Ma ekele, Cha les K.; Kileo, Neema Y.; Muna, Asump a M.
A icle
De e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop
ca bon ading: e idence om Tanzania
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De e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o
adop ca bon ading: e idence om Tanzania
Cha les K. Ma ekele, Neema Y. Kileo & Asump a M. Muna
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(2024) De e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading:
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2398192
De e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon
ading: e idence om Tanzania
cha les K. Ma ekelea , neema Y. Kileob and asump a M. Munac
aDepa men o accoun ing and Finance, he Local go e nmen aining ins i u e (Lg i), Dodoma Ci y, he uni ed Republic
o anzania (uR ); bDepa men o Communi y De elopmen , he Local go e nmen aining ins i u e (Lg i), Dodoma Ci y,
he uni ed Republic o anzania (uR ); cBank o anzania (Bo ) academy, Mwanza Ci y, he uni ed Republic o anzania
(uR )
ABSTRACT
ca bon ading is an eme ging economic ac i i y and esea ch a ea signi ican ly
unde se ed in a ican coun ies, pa icula ly sub-saha an a ica (ssa). as such, s udies
examining ca bon ading adop ion a e highly in d ough s. guided by he heo y o
planned beha io , his s udy examines he de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions
o adop ca bon ading in anzania. a c oss-sec ional su ey design was used o collec
da a om 217 local communi ies in anganyika Dis ic council, anzania. Pa ial leas
squa es s uc u al equa ion Modelling (Pls-seM) was used o es he hypo heses. he
esul s e ealed ha a i ude, subjec i e no ms, pe cei ed cos , pe cei ed bene i , and
knowledge posi i ely and signi ican ly in luenced local communi ies’ in en ions o adop
ca bon ading. Pe cei ed beha io al con ol and social en e p ise embeddedness
indica ed a posi i e bu insigni ican connec ion wi h local communi ies’ p e e ences o
adop ing ca bon ading, while pe cei ed local go e nmen au ho i ies (lga) suppo
e ealed a negligible nega i e associa ion. he e o e, hese esul s a e aluable o
p omo ion o coun ywide local communi ies’ adop ion, ecogni ion, and implemen a ion
o ca bon ading.
In oduc ion
Recen ly, he e has been an inc ease in na u al esou ce deple ion as a esul o en i onmen al pollu ion
caused by g eenhouse gas emissions, ozone laye deple ion, and apid inc eases in clima e change (lin
& Wang, 2024; Ren e al., 2024; ang e al., 2023). his h ea ens na u al esou ce sus ainabili y o oday
and u u e gene a ions (azam e al., 2023; chien e al., 2023; Uni ed na ions, 2015). Based on his, local
communi ies, go e nmen , and go e nmen ins i u ions, non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions, and p i a e
companies a e highly encou aged o emb ace he concep o ca bon ading in hei s a egic agenda
(sh. ahmad e al., 2022; ib ahim e al., 2023). ca bon ading became mo e signi ican ly p e ailing due
o i s high conside a ion in he Pa is ag eemen on clima e change (Jia, 2023; Pa is, 2015; Xiao e al.,
2023). such ag eemen s ha e in oduced s ic p ocedu es and measu es o educe en i onmen al pollu-
ion in de eloped, eme ging, and de eloping coun ies (Van de g aa , 2017). On he o he hand, i is
ecognized ha he p incipal ounda ion o global wa ming o igina es om ca bon dioxide emissions
in o he en i onmen (Ren e al., 2024; sa da e al., 2024). Based on he ac ha , global wa ming and
clima e change lead o ad e se e ec s in en i onmen s and a ious coun ies, pa icula ly de eloping
and leas de eloped na ions, he adop ion o ca bon ading is ecognized as he solu ion o such ha m-
ul e ec s (iqbal e al., 2020). since ca bon ading deals wi h a ious ading, inancial policies, and
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Cha les K. Ma ekele cha les.ma [email p o ec ed]; ma ek[email p o ec ed] Depa men o accoun ing and Finance, he Local
go e nmen aining ins i u e (Lg i), Dodoma Ci y, he uni ed Republic o anzania (uR )
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2398192
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 22 Feb ua y
2024
Re ised 11 augus 2024
accep ed 25 augus 2024
KEYWORDS
local communi ies’
in en ions o adop
ca bon ading; a i ude;
subjec i e no ms;
pe cei ed bene i ;
knowledge; social
en e p ise embeddedness;
anzania
SUBJECTS
Finance; en i onmen al
economics; economics;
a ican s udies; haza ds
& Disas e s; Business,
Managemen and
accoun ing; Ru al
De elopmen ;
en i onmen & he
De eloping Wo ld;
sus ainable De elopmen
2 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
in es men ac i i ies based on educing ca bon emissions and hei ela ed de i a i es, i plays a signi -
ican ole in he economy (adedi an & swa ay, 2023; Zainuddin & hamzah, 2023). such ole includes
en i onmen al p o ec ion, p omo ion o low-cos emission, de elopmen o sound ca bon ading poli-
cies, and imp o emen s in he li elihoods o local communi ies h ough he achie emen o sus ainable
de elopmen goals (liu e al., 2023; Rod iguez lopez e al., 2017; Zhang e al., 2017; Zhou & li, 2019).
Despi e he p omising po en ials o ca bon ading, i s adop ion is s ill in i s in ancy and is no p om-
ising, pa icula ly in sub-saha an a ica (ssa), anzania inclusi e (Kila e al., 2023; Osewe e al., 2023). Fo
example, in anzania, his is e idenced by he na ional guidelines o ca bon ading o 2022 and i s
egula ion o 2022 (Uni ed Republic o anzania, 2022). such guidelines and egula ions p o ide admin-
is a i e, ading, and con ol p ocedu es o ca bon ading in anzania. gene ally, he newness o he
ca bon ading egula o y amewo ks in anzania implies ha ca bon ading ac i i ies in he coun y
a e s ill no well known and a e inadequa ely adop ed. his allowed he cu en s udy o examine he
de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in anzania while guided by he
expanded heo y o planned beha io . his heo y has been applied by inco po a ing addi ional a iables
namely pe cei ed local go e nmen au ho i ies’ (lgas) suppo , pe cei ed bene i , social en e p ise
embeddedness, pe cei ed cos , and knowledge o ca bon ading. as ad oca ed by ajzen (1991), aisai i
e al. (2019), and Jeba ajaki hy e al. (2014), hese a iables we e added o ein o ce he p edic i e
capaci y o he model and c ea e sui able g ounds o he applica ion o he heo y o planned beha io .
Mo e p ecisely, he inclusion o pe cei ed lga suppo is g ounded in he ac ha go e nmen suppo
is an impo an mo i a ing ac o in p omo ing he adop ion o inno a i e and sus ainable inancing
s a egies, such as ca bon ading (Fan e al., 2022; li & gao, 2022; lin & huang, 2022). lgas acili a e
he adop ion and implemen a ion o ca bon ading (Uni ed Republic o anzania, 2022). since he ac i -
i ies o local communi ies in anzania, such as ca bon ading a e unde he app o al and guidance o
lgas, success ul ca bon ading adop ion es s much on lga’s suppo . On he o he hand, o inspi e
local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading, i is necessa y o unde s and he ole o social
en e p ises such as ca bon ading deale s in p omo ing en ep eneu ial ac i i ies in u al a eas (aisai i
e al., 2019; nowak & Ra aelli, 2022; sipahi Dongul & a an aş, 2023). his implies ha inco po a ing
social en e p ises in o his s udy o e s a oom o unde s anding he ole o ca bon ading companies
in embedding social en e p ises while unde aking ca bon ading, hus ensu ing he sus ainabili y o
ca bon ading p ojec s. addi ionally, he pe cei ed bene i s, cos s, and knowledge o ca bon ading a e
essen ial o e ec i ely adop ing ca bon ading among local communi ies ( an e al., 2019). his o igi-
na es om he ac ha cus ome s always e alua e he adop ion o a ma e o conce n when guided
by pe cei ed di ec o indi ec bene i s and cos s. his is as ly emb aced in he pe cei ed knowledge
ela ed o such adop ion (Ja a e al., 2023; li e al., 2019). P esen ly, diminu i e e o s ha e been unde -
aken o in eg a e such cons uc s o examine local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading.
he e o e, based on hese a gumen s, he ecen s udy in ends o in es iga e he de e minan s o local
communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading while g ounded in he ex ended heo y o planned
beha io .
addi ionally, mos p io s udies ha e been unde aken in he con ex o de eloped na ions such as
china, eu ope, and he Uni ed s a es o ame ica (Khan e al., 2022; lee e al., 2023; Zhou, & li e al.,
2019; Rod iguez lopez e al., 2017; an e al., 2019). he majo ocus o hese s udies has been on he
p og ess and challenges o ca bon ma ke s and inance, pe sonal ca bon ading, g een inance and
economic deca boniza ion, ca bon ading e ec s and ading beha io , ca bon p icing, cOViD-19, and
inancial li e acy. O he s paid a en ion o ca bon mi iga ion and ca bon ading echnologies (Yada
e al., 2023), ca bon emissions, ca bon ading and ax policy (ayad e al., 2023), and ca bon emissions
de e minan s (Dehda e al., 2023). hese s udies e eal limi ed esea ch ha has examined in en ions o
adop ca bon ading while guided by he heo y o planned beha io among local communi ies, pa ic-
ula ly in leas -de eloped coun ies such as anzania. his has c ea ed a knowledge gap o his s udy
since empi ical e idence on ca bon ading adop ion is in d ough . he e o e, his s udy ills such a gap
by employing he heo y o planned beha io wi h addi ional cons uc s.
since ca bon ading is s ill an eme ging economic ac i i y and a no el concep among local commu-
ni ies and policymake s in leas -de eloped coun ies, such as anzania, acco dingly, he p esen s udy
pu sues o make he ensuing con ibu ions o he p e ailing li e a u e. Fi s ly, he cu en s udy is among
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
he limi ed s udies examining local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in ssa. Based on
his, i adds alue o he limi ed li e a u e on ca bon ading in he leas de eloped coun ies such as
anzania, cha ac e ized by eme ging egula ions and amewo ks ela ed o ca bon inance. secondly, i
o e s en i onmen al and economic implica ions ela ed o he sus ainable p o ec ion o he o es s
among local communi ies as he p ima y base o ca bon ading. in doing so, he sus ainabili y o o es
esou ces o p esen and u u e gene a ions will be p omo ed. hi dly, acco ding o esea che s’ unde -
s anding and knowledge, he exis ing s udy is a esh s udy ha conside s heo y o planned beha iou
o explain local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in ssa, pa icula ly anzania. his o e s
a new con ibu ion o he li e a u e ela ed wi h sus ainable inancing, p ima ily ca bon ading, in he
con ex o a ican coun ies, like anzania. Mo eo e , conside a ion o pe cei ed bene i , cos , knowledge,
lgas suppo and social en e p ise embeddedness in he s udy’s model p o ides manage ial and p ac i-
cal implica ions among local communi ies, academia and p ac i ione s. gene ally, conside ing hese con-
ibu ions, his s udy in ends o examines he de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop
ca bon ading in anzania. he ollowing sec ion e iews he li e a u e on he p oposed hypo heses and
me hodology used o execu e he s udy. his is ollowed by an analysis o he da a and discussion o
he indings in he hi d and ou h sec ions. he las sec ion p o ides he conclusions, implica ions, and
gaps o u he s udies.
Li e a u e e iew
Guiding heo y
he cu en s udy employs he heo y o planned beha io , as ajzen (1991) ad oca ed, o explain he
de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in anzania. he heo y o planned
beha io deals wi h indi iduals’ assessmen s o a ious issues in luencing beha io , in en ions, a i udes
o unde ake such beha io , and social no ms and alues employed o pe o m such beha io . Fo
nume ous yea s, he heo y o planned beha io has been used in a ious ields o desc ibe he a ional-
i y o human beha io (Ma ekele e al., 2024; Muwanga e al., 2024). Based on i s applica ion, i is ec-
ognized ha people choose how hey should beha e in ad ance, ac on ha choice, and hink abou
he conclusion hey need o achie e; hus, hei beha io is in luenced by in en ions (akh e e al., 2024;
Fu, 2024). his implies ha a pe son’s objec i es and goals de e mine a pe son’s beha io . acco ding o
he heo y o planned beha io , h ee undamen al a iables we e conside ed. explici ly, i conside s pe -
cei ed beha io al con ols, a i udes, and subjec i e no ms while explaining indi iduals’ in en ions o pe -
o m a ce ain ac ion. i s applica ion in he con ex o ca bon ading o igina es om he p emise ha
local communi ies make a ional decisions, and he decision o adop ca bon ading is delibe a e and
no impulsi e ( ao e al., 2021). awa eness o he d i e s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca -
bon ading is essen ial o es ablishing he social, economic, and en i onmen al implica ions o ca bon
ading among local communi ies. o explain his, he beha io o local communi ies can be examined
by applying he heo y o planned beha io . Because i o e s p edic ions abou a pe son’s in en ions o
beha e in a manne a a ce ain place and ime, i is an app op ia e heo y o explain local communi ies’
in en ions o adop ca bon ading. he sui abili y o he heo y o planned beha io in ca bon ading
s udies has been ad oca ed by se e al esea che s, including Fu (2024), Jose and sia (2022), si e al.
(2020), and ao e al. (2021).
P e ious beha io al s udies ha e conside ed expanded models o he heo y o planned beha io o
examine cus ome s’ in en ions o pu chase and use a ious se ices and p oduc s. such s udies include
aslam e al. (2020), Bhu o e al. (2020), hameed e al. (2019), Ma ekele e al. (2024), Wa is and hameed
(2020), Wa is e al. (2021) and Uslu e al. (2023). hese s udies ha e demons a ed he applicabili y o he
heo y o planned beha io in a ious con ex s, including g een inance and en i onmen al issues, p o-
iding easonable g ounds o his s udy o apply he heo y o planned beha io . he e o e, in addi ion
o he h ee indica o s o he heo y o planned beha io , he cu en s udy in oduced pe cei ed lga
suppo , social en e p ise embeddedness, and knowledge o ca bon ading, as well as pe cei ed cos s
and bene i s, as addi ional cons uc s o explain local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading.
he applica ion o addi ional cons uc s is necessa y because when he heo y o planned beha io is
4 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
used in se ings no o iginally de eloped, addi ional indica o s mus be conside ed (aisai i e al., 2019;
Fielding e al., 2008; Jeba ajaki hy e al., 2014). also, as pe Jeba ajaki hy e al. (2014), addi ional a i-
ables con ibu e o imp o emen s in he model’s p edic i e capaci y.
Hypo heses de elopmen
A i ude owa ds ca bon ading
a i ude is an indi idual’s nega i e o posi i e e ec on beha io when unde aking a ce ain ac i i y
(ajzen, 1991; alsha i & lokhande, 2022). Being one o he h ee elemen s o he heo y o planned
beha io , i has been ecognized as a signi ican ac o in explaining a ious p edic ions and adop ion
in en ions among di e en indi iduals. Fo example, Bananuka e al. (2019), lujja, Mohammad, and
hassan (2018), and Za emohzzabieh e al. (2022) collec i ely es ablished ha a i ude is posi i ely
explained by islamic banking adop ion, and you hs’ in en ions o engage in ag icul u al ac i i ies. simila ly,
o he s udies ha e epo ed he exis ence o a posi i e and signi ican connec ion be ween a i ude,
pe sonal ca bon allowances (Jage s e al., 2017), ca bon seques a ion ( hompson & hansen, 2012), ol-
un a y pe sonal ca bon ading and o se ing a angemen s ( an e al., 2019; ao e al., 2021), ca bon
economy (sun & Wu, 2024), and in en ion o adop low-ca bon means o anspo (cai e al., 2019; Fu,
2024). Based on he s a ed empi ical e idence, he cu en s udy p oposes he ollowing hypo hesis:
h1: a i ude owa ds ca bon ading posi i ely in luences local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon
ading
Subjec i e no ms owa ds ca bon ading
subjec i e no ms a e pe cei ed social p essu es o indi iduals o pe o m o no pe o m a speci ic
beha io (ajzen, 1991). F om he pe spec i e o he p esen s udy, subjec i e no ms ake place in he
o m o local communi ies’ pe cep ions, including he in luence o close indi iduals, iends, and amily
membe s who can sway a ious people o pa icipa e o no pa icipa e in ca bon ading ac i i ies.
subjec i e no ms a e among he h ee signi ican elemen s o he planned beha io heo y, which
explains he beha io s o nume ous indi iduals, such as local communi ies (chan e al., 2022; a akoly
sany e al., 2023). acco ding o ajzen (1991), subjec i e no ms o igina e om he alues and cus oms
ha communi ies main ain in hei daily ac i i ies. such no ms and alues in luence socie ies’ in ol e-
men in a ious issues, including ca bon ading (g eisel e al., 2023; Kaba e al., 2023; neubaum e al.,
2023). Recognizing his, some p io s udies ha e documen ed ha subjec i e no ms p edic cus ome s’
in en ions o cons uc eco- iendly houses (Jose & sia, 2022), g een cus ome ci izenship beha io s (Van
onde e al., 2023), pe sonal p i acy egula ion in social media (neubaum e al., 2023) and use o islamic
banking (Bananuka e al., 2019). addi ionally, i has been epo ed ha subjec i e no ms a e posi i ely
connec ed wi h olun a y ca bon o se ing ( ao e al., 2021), pe sonal ca bon ading schemes (guo,
chen, long, & Zou, 2021), and clima e change (Zhang e al., 2024). since local communi ies’ pa icipa ion
in ca bon ading ac i i ies can be in o med by molding he gene al public’s pe cep ion and mindse , i
is impo an o unde s and how subjec i e no ms explain local communi ies’ mo i a ions o adop ca -
bon ading. Based on he abo e, his s udy ecognizes ha :
h2: subjec i e no ms o e ca bon ading posi i ely in luence local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon
ading
Pe cei ed beha io al con ol o e ca bon ading
Pe cei ed beha io al con ol o igina es om he pe cei ed ease o di icul y o a ious indi iduals
in ol ed in he ac i i ies unde conside a ion (ajzen, 1991). in o he wo ds, pe cei ed beha io al con ol
implies ha he mo e an indi idual belie es ha he pe o mance o he beha io is wi hin his o he
con ol, he g ea e he possibili y o pe o ming in ha way (Za emohzzabieh e al., 2022). acikgoz e al.
(2023), Baluku e al. (2023), and noguei a e al. (2023) concluded ha he pe cei ed beha io al con ol
o a ious indi iduals posi i ely de e mines hei pu chasing in en ions. Based on he heo y o planned
beha io , sayal and singh (2020) s a ed ha he mo e subs an ial he con ol an indi idual possesses
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
wi h ewe complica ions, he g ea e he indi idual’s in en ions o engage in a ela ed ac i i y. some o
he empi ically ela ed s udies such as cai e al. (2019), P e e e al. (2017), si e al. (2020) and Wang e al.
(2016), documen ed ha pe cei ed beha io al con ol has a posi i e and signi ican co ela ion wi h local
communi ies’ in en ions o adop and use low-ca bon bicycles, hyb id elec ic ehicles, and ene gy e i-
ciency. in he se ing o ca bon ading, i is expec ed ha local communi ies’ in en ions o look o
ca bon ading ac i i ies a e highly a ec ed by hei pe cei ed beha io al con ol o ca bon ading ac i -
i ies. Mo eo e , in he ci cums ances o his s udy, when local communi ies an icipa e ha hei in ol e-
men in ca bon ading will b ing a o able communi y and en i onmen al bene i s, including he
p o ec ion o na u al esou ces accompanied by limi ed challenges, hei in en ion o pa icipa e in ca -
bon ading will inc ease. he e o e, i is expec ed ha :
h3: Pe cei ed beha io al con ol o e ca bon ading posi i ely in luences local communi ies’ in en ions o
adop ca bon ading.
Pe cei ed cos
Pe cei ed cos is among he signi ican ac o s a ec ing cus ome s’ in en ion o adop a p oduc o se -
ice, including ca bon ading (asmy e al., 2019; Owusu e al., 2021). his implies ha local communi ies’
eadiness o adop ca bon ading becomes e y high when he e is a low pe cei ed cos o ca bon
ading. some pe cei ed cos s associa ed wi h local communi ies’ in ol emen in ca bon ading include
o es p o ec ion cos s, such as secu i y cos s, communi y eloca ion cos s, and oppo uni y cos s o
communi ies su ounding he o es s (Uni ed Republic o anzania, [UR ], 2022). O he s include inancial
compensa ion cos s o o es and land owne s o los e enue o igina ing om ewa ding land use,
leading o he con e sion o plan a ions and ag icul u al land in o p o ec ed land o ca bon ading
ac i i ies (Fleischman e al., 2021). Based on his, an e al. (2019) concluded ha cos s ela ed o he
implemen a ion o ca bon ading p ojec s demons a ed a posi i e connec ion wi h a public willingness
o accep ca bon ading. his shows ha when ca bon ading companies incu mos o he cos s, pa -
icipa ion in en ions among local communi ies become e y high. in addi ion, Zhao e al. (2018) and
Zhang and Feng (2022) documen ed ha he p esence o ca bon ading companies wi h a high willing-
ness o incu ca bon ading cos s s imula es he eadiness o in e es ed pa ies, such as local communi-
ies’ engagemen in ca bon ading ac i i ies. since ca bon ading is s ill a new economic ac i i y among
local communi ies in mos a ican coun ies, including anzania, e iewed p e ious wo ks such as an
e al. (2019) and Zhao e al. (2018) o e sui able g ounds among local communi ies o ha e he willing-
ness o join in ca bon ading, as he pe cei ed cos s a e bo ne by ca bon deale s. gene ally, pe cei ed
ca bon ading cos s, in one way o ano he , a ec local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading.
Because ca bon ading companies incu la ge cos s, such a si ua ion is belie ed o encou age local
communi ies o adop ca bon ading. hence, his s udy con ibu es o he ollowing hypo hesis:
h4: Pe cei ed cos posi i ely in luences local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading.
Social en e p ise embeddedness
social en e p ise embeddedness deals wi h he emb acemen and p o ision o social en ep eneu ial
suppo , which aligns wi h he imp o emen in he li es o local communi ies (aisai i al., 2019; sipahi
Dongul & a an aş, 2023). his implies ha in he con ex o ca bon ading, he embeddedness o
social en e p ises occu s when pa ies in ol ed in buying ca bon om local communi ies a e in ol ed
in en ep eneu ial ac i i ies ha suppo social missions. in doing so, ca bon deale s make local com-
muni ies sha e hei p o i s om ca bon ading ac i i ies, as i hey a e sha eholde s o ha en i y.
hillman e al. (2018) poin ed ou ha social en e p ises a e he p ima y d i e s o communi ies o
accep and implemen inno a ions in hei local a eas, including he adop ion o ca bon ading.
since social en e p ises such as ca bon ading deale s a e highly conce ned wi h sa is ying local
needs, which bene i he whole communi y, he embeddedness o social en e p ises in ca bon ad-
ing ac i i ies con ibu es o he e ec i e adop ion o ca bon ading. hi e a and so acool (2017)
de e mined ha social inno a ions, such as he embeddedness o social en e p ises, p omo e high o
low ca bon emissions in a ious local communi ies. his also ag ees wi h healy and Ba y (2017), who
6 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
ound ha he embeddedness o social en e p ises has a posi i e e ec on he ansi ion o low-ca bon
ene gy. his in e s ha social en e p ise embeddedness adds alue o he p o ision o communi y
suppo , especially ma ginalized and communi ies nega i ely a ec ed by ca bon emissions. simila ly,
Becke e al. (2017) pu o wa d ha he ini ia i es o ca bon deale s c ea e posi i e impac s among
a ious ulne able communi ies due o he emb acemen o social mo emen s, such as he p o ision
o en ep eneu ial suppo and ma ke - ela ed in o ma ion. acco ding o Dohe y e al. (2014),
Ma ekele e al. (2024), nowak and Ra aelli (2022), and Wang e al. (2015), he alue o local commu-
ni ies is highly imp o ed when en e p ises such as ca bon deale s emb ace social en e p ises h ough
he in eg a ion o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies, which in u n ensu es he business sus ainabili y and
wel a e o he local communi ies. suppo ing his, aisai i e al. (2019), Ba ake e al. (2022), Jia (2023)
and Ko sgaa d e al.,(2022) de e mined ha he quali y o li es o mos o he ulne able local com-
muni ies is highly imp o ed when en e p ises such as ca bon ading companies emb ace social
en e p ise embeddedness in hei a ious p ojec s. in his case, ca bon ading companies buy ca bon
om local communi ies and p o ide social en ep eneu ial suppo o ela ed communi ies. his leads
o he ollowing hypo hesis.
h5: embeddedness o social en e p ise posi i ely in luences local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon
ading
Pe cei ed bene i s
he pe cei ed bene i s o ca bon ading include a ious bene i s emana ing om local communi ies’
adop ion o ca bon ading. he adop ion o inno a ions, such as ca bon ading among communi ies
and consume s, is highly in luenced by he deg ee o pe cei ed di ec and indi ec bene i s o such
inno a ions (loh & hassan, 2022). his is in ag eemen wi h he heo y o planned beha io , which sug-
ges s ha he exis ence o sa is ac ion, use ulness, and alue o igina ing om ela ed in en ions posi-
i ely impac s pu chasing in en ions (i.e., in ol emen in ca bon ading) (ajzen, 1991; Bobkina &
Domínguez Rome o, 2022; Kha e, 2023). some p e ious s udies, such as Maes e-and és e al. (2019) and
guzman and clapp (2017), sugges ha public accep abili y o ca bon ading ac i i ies inc eases when
e enue o igina ing om ca bon ading is edis ibu ed among local communi ies. his indica es ha
when such e enue is used o bene i ulne able communi ies, mainly by inancing social and en i on-
men al de elopmen p ojec s, he accep abili y o ca bon ading becomes e y high. Based on his,
when local communi ies a e signi ican ly engaged in ha es ing he bene i s o ca bon ading in hei
local a eas in e ms o mi iga ing clima e isk and deli e ing social and amily goals, such as ec ea ion,
heal h, and educa ion se ices, hei in en ions o adop and implemen ca bon ading will be g ea .
he e o e, we s a e he ollowing:
h6: Pe cei ed bene i s posi i ely in luence local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading.
Pe cei ed LGAs’ suppo
Pe cei ed lga suppo e e s o acili a ing condi ions ha c ea e en i onmen s ha enable he p o ision
o echnical suppo among local communi ies, mainly om lgas. acco ding o linge e al. (2023), such
condi ions in ol e he deg ee o which local communi ies belie e in he capaci y o go e nmen en i ies
and o icials o p o ide echnical and ope a ional in as uc u e o adop ing inno a i e inancing like
ca bon ading. Mo e speci ically, he pe cei ed lga suppo in he cu en s udy deno es a ious go -
e nmen incen i es and enables egula o y en i onmen s p edominan ly ela ed o e ec i e ca bon ad-
ing ope a ions. his indica es ha he success o local communi ies in adop ing ca bon ading signi ican ly
depends on he suppo ecei ed om hei lgas. Fan e al. (2022) and li and gao (2022) documen ed
ha go e nmen suppo is an essen ial d i ing ac o in s imula ing he adop ion o inno a i e and
g een inance, such as ca bon ading among local communi ies. local communi ies need echnical sup-
po and guidance om lga expe s ega ding hei in en ion o adop ca bon ading. his is mainly
ela ed o p o iding aining and skills, p ojec p oposal w i e-ups, and p ocedu es ela ed o he in en-
ion o adop ca bon ading (UR , 2022). lin and huang (2022) de e mined ha go e nmen suppo
and in e en ion subs an ially dec eased ca bon emissions. suppo ing his, hu e al. (2023); Pan e al.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
(2022); and Wan e al. (2021) collec i ely s a ed ha go e nmen pa icipa ion in o ms o supe ision
and p o ision o incen i es and subsidies c ea es enabling en i onmen s o e ec i e adop ion and
implemen a ion o a ious ca bon ading schemes. Fu he mo e, gao e al. (2022) poin ed ou ha eli-
able go e nmen pa icipa ion and mo i a ion c ea es poli ical us , which in u n posi i ely in luences
public accep ance o ca bon ading. o achie e his, guo e al. (2019) highligh ed ha go e nmen
agencies and depa men s mus emb ace mo i a ing policies o guide ca bon- ading communi ies. lin
and Jia (2019) emphasized ha when go e nmen au ho i ies penalize ca bon ading companies because
o no ul illing hei ag eemen s, ca bon emission educ ion is gua an eed, hence mo i a ing local com-
muni ies o adop ca bon ading. gene ally, local communi ies’ belie in go e nmen suppo inc eases
when go e nmen au ho i ies p o ide he suppo equi ed o ca bon ading adop ion. in addi ion,
p e ious s udies ela ed o beha io al in en ions ha e documen ed ha he a ailabili y o be e and
mo e eliable go e nmen suppo con ibu es posi i ely o a ious adop ion in en ions, including ca bon
ading inclusi e (Bap is a & Oli ei a, 2015; Mohd has hake e al., 2022). Based on hese a gumen s, i
is s a ed ha :
h7: Pe cei ed lgas suppo posi i ely in luences local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading
Knowledge
Possession o knowledge ela ed o ca bon ading among local communi ies plays a signi ican ole in
hei in en ions o adop ca bon ading (sa in e al., 2024; Ying & so acool, 2021). in his s udy, his is
mainly ela ed o a gene al unde s anding and awa eness o ca bon ading ac i i ies and hei means
o pa icipa ion. some o he empi ical e idence, including De Kimpe e al. (2022), liao e al. (2022), and
Roh e al. (2022), highligh ed ha he in en ions o being in ol ed in a ious ac i i ies like ca bon ad-
ing a e signi ican ly in luenced by po en ial pa icipan s’ pe cei ed knowledge and unde s anding. his is
also e idenced by o he s udies such as Ja a e al. (2023), nau iyal and lal (2022), and Zhou e al. (2022),
which documen ed ha pu chasing in en ions and pe cei ed knowledge a e posi i ely ela ed.
Fu he mo e, p e ious s udies ha e epo ed he exis ence o posi i e conno a ions be ween knowledge,
olun a y ca bon o se ing (haug & hassinggaa d, 2023), ca bon acquisi ion and esponsi eness (Dally
e al., 2020), ca bon neu ali y, and pe sonal ca bon ading (Zhang & Feng, 2022), emission ading
scheme (alias e al., 2023) and ca bon ading policy (gao e al., 2022). Based on hese a gumen s, he
ollowing hypo hesis is s a ed:
h8: Knowledge posi i ely in luences local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading
Me hodology
S udy se ings
his s udy was conduc ed in he Uni ed Republic o anzania (UR ), eas a ica. i is one o he
leas de eloped coun ies and has demons a ed imp o emen s in income, human asse s, economic,
and en i onmen al ulne abili y (Uni ed na ions, 2023). in addi ion, UR is he weal hies coun y
in eas a ica ega ding wide a ie ies o o es s, wi h 51.6 pe cen o he o es a ea (Wo ld Bank,
2020). his is e y a when compa ed wi h he es o eas a ican coun ies, speci ically Uganda
and Kenya, which accoun o 11.7 pe cen and 6.3 pe cen o o es a eas, espec i ely (Osewe
e al., 2023). Based on his, UR o e s sui able g ounds o ca bon ading ac i i ies. Mo e explici ly,
he ecen s udy was conduc ed a he anganyika Dis ic council in he Ka a i egion in ol ing
Mwese, Ka uma, lugonesi, Kagunga, Mpembe, and lwega illages. he selec ion o he s a ed il-
lages was a ibu ed o he a eas in which ca bon ading is signi ican ly p ac iced a e being
ini ially in oduced by ca bon anzania. Mo eo e , local communi ies in such a eas ha e conside -
able expe ience o being in ol ed in ca bon ading. Based on hese ac s, local communi ies in he
anganyika Dis ic council p o ide a sui able basis o examining he de e minan s o hei in en-
ions o adop ca bon ading.
14 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
pe cei ed beha iou al con ol (PBc) (β = 0.057, p = 0.159, and = 1.412) and social en e p ise embedded-
ness (see) (β = 0.066, p = 0.197, and = 1.293) had a posi i e bu insigni ican co ela ion wi h iac . his
implies ha based on he s udy’s hypo heses, h3 and h5 a e s a is ically ejec ed. he esul s also e ealed
ha pe cei ed lga suppo (Pls) (β=-0.009, p = 0.880, and = 0.151) nega i ely in luenced iac . his
makes h7 unsuppo ed; hence, i is ejec ed. in addi ion, as shown in able 7, he alues o he con i-
dence in e al ha e no ze os be ween hem. his implies ha he s udy’s model is signi ican and sui -
able o explaining he in en ions o local communi ies o adop ca bon ading.
Discussion o indings
his s udy examined he de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in
anzania while guided by he expanded heo y o planned beha io . i was epo ed ha he ela ionship
be ween a i ude and local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading was posi i ely signi ican .
his means ha a i udes play an impo an ole in local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ad-
ing, since local communi ies in anzania ha e a posi i e mindse owa ds ca bon ading ac i i ies. Based
on s udy’s esul s, local communi ies’ a i udes o igina ing om in e es in ca bon ading, p o ision o
posi i e ecommenda ions abou ca bon ading o o he people, peace o mind, and commi men o
ca bon ading ha e con ibu ed o signi ican and posi i e ou comes. his also implies ha ca bon ad-
ing can wo k be e among anzanian local communi ies, leading o a o able conside a ions. hese ind-
ings ag ee wi h guo, chen, long, and Zou (2021), Jin e al. (2020), and Pan and Pan (2020), who
de e mined ha he a i udes o u ban esiden s owa ds ca bon ading a e enhanced when i s imple-
men a ion is well known and ecognized.
i was also e ealed ha subjec i e no ms and local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading
we e posi i ely ela ed a a signi ican le el. his sugges s ha local communi ies ha e high le els o
good pe cep ions, encou aging hem o pa icipa e in ca bon ading ac i i ies. i also implies ha a ail-
able no ms and cus oms, as upheld and encou aged by close indi iduals, iends, and amily membe s,
suppo he local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading. his also sends a message ha o
he e ec i e adop ion o ca bon ading, i is necessa y o engage a ious pe sons who play signi ican
oles in in luencing he decisions o local communi ies. he heo y o planned beha io suppo s his
(ajzen, 1991) and p io empi ical s udies, including g eisel e al. (2023), neubaum e al. (2023), and Jose
and sia (2022). hese s udies ha e concluded ha subjec i e no ms p edic cus ome s’ in en ions ega d-
ing cons uc ing eco- iendly houses, using sola ene gy, and pe sonal p i acy. Based on hese indings
Table 6. Model i summa y.
sa u a ed model es ima ed model
sRMR 0.020 0.020
d_uLs 1.313 1.313
d_g 4.665 4.665
Chi-squa e 487.283 487.283
nFi 0.834 0.834
Sou ce: sMaR PLs4 ou pu .
Table 7. Hypo heses es ing.
Hypo heses Rela ionships
Pa h
coe icien s s a is ics P Values 2Q2
Con idence in e al
s a us
Lowe
bound
uppe
bound
H1a -> iaC 0.154 2.296 0.022 1.023 0.721 0.023 0.285 accep ed
H2sn -> iaC 0.182 2.211 0.028 1.025 0.724 −0.006 0.328 accep ed
H3PBC -> iaC 0.057 1.412 0.159 0.009 0.649 −0.030 0.129 Rejec ed
H4PC -> iaC 0.174 2.364 0.018 1.043 0.715 0.048 0.333 accep ed
H5see -> iaC 0.066 1.293 0.197 0.009 0.670 −0.025 0.159 Rejec ed
H6PB -> iaC 0.200 2.294 0.022 1.026 0.737 0.010 0.357 accep ed
H7PLs -> iaC −0.009 0.151 0.88 0.000 0.721 −0.136 0.101 Rejec ed
H8Kn -> iaC 0.174 2.227 0.026 1.037 0.725 0.005 0.315 accep ed
R2 = 0.965; Q2=0.748
Sou ce: sMaR PLs4 ou pu .
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
and he conclusions o empi ical s udies, he adop ion o ca bon ading is signi ican ly molded by he
gene al public’s pe cep ion and mindse o igina ing om a ailable no ms and cus oms. in gene al, hese
indings ha e implica ions o ca bon deale s and go e nmen au ho i ies ega ding he conside a ions
o a ious social no ms a ec ing he coun ywide adop ion o ca bon ading. such no ms include in lu-
ences om close iends and amily membe s, encou agemen and suppo om he gene al communi y,
and a desi e o be like pee communi ies.
addi ionally, pe cei ed cos s and local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading a e posi i ely
and signi ican ly connec ed. his indica es ha he cos in ol ed in adop ing ca bon ading is ela i ely
low, con ibu ing o local communi ies’ eadiness o accep ca bon ading. Mo e p ecisely, his speci ies
ha pe cei ed local communi ies’ cos s ela ed o he adop ion o ca bon ading, such as o es main-
enance cos s, local communi ies’ pa icipa ion and commi men cos s, and p ocedu al cos s, ha e a
Figu e 2. s uc u al Model.
Sou ce: sma PLs4 ou pu .
16 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
posi i e and subs an ial con ibu ion owa ds he adop ion o ca bon ading. hese indings sugges
ha local communi ies a e less conce ned abou ca bon ading cos s because hey eel highly elaxed
and con iden abou app oaching ca bon ading companies o es ablish ca bon ading ac i i ies. his is
in ag eemen wi h gao e al. (2022) and an e al. (2019), who concluded ha public willingness o
accep ca bon ading is posi i ely and signi ican ly d i en by ca bon ading implemen a ion cos s. since
ca bon ading companies incu high cos s ela ed wi h in oduc ion o ca bon ading p ojec s, Zhao
e al. (2018) and Zhang and Feng (2022) emphasize ha he exis ence o ca bon ading companies ha
a e eady o bea adop ion and implemen a ion cos s encou ages he adop ion o ca bon ading among
local communi ies. also, hese esul s a e consis en wi h hose o Fleischman e al. (2021), who e ealed
ha ca bon ading companies signi ican ly incu ca bon ading cos s and lowe local communi ies’
cos s. acco ding o loh and hassan (2022), such si ua ions encou age local communi ies o emb ace
ca bon ading ac i i ies quickly.
Fu he mo e, he indings show ha pe cei ed bene i s posi i ely and signi ican ly in luence local
communi ies’ in en ion o adop ca bon ading. his means ha local communi ies in anzania pe cei e
he adop ion o ca bon ading o b ing mo e bene i s and po en ial o hei daily li es. Based on hese
esul s, some o he no able di ec bene i s a ising om he adop ion o ca bon ading include an
inc ease in amily income, imp o emen s in li ing s anda ds, and p o ision o employmen among local
communi ies. O he s include inancial inclusion, p omo ion o local businesses, na u al esou ce p o ec-
ion, and a ise in na ional income. Based hese bene i s, p io s udies including gao e al. (2022), guzman
and clapp (2017), and Maes e-and és e al. (2019), highligh ed ha edis ibu ion o ca bon ading
e enue among local communi ies bene i s ulne able g oups. his p edominan ly in ol es inancing a -
ious social and en i onmen al p ojec s such as heal h, educa ion, and clima e change mi iga ion. in
doing so, he social, economic, and en i onmen al implica ions will be ealized among he in ol ed com-
muni ies and he coun y.
Fu he mo e, knowledge o ca bon ading was ound o ha e a posi i e and signi ican connec ion
wi h he in en ions o local communi ies o adop ca bon ading. his di ec s ha when local com-
muni ies possess gene al knowledge and unde s anding o a ious ac i i ies ela ed o ca bon ading,
hei in en ion o adop ca bon ading inc eases. Mo e ob iously, hese indings indica e ha local
communi ies ha e adequa e knowledge and unde s anding o ca bon ading, mainly in places whe e
ca bon ading is conduc ed and p elimina y equi emen s o he applica ion and managemen o
ca bon ading. hese indings ha e impo an implica ions o ca bon ading deale s, lgas, and en i-
onmen al ac i is s in o e ing mass sensi iza ion and educa ion on he mechanisms o ca bon ading.
his could be achie ed by p o iding educa ion h ough nume ous social media, schools, illage mee -
ings, and uni e si ies and colleges. in doing so, he masses will be highly educa ed and capaci a ed
abou ca bon ading, he eby inc easing i s adop ion by local communi ies. o achie e his, Peng
e al. (2022) and Ying and so acool (2021) concluded ha o inc ease ca bon ading adop ion, he
c ea ion o p i a e and public sec o awa eness on implemen ing ca bon ading is ine i able. his is
in ag eemen wi h De Kimpe e al. (2022), liao e al. (2022), and Roh e al. (2022), who highligh ed
ha pe cei ed knowledge and unde s anding signi ican ly d i e cus ome s’ in en ions o be in ol ed
in a ious ac i i ies. his was simila ly e inced by Ja a e al. (2023), nau iyal and lal (2022), and Zhou
e al. (2022).
i was ound ha pe cei ed beha iou al con ol has a posi i e bu insigni ican connec ion wi h local
communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading. his indica es ha local communi ies ha e lowe con-
ol o e ca bon ading ac i i ies. his could a ise om complica ions o igina ing om he mechanism
o ca bon sales and buying in in e na ional ma ke s, he eby c ea ing challenges o local communi ies.
in addi ion, limi ed anspa ency and accoun abili y ela ed wi h ca bon ading in a ious ca bon ma -
ke s, may ha e caused hese ou comes. his indica es ha ca bon ading ac i i ies do no b ing a o -
able beha io al and en i onmen al bene i s a he local le el. hese indings a e inconsis en wi h hose
o acikgoz e al. (2023), Baluku e al. (2023), noguei a e al. (2023), sayal and singh (2020), and
Za emohzzabieh e al. (2022). hese s udies ha e es ablished ha pe cei ed beha io al con ol and in en-
ions o engage in beha io al ac i i ies, such as pu chasing in en ions, a e posi i ely and signi ican ly
ela ed.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 17
in he case o an insigni ican associa ion be ween social en e p ise embeddedness and local commu-
ni ies’ in en ion o adop ca bon ading, esul s indica e ha ca bon ading companies do no o e
social implica ions o local communi ies. his implies ha pa ies engaged in ca bon ading a e no
di ec ly in ol ed in p o iding en ep eneu ial suppo o p omo e social missions. his also designa es
exis ence o limi ed embeddedness o social en e p ises by ca bon ading companies among local com-
muni ies. he no el y o he concep o social en e p ise embeddedness among local communi ies and
he gene al public could ha e con ibu ed o hese esul s. his con adic s p e ious s udies, including
Becke e al. (2017), healy and Ba y (2017), hillman e al. (2018), hi e a and so acool (2017), and
Ma ekele e al. (2024). hese s udies sugges ha in oducing inno a i e inancing such as ca bon ad-
ing helps o emb ace social en e p ises among communi ies. Fu he mo e, aisai i e al. (2019), Ba ake
e al. (2022), Jia (2023), Ko sgaa d e al. (2022), and nowak and Ra aelli (2022) e eal ha imp o emen s
in he li elihoods o communi ies a e posi i ely explained by he embeddedness o social en e p ises.
gene ally, based on hese di e ences, which could be explained by he newness o ca bon ading in
a ious leas -de eloped coun ies such as anzania, ca bon ading companies should e hink hei means
o embeddedness o social en e p ises. his will assis in c ea ing social implica ions o local communi-
ies and he gene al public.
Finally, he indings show he exis ence o an insigni ican and nega i e a ilia ion be ween pe cei ed
lga suppo and local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading. his en ails inadequa e acili a -
ing condi ions om lgas, which o e an enabling en i onmen o ca bon ading ac i i ies among local
communi ies. in addi ion, hese ou comes indica e limi ed echnical suppo and guidance om lga
expe s ela ed o ca bon ading. a plausible eason o hese esul s could be he local communi ies’
limi ed us in lga suppo and egula ions. his implies ha inadequa e us in he suppo ecei ed
om lgas inhibi s local communi ies’ mo i a ions o accep and pa icipa e in ca bon ading.
consequen ly, local communi ies may o e look lga egula ions and policies because o he limi ed us
and suppo om he go e nmen . as a esul , pe cei ed lgas ha e a mino nega i e e ec on local
communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading. hese indings do no ag ee wi h hose o Bap is a and
Oli ei a (2015) and Mohd has hake e al. (2022), who de e mined he p esence o a posi i e and sig-
ni ican connec ion be ween beha io al in en ions and acili a ing condi ions, such as suppo om go -
e nmen au ho i ies.
Conclusion, implica ions and a eas o u u e s udies
Conclusion
his s udy examined he de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in
anzania. i was highly d i en by limi ed s udies on ca bon ading in leas -de eloped coun ies, such as
anzania, which is ich in na u al esou ces ela ed o o es s. guided by he heo y o planned beha io ,
his s udy aimed o examine he in luence o a i ude, subjec i e no ms, and pe cei ed beha io al con-
ol on local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading. Fu he mo e, addi ional cons uc s, such
as pe cei ed lga suppo , social en e p ise embeddedness, pe cei ed bene i , knowledge, and pe cei ed
cos we e also conside ed. acco ding o he esul s, a i ude, subjec i e no ms, pe cei ed cos , pe cei ed
bene i , and knowledge a e subs an ial p edic o s o local communi ies’ in en ion o adop ca bon ad-
ing. Mo eo e , he indings show ha pe cei ed beha io al con ol and social en e p ise embeddedness
ha e a posi i e bu insigni ican co ela ion wi h he in en ions o local communi ies o adop ca bon
ading. Finally, he esul s e eal ha pe cei ed lga suppo and local communi ies’ in en ions o adop
ca bon ading a e insigni ican ly and nega i ely in e ela ed. hese esul s a e aluable o policymake s
endea o ing o p omo e coun ywide local communi ies’ adop ion, ecogni ion, and implemen a ion o
ca bon ading h ough he p o isions o con ols and egula ions o he p ima y d i e s o local com-
muni ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading.
Implica ions o he s udy
he esul s o his s udy con ibu e o he limi ed li e a u e on ca bon ading in de eloping and leas de el-
oped economies in se e al ways. Fi s ly, he indings o his s udy pu o wa d ha a i ude, subjec i e no ms,
18 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
pe cei ed cos , pe cei ed bene i , and knowledge a e impo an p edic o s o local communi ies’ in en ions o
adop ca bon ading in anzania. his in o ms academics, p ac i ione s, and policymake s ha o ensu e he
e ec i e adop ion o ca bon ading, i is essen ial o p o ide adequa e local communi y awa eness h ough
mass sensi iza ion. his will assis in c ea ing a sui able app ecia ion o he bene i s o ca bon ading, while
c ea ing a posi i e a i ude and mindse among local communi ies. in addi ion, ca bon ading mass sensi iza-
ion will in luence in luen ial decision-make s, communi y leade s, and local communi ies o ha e a amilia
oice and unde s anding o ca bon ading ac i i ies. in doing so, public and local communi ies’ a i udes and
subjec i e no ms a e emb aced in ca bon ading adop ion p ocedu es. hence, his has p ac ical implica ions
o academics, ca bon ading deale s, and policymake s.
in addi ion, his s udy o e s heo e ical implica ions o igina ing om applying he heo y o planned
beha io o ca bon ading ac i i ies. his emana es om he indings, which show he sui abili y o
heo y o planned beha io while accompanied by addi ional cons uc s. his is e idenced by he posi-
i e and signi ican e ec s o subjec i e no ms, a i udes, pe cei ed cos s, pe cei ed bene i s, and knowl-
edge o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading. his implies ha he cu en s udy
signi ican ly con ibu es o he heo y o planned beha io , which can be ex ended by employing addi-
ional cons uc s in he con ex o ca bon ading.
since he pe cei ed bene i s o ca bon ading ha e demons a ed a signi ican connec ion wi h local com-
muni ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading, i has manage ial implica ions ega ding poli ical and adminis a-
i e accoun abili y among lga o icials including councilo s, council managemen eams, wa d and illage
execu i e o ice s, and illage commi ees. his o igina es om he iew ha adminis a i e and poli ical e o ms
among lgas a e ine i able o local communi ies o enjoy ca bon- ading bene i s. When lga o icials a e
socially, poli ically, and adminis a i ely accoun able while demons a ing anspa ency in using collec ed e e-
nue om ca bon ading, local communi ies will enjoy he expec ed bene i s om hei in ol emen in ca bon
ading. hence, a high le el o anspa ency and accoun abili y among lga o icials will lead o manage ial
implica ions ela ed o ca bon ading e enue.
Fu he mo e, his s udy o e s en i onmen al and economic implica ions o local communi ies and
he public. his a ises om he sus ainable p o ec ion o he en i onmen esul ing om he adop ion
o ca bon ading among local communi ies. in doing so, he sus ainabili y o na u al esou ces like o -
es s is highly gua an eed while p omo ing economic de elopmen o p esen and u u e gene a ions.
Finally, he cu en s udy in oduces implica ions o lgas in managing o es s, p o iding acili a ing con-
di ions, and suppo ing he adop ion o ca bon ading. his can be unde aken by se ing clea and
achie able en i onmen al managemen goals and isions ha cul i a e he p o ec ion o o es s h ough
he adop ion o ca bon ading. addi ionally, his can be a ained by de eloping and p omo ing sus ain-
able collabo a ion among illage go e nmen s, non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions (ngOs), and lgas.
h ough such collabo a ions, sus ainable en i onmen al managemen can be encou aged while c ea ing
sui able g ounds o ca bon ading adop ion.
Limi a ions and a eas o u u e s udies
e en hough he cu en s udy b ings impo an indings and implica ions ela ed o he de e minan s
o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading in anzania, i has some limi a ions ha demand
in e en ion. his s udy applied a c oss-sec ional su ey design ha was limi ed o no conside ing
beha io al changes among local communi ies. o o e come his, i is ecommended ha u u e s udies
conside a longi udinal design, which will unco e beha io al changes among esponden s. in addi ion,
based on he limi a ions o su ey ins umen s in e ms o missing inne pe cep ions o he esponden s
and being quan i a i e, i is p oposed ha a quali a i e app oach should be applied in u he esea ch.
his will help o e come he limi a ions o quan i a i e s udies.
he p esen s udy applied con enience sampling, a non-p obabili y echnique cha ac e ized by
non-gene aliza ion o he esul s; nex , s udies should use p obabili y sampling me hods. his will assis
in he gene aliza ion o he esul s. simila ly, i was skewed o some ex en among he local communi-
ies. addi ional s udies should include p i a e companies and go e nmen agencies which own and man-
age he a ious o es s in anzania. in doing so, he sampling ame will be g ea ly enla ged as he
esul s o such inclusion, hence leading o mo e gene aliza ions o he indings.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 19
Fu he mo e, he ou comes o his s udy may no apply o each de eloping and leas de eloped econ-
omy because i was conduc ed in a single-coun y se ing, anzania. his means ha he e is a gap in
eplica ing he cu en s udy in he emaining de eloping and leas -de eloped na ions. he e o e, u u e
s udies will assis in de e mining he compa abili y o conclusions in a ious de eloping coun ies. Finally,
his s udy examines he di ec e ec o he de e minan s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon
ading in anzania. Based on his, i is ecommended ha p ospec i e s udies in oduce media ing and
mode a ing e ec s o examine hei indi ec con ibu ions o ca bon ading adop ion. his will add alue
in p o iding bo h e ec s explaining local communi ies’ in en ions o adop ca bon ading and b oadening
empi ical knowledge and insigh s. in gene al, excep o hese sho comings, he esul s o he ex an s udy
s ill p o ide a signi ican empi ical unde s anding o he d i e s o local communi ies’ in en ions o adop
ca bon ading, suppo ed by he ex ended heo y o planned beha io .
Au ho s’ con ibu ions
Cha les K. Ma ekele concei ed and designed his s udy. Ma ekele was p incipally esponsible o da a in e p e a-
ion and manusc ip d a ing. he also coo dina ed wi h he au ho s and assumed he ole o he co esponding
au ho . he akes esponsibili y o he in eg i y and accu acy o he en i e wo k, pa icula ly o e seeing he da a
collec ion and analysis. Neema Y. Kileo con ibu ed conside ably o he analysis and in e p e a ion o he da a. Kileo
also p o ided in ellec ual inpu especially conce ning ca bon ading. Kileo is liable o he da a analysis sec ion and
ensu es me hodological igo . Asump a M. Muna was in ol ed in he concep ion o he esea ch design and p o-
ided c i ical e isions o he manusc ip o in ellec ual con en , pa icula ly ca bon ading. Muna is answe able o
he heo e ical amewo k and ensu es i s ele ance and obus ness.
Final app o al and accoun abili y
all h ee au ho s c i ically e iewed and app o ed he inal e sion o his manusc ip o publica ion. Mo eo e , hey
ag eed o be accoun able o all aspec s o he wo k in ensu ing ha ques ions ela ed o he accu acy o in eg i y
o any pa o he wo k we e app op ia ely in es iga ed and esol ed. By delinea ing hese oles and esponsibili ies,
we a i m ha all he au ho s lis ed mee he icMJe c i e ia o au ho ship.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
The Sma PLS so wa e ( e sion 4.0)
au ho s used a 30-day ial e sion, which doesn’ necessi a e a copy igh license.
Funding
no unding was ecei ed.
Abou he au ho s
Cha les K. Ma ekele is a lec u e (accoun ing, axa ion and Finance) a he local go e nmen aining ins i u e (lg i)
Dodoma, anzania. he holds Msc. (accoun ing and Finance), Bcom(accoun ing), cPa( ), cPB( ), and he is a egis e ed
ax consul an . he is in e es ed in inno a i e and sus ainable inancing, inancial epo ing, iPsass, audi ing, isk and
aud managemen , axa ion, o ensic in es iga ion and co po a e go e nance.
Neema Y. Kileo is a pa - ime u o ial assis an (clima e change and li elihood) a he local go e nmen aining
ins i u e (lg i) Dodoma, anzania. she holds a Bachelo Deg ee in en i onmen al Disas e s Managemen . she is
in e es ed in clima e change, ca bon ading, adap a ion and mi iga ion o clima e change.
Asump a M. Muna is a lec u e (accoun ing, audi ing, axa ion and Finance) and head o communica ion and
ex e nal link a he Bank o anzania academy in Mwanza, anzania. she is a PhD s uden a he Uni e si y o
Dodoma and holds an Msc.(Finance and in es men s), ad anced Diploma in accoun ing, and acPa( ). he a eas o
20 c. K. Ma eKele e al.
in e es in esea ch and consul ancy ocus on inancial epo ing, co po a e inance, axa ion, audi ing, insu ance, and
isk managemen .
ORCID
cha les K. Ma ekele h p://o cid.o g/0009-0001-2077-8229
neema Y. Kileo h p://o cid.o g/0009-0009-8659-2580
asump a M. Muna h p://o cid.o g/0009-0009-6979-8317
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
he da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho , [cKM], upon eason-
able eques .
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