And eoli, Ma ia; F ie i, F ancesca; Gio dani, Gio gia; Gia è, F ancesca
A icle
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons: An explo a o y
analysis
I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al Economics (REA)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Fi enze Uni e si y P ess
Sugges ed Ci a ion: And eoli, Ma ia; F ie i, F ancesca; Gio dani, Gio gia; Gia è, F ancesca (2024) :
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons: An explo a o y analysis, I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al
Economics (REA), ISSN 2281-1559, Fi enze Uni e si y P ess, Flo ence, Vol. 79, Iss. 2, pp. 75-91,
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REA ITALIAN REVIEW
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ITALIAN REVIEW
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ECONOMICS
Ci a ion: And eoli, M., F ie i, F., Gio da-
ni, G., & Gia è, F. (2024). Ag icul u al wo k
in Eu opean p isons. An explo a o y
analysis. I alian Re iew o Ag icul u al
Economics 79(2): 75-91. DOI: 10.36253/
ea-15329
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Resea ch a icle
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons. An
explo a o y analysis
Ma ia And eoli1, F ancesca F ie i2,*, Gio gia Gio dani3, F ancesca
Gia è4
1 Uni e si y o Basilica a, School o Ag icul u al, Fo es y, Food and En i onmen al Sci-
ences (SAFE), Po enza, I aly
2 Uni e si y School o Ad anced S udies (IUSS), Depa men o Science, Technology and
Socie y, Pa ia, I aly
3 Uni e si y o Tuscia, Depa men o Economics, Enginee ing, Socie y and Business
O ganiza ion (DEIM), Vi e bo, I aly
4 CREA – Resea ch Cen e o Ag icul u al Policies and Bioeconomy, Rome, I aly
*Co esponding au ho . E-mail: ancesca. ie i@iusspa ia.i
Abs ac . Wo k in p isons has aken on a ious meanings o e ime. In Eu opean
con ex s, i se es as a aluable ool o enhancing inma es’ quali y o li e. Speci ical-
ly, ag icul u al wo k is ecognised o i s bene i s, such as physical and psychological
ehabili a ion, oca ional aining, job placemen , educa ion, and ec ea ional ac i i ies.
Some o hese aspec s align wi h Social Fa ming (SF), which a ibu es a socio-wel a e
ole o ag icul u al p ac ices. To iden i y any SF elemen s wi hin Eu opean p isons, an
explo a o y analysis was ca ied ou , examining expe iences in ou coun ies (Den-
ma k, G eece, I aly, and Sweden) using a quali a i e app oach. The indings e eal ha
many aspec s o hese expe iences align wi h he SF amewo k and con ibu e o he
ehabili a ion o p isone s engaged in ag icul u al wo k.
Keywo ds: social a ming, p ison a ms, ag icul u al wo k in p isons, Eu opean p is-
ons.
JEL codes: H53, I39, K14.
HIGHLIGHTS
· Social Fa ming elemen s can be ound in he ag icul u al ac i i ies ca -
ied ou in he expe iences analysed.
· In Eu opean p isons he di ec in ol emen o inma es in ag icul u al
ac i i ies is a key elemen in hei ehabili a i e pa h.
· The economic alue associa ed wi h inma es’ wo k con ibu es o gi ing
hem a sense o use ulness.
76 Ma ia And eoli, F ancesca F ie i, Gio gia Gio dani, F ancesca Gia è
1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
A in e na ional le el, wo k in p isons has been eg-
ula ed since he 1950s by he Uni ed Na ions O ganisa-
ion. Du ing he Fi s Uni ed Na ions Cong ess on he
P e en ion o C ime and he T ea men o P isone s,
held in Gene a in 1955, “S anda d Minimum Rules o
he T ea men o P isone s” we e adop ed1.
In d a ing hem, he wide a ie y o legal, social,
economic and geog aphical condi ions in he wo ld was
accoun ed o , and hei adop ion was unanimously
accep ed as minimum condi ions by all membe s o he
O ganisa ion. Wi h ega d o wo k, he ules p ohibi i s
a lic i e na u e, equi ing – a he – ha he occupa-
ion ep esen s an oppo uni y o he main enance o
enhancemen o he skills o inma es. In addi ion, he
O ganiza ion equi es ha wo king condi ions (in e ms
o ime and emune a ion, as well as secu i y) should be
compa able o hose gene ally p ac ised in socie y ou -
side p ison, “so as o p epa e p isone s o he condi ions
o no mal wo king li e” (S anda d 72-1).
La e , in 1990, basic uni e sal p inciples in he
ea men o p isone s we e es ablished. D a ed by he
UN OHCHR (O ice o he High Commissione o
Human Righ s), hese include he esolu ion acco ding
o which “condi ions mus be c ea ed o enable p is-
one s o engage in meaning ul paid employmen , ha
acili a es hei ein eg a ion in o he coun y’s labou
ma ke and enables hem o con ibu e o hei own
economic li elihood and ha o hei amilies” (p inci-
ple numbe 8)2.
A Eu opean le el, he p ison sys em has been eg-
ula ed since 1950 wi h he enac men o he Eu opean
Con en ion on Human Righ s3. The documen ep e-
sen ed a miles one in he pa h unde aken by he Allied
Powe s o p e en he mos se ious human igh s iola-
ions ha occu ed du ing he Second Wo ld Wa . Wi h
ega d o wo k (A . 4), he documen eads ha no one
shall be held in sla e y o equi ed o pe o m o ced o
compulso y labou .
1 App o ed by he Economic and Social Council in esolu ions 663 C
(XXIV) o 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) o 13 May 1977. These s and-
a ds we e e ised by he Gene al Assembly in 2011. The e ision p o-
cess las ed un il 2014. A e ha , he e isions we e app o ed in Cape
Town in 2015 and we e named he Nelson Mandela Rules.
2 “Basic P inciples o he T ea men o P isone s” – Resolu ion 45/111
by Gene al Assembly o 14 Decembe 1990. h ps://www.ohch .o g/
si es/de aul / iles/basicp inciples.pd .
3 Quo e om he o iginal 1950 ex : h ps://www.ech .coe.in /Docu-
men s/A chi es_1950_Con en ion_ENG.pd . The mos ecen e sion
o he Con en ion ollows he p o isions o P o ocol No. 15 (CETS
No.213) as o i s en y in o o ce, i.e. as o 1 Augus 2021, and P o ocol
No. 14 (CETS No. 194) as o i s en y in o o ce, i.e. as o 1 June 2010.
A icle 4 emained, howe e , unchanged.
In 1973, he Council o Eu ope de eloped i s own
S anda d Minimum Rules o he T ea men o P ison-
e s (Eu opean P ison Rules), no binding on he Membe
S a es, which we e adop ed by he Commi ee o Minis-
e s (Resolu ions 73.5) and e o mula ed in 1987.
Eu opean P ison Rules (A . 26) also s a e s anda ds
egula ing wo k, de ining he posi i e and non-puni i e
na u e o wo k in p isons, speci ying ha he wo k p o-
ided by p ison au ho i ies mus enable hem o main-
ain o imp o e he p isone s’ skills, wi h a iew o a
success ul social and labou ein eg a ion upon elease.
Mo eo e , he documen men ions he need o equa e as
a as possible he o ganiza ion and wo king me hods
used in de en ion acili ies wi h he o dina y one used
in wo king li e (A . 26.7). Acco ding o his s a emen ,
he wo k mus be emune a ed ai ly and egula ed, in
e ms o daily and mon hly wo king hou s, acco ding o
na ional ules o hose p o ec ing wo ke s in e na ion-
ally, and he pu sui o p o i in he p oduc ion ac i i ies
ca ied ou wi hin co ec ional ins i u ions canno p e-
ail o e in e es in he pe sonal g ow h o inma es.
Acco ding o he in e na ional and Eu opean ules,
ag icul u al wo k is b oadly used o implemen aining
and wo king p og ammes inside penal acili ies. Ag i-
cul u e in penal ins i u ions has a g ea ehabili a ion
powe : i s ly, i allows p isone s o wo k in he open
ai , es o ing a sense o eedom and p oximi y o ci il
socie y (Mo an, Tu ne , 2019; Piccioni e al., 2022); sec-
ondly, i allows hem o ake ca e o o he li ing beings
(plan s and animals), ac i a ing p ocesses o accoun -
abili y owa ds hemsel es and hi d pa ies (Payne e
al., 2023), as well as p ocesses o g adual assump ion
o au onomy; hi dly, since he ou come o hei e o s
has an economic alue, hey eco e a sense o use ul-
ness and sel - ealiza ion (Bo so o e al., 2022); inally,
i is an oppo uni y o lea n a job and inc ease inma es’
employabili y (Ascencio, 2018; Bhulle e al., 2020; Bo -
so o e al., 2022). The ag icul u al wo k ca ied ou
inside p isons can be powe ul because wo king on he
land can p o ide inma es wi h a meaning ul and pu -
pose ul endea ou (Ciape oni, 2009a; 2009b). I needs
o be unde lined ha in some cases he inma es wo k in
a ms inside he p isons, in o he cases hey can wo k in
a ms loca ed ou side, depending on he legal amewo k
and local oppo uni y. Conside ing hese elemen s, ag i-
cul u e in de en ion cen es can be aced back o Social
Fa ming, which links ag icul u al p ac ices o socio-wel-
a e pu poses (Riccia di, Da a Guccione, 2018; Bo so o
e al., 2022).
The aim o his s udy is o iden i y he cha ac e -
is ics o ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons and o
highligh elemen s common o Social Fa ming ha
77
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons. An explo a o y analysis
can con ibu e o he social and occupa ional inclusion
o inma es. To his end, an explo a o y analysis was
conduc ed by ga he ing in o ma ion om exis ing li -
e a u e and a ious Eu opean expe iences. Labou and
p ison egula ions we e examined o de elop a comp e-
hensi e amewo k and o gain a deepe unde s anding
o legisla i e choices ega ding ehabili a ion h ough
wo k. In he second sec ion, we explo e he in e p e a-
ion and de ini ion o Social Fa ming in he Eu opean
li e a u e and he alue o ag icul u al wo k in p ison
se ings. The hi d sec ion ou lines he me hod used
o in es iga e he phenomenon and selec ele an case
s udies. Finally, he esul s, discussion, and concluding
e lec ions a e p esen ed.
2. THEORETICAL APPROACH
In he las decades, many schola s used he concep
o Social Fa ming (SF) in o de o analyse a se o he -
e ogeneous p ac ices aking place in a ms ha ing social
and e hical pu poses in common, gene ally aimed o
o e 1) pa hways o he social and/o labou inclusion
o people wi h disabili ies, social disad an age, addic ion
p oblems, men al o psychia ic p oblems, who expe-
ience o ha e expe ienced pe iods o imp isonmen ;
2) ca e and/o heal h se ices add essed o suppo he
public sys em in hei in e en ion a local le el (Di Iac-
o o, 2009; Di Iaco o, O’Conno , 2009; Gui ado e al.,
2017; Hassink, Van Dijk, 2006; Hine e al., 2008; Ja áb-
ko á e al., 2022; Mo uzzo e al., 2019; Sempik, 2010).
The Eu opean Economic and Social Commi ee
de ines SF as ollows: “a clus e o ac i i ies ha use ag i-
cul u al esou ces – bo h animal and plan – o gene -
a e social se ices in u al o semi- u al a eas, such as
ehabili a ion, he apy, shel e ed jobs, li elong lea ning
and o he ac i i ies con ibu ing o social in eg a ion
(acco ding o he de ini ion used in COST (Eu opean
Coope a ion in Science and Technology) Ac ion 866
– G een Ca e). In his sense, i is abou – among o he
hings – making a ms places whe e people wi h pa -
icula needs can ake pa in daily a ming ou ines as
a way o u he ing hei de elopmen , making p og ess
and imp o ing hei well-being” (Willems, 2013).
On he o he hand, he Eu opean Economic and
Social Commi ee sugges s ha i is no use ul o include
Social Fa ming in a igid de ini ion, because o he many
o ms i can ake (Willems, 2013). In ac , acco ding o
an Elsen (2016), i would be mo e co ec o hink o SF
as a b oad “concep ”, i.e. some hing in he making ha
can ake on new o ms and e ol e. As sugges ed by Di
Iaco o (2020), in Eu ope hese p ac ices a e iden i ied
wi h di e en locu ions: “Fa ming o heal h”, “G een
Ca e”, “Social Fa ming”, “Heal h Fa ming”, depending
on he a ea in which i is p ac ised, he di e en wel a e
models, his o ical e olu ion and meaning a ibu ed o
hese p ac ices. In he Eu opean con ex , wo di e en
models o Social Fa ming can be dis inguished (Di Iaco-
o, O’Conno , 2009): he No he n Eu opean one, whe e
ag icul u al ac i i ies a e p omo ed and mainly inanced
by ins i u ions o he apeu ic and ehabili a i e pu -
poses (G een Ca e o G een Ca e in Ag icul u e o Ca e
Fa ming); and he Medi e anean one, whe e Social
Fa ming ini ia i es a e aimed a popula ion g oups wi h
low le els o con ac ing, i.e. who a e unlikely o be
employed o wo k asks (Bo so o e al., 2022).
Ag icul u al wo k in p ison was in oduced in he
18 h cen u y, when in se e al Wes e n coun ies p ison-
e s we e o ced o wo k, ollowing he P o es an model
o “communal li ing” and he idea o con olling hem
and imposing be e beha iou on hem. A i s , i ook
on a puni i e alue and was implemen ed as a o m o
sen ence educ ion by he p isone . Only du ing he sec-
ond hal o he 20 h cen u y, ag icul u al wo k became a
means o e-educa ing p isone s (Foucaul , 2005).
The li e a u e highligh s he con ibu ion o ag icul-
u al ac i i y o educing he isk o ecidi ism h ough
inc eased employabili y skills and he posi i e impac o
wo king ou doo s (Welch, Eld idge, 2020). S udies on
he use o plan s and animals, ocusing on a m animal
ca e and husband y, a e pa icula ly lacking, as Payne
e al. (2023) show. Howe e , o he au ho s (A z, Da is,
2017; Fi zge ald e al., 2021) s a e ha , while animals
used in he apeu ic in e en ions b ing bene i s, he
in e ac ions wi h commodi ied and objec i ied animals
a e likely no acili a ing empa hy and ehabili a ion, due
o he iolence animals ha e o su e .
The e is also e idence ha ho icul u al he apy
(HT), which is conside ed a declina ion o SF (Makau e
al., 2024), b ings bene i s o physical, social and men al
heal h, and has a posi i e e ec on inma e ehabili a ion
and ecidi ism (Ascencio, 2018). Also, Lee e al. (2021)
obse ed posi i e changes in he heal h condi ions
o p isone s pa icipa ing in he HT p og amme, i.e.
dec eased dep ession and inc eased sel -es eem and li e
sa is ac ion. This kind o ac i i y also allows o ende s
o lea n speci ic skills (g owing p ocess, managemen ,
e c.) ha will inc ease hei employabili y in ields (Jil-
e , 2006; Bo so o e al., 2022; Riccia di, Da a Giccione,
2018). Fu he mo e, a quali a i e s udy o a ho icul u e
p og amme in Canadian p isons shows bo h he posi-
i e impac s associa ed wi h plan ing, ending and ha -
es ing, and hose associa ed wi h dona ing ood o local
communi ies (Timle e al., 2019).
78 Ma ia And eoli, F ancesca F ie i, Gio gia Gio dani, F ancesca Gia è
Ano he impo an aspec ela es o he addi ional
bene i s linked o he adop ion o o ganic a ming, he
bene i s o which in p isoning con ex s we e b oad-
ly analysed by I alian esea che s in he ea ly 2000s
(AIAB, 2007; Ciape oni, Fe an e, 2008). These au ho s
poin ed ou ha he lowe use o syn hesis inpu s o
add essing plan pa hologies p o ides ope a o s wi h a
a g ea e deg ee o sa e y o hei heal h wi h espec
o con en ional a ming echniques. Mo eo e , o ganic
a ming holds conside able alue in e ms o e-edu-
ca ion, consen ing he cul i a ion o a posi i e dispo-
si ion and connec ion wi h he na u al en i onmen
and encou aging a consciousness ega ding sus ain-
able p ac ices. Consequen ly, i imp o es he sense o
esponsibili y owa ds o he human beings and all li -
ing c ea u es. (Gia è e al., 2017; Gui ado e al., 2017;
Nicli e al., 2020).
Ne e heless, some au ho s (Chennaul , Sbicca,
2023) p o ide a c i ical pe spec i e, as p ison ag icul-
u e can embody explici o ms o exploi a ion, high-
ligh ing how, in some con ex s, he p ison popula ion
is exploi ed o p oduce an economic p o i ha goes o
“ epay” he damage ha he c ime commi ed by he
p isone has caused o he public communi y. In he
li e a u e, his app oach is associa ed wi h he concep
o acial capi alism (Chennaul , Sbicca, 2023; Hazele ,
2023). Howe e , penal sys ems a ound he wo ld a e
qui e di e en , as is he his o ical and cul u al e olu-
ion o p ison wo k (Council o Eu ope De elopmen
Bank, 2021).
3. METHOD AND DATA
Due o he lack o comp ehensi e da a and in o ma-
ion on ag icul u al ac i i ies wi hin Eu opean penal
ins i u ions, an explo a o y analysis was conduc ed,
ollowing a bo om-up quali a i e esea ch app oach.
Explo a o y esea ch is a me hodology app oach aimed
a in es iga ing esea ch ques ions ha ha e no p e i-
ously been s udied in dep h.
Da a we e collec ed by a li e a u e e iew on ag i-
cul u al p ac ices in p isons and using ques ionnai es
and in e iews. Fou phases we e planned, each wi h an
inc easing dep h o inqui y and in o ma ion sough : (1)
scou ing phase, (2) a p elimina y quali a i e ques ion-
nai e, (3) a second quali a i e ques ionnai e, and (4)
in e iews. The in o ma ion has been collec ed in o de
o ha e a amewo k o ag icul u al ac i i ies in p isons
and compa e hem wi h he main cha ac e is ics o SF,
as de ined in he li e a u e.
3.1. Scou ing phase
The esea ch s a ed wi h a p elimina y scou ing
phase h ough an online su ey, using he same key-
wo ds o each Eu opean coun y in he main online
sea ch engine (Google): “p ison a m”, “open p ison”,
“ag icul u e in p ison”, “ag icul u e and de en ion”. This
app oach enabled he iden i ica ion o 32 penal ins i u-
ions engaging in ag icul u al ac i i ies ac oss Eu ope
(Figu e 1). I alian expe iences, on he o he hand, we e
iden i ied based on he li e a u e (Bo so o e al., 2022)
and di ec knowledge. The en i e explo a o y phase was
conduc ed be ween Feb ua y and Ap il 2022.
3.2. P elimina y ques ionnai e
The second phase in ol ed he de elopmen o a s uc-
u ed, s anda dized and sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e
(a ailable in he supplemen a y ma e ial) based on he li -
e a u e (AIAB, 2009: 45), aimed a ga he ing in o ma ion
abou he ac i i ies ca ied ou in p ison a ms. The ques-
ionnai e was deli e ed o he iden i ied ins i u ions ia
email, using “Google Fo ms”, be ween May and June 2022.
A o al o 15 esponses we e collec ed (Table 1, Q1).
3.3. Second ques ionnai e
The de elopmen o he second ques ionnai e (a ail-
able in he supplemen a y ma e ial), which was also
Figu e 1. Analysed p ison a ms pe coun y.
79
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons. An explo a o y analysis
s uc u ed, s anda dized and sel -adminis e ed, was
aimed a ob aining in-dep h, de ailed and speci ic in o -
ma ion: he cha ac e is ics o he ag icul u al en e p ises
in e ms o cul i a ed a ea; he ac i i ies ca ied ou and
use o he p oduc s; he o ganiza ion o wo k ac i i ies;
he me hods o selec ing and aining inma es o wo k;
inma es’ ea nings; ne wo king ac i i ies conduc ed by
he p ison; as well as social aspec s, such as he c i e-
ia o selec ing and hi ing inma es. This phase o he
esea ch was conduc ed be ween July and Sep embe
2022, and 10 esponses we e collec ed (Table 1, Q2).
3.4. In e iews
The esponden s o he second ques ionnai e we e
in i ed o pa icipa e in a semi-s uc u ed ocused in e -
iew (a ailable in he supplemen a y ma e ial) o gain a
deepe unde s anding o he speci ic expe iences con-
duc ed wi hin hei espec i e ins i u ions. The in e iew
guide has been de ined as a lis o ques ions (Whi ing,
2008; K auss e al., 2009), in o de o di ec he con e sa-
ion owa ds he esea ch opic (K auss e al., 2009). The
lexible o m o he semi-s uc u ed in e iew allowed
dialogue du ing he in e iew (Whi ing, 2008) and he
possibili y o deepen based on he speci ic con ex .
All in e iews we e conduc ed online ia he
“Mic oso Teams” pla o m, digi ally eco ded, and
ansc ibed wi h he pa icipan s’ consen . Each in e -
iew las ed a ound 60 minu es. This phase o he
esea ch ook place be ween Sep embe and Decembe
2022; a o al o 7 in e iews o 10 ins i u ions we e con-
duc ed as some in e iewees we e ep esen a i es o mul-
iple penal ins i u ions4.
The analysis p esen ed in he esul s he e o e con-
side s p ison a ms in Denma k, G eece, I aly and Swe-
den, which a e he expe iences om which we we e able
o ge all he necessa y in o ma ion o he goal o ou
s udy. P ison a ms in Aus ia and Belgium ha e no
been included in he s udy because hey eplied only
o he i s ques ionnai e. Speci ically, In Denma k, he
in e iewee wo ks in he headqua e wi hin he Dan-
ish penal and p ison se ice a a poli ical-adminis a i e
le el and is esponsible o he ac i i ies ha p ison-
e s ha e o a end while hey a e inca ce a ed (DK1).
She eplied collec i ely o all p ison a ms in Denma k
(Søbysøgå d, Sd . Omme Fængsel, K agsko hede Fæng-
sel and Renbæk p isons). The esponden om G eece is
an ag onomis (EL1), who leads he ag icul u al depa -
men o Agia p ison. In I aly, we in e iewed people wi h
di e en oles, due he a ie y o si ua ions: he legal
ep esen a i e o he coope a i e ORTO, who in 2017
s a ed he social ag icul u e p ojec “Semi Libe i” in
Vi e bo p ison (IT1), he ag icul u al echnician o he
Peni en ia y Ins i u ion o Ancona (IT2) and a membe
o he peni en ia y police in cha ge o ag icul u al ac i -
i ies in San ’Angelo dei Lomba di p ison (IT3). In Swe-
den, we in e iewed he a m manage esponsible o all
kinds o wo k o he p isone s in S a sjö p ison (SE1);
4 Fu he in o ma ion on he p ison a ms analysed can be ound in he
supplemen a y ma e ial.
Table 1. Con ibu ion o he iden i ied Eu opean p ison a ms o he s udy.
P ison (Coun y) Q1 Q2 In e iew Role o he in e iewee
S a ollzugsans al G az – Außens elle Lankowi z Gu sho (AT) X
Jus izans al Sonnbe g (AT) X
Jus izans al Schwa zau (AT) X
Peni en iai Landbouwcen um an Ruiselede (BE) X
Søbysøgå d Fængsel (DK) X X X Danish penal and p ison se ice adminis a i e s a
Sønde Omme Fængsel (DK) X X X Danish penal and p ison se ice adminis a i e s a
K agsko hede Fængsel (DK) X X X Danish penal and p ison se ice adminis a i e s a
Renbæk Fængsel (DK) X X X Danish penal and p ison se ice adminis a i e s a
Ag o iko Ka as ima K a isis Agias – G amma eia (EL) X X X Ag onomis
Casa di Reclusione Ancona Ba caglione (IT) X X X Ag icul u al echnician
Casa Ci conda iale Vi e bo Mammagialla (IT) X X X Legal ep esen a i e o he coope a i e ORTO
Casa di Reclusione San ’Angelo dei Lomba di (IT) X X X Peni en ia y Police in cha ge o ag icul u al ac i i ies
Ans al en Rödjan (SE) X X X P ison s a who manages he ag icul u al ac i i ies
Ans al en S a sjö (SE) X X X Fa m manage
Sö byns ängelse (SE) X
Please, no e ha he names o he p isons a e epo ed in he o iginal language.
80 Ma ia And eoli, F ancesca F ie i, Gio gia Gio dani, F ancesca Gia è
and he manage o ag icul u al ac i i ies om he Röd-
jan p ison (SE2).
Fo a conscious and clea eading o his analy-
sis, i is impo an o emphasise ha he opinions and
poin s o iew exp essed in he wo k a e no hose o
he inma es because i was no possible o ob ain he
equi ed pe missions o speak wi h hem. F om now on,
we will only use he name o he place whe e p isons a e
loca ed o illus a e esul s.
4. RESULTS
As al eady men ioned, he analysis conside s p is-
on a ms in ou coun ies: Denma k (4), G eece (1),
I aly (3) and Sweden (2). Resul s a e p esen ed by opic
in o de o di ec ly compa e expe iences in ela ion o:
gene al in o ma ion (4.1), ag icul u al ac i i ies (4.2), use
o p oduc s (4.3), economic e enues (4.4), o ganiza ion
o wo k (4.5), inma es’ selec ion and job p e e ence (4.6),
aining o p isone s (4.7), wo king condi ions (4.8), ole
o wo k and ag icul u e in he legisla i e sys em and
ad an ages o ag icul u al wo k (4.9), and ne wo king
(4.10). Gi en he explo a o y na u e o ou esea ch, we
will be epo ing in he esul s all he aspec s ha ha e
eme ged om he ques ionnai es and in e iews, e en
when hey a e no s ic ly ela ed o ou esea ch goal.
La e on, in he discussion session, we will highligh
he aspec s eme ging om ou explo a ion ha can be
linked o SF.
4.1. Gene al in o ma ion
The ag icul u al ac i i ies conduc ed wi hin p is-
ons a y in e ms o he numbe o p isone s in ol ed,
which can ange om 2 o 150, due o di e ences in he
o ganiza ion, size o he a m, and a ailable wo king
oppo uni ies. The s udy conside ed only male p ison-
e s. The explo a o y analysis o he pa icipa ing p isons
highligh ed ha he a ms associa ed wi h hese ins i-
u ions a e o di e en sizes: he o al ag icul u al a ea
(TAA) a ies be ween 0.4 and 1,100 hec a es, while he
u ilized ag icul u al a ea (UAA) can ake on a alue
anging om less han 1 hec a e up o 600. Table 2 sum-
ma ises in o ma ion abou p isone s and ag icul u al
a ea pe p ison analysed.
4.2. Ag icul u al ac i i ies
The p oduc ion o ien a ion (Tables 3a and 3b) is
in line wi h he ag icul u e o he examined coun ies.
No he n Eu opean p ison a ms a e cha ac e ized by
la ge ex ensions and ocus hei ac i i ies mos ly on
ce eals, o age, o es y and li es ock. Ins ead, among
he Sou he n Eu opean p isons, I alian a ms ha e a
a he small TAA and UAA, which hey alo ise wi h
niche p oduc ions wi h high added alue, such as small
ui s in Ancona Ba caglione (IT), aloe e a and a oma -
ic he bs in Vi e bo (IT) and se icul u e in San ’Angelo
dei Lomba di (IT). Di e en ly, he G eek p ison is cha -
ac e ised by p oduc ions ypical o bo h small and la ge
a ms. The numbe o inma es employed in ag icul u al
ac i i ies is gene ally highe in he no h p opo iona e
o he highe UAA.
The p ison a ms a e in ol ed in di e si ica ion in
non-ag icul u al ac i i ies (Table 4), such as di ec sale,
ood and wood p ocessing. Di ec sale is ypical o he
I alian p isons, and is also done in Rodjan (SE). P od-
uc p ocessing is a he widesp ead e e ywhe e, while
wood p ocessing is mo e common in No he n Eu ope-
Table 2. Numbe o p isone s and ag icul u al a ea (hec a es).
P ison (Coun y) To al p isone s P isone s wo king in ag icul u e TAA (ha) UAA (ha)
Søbysøgå d Fængsel (DK) 3,600* 150* 230 200
Sønde Omme Fængsel (DK) 1,100 950
K agsko hede Fængsel (DK) 1,000 600
Renbæk Fængsel (DK) 200 160
Ag o iko Ka as ima K a isis Agias – G amma eia (EL) 85 2 138 101
Casa di Reclusione Ancona Ba caglione (IT) 80 5-10 2 2
Casa Ci conda iale Vi e bo Mammagialla (IT) 503** 5 0.4 0.3
Casa di Reclusione San ’Angelo dei Lomba di (IT) 180 10 1.2 1.15
Ans al en Rödjan (SE) 107 35 387 387
Ans al en S a sjö (SE) 120 35-40 400 400
* To al o all Danish p isons.
** Da a aken om he I alian Minis y o Jus ice websi e (09/09/2022), because he answe o he ques ionnai e was 5.
81
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons. An explo a o y analysis
an coun ies. The p ison o Rodjan (SE) is he only one
p oducing ene gy. Table 5 summa izes he ag icul u al
me hod used in he p ison analysed.
In Denma k, he mo e owa ds o ganic a ming in
p isons s a ed in he 1990s. The EU o ganic ce i ica-
ion was ob ained wi h he suppo o a consul ancy
agency, which p o ided in o ma ion on EU ules, egu-
la ions and inancial aspec s (i.e., access o undings).
The in e iewee unde lined he impo ance o his sup-
po as she claimed ha bu eauc acy in o ganic a m-
ing can some imes cons i u e a limi a ion. The Danish
adminis a ion pays g ea a en ion o sus ainabili y and
in he pas p omo ed he analysis o he sus ainabili y
po en ials o p ison a ms in Denma k, wi h he suppo
o ex e nal consul an s. Di e en aspec s o sus ainabil-
i y a e included, such as sa ing wa e , ene gy, biodi e -
si y, li e quali y, economics managemen , soil manage-
men and animals.
In Agias (EL), e o s a e gene ally made o mini-
mise e ilise s and o he inpu s o be as en i onmen-
ally iendly as possible, bu o ganic ce i ica ion is
only ob ained o ege ables and he bs because i is
conside ed oo expensi e (i.e., excluding o age p o-
duc ion, ui a ming, oli e g owing, li es ock and
lo icul u e).
None o he analysed I alian p isons complies wi h
he EU o ganic s anda ds, mainly due o he low p o-
duc ion quan i y and he di icul y in managing he
adminis a i e p ocedu e on behal o he p isons. Ne -
e heless, all he in e iewees epo a minimal use o
chemical inpu s, which can esul in lowe p oduc ion.
The in e iewee om San ’Angelo dei Lomba di claims
ha his low-inpu choice is bo h o en i onmen al
p o ec ion and because he inal aim o he ag icul u al
wo k ha hey do “is no o p oduce and make money
bu o e-educa e and ain p isone s” (IT3).
The wo Swedish p ison a ms p oduce unde he
Swedish o ganic ce i ica ion KRAV; he Rodjan (SE)
de en ion cen e is one o he oldes a ms ha acqui ed
he ce i ica ion in he la e 1980s. KRAV is a ce i ica-
Table 3a. Ag icul u al p oduc ions by p ison.
P ison (Coun y) Ce eal Fo age F ui Ho icul u e Oli e A oma ic
he bs Fo es y Li es ock Ga dening
Søbysøgå d Fængsel (DK) X X X X X
Sønde Omme Fængsel (DK) X X X X X
K agsko hede Fængsel (DK) X X X X X
Renbæk Fængsel (DK) X X X X X
Ag o iko Ka as ima K a isis Agias – G amma eia (EL) X X X X X X
Casa di Reclusione Ancona Ba caglione (IT) X X X
Casa Ci conda iale Vi e bo Mammagialla (IT) X X X X
Casa di Reclusione San ’Angelo dei Lomba di (IT) X X X X
Ans al en Rödjan (SE) X X X X X
Ans al en S a sjö (SE) X X X X
Table 3b. Ag icul u al p oduc ions by p ison.
P ison (Coun y) Fi ewood Beekeeping Flo icul u e Edible
sp ou s
A oma ic
he bs
Aloe
a mingVi icul u e Se icul u e
Søbysøgå d Fængsel (DK) X
Sønde Omme Fængsel (DK) X
K agsko hede Fængsel (DK) X
Renbæk Fængsel (DK) X
Ag o iko Ka as ima K a isis Agias – G amma eia (EL) X
Casa di Reclusione Ancona Ba caglione (IT) X X
Casa Ci conda iale Vi e bo Mammagialla (IT) X X X
Casa di Reclusione San ’Angelo dei Lomba di (IT) X X X
Ans al en Rödjan (SE)
Ans al en S a sjö (SE) X
82 Ma ia And eoli, F ancesca F ie i, Gio gia Gio dani, F ancesca Gia è
ion mo e es ic i e han he EU o ganic one, since
he e a e mo e ules and con ols5. Consequen ly, i is a
s ong b and, and i s p oduc s a e sold a highe p ices
wi h espec o EU o ganic ce i ica ion.
4.3. Use o p oduc s
The in e iews highligh ha p oduc s ob ained in
p isons a e bo h sel -consumed (excep o Vi e bo p is-
on) and sold, as shown in Table 6.
In Denma k, he mea is sold o “Danish C own”
and he dai y p oduc s o ARLA, which is a la ge dai y
p oduc ion company, h ough pe iodic and s uc u ed
con ac s. They also sell o la ge scale dis ibu ion and
specialized shops. The in e iewee speci ied ha hey
5 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he ollowing links: h ps://wwwk a se.
cdn. igge ish.cloud/uploads/si es/2/2022/12/k a -s and-
a ds-2023-1670933646.pd (KRAV s anda ds); h ps://ag icul u e.
ec.eu opa.eu/ a ming/o ganic- a ming/legisla ion_en (Eu opean ones).
sell o big companies because hey can manage he s ic
egula ions o o ganic a ming.
Also, in Agia p ison pa o he p oduc ion is sold
and pa o i is sel -consumed. P isone s and employees
can buy he p oduc s made in p ison. The ules es ablish
ha i s o all hese p oduc s should be used o supply
he p ison, hen he employees and inally he ee ma -
ke . P isone s ha e he possibili y o cook he ood ha
hey buy (and p oduce) in he cen al ki chen. O ganic
p oduc s a e sold o specialized shops while no ce i ied
p oduc s a e sold o any buye in he ee ma ke . They
only sell aw p oduc s and no in la ge quan i ies. They
don’ ha e a egis e ed b and.
In I aly p oduc s a e gene ally sold o companies
o coope a i es ha pa icipa e in ende s o ganised
by he Minis y o Jus ice bu hey can also be used o
sel -consump ion in acco dance wi h he p o isions o
he na ional Law6. In Vi e bo, p oduc s a e sold o a m-
e s’ ma ke s, specialized shops, online, and in he shop
loca ed ou side he p ison. In Ancona p ison, pa o he
p oduc ion is o sale, which akes place h ough a eg-
is e ed adema k “Fa o ia Ba caglione”, pa ly a he
a m shop and pa ly a a me s’ ma ke s and Ch is -
mas ma ke s. The p oduc ion om he p ison olun a y
social ga den (abou 0.3 ha) is gi en ee o cha ge o
he inma es; he excess o he social ga den is dis ibu -
ed o needy amilies in he a ea indica ed by he Social
Se ices o he Municipali y o Ancona. This ac i i y is
suppo ed wi h he con ibu ion o he Ma che Region
Depa men o Ag icul u e, he Regional Gua an o
6 Law no. 354/1975, a . 20, pa ag aph 12: “P isone s may be allowed o
engage in he ac i i y o p oducing goods o sel -consump ion. A dec ee
o he Minis e o Jus ice, in consul a ion wi h he Minis e o Economy
and Finance, es ablishes he p ocedu es o ca ying ou he ac i i y o
sel -consump ion, including h ough he use o p ison adminis a ion
goods and se ices”. Fo mo e in o ma ion see: T oncone, P. 2014. Manu-
ale di Di i o Peni enzia io. To ino. Giappichelli Edi o e.
Table 4. Ac i i ies ela ed o ag icul u e by p ison.
P ison (Coun y) Di ec sale P oduc p ocessing Ene gy p oduc ion
Søbysøgå d Fængsel (DK) X
Sønde Omme Fængsel (DK) X
K agsko hede Fængsel (DK) X
Renbæk Fængsel (DK) X
Ag o iko Ka as ima K a isis Agias – G amma eia (EL)
Casa di Reclusione Ancona Ba caglione (IT) X X
Casa Ci conda iale Vi e bo (IT) X X
Casa di Reclusione San ’Angelo dei Lomba di (IT) X X
Ans al en Rödjan (SE) XXX
Ans al en S a sjö (SE) X
Table 5. Ag icul u al me hod by p ison.
P ison (Coun y) O ganic Con en ional
Søbysøgå d Fængsel (DK) X
Sønde Omme Fængsel (DK) X
K agsko hede Fængsel (DK) X
Renbæk Fængsel (DK) X
Ag o iko Ka as ima K a isis Agias –
G amma eia (EL) X
Casa di Reclusione Ancona Ba caglione (IT) X
Casa Ci conda iale Vi e bo (IT) X
Casa di Reclusione San ’Angelo dei
Lomba di (IT) X
Ans al en Rödjan (SE) X
Ans al en S a sjö (SE) X
89
Ag icul u al wo k in Eu opean p isons. An explo a o y analysis
Policies can play a signi ican ole in de eloping
new app oaches o add ess bo h ag icul u al and social
issues. Howe e , a EU coun y le el he e a e no speci ic
laws on SF, excep in I aly, while local heal h and social
sys ems o e di e en oppo uni ies and economic sup-
po o he implemen a ion o SF ini ia i es. Due o he
impo ance and complexi y o he issues, u he s udies
could be ocused on he opic, in o de o compa e he
si ua ion a Eu opean and in e na ional le el.
The analysis had an explo a o y app oach using
online su eys and in e iews wi h p ison s a , gi en
he e iden di icul y in con ac ing and in ol ing p is-
one s. Consequen ly, he esul s come om he unique
pe spec i es o he managemen and s a esponsi-
ble o ag icul u al ac i i ies and may be e y di e en
om – o opposing – hose o p isone s. In o de o
cap u e in e p e a ions and expe iences o hese ag i-
cul u al p og ammes o ini ia i es by p isone s, a spe-
ci ic s udy should be conduc ed. A mo e speci ic analy-
sis could also allow us o ill he gap ela ed o echni-
cal in o ma ion (e.g. pe cen age dis ibu ion among end
use s o ood consumed in p isons) o me hodological
o e hical issues (e.g. le el o in ol emen o p isone s).
In pa icula , add essing he issue o income gene a ion
in di e en coun ies, also conside ing he li e a u e on
p ison labou exploi a ion, could o e he oppo uni y
o unde s and whe he p ison wo ke s’ igh s ha e he
same le el o sa is ac ion compa ed o he ou side and
how social ag icul u e could con ibu e o c ea e a mo e
inclusi e and ai e con ex .
In conclusion, ou wo k con ibu es o he imp o e-
men o exis ing scien i ic esea ch on he opic, because
– despi e he limi a ions – o ou knowledge, no p e i-
ous s udy has linked he expe ience o ag icul u al wo k
in p ison o he cha ac e is ics o Social Fa ming. This
elemen is impo an o unde s and he di e en declina-
ions o SF in Eu opean con ex s.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplemen a y ma e ial associa ed wi h his a i-
cle can be ound, in he online e sion, a doi: h ps://
doi.o g/10.36253/ ea-15329. This includes he appendices
ha a e e e ed o in he main ex o he a icle.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
M.A.: In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion, Me hodol-
ogy, Da a cu a ion, W i ing-O iginal d a p epa a ion.
F.F.: In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion, Me hodology,
Da a cu a ion, W i ing-O iginal d a p epa a ion. F.G.:
Concep ualiza ion, Me hodology, Visualiza ion, Supe i-
sion. G.G.: In es iga ion, Concep ualiza ion, Me hodol-
ogy, Da a cu a ion, W i ing-O iginal d a p epa a ion.
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