ision. The ou wa d appea ance o he new uling pa y was adap ed o he
equi emen s o a mode n mul i-pa y sys em, including a g adual democ a ic opening
and egene a ion o pa y membe s, bu he pe sonalized in o mal pa y s uc u es
emained much he same. The mos powe ul opponen s o he pa y’s dissolu ion had
al eady been sidelined well be o e. They included Gene al Assani Tidjani, who had
b ough Fau e Gnassingbé o powe a e his a he died in 2005 bu had been sen enced
o 20 yea s imp isonmen o his alleged in ol emen in he 2009 coup a emp . Tidjani,
who was eleased on bail o medical ea men , died, a us a ed man, on 7 Decembe
in Limoge, F ance.
On 3 Ap il, he T u h and Reconcilia ion Commission (CVJR – ‘Commission
Vé i é, Jus ice e Réconcilia ion’) published i s inal epo . I was p esided o e by Mg
Nicodème Benissan-Ba igah and suppo ed by he UNHCR o ice in Lomé. The
CVJR’s 11 membe s ep esen ed a ious ci il socie y g oups (excluding poli ical
pa ies) and no ably in ol ed eligious leade s. Du ing i s enqui ies, i ecei ed o e
20,000 pe i ions. I s mos impo an ecommenda ions included epa a ions, publica ion
o documen s conce ning human igh s iola ions, symbolic econcilia ion (e.g. public
apologies, monumen s, memo ial days), and las bu no leas p osecu ion o
pe pe a o s. The Commission demanded ha he go e nmen publish a Whi e Book on
how i in ended o implemen he CVJR’s ecommenda ions and sugges ed wo
ins i u ions o moni o ing and e alua ion. Howe e , he CVJR had nei he he powe o
li he immuni y om p osecu ion o pe pe a o s and a chi ec s o human igh
iola ions no he abili y o o e amnes y o epa a ions; hese emained p e oga i es o
he s a e. Howe e , he go e nmen was eluc an o implemen he ecommenda ions,
which was ha dly su p ising since high- anking membe s o go e nmen , he mili a y
and he adminis a ion igu ed among hose accused.
Du ing a go e nmen eshu le in July, he head o s a e eplaced P ime
Minis e Gilbe Houngbo, who s epped down on 11 July because o a bi e dispu e
wi h he p esiden abou he con inuing a bi a iness in he in elligence se ices. He was
eplaced by o me minis e o ade, A hème K.S. Ahoomey-Zunu, known as a
go e nmen loyalis . The new go e nmen was appoin ed on 31 July wi h ew
no ewo hy changes. New Secu i y Minis e Colonel Ya k Damehane eplaced
Dokissima Gnama La a, who was blamed o he ine ec i e esponse o poli ical
p o es s. Pascal Bodjona was eplaced by Gilbe Bawa a as minis e o e i o ial
adminis a ion esponsible o he handling o he coming elec ions. La e , on 11
Sep embe , Bodjona was cha ged wi h complici y in an in e na ional aud agains a
backg ound o in e nal i al ies in he uling pa y. O he s in ol ed in his case included
Togolese businessman Be in Agba, El Yousse Abass, a ade om Abu Dhabi, and
Loïk Le Floch P igen , o me CEO o he F ench oil company El -Aqui aine, in p ison
in Lomé since 14 Sep embe . One o he las emaining kingmake s o he 2005
up ising, Gene al Zaka i Nandja, chie -o -s a o he a med o ces, who had o s ep
down in he wake o he 2009 coup a emp and was ma ginalized a he Minis y o
Wa e and Sani a ion, was eplaced by newcome Bissoune Nabagou. Al oge he , he e
we e nine newcome s in he cabine , mos ly om UNIR, and he adical opposi ion
emained excluded. The Minis y o De ence emained a ached o he p esidency in
o de o p e en ano he coup a emp . The mili a y’s op b ass was eplaced by
p esiden ial loyalis s. Thus, Colonel Kadanga Félix Abalo Essodina, o me commande
o he Rapid In e en ion Fo ce and b o he -in-law o Kpa cha Gnassingbé, he
imp isoned o me minis e o de ence, was appoin ed he new chie -o -s a on 2
4
No embe . Sho ly be o e, on 18 Augus , he p esiden eplaced he con o e sial head
o he genda me ie, Colonel Ya k Damehane, wi h Lieu enan -Colonel Messan Akobi.
A lawye and di isional commande , Koudouo o Têko, became he new police chie .
Unusually, he wo appoin ees bo h o igina ed om he sou h.
Conce ning he legisla i e and local elec ions planned o Oc obe , one o he
opposi ion’s mos salien demands was he e ision o he biased cons i uency
bounda ies, as well as he compila ion o a new us wo hy elec o al egis e ,
ins alla ion o a uly independen ‘Commission Elec o ale Na ionale Indépendan e’
(CENI) and he holding o legisla i e and local elec ions, which had been epea edly
delayed. The ed awing o cons i uency bounda ies and he inc ease in he numbe o
cons i uencies om 81 o 83 (ins ead o 91 as ecommended by he CDPC) in June was
ejec ed by he opposi ion as me ely cosme ic. E en in he iew o in e na ional dono s,
i ailed o co ec he bias in a ou o he uling pa y. The same was ue o he
con o e sial changes in he elec o al code, adop ed on 27 May, and he es uc u ing o
CENI on 15 Oc obe . Headed by Angèle Dola Aguigah, a uni e si y p o esso o
a chaeology and o me ly an RTP candida e in he 2007 legisla i e elec ions, he
commission was now domina ed by he go e nmen e en mo e han be o e. The
pa liamen a y majo i y sidelined ep esen a i es o he ‘ adical opposi ion’ and he CST
when elec ing he 17 CENI membe s, al hough he Global Poli ical Acco d o 2006
equi ed he commission’s balanced composi ion. The legisla i e and local elec ions
we e again adjou ned, his ime o Ma ch 2013.
The human igh s eco d emained a nished, as shown by c edible epo s on
poli ical pe secu ion and o u e o opponen s, which he go e nmen ied in ain o
supp ess. On 17 Feb ua y, i published a epo on o u e wi hin he secu i y se ices,
no ably he in elligence agency (‘Agence Na ionale de Renseignemen ’; ANR), as
demanded by he opposi ion and in e na ional human igh s g oups. The epo had been
submi ed o he go e nmen by he ‘Commission Na ionale des D oi s de l’Homme’
(CNDH), manda ed o in es iga e allega ions o o u e in 2011. Two days la e , CNDH
p esiden Ko i Koun é unco e ed dis o ions in he go e nmen epo , which had
omi ed he mos c i ical s a emen s and denied accusa ions o o u e. He published he
o iginal indings bu was subsequen ly o ced o lee o F ance a e ecei ing dea h
h ea s. On 23 No embe , Samdja Alilou Cissé, a uni e si y p o esso and ally o he
p esiden ial majo i y, was elec ed as he new head o he CNDH. He ques ioned any
w ongdoing by he go e nmen conce ning he alsi ied epo . A he same ime, he
UN Commi ee Agains To u e oiced conce ns ega ding o u e and ill- ea men
du ing i s examina ion o he second pe iodic epo submi ed by he Togolese
go e nmen (49 h session, Gene a, 29 Oc obe - 23 No embe ).
Th oughou he yea , ci il socie y o ganisa ions and in e na ional NGOs
p o es ed agains he pe secu ion o jou nalis s. Al hough Togo’s posi ion on he Global
F eedom o he P ess Index imp o ed sligh ly om 72 (2009) o 69 (2012), i was s ill
no conside ed as ‘ ee’. In addi ion, leade s and ac i is s o new opposi ion s uden
o ganisa ions, such as he ‘Union na ionale des élè es e é udian s du Togo’, a he
uni e si ies o Lomé and Ka a we e ha assed and imp isoned. In No embe , he
appalling condi ions in he conges ed p isons, egula ly denounced by human igh s
g oups, again hi he headlines when he dea hs we e epo ed o wo de ainees in Lomé
p ison and ano he h ee in Dapaong p ison (in he a no h).
Acco ding o UN epo s, Togo had become a majo a icking and money-
launde ing hub in Wes A ica. Go e nmen sou ces e ealed he seizu e o 80 onnes
o d ugs be ween No embe 2011 and June 2012. Cocaine smuggling om La in
Ame ica ia Lomé o des ina ions in Wes e n Eu ope, Lebanon and Asia had become a
5
g owing conce n. D ug money and p o i s om illici e-expo s (no ably used ca s om
Wes e n Eu ope) om he deep-wa e po o Lomé o neighbou ing ma ke s (mos ly in
Nige ia) we e appa en ly also used o money launde ing o Hisbollah. Lomé became
no o ious o slack en o cemen . The ex en o he illegal ade in i o y om Cen al
A ica ia Lomé o China became clea when cus oms in Malaysia seized usks om
o e 750 elephan s, equi alen o all he i o y A ican seized in he p e ious yea .
Pi acy on he Wes A ican coas made i a new in e na ional ‘ho spo ’.
London-based Lloyd’s insu ance now lis ed he Gul o Guinea in he same isk
ca ego y as Somalia. In Decembe , he ICG wa ned abou slack en o cemen and lack o
ma i ime coope a ion be ween coas al s a es, hampe ed by poli ical ension and dis us .
In Augus and Oc obe , h ee oil anke s we e hijacked by pi a es o he Togolese coas
and, on 27 Augus , a hijacked anke damaged he Wes A ican Gas Pipeline, which
in e up ed he low o gas des ined o powe plan s in Tako adi and Tema in Ghana.
Fo eign A ai s
The deba e on ansna ional c ime in Wes A ica esumed on 21 Feb ua y a he UNSC,
p esided o e by Gnassingbé in his capaci y as ep esen a i e o Togo as a empo a y
membe s a e. Sho ly be o e, Togo had ci cula ed a pape on he impac o o ganised
c ime on peace, secu i y and s abili y in Wes A ica and he Sahel egion.
On 6 June, Gnassingbé was econ i med as execu i e chai o UEMOA du ing
i s 16 h summi in Lomé, which ocused on peace and secu i y ques ions in he sub-
egion. In la e No embe , Gnassingbé made a su p ise isi o Is ael on his way back
om I aly, whe e he had gone o heal h easons. In Tel A i , he was joined by his
mos impo an secu i y ad ise s, Gene al A cha Ti ikpina, head o he a med o ces,
Minis e o Secu i y and Ci il P o ec ion Ya k Damehame, and Yo o ei Massina,
depu y di ec o o he ANR. This led o media specula ion abou he p esiden ’s heal h,
which was swi ly ebu ed by he go e nmen . Is ael and Togo had long coope a ed on
secu i y issues.
The EU con inued assis ing and moni o ing he p ocess o democ a iza ion in
gene al. Howe e , i e used o p o ide di ec assis ance o he o ganisa ion o local
and legisla i e elec ions, which had been pos poned se e al imes, un il EU
ecommenda ions on a poli ical dialogue and he es uc u ing o cons i uency
bounda ies we e ollowed. In addi ion, he EU con ibu ed gene ously o de elopmen
assis ance. On 23 No embe , i g an ed € 22.5 m o he p omo ion o accele a ed
g ow h and employmen wi hin he amewo k o he budge a y suppo p og amme o
public policy, which had he ambi ious goal o eaching 7% g ow h a yea in o de o
igh po e y and achie e he MDGs. On 17 Decembe , ano he EU- unded p ojec
(€ 6 m o ou yea s) was launched o p omo e ci il socie y de elopmen ( he ‘P oje
d’Appui à la Socié é Ci ile e à la Réconcilia ion Na ionale’).
The i s IMF- inanced h ee-yea ECF, which had eplaced he PRGF, had
expi ed in 2011. I was o be ex ended by a u he ECF in ea ly 2013. Acco ding o he
IMF, he go e nmen had la gely me he p og amme’s condi ions, al hough i s ill ell
sho wi h ega d o he es uc u ing o he banking, phospha es and co on sec o s. The
Wo ld Bank-backed second In e im S a egy No e (2012-13), which ocused on
g ow h, go e nance and po e y educ ion, included en i onmen al p o ec ion.
F ance con inued i s bila e al assis ance, al hough he new socialis go e nmen
had a mo e c i ical iew on he sluggish implemen a ion o e o ms by he Gnassingbé
6
adminis a ion. The a es o he o me pa on o he F ench oil gian El , Loik Le
Floch-P igen , on aud cha ges on 16 Sep embe caused some i i a ion in Pa is, which
demanded his ex adi ion.
Ge many esumed bila e al de elopmen coope a ion wi h nego ia ions in June
on a h ee-yea aid p og amme wo h € 27 m ocusing on he ag icul u al sec o ,
employmen gene a ion and he s eng hening o ci il socie y ins i u ions in h ee u ban
egions (Kpalimé, Sokodé and Tsé ié).
China honou ed i s pa ne ship wi h Togo on 19 Sep embe in an exchange o
messages be ween he wo heads o s a e o celeb a e he 40 h anni e sa y o hei
diploma ic ies. On 24 Janua y, ela ions we e empo a ily sou ed by a co up ion a ai .
A a éi Péwissi, he Togolese di ec o o he Con ucius Ins i u e in Lomé ounded in
2008, was dismissed, appa en ly in ela ion o accusa ions o mishandling s uden s’
unds p o ided by he Chinese. A Chinese company acqui ed a 50% s ake in he
de elopmen o he new con aine e minal in he po o Lomé.
Togo emained a eliable and signi ican con ibu o o peace-keeping missions
in he sub- egion. In May, Nige ia, Togo, I o y Coas and Senegal con ibu ed o he
ECOWAS o ce’s i s oop deploymen in Guinea Bissau. La e , Lomé con ibu ed o
he A ican-led In e na ional Suppo Mission o Mali o ganised by ECOWAS. On 7
June, Lida Kouassi, a key ally o I o y Coas ’s ex-p esiden Lau en Gbagbo, was
a es ed in Togo and depo ed o Abidjan. Kouassi had se ed as de ence minis e a he
ime o he 2002 I o ian coup a emp , which had led o he ci il wa . He was enowned
as a Gbagbo ha dline .
In Decembe , Gnassingbé a ended he annual con e ence o he Conseil
d’En en e in Niamey, whe e he ag eed o demands om Nigé ien ade s o he
es i u ion o € 1.4 m ou o a o al o € 2.6 m o o eign exchange, which had been
con isca ed by he ANR a Lomé ai po in 2010 om ade s on hei way o Dubai and
China, on he mis aken assump ion ha he money de i ed om illegal sou ces.
Socioeconomic De elopmen s
G ow h o ecas s emained p omising a ca. 4.5% o 2012-13, hanks in pa o
assis ance by he in e na ional dono communi y. The iscal de ici widened o 4%, due
o inc eased public spending in ended o coun e ac he impac o he global ecession
and yea s o unde in es men . The cu en accoun de ici emained high a 13.5%
because o g owing public in es men , which in u n esul ed in highe impo s; expo s
o majo o eign exchange ea ne s (co on, phospha es, e c.) lagged behind.
P i a iza ion o he ou s a e-owned banks was delayed owing o hei weak inances
and he go e nmen ’s unwillingness o sell a he ma ke p ice. In Augus , he ‘Banque
Togolaise pou le De elopmen ’ was sold o € 30 m o he Benin-based O abank.
In Janua y, he go e nmen adop ed a new in es men code p omising equal
ea men o domes ic and o eign in es o s. Howe e , in es men was pe mi ed only in
ce ain sec o s and was s ill ulne able o co up p ac ices. Ea ly in he yea , he
go e nmen published i s i s epo on he Ex ac i e Indus ies T anspa ency
Ini ia i e, which Togo had joined in 2010, decla ing paymen s ecei ed om and made
o mining companies. Lomé expec ed o be ully complian by Ap il 2013.
Co on p oduc ion, managed by he join - en u e ‘Nou elle Socié é Co onniè e
du Togo’, eco e ed bu emained dependen on highly ola ile ma ke s. Thus, al hough
ou pu ose by 25% o abou 100,000 onnes, co on expo ea nings ac ually ell
because o a 40% decline in in e na ional ma ke p ices in he p e ious peak yea .
7
In Ap il, he p esiden commi ed himsel o a di e si ica ion o mining
esou ces and mo e equal egional dis ibu ion o mining p oceeds. In July, he
Aus alian i on o e and manganese de elopmen company Fe ex announced de ails on
i s 92,390 ha explo a ion pe mi s in he Nayega manganese p ojec in no he n Togo, o
be de eloped in coope a ion wi h Sou h A ican supplie s.
A he end o he yea , pa liamen adop ed he d a budge o 2013 o he une
o CFA 779.8 bn. The go e nmen de ended he inc ease o CFA 200 bn compa ed
wi h 2012 by poin ing o imp o ed inancial discipline and p omising g ow h o ecas s.
The iscal de ici o CFA 6.6 bn was signi ican ly lowe han in 2012 (CFA 11.8 bn),
bu c edi inance ose by 35.3 % om CFA 17 bn in 2012 o CFA 23 bn in 2013.
In es men ocused on in as uc u e (19.4%), educa ion (13.8%), ag icul u e (6.6%)
and heal h (5.9%).
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Zusammen assung: - Die innenpoli ische Lage in Togo im Jah 2012 wa gep äg on
den be o s ehenden Pa lamen s- und Kommunalwahlen und unübe b ückba en
Di e enzen zwischen de Regie ungspa ei eine sei s und eine b ei en Koali ion on
Opposi ionspa eien und zi ilgesellscha lichen O ganisa ionen ande e sei s. Un e de
wachsenden Dynamik de egelmäßigen, o gewal sam un e d ück en Demons a ionen
gegen die Regie ung wu de de Au u zum Rück i on P äsiden Fau e Gnassingbé
und zum poli ischen Wandel deu liche . In de Außenpoli ik wu de die p owes liche
Hal ung de Regie ung angesich s de wachsenden Bed ohung du ch den Te o ismus in
de benachba en Sahelzone zunehmend on in e na ionalen Gebe n geschä z .
Viel e sp echende Wachs umspe spek i en e anlass en die Regie ung, und ih e
Meh hei im Pa lamen , ein eh geiziges Budge ü 2013 zu e abschieden.
