Thomeczek, J. Philipp
A icle — Published Ve sion
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing
Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical Analysis
Poli ische Vie eljah essch i
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Thomeczek, J. Philipp (2024) : Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing
Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical Analysis, Poli ische Vie eljah essch i , ISSN 1862-2860,
Sp inge Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, Vol. 65, Iss. 3, pp. 535-552,
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RESEARCH NOTE
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11615-024-00544-z
Poli ische Vie eljah essch i (2024) 65:535–552
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing
Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical Analysis
J. Philipp Thomeczek
Recei ed: 24 Janua y 2024 / Accep ed: 24 Ap il 2024 / Published online: 28 May 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac Ge many’s ela i ely s able pa y sys em aces a new le -au ho i a ian
challenge : Sah a Wagenknech ’s Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW) pa y. Fi s
polls indica e ha o he BSW, elec ion esul s abo e 10% a e wi hin each. While
Wagenknech ’s posi ions in economic and cul u al e ms ha e al eady been dis-
cussed, his a icle elabo a es on ano he highly ele an ea u e o Wagenknech ,
namely he populis communica ion. Explo ing Wagenknech ’s and BSW’s populis
appeal helps us o unde s and why he pa y is said o also ha e po en ial among
seemingly di e en o e g oups coming om he a igh Al e na i e o Ge many
(A D) and a le Die Linke, which sha e high le els o populis a i udes. To analyse
he ole ha populis communica ion plays o Wagenknech and he BSW, his a i-
cle combines quan i a i e and quali a i e me hods. The quan i a i e analysis co e s
all speeches (10,000) and p ess eleases (19,000) published by Die Linke membe s
o Pa liamen (MPs; 2005–2023). The esul s show ha Wagenknech is he ( o me )
Die Linke MP wi h he highes sha e o populis communica ion. Fu he mo e, she
was also able o con ince a g oup o populis MPs o join he BSW. The a icle
closes wi h a quali a i e analysis o BSW’s mani es o ha e eals how populis
aming plays a majo ole in his documen , in which he poli ical and economic
eli es a e accused o wo king agains he in e es o “ he majo i y”. Based on his
analysis, he classi ica ion o he BSW as a populis pa y seems o be app op ia e.
Keywo ds Populism · Ge many · BSW · Mixed me hods · New pa ies
J. Philipp Thomeczek
Leh s uhl ü Ve gleichende Poli ikwissenscha , Uni e si ä Po sdam,
Augus -Bebel-S aße 89, 14482 Po sdam, Ge many
E-Mail: jan.philipp. homeczek@uni-po sdam.de
K
536 J. P. Thomeczek
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): links-konse a i – und
populis isch? Eine empi ische Eino dnung
Zusammen assung Die langjäh ige S abili ä des deu schen Pa eiensys ems wi d
ak uell du ch eine neue links-konse a i e Pa ei he ausge o de : Bündnis Sah a
Wagenknech (BSW). E s e Um agen deu en an, dass das BSW bundeswei bis zu
10% de S immen gewinnen könn e. Die Eino dnung als links-konse a i ode in
Anlehnung an die englische Li e a u links-au o i ä wu de be ei s medial in ensi
disku ie . Wenige Beach ung ha bislang die populis ische Kommunika ion on
Wagenknech ge unden. Die populis ische Ansp ache du ch das BSW kann bei de
Bean wo ung de F age behil lich sein, wa um das BSW scheinba gegensä zli-
che G uppen wie Wähle :innen de Linken und de A D gleichzei ig ansp echen
kann, da populis ische Eins ellungen un e den Wähle :innen beide Pa eien wei
e b ei e sind. De o liegende Bei ag analysie die Rolle de populis ischen Kom-
munika ion on Wagenknech und dem BSW mi hil e quali a i e und quan i a i e
Me hoden. Dazu wu den zunächs alle Reden (ca. 10.000) und alle P essemi ei-
lungen (ca. 19.000) alle Linken-Bundes agsabgeo dne en de gesam en pa lamen-
a ischen Lebensdaue de F ak ion (2005–2023) un e such . Die E gebnisse diese
quan i a i en Analyse zeigen, dass Wagenknech un e den Linken-Abgeo dne en
mi Abs and am häu igs en populis ische Kommunika ionselemen e einse z e und
sie ebenso in de Lage wa , einige de populis ischs en Abgeo dne en zum BSW-
Bei i zu übe eden. De A ikel schließ mi eine quali a i en Auswe ung de
populis ischen Rhe o ik im BSW-Pa eip og amm. Es wi d deu lich, dass hie ins-
besonde e die K i ik an de Poli ik- und Wi scha seli e eine wich ige Rolle spiel .
Diese Eli enk i ik wi d mi einem s a ken Be ölke ungsbezug kombinie , de bei-
spielsweise in de Ansp ache de „Meh hei “ deu lich wi d. Insgesam e schein
dami die Klassi izie ung als populis ische Pa ei ge ech e ig .
Schlüsselwö e Populismus · Deu schland · BSW · Mixed Me hods · Neue
Pa eien
1 In oduc ion
A e yea s o an inc easingly di icul ela ionship wi h he Le Pa y (Die Linke),
o me co- ac ion leade Sah a Wagenknech ounded he own pa y in Janua y 2024
unde he name Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech —Ve nun und Ge ech igkei (BSW;
Alliance Sah a Wagenknech —Reason and Fai ness; Mudde 2024). Wagenknech
was immedia ely joined by se e al Die Linke poli icians, including nine cu en
membe s o he Bundes ag (MPs; Tagesschau.de 2023).1In he ollowing mon hs,
he o me Die Linke Bundes ag MPs Neu and De Masi also became BSW membe s
(He mann and Sla ik 2024; Schack 2023).
1Besides Wagenknech , hose we e Ami a Mohamed Ali, Ch is ian Leye, Ali Al-Dailami, Se im Dagde-
len, Klaus E ns , And ej Hunko, Zaklin Nas ic, Jessica Ta i, Alexande Ul ich (all MPs in he cu en
Bundes ag legisla i e pe iod), and Sabine Zimme mann ( o me MP).
K
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical... 537
As a ( o me ) membe o a ela i ely small pa y, one o he main puzzles a ound
Wagenknech is wha he Ge man elec o a e sees in he . She is one o he mos pop-
ula poli icians in Ge many (Focus Online 2023), whe eas he o me pa y almos
ailed he 5% h eshold a he las Bundes ag elec ions. One possible explana ion
is ha o many o e s, Wagenknech is a p ojec ion su ace, as she ne e needed
o make comp omises in go e nmen . In his sense, he BSW includes aspec s o
a “pu i ie pa y” (Luca die 2000). Public opinion da a and i s academic analyses
show ha Wagenknech has s ong po en ial among eas e n Ge mans, Al e na i e
o Ge many (A D) and Die Linke o e s, and hose who a e dissa is ied wi h he
way poli ics wo ks in Ge many. Rega ding policy p e e ences, she appeals o o e s
wi h immig a ion-scep ical, economically le , and cul u ally conse a i e a i udes
(Ehni 2023; Wagne e al. 2023; Pe e sen 2024). The BSW al eady polls a ound
7% na ionwide (Handesbla 2024). Howe e , in eas e n Ge man s a es such as
Thu ingia, he pa y is polling a almos 20% and could become he hi d s onges
pa y (Ka he 2024). Ne e heless, i should be no ed ha he pa y has no compe ed
in any elec ion ye , which also explains he high ola ili y o BSW’s suppo .
Why is Wagenknech so much mo e popula han he o me pa y? He public
s a emen s and books indica e ha she appeals o he “le -wing au ho i a ians”
(Le ko idi e al. 2014), namely o e s who hold economically le posi ions bu
a e cul u ally conse a i e. While Wagenknech ollows a clea le -wing economic
agenda, emphasising issues such as social jus ice and edis ibu ion (Wagenknech
2023), she c i icises Die Linke o being “ oo libe al” ega ding immig a ion policies
(Mudde 2024). This dissa is ac ion was also he main mo i a ion behind Au s ehen
(“Ge Up”), a sho -li ed social mo emen o ganised by Wagenknech (Weisski che
2018).
Re e ences o le -au ho i a ianism a e also ound in BSW’s i s mani es o (Bünd-
nis Sah a Wagenknech 2024). The pa y hea ily c i icises he go e nmen ’s clima e
and immig a ion policies as a bu den o c isis- idden Ge mans. The BSW also
speaks o a sp eading “poli ical au ho i a ianism” ha “dic a es people how o li e,
hea , hink and speak.” So a , such posi ions we e associa ed wi h he a - igh A D,
which is why commen a o s and academics see a high po en ial o he BSW among
A D o e s (Wagne e al. 2023; Wagne 2023; Pe e sen 2024). Rega ding economic
and wel a e issues, he BSW c i icises he g owing social injus ice and he powe o
digi al mul ina ionals. The pa y desc ibes he axa ion sys em as un ai .
Besides cul u al and economic issues, ano he impo an issue o po en ial BSW
o e s is o eign policy (Ehni 2023). The BSW demands peace nego ia ions o end
he wa be ween Uk aine and Russia and desc ibes NATO and he Uni ed S a es as
d i e s o mili a y con lic s. Sanc ions agains Russia a e seen as ha ming Ge many’s
economy. Again, hese a e posi ions ha ha e so a been associa ed wi h he A D
(Bel in e al. 2023).
A ecen publica ion shows ha Wagenknech is e alua ed mo e posi i ely among
le -au ho i a ian o e s in Ge many compa ed o o e s no holding such a i udes
(Wagne e al. 2023). F om a s a egic poin o iew, appealing o hese o e s
could be p omising, as no pa y in Ge many combines cul u al conse a i ism wi h
an economic le -wing s ance (Hillen and S eine 2020; S eine and Hillen 2019,
2021). Acco ding o he Chapel Hill Expe Su ey (Bakke e al. 2019), he e a e
K
538 J. P. Thomeczek
se e al pa ies wi h a simila le -au ho i a ian p o ile in Eu ope. Examples a e he
Social Democ a ic Pa y in Romania (PSD), he Bulga ian Socialis Pa y (BSP), and
a -le pa ies such as he Communis Pa y o G eece (KKE) and he Communis
Pa y o Bohemia and Mo a ia (KS ˇ
CM). Fu he mo e, a simila p o ile is ound in
he Law and Jus ice Pa y (PiS) in Poland (Hillen and S eine 2020, p. 344), which
led he go e nmen o almos 20 yea s.
Besides his le -au ho i a ian p o ile, he e is an addi ional quali y o Wa-
genknech ha could explain he popula i y: he populis appeal. Academic and
jou nalis ic commen a o s egula ly a ach he label “populis ” o he (Q o up
2018; Se illano 2023). Al hough i is no possible o claim a causal ela ionship
based on desc ip i e polling da a, he populis he o ic could explain why he BSW
appeals o a -le Die Linke and a - igh A D o e s a he same ime (Pe e sen
2024; Wagne 2023). Since populis a i udes a e common among o e s o bo h
pa ies (Loew and Faas 2019), hey may play a ole in explaining o e swi ching
om hese pa ies o he BSW. Communica ion esea ch has shown how populis
aming can wo k as a success ul s a egy o win o e o e s (Hamelee s e al.
2018; Hamelee s and Schmuck 2017). Such a s a egy is especially p omising o
poli ical newcome s, as he elec o al successes o Donald T ump (Laca us 2019),
he Fi e S a Mo emen in I aly (Mosca and T onconi 2019), and he Sy iza pa y
in G eece (S a akakis and Ka sambekis 2014) ha e shown. Since populis a i udes
a e widesp ead among o e s (Akke man e al. 2014), pa ies and poli icians can
each la ge g oups o socie y wi h populis he o ic. Fu he mo e, since populis
a i udes can compensa e o he lack o p og amma ic cong uence (Van Hauwae
and Van Kessel 2018), hey can also help he BSW o appeal o o e s ou side he
le -au ho i a ian quad an .
So a , no academic analysis has pu he populism o Wagenknech and he BSW
in o pe spec i e. The ollowing a icle aims o ackle his esea ch gap by analysing
how Wagenknech ’s le el o populis he o ic s ands ou wi hin he g oup o he
o me colleagues om Die Linke. Fo his pu pose, quan i a i e and quali a i e
me hods a e combined. The quan i a i e analysis co e s all speeches (a ound 10,000)
and p ess eleases (a ound 19,000) published by Die Linke MPs du ing he ac ion’s
li e ime (2005–2023). The esul s show ha du ing hese 18 yea s, Wagenknech
used populis he o ic mos equen ly among all Die Linke MPs and was also able
o con ince a g oup o “populis ” Die Linke poli icians o join he new pa y, BSW.
The a icle closes wi h a quali a i e analysis o BSW’s pa y mani es o, in which
he pa y pi s he poli ical and economic eli es agains he in e es s o he “ha d-
wo king majo i y.”
The a icle is s uc u ed as ollows. The nex (second) sec ion discusses he
idea ional app oach o populism, which se es as a ounda ion o he analysis.
The hi d sec ion b ie ly summa ises he his o y o Die Linke and Wageknech ’s
ole wi hin he pa y, ollowed by a quan i a i e analysis o he p ess eleases and
pa liamen a y speeches by Die Linke MPs. This analysis is complemen ed by a qual-
i a i e analysis o populis communica ion in he BSW’s mani es o. Finally, he
a icle closes wi h a discussion o he esul s and hei implica ions.
K
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical... 539
2 Populism: The Idea ional App oach
The ollowing analysis builds on he idea ional app oach, which ecen ly became
he dominan app oach in he empi ical esea ch o populism (Hawkins e al. 2018;
Mudde 2017). This app oach sees populism as a “unique se o ideas” (Hawkins
and Kal wasse 2018, p. 3). Populis ideas wo k as a men al map h ough which
one can unde s and he poli ical eali y (Mudde and Ro i a Kal wasse 2013). One
o he ad an ages o his app oach is ha i wo ks as an umb ella o di e en
pe spec i es, such as he ( hin) ideological (Mudde 2004) o he communica ional
pe spec i e. The la e , de ined as he discu si e communica ion o populis ideas
(deV eesee al.2018, p. 425), is he ocus o his a icle.
Populis ideas ha e wo main nodal poin s: “ he people” and “ he eli e” (Cano an
1981, p. 294; Rooduijn 2019, p. 363–364). Populis s use a simplis ic na a i e in
which “ he good o dina y people” a e opp essed by he “e il eli e,” which wo ks
agains he people’s in e es s (Hawkins e al. 2018, p. 3). The e o e, he e is an
an agonis ic ela ionship be ween hese wo en i ies (S anley 2008, p. 96), which
is buil on wo co e concep s: people-cen ism and an i-eli ism. Fo populis s, “ he
people” o ms he cen al nodal poin , as he name (de i ed om he La in wo d
populus) sugges s. One o he dis inc cha ac e is ics o populism’s appeal is ha i
add esses “ he people” as a whole and dismisses in e nal di isions by highligh ing
hei homogenei y (Mudde 2004). Howe e , he concep o he people is in en ionally
ague. The populis a - igh de ines “ he people” mos ly in e hnic e ms (“people
as na ions”). Populis s om he le ypically use socioeconomic c i e ia (as in “ he
common people”) and ocus hei he o ical a acks on he economic eli e (Mudde
and Ro i a Kal wasse 2013, pp. 501–503).
3 Die Linke, Wagenknech , and Thei Populism
F om a long- e m pe spec i e, Die Linke is he mos success ul and es ablished
a -le pa y in Ge many. The pa y ha was, un il ecen ly, he poli ical home o
Wagenknech has an e en ul pas . Die Linke was ounded in 2005 as he esul
o a me ge be ween he Eas Ge man Pa y o Democ a ic Socialism (PDS) and
a a -le spli -o om he Social Democ a s, he Labou and Social Jus ice—The
Elec o al Al e na i e pa y (WASG; Olsen 2007). While he e is consensus among
academics ha he PDS was classi ied as a le -wing populis pa y (Ha leb 2004;
Ma ch and Mudde 2005), he classi ica ion o Die Linke is deba ed among schola s.
In wo ecen ly published da ase s, Die Linke is classi ied as a bo de line case
(Meije s and Zaslo e 2020; Rooduijn e al. 2023).
One o he main easons o he di icul y a ound i s classi ica ion is he con-
side able in e nal he e ogenei y wi hin he pa y. The spli be ween he mode a e
and adical wings wi hin Die Linke, which was al eady isible wi hin he PDS
(Koß and Hough 2006, p. 78), is well e lec ed a he le el o subna ional b anches.
In ede al s a es whe e Die Linke is go e ning, he pa y uses much less populis
communica ion han in s a es whe e he pa y is in opposi ion (Thomeczek 2023).
Commen a o s ha e sugges ed ha he pa y has become somewha cen is in s a es
K
540 J. P. Thomeczek
such as Thu ingia, whe e Die Linke has been leading he go e nmen since 2014
(Schwesinge 2019). On he con a y, he e a e also o ganisa ions wi hin Die Linke,
such as he Communis Pla o m (KPF), which a e moni o ed by Ge man au ho i ies
(Bundesminis e ium des Inne n, ü Bau und Heima 2023, p. 158). The e is li le
doub ha Wagenknech was a c ucial d i e o Die Linke’s in e nal spli , whe e she
led he adical populis wing (Jesse 2022, p. 203). On Facebook and Twi e (now
known as X), no o he Ge man poli ician uses populis he o ic mo e equen ly han
Wagenknech (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial in G ündl 2022).
4 Analysis: Populis Communica ion by Die Linke MPs, 2005–2023
The p e ious discussion leads o he expec a ion ha Wagenknech ’s poli ical lan-
guage is s ongly in luenced by populis he o ic. Howe e , so a , he e idence o
ha is a he anecdo al. Fu he mo e, i is also an open ques ion how populis she is
compa ed o he o he Die Linke MPs. The ollowing sec ion empi ically es s his
claim by analysing populis communica ion in he pa liamen a y speeches and p ess
eleases o Die Linke MPs published du ing he ac ion’s li e ime (2005–2023).
Because Wagenknech al eady con inced se e al Die Linke MPs o join he new
poli ical p ojec , including ac ion leade Mohamed Ali (Tagesschau.de 2023), he
analysis will ocus no only on Wagenknech ’s he o ic is-à- is Die Linke MPs bu
also on he o he MPs who joined he BSW.
Fo his pu pose, all pa liamen a y speeches and p ess eleases ha e been sc aped
om he websi e o Die Linke’s Bundes ag ac ion (links ak ion.de) using he
R package “ es .” The da ase includes documen s published om when he pa y
i s compe ed o he Bundes ag elec ions (Sep embe 2005) un il Decembe 2023.
Cu en ly, his da ase includes all speeches and p ess eleases published by he Die
Linke pa liamen a y ac ion: A e he en BSW MPs, including Wagenknech he -
sel , le Die Linke, he sha e o Die Linke MPs d opped below 5%, he h eshold
o pa liamen a y ac ions. Consequen ly, Die Linke had o dissol e i s ac ion on
Decembe 6, 2023 (Deu sche Welle 2023).
In o al, mo e han 10,000 speeches and 19,000 p ess eleases we e analysed.
Simila s udies o en only analyse one ype o documen (e.g., B eye 2023; Thome-
czek 2023; Rooduijn and Pauwels 2011). Analysing wo di e en sou ces acili a es
gene alisa ion. The wo ex ypes co e a b oad ange o poli ical discou se a he
MP le el and also p o ide ele an in o ma ion o po en ial o e s. Al hough o e s
may only a ely ead p ess eleases o speeches di ec ly, hey a e in o med abou
hei con en h ough mass media and social media. One o he sou ce may be so-
cial media da a. Howe e , lea ing aside he g owing p oblem o da a accessibili y,
such da a a e no a ailable o he ull 18-yea pe iod: 1) social media si es only be-
came mass-communica ion channels in he 2010s, 2) no all MPs ha e accoun s, and
3) e en i hey do ha e accoun s, MPs o en dele e hem when hey lea e poli ics.
Fo he analysis, he populism dic iona y by G ündl (2022), which was de eloped
based on an analysis o ex s om Aus ia, Ge many, and Swi ze land, was used,
which consis s o 238 e ms. The dic iona y is he cu en ly mos comp ehensi e
dic iona y p ojec o he s udy o populism in Ge man ex s; i has been ea u ed
K
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical... 541
Fig. 1 Populis communica ion elemen s pe 1000 okens in p ess e-
leases. Red colou : MP swi ched o BSW, blue colou :DieLinkeMPs
K
542 J. P. Thomeczek
in se e al ecen publica ions (B eye 2023;Thiele2022; Thomeczek 2023)andad-
d esses many o he sho comings o p e ious populism dic iona ies (Pauwels 2017;
Rooduijn and Pauwels 2011). The g ea es ad ancemen is ha i wo ks based on
mul iwo d exp essions. Fo example, ins ead o he wo d “pa y,” which could indi-
ca e an i-eli ism bu also neu al desc ip ions o poli ical pa ies, “es ablished pa y”
and “pa y ca el” a e included (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial in G ündl 2022 o he
ull lis o e ms). The dic iona y esul s show high alidi y (e.g., Thomeczek 2023),
some hing ha was always a p oblem wi h p e ious populism dic iona ies (Pauwels
2017). Fu he mo e, B eye (2023, Supplemen a y Ma e ial A2) has shown ha he
co ela ion be ween manual coding and dic iona y hi s is high. Thiele (2022, p. 190)
epo s high eliabili y when compa ing manual and dic iona y coding (K ippen-
do ’s Alpha: 0.81). The ollowing analysis was conduc ed wi h he R package
“popdic R.” Sho ex s wi h less han 100 okens ha e been emo ed as pa o he
da a-cleaning p ocess.
The ollowing p ess elease by Wagenknech (2011) shows an applica ion o
he dic iona y. The wo hi s a e ma ked in bold ace. In he ex , Wagenknech
shows s ong an i-capi alis s ances and desc ibes he beha iou o economic eli es
(Wi scha seli en) as “i esponsible and immo al.” These economic eli es a e pi ed
agains “ he majo i y o he people” (Meh hei de Menschen), who “p o ide he
goods and se ices ou socie y needs wi h hei daily wo k” bu a e “demo i a ed
by eudal capi alism.”
Figu e 1summa ises he use o populis communica ion in p ess eleases. The
le plo displays he a e age numbe o populis communica ion elemen s (i.e.,
dic iona y hi s) pe 1000 okens2 o Wagenkech and he Die Linke MPs who
joined he indi idually. Thei populis communica ion is compa ed o he agg ega ed
esul s o he o he Die Linke MPs (blue ba ). The igu es p o ide e idence ha
Wagenknech has been he populis spea head o Die Linke, wi h mo e han h ee
populis communica ion elemen s pe 1000 okens in an a e age p ess elease. The e
a e also o he BSW MPs, namely Ul ich, Da˘
gdelen, and E ns , who use populis
he o ic mo e equen ly han hose who did no join he BSW. I is also no ewo hy
ha he “mo e populis ” BSW membe s a e gene ally mo e ac i e ( ega ding he
numbe o published p ess eleases) han he MPs wi h lowe populism sco es. The
sco e di e ences be ween BSW and non-BSW MPs a e s a is ically signi ican a he
0.001 le el.3Ne e heless, i should be men ioned ha no all BSW MPs use populis
he o ic equen ly in hei p ess eleases. Some BSW MPs, such as Mohamed Ali,
Al-Dailami, and Zimme mann, use populis communica ion elemen s only a ely.
In addi ion o p ess eleases w i en by indi idual MPs, he e a e also p ess e-
leases au ho ed by mul iple MPs. The igh plo shows he e ec o Wagenknech ’s
(co-)au ho ship on populis he o ic in p ess eleases. While he le el o populism
is ou s anding, p ess eleases she co-au ho ed also include mo e populis commu-
2Tokenisa ion e e s o he p ocess o p ocessing aw ex s in o smalle analy ical uni s, such as s ems
o wo ds (Welbe s e al. 2017, p. 246). In he ollowing analysis, one oken ypically ep esen s one wo d
(compound nouns such as “e-mail” a e also coun ed as one oken). 1000 okens a e oughly equi alen o
1.5 pages o ex .
3Pai wise - es wi h Bon e oni adjus men . All es s we e pe o med wi h he R package “psych.”
K
Bündnis Sah a Wagenknech (BSW): Le -Wing Au ho i a ian—and Populis ? An Empi ical... 549
supply-side ac o s wi h demand-side explana ions. He e, populis aming expe i-
men s ha e shown o be use ul in o he Eu opean con ex s (Hamelee s and Schmuck
2017; Hamelee s e al. 2018).
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