Kohne , Di k
Book Pa — Accep ed Manusc ip (Pos p in )
Togo – 2013: Poli ics, economy and socie y in 2013
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Kohne , Di k (2014) : Togo – 2013: Poli ics, economy and socie y in 2013, In:
Melbe , Henning Mehle , And eas Wal a en, Klaas (Ed.): A ica Yea book Volume 10: Poli ics,
Economy and Socie y Sou h o he Saha a in 2013, B ill, Leiden, pp. 195-201
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
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Au ho ’s anno a ed and ex ended e sion o : Kohne , D (2014): Togo. In: Melbe /Mehle /Wal a en
(eds.), A ica Yea book. Vol. 10 – Poli ics, economy and socie y Sou h o he Saha a in 2013. Leiden &
Bos on: B ill, 2014: 195 - 201
Togo – 2013:
Poli ics, economy and socie y in 2013
Di k Kohne
1
Abs ac : Peace ul bu undemoc a ic legisla i e elec ions consolida ed he powe o he
Gnassingbé egime in 2013. In iew o he absolu e majo i y gained by he uling pa y, i s
inclina ion o implemen meaning ul e o ms, as demanded by he opposi ion and he dono
communi y, was educed u he . The g owing Islamis h ea s in neighbou ing coun ies mean
ha he dono communi y condoned he delays in democ a ic e o ms including he conduc o
local elec ions, which we e pushed back se e al imes. P omising g ow h p ospec s we e
o e shadowed by inc easing po e y and inequali y.
Résumé: [Le Togo - 2013: poli ique, économie e socié é en 2013 ] Des élec ions législa i es
paci iques mais non-démoc a iques on consolidé le pou oi du égime Gnassingbé. Comp e
enu de la majo i é absolue acquise pa le pa i au pou oi , son inclina ion à me e en œu e des
é o mes signi ica i es, comme l'exigen l'opposi ion e la communau é des dona eu s, a é é
enco e édui e. Les menaces islamis es g andissan es dans les pays oisins signi iaien que la
communau é des dona eu s olé ai les e a ds dans les é o mes démoc a iques, y comp is la
condui e des élec ions locales, qui on é é epoussées à plusieu s ep ises. Les pe spec i es de
c oissance p ome euses on é é éclipsées pa l'augmen a ion de la pau e é e des inégali és.
Keywo ds: coun ywide s udy, Togo, Wes A ica, domes ic poli ics, o eign a ai s,
socio-economic de elopmen
JEL-code: A14, F35, N97, O17, O55, Z13
1
Associa ed esea ch ellow a he Ins i u e o A ican A ai s (IAA) a he Ge man Ins i u e o Global
and A ea S udies (GIGA), Hambu g.
2
Peace ul bu undemoc a ic legisla i e elec ions consolida ed he powe o he
Gnassingbé egime. In iew o he absolu e majo i y gained by he uling pa y, i s
inclina ion o implemen meaning ul e o ms, as demanded by he opposi ion and he
dono communi y, was educed u he . The g owing Islamis h ea s in neighbou ing
coun ies mean ha he dono communi y condoned he delays in democ a ic e o ms
including he conduc o local elec ions, which we e pushed back se e al imes.
P omising g ow h p ospec s we e o e shadowed by inc easing po e y and inequali y.
Domes ic Poli ics
The new yea was he alded by wo la ge i es, which a aged he cen al ma ke s o
Lomé and Ka a on he nigh o 10–11 Janua y. The amous Adawla o ma ke halls in
Lomé, a hub o local and in e na ional ade s, we e comple ely des oyed. No loss o
li e was epo ed bu me chan s and he popula ion suspec ed poli ically mo i a ed
a son, in iew o he coincidence o he wo simul aneous i es and o he ci cums ances.
The go e nmen was quick o p omise an impa ial in es iga ion, assis ed by wo
F ench police expe s who a i ed on he spo soon a e wa ds. Howe e , be o e he
expe s concluded hei p obe, he public p osecu o accused leade s o he opposi ion
alliance ‘Collec i Sau ons le Togo’ (CST) o mas e minding he blaze. Almos all
leade s we e cha ged, mos no ably Zeus Aja on, he CST co-o dina o , and 23 people
we e empo a ily de ained, including Agbéyomé Kodjo, o me P ime Minis e and
leade o he opposi ion ‘O ganisa ion pou Bâ i dans l’Union un Togo Solidai e’ (he
was eleased on bail on 25 Feb ua y), and CST Vice-p esiden Gé a d Adja. Thus, he
i es anned poli ical lames a he s a o he campaign o he pos poned legisla i e
elec ions, o iginally due in Oc obe 2012. In ea ly Ma ch, wo mo e opposi ion leade s
we e cha ged, Jean Pie e Fab e, leade o he CST’s p incipal componen g oup
‘Alliance Na ionale pou le Changemen ’ (ANC), and F édé ic Abass Kaboua, p esiden
o he ‘Mou emen des Républicains Cen is es’. They we e ques ioned a leng h and
banned om lea ing Lomé, while hei pa y headqua e s and homes we e sea ched.
The a es s igge ed ou age, and he opposi ion o ganised demons a ions o p o es
agains wha i saw as a go e nmen a emp o disc edi i ahead o he elec ions and o
di e a en ion om he eal poli ical issues. As he much-awai ed e alua ion epo o
he F ench expe mission, p omised o he end o Feb ua y, was kep sec e , he CST
s a ed i s own in es iga ions, bu i s inal 19-page e alua ion epo a i ed la e,
coming ou mon hs a e he elec ions on 11 No embe ; in i s epo , he opposi ion
alliance accused eigh egime o icials o being he ins iga o s o he i es. They
included Ing id Awadé, di ec o Gene al o cus oms and axes, inancial ad ise o he
cabine and close in ima e o P esiden Fau e Gnasingbé, and Colonel Félix Kadanga,
hen head o he a my’s Rapid In e en ion Fo ce (who in 2005 had been accused o he
a son a ack on he Goe he Ins i u e in Lomé).
On 19–20 Feb ua y, a mee ing o go e nmen and opposi ion ep esen a i es ook place
in an a emp o o e come pe sis en di e ences o e he echnicali ies conce ning he
conduc o he local and pa liamen a y elec ions, as had been o iginally ag eed in he
2006 ‘Acco d Poli ique Global’ (APG). The mee ing, in which all majo dono s ook
pa , was acili a ed by A chbishop Nicodème Ba igah, o me p esiden o he
‘Commission Vé i é, Jus ice e Réconcilia ion’, and was o ganised by he US
ambassado , Robe Whi ehead. I ocussed on elec o al e o ms, and i e majo issues
we e discussed. Fi s , he biased composi ion o he ‘Commission Elec o ale Na ionale
Indépendan e’, whose 17 membe s included only h ee who belonged o he opposi ion.
Second, elec o al bounda ies: a dec ee o 10 Ap il on he di ision o pa liamen a y sea s
by cons i uency inc eased he numbe o Na ional Assembly sea s om 81 o 91, bu
3
his s ill igno ed he imbalance be ween dis ibu ion o sea s and he low popula ion
densi y in he No he n cons i uencies – s onghold o he uling ‘Union pou la
République’ (UNIR). Thi d, he o ing sys em, which since he 2002 cons i u ional
coup had p o ided o a single-ballo in p esiden ial elec ions, and which a ou ed he
incumben . Fou h, a limi o p esiden ial e ms: he APG p o ided o a e u n o he
1992 limi a ion o wo consecu i e e ms, which had been cancelled in 2002. While he
go e nmen ag eed, i demanded ha his ule should be applied only om 2015
onwa ds. The opposi ion objec ed because his would allow Fau e Gnassingbé o s and
o a hi d and a ou h e m. Fi h and inally, equi able access o he media o poli ical
pa ies. The deba e on hese issues did no lead o an ag eemen , as he opposi ion saw
consensus on hese poin s as a p econdi ion o he elec ions, while he go e nmen i s
wan ed o awai he ou come o he pa liamen a y polls.
S ikes du ing subsequen mon hs by heal h wo ke s and eache s demanding
subs an ial pay inc eases led o school closu es and de eloped poli ical unde cu en s as
demons a ions by pupils me wi h iolen supp ession by he au ho i ies. This escala ed
on 15 Ap il wi h he shoo ing o a 12 -yea -old schoolboy in Dapaong, he
no he nmos p e ec u al capi al, when he police ied o s op a c owd om s o ming a
go e nmen building. The un es sp ead o se e al a eas.
Ne e heless, he go e nmen con inued wi h p epa a ions o he polls. Vo e
egis a ion, comple ed in Ap il, o alled 3.1 m o e s ou o a popula ion o 6.6 m. The
legisla i e elec ions, escheduled o 24 Ma ch and hen 21 July, inally ook place on
25 July, al hough he elec o al e o ms had no been implemen ed. All in all 1,174
candida es, including 159 women, s ood o 91 sea s by means o a pa y lis , wi h he
sea s o be alloca ed on he basis o p opo ional ep esen a ion. The opposi ion, which
had h ea ened a boyco up o 8 July, was again ou wi ed by he P esiden and
con on ed wi h a Hobson’s choice. Al hough i was always likely o be de ea ed in
iew o he biased elec o al sys em, i had o pa icipa e i i wan ed o e ain some
in luence on u u e cons i u ional e o ms, no ably any ex ension o P esiden
Gnassingbé’s manda e in he 2015 polls. As expec ed, he elec ions esul ed in a
landslide o UNIR, which won 62 ou o 91 sea s, a wo- hi ds majo i y. The CST came
second wi h 19 sea s and he mode a e opposi ion coali ion ‘A c-en-Ciel’ was hi d wi h
six. The ‘Union des Fo ces de Changemen ’ (UFC) o Gilch is Olympio, he main
opposi ion pa y un il i s 2010 coali ion wi h he RPT (‘Rassemblemen du Peuple
Togolais’)/UNIR, was c ushed, e aining jus h ee o i s 27 sea s.
The esul s, con es ed by he opposi ion, we e con i med by he cons i u ional
cou on 12 Augus , al hough UNIR had won an absolu e majo i y wi h ewe o es han
he opposi ion. The ge ymande ing o cons i u ional bo de s had esul ed again (as in
2007) in a disp opo iona e high ic o y o UNIR which won wi h 880,608 (46.7% o
he o es, hey ook 68.1% o Assembly sea s. The CST became acco ding o a bill
passed in June, one mon h be o e he elec ion, he only opposi ion pa y wi h he s a us
o a pa liamen a y g oup ( o which 10% o sea s is he equi ed minimum), and Fab e
became he o mal leade o he opposi ion, p o iding him wi h g ea e p e oga i es and
bene i s.
Local elec ions, scheduled o un concu en ly wi h he pa liamen a y polls, we e
pos poned sine die. On 4 No embe , The ANC accused he go e nmen o iola ing he
cons i u ion by con inuing o appoin i s a ou i es o he pos s o municipal and
p e ec u al councillo s. (They should ha e been elec ed, bu he las local elec ions ook
place in 1987.) The ongoing pos ponemen could be in e p e ed as ano he indica ion o
he e usal o he uling class o honou he obliga ions o he APG and he 22
4
commi men s is -à - is he EU, en e ed in o in 2004, owa ds democ a ising and
decen alising poli ical powe .
On balance, he elec ions we e no ee and ai bu we e la gely peace ul, which was
hailed by leade s o he chu ches, Togolese Muslims and he in e na ional communi y.
Howe e , he decline in o e u nou om 85% in he p e ious legisla i e elec ions
(2007) o 65.8% poin ed o inc easing dissa is ac ion on he pa o he elec o a e, as
also exempli ied by a ious e alua ions o human de elopmen and happiness esea ch.
Acco ding o he UN Wo ld Happiness Repo 2013, he index o subjec i e well-being
o he Togolese was he lowes wo ldwide o 156 s a es, wi h alling endency since he
las e alua ion 2005 o 2007.
On 2 Sep embe , UNIR’s MPs unanimously elec ed one o hei membe s, Dama
D amani, as Na ional Assembly chai . An old egime s alwa who had se ed as
minis e and chie o p o ocol du ing he la e Gene al Eyadéma’s p esidency, D amani
succeeded Abass Bon oh, who had occupied he Assembly o ice o he p e ious 11
yea s. The opposi ion boyco ed his elec ion. A cabine eshu le on 17 Sep embe
educed he numbe o minis e s om 31 o 26, including six women. (17.9). Ahoomey
Zunnu emained p ime minis e . The all bu annihila ed UFC, which had joined he
cabine o na ional uni y in 2010, held on o only h ee o i s o me se en minis ies.
The es o he opposi ion e used o join he go e nmen . Robe Dussey, a poli ical
scien is and heologian, became o eign minis e , eplacing Ellio Ohin o he UFC. The
e e end Ko i Essaw eplaced Tchi chao Tchalim, he conse a i e lawye om Pya
(home o he Gnassingbé amily) as minis e o jus ice. The secu i y po olio emained
wi h Colonel Damehane Ya k, and he de ence minis y con inued as a de ac o b anch
o he p esidency o p e en po en ial coup a emp s.
In a eshu le exe cise in he a med o ces, he chie o de ence s a , Majo Gene al
A cha Ti ikpina, was eplaced by Félix Abalo Kadanga, who had been p omo ed al eady
one yea ago as Chie o S a o he Togolese A my (land o ces o FAT). Kadanga is
b o he -in -law o Kpa cha Gnassingbé, he imp isoned o me minis e o de ence),
who had been p omo ed one yea ea lie o he chie o s a o he a my’s land o ces,
which pos was aken by Colonel M’Ba Ko i Ba anda, o me head o he P esiden ial
Gua d. Rumou s had i ha Ti ikpina had been accused o sec e ly amassing weapons,
possibly o s age a coup d’é a ; a ms a icking could ha e been ano he possibili y,
al hough no men ioned in he sou ces. The Na y was en us ed o Cap ain Adjo Vignon
Kwassi and Cap ain Takougnadi Nayo was appoin ed Chie o Mili a y S a o he
P esiden .
The in o mal g oup o p esiden ial ad ise s changed, oo, al hough he longs anding
legal ad iso , Cha les Debbasch, a no o ious F ench lawye labelled a ‘whi e colla
me cena y’ by he AU, s ayed in place. Howe e , a yea ’s end he powe ul Ing id
Awadé, DG o cus oms and axes, a Kabyé like he Gnassingbés and con idan e o he
p esiden since 2006, had o make way o he ad e sa y, minis e o economy and
inance Adji O è h Ayasso , who besides his minis e ial du ies became a key
p esiden ial ad ise . Raymond Ge manos, a e i ed F ench i e-s a gene al and a
eemason wi h a c iminal eco d o paedophilia, became secu i y ad ise , a unc ion he
had p e iously exe cised o he p esiden o Came oon.
Co up ion and nepo ism emained endemic. Acco ding o ep esen a i e analyses by
A oba ome e published in No embe , Togo was anked 4 h om he bo om o he lis
o 16 A ican s a es in es iga ed; 66% o esponden s said he go e nmen was no
making su icien e o s o igh co up ion, which was es ima ed o be especially
ampan among cus om o icials (48%), judges (45%), police (43%) and cen al
go e nmen bu eauc a s (40%). TI, which elies in i s annual su eys on he pe cep ion
5
o he business communi y, anked Togo in he lowe hi d o he coun ies su eyed
(123 d ou o 177).
On 19 Feb ua y, pa liamen app o ed mo e igid media con ols, including g an ing
sweeping powe s o censo ship o he go e nmen -domina ed media wa chdog, ‘Hau e
Au o i é de l’Audio isuel e de la Communica ion’. Al hough he Cons i u ional Cou
annulled some o hese ep essi e amendmen s in Ma ch, he lack o p ess eedom
emained a poin o conce n o na ional and in e na ional human igh s bodies. On 19
Decembe , he special appo eu s o he UN Commission on Human Righ s published a
epo in which hey called o a gene al popula app aisal (‘é a s géné aux’) o he
jus ice sys em. he special UN appo eu on Human Righ s, Ma ga e Sekaggya, had
al eady aken he go e nmen o ask in Oc obe because o he hos ile en i onmen in
which human igh s ac i is s had o ca y ou hei wo k, al hough he si ua ion had
imp o ed since he las e alua ion in 2008. The New Yo k-based, Commi ee o P o ec
Jou nalis s complained on 2 Oc obe abou media censo ship, including he o cible
closu e o p i a e adio s a ions. In he annual anking o he P ess F eedom Index o
Repo e s Wi hou Bo de s, Togo ell by ou places ( o 83 d ou o 179 coun ies).
As a esul o inc easing pi acy, and d ug a icking, inc easingly a ec ing Togo and
neighbou ing coun ies, ma i ime insu ance companies classi ied Togo’s coas and ha
o neighbou ing coun ies as high- isk zones, which had he po en ial o nega i ely
impac on ade o Lomé’s deep-wa e po . Since 2012 he coas al wa e s o Nige ia,
Benin and Togo eco ded mo e a acks no ably on anke s han he Somalian coas . On
19 Sep embe , he EU ep esen a i e in Benin launched he Gul o Guinea Ma i ime
Rou e p ojec , (CRIMGO), a pilo -p ojec o se en A ican coun ies, including Togo,
o enhance ma i ime secu i y. Lomé, which had al eady se ed as a hub in Wes
A ica’s cocaine ade o se e al yea s, now also en e ed he oin ade ne wo ks
connec ing Asia wi h Eu ope. Acco ding o he UN O ice on D ugs and C ime
(UNODC), he p oceeds o a icking we e inc easingly going o Islamis e o is
g oups.
Fo eign A ai s
Because i was gene ally belie ed ha he legisla i e elec ions would ha e a c ucial
impac on he p esiden ial elec ions in 2015 he in e na ional communi y a ached
conside able a en ion o elec ion obse a ion. The EU co- inanced non-p o i Cen e o
Democ acy, De elopmen and Cul u e, based in Go ée (Senegal) s a ed an elec o al
assis ance mission al eady in Decembe 2012. The Go ée Ins i u e coope a ed wi h
SYCED a conso ium o 35 Togolese CSOs suppo ed by he Ge man INGO Hanns
Seidel Founda ion. The EU i sel was a he ambiguous in his espec because i was
ob ious ha Lomé had no honou ed he ecommenda ions o he p e ious EU elec ion
obse a ion missions (EU EOM o 2007 and 2010). On 11 Feb ua y, Nicholas Wes co ,
di ec o gene al o he EU A ica Depa men , ea i med he EU’s demand ha he
go e nmen espec he APG and he ele an EU ecommenda ions as a p e-condi ion
o elec o al suppo . A he end o June, he EU sen a wo-man elec ion expe mission
o obse e he elec o al p ocess. Jus wo days a e he elec ions, EU High
Rep esen a i e o Fo eign A ai s Ca he ine Ash on cong a ula ed he coun y on he
conduc o he polls. O e iding conce ns o e sub- egional secu i y and Lomé's ac i e
ole in UN peacekeeping missions appa en ly played a ole in his assessmen , al hough
i con adic ed he analysis o he EU’s own expe mission, which on 7 Augus had
poin ed o ce ain “dys unc ions” in he elec ion p ocess. The obse a ion missions o
he AU, ECOWAS, UEMOA and he OIF (F ancophonie) ollowed sui and decla ed
he elec ions c edible, ee and anspa en . Fo yea s now, Togo had been a eliable
6
oop p o ide in suppo o UN peacekeeping missions. A i s con ingen o 100
Togolese peacekeeping oops a i ed in Bamako on 17 Janua y o ake pa in
ECOWAS’ A ican-led In e na ional Suppo Mission o Mali (AFISMA); 400 mo e
we e o ollow In Ap il, Lomé sen i s 18 h con ingen o 258 (o 500) oops o join he
UN oops in Cô e d’I oi e (UNOCI). On 1 Augus , he US p o ided $ 1.5 m o he
aining and equipmen o 150 Togolese policemen and genda mes wi hin he
amewo k o he peacekeeping ope a ion in Mali, hus honou ing Togo’s ole as he
e y i s A ican s a e o ha e mobilised i s oops o he F ench-led in e en ion
mission. Du ing a s a e isi o Pa is on 13–15 No embe , Fau e Gnassingbé and F ench
P esiden Hollande con i med hei common commi men in igh ing e o ism.
On 8 No embe , The EU announced he alloca ion o € 216 m in de elopmen
aid on accoun o he 11 h EDF, a 70% inc ease on he p e ious EDF (2008–13). I
ocused on go e nance, consolida ion o he ule o law and de elopmen o egional
u ban cen es and hei su ounding i e basins. A he same ime, he EU insis ed on
binding a angemen s conce ning he conduc o local elec ions, which should be in line
wi h he APG and include a calenda o be announced be o e he end o he yea .
In May, Togo assumed he mon hly o a ing p esidency o he UNSC. In Oc obe , Chad
was elec ed o succeed Togo as a non-pe manen membe as o 2014. In he same
mon h, Gnassingbé pa icipa ed in wo sub- egional summi s in Daka : he UEMOA
mee ing ocused on he economic si ua ion in he CFA zone whils ha o ECOWAS
cen ed on he con o e sial EPAs o be nego ia ed wi h he EU. Ea ly in No embe ,
Gnassingbé isi ed he Republic o Congo, whe e he was appa en ly ini ia ed in o he
F eemasons on he ecommenda ion o Congo’s P esiden Sassou-Nguesso, his
god a he and epo edly a masonic g and mas e .
Socioeconomic De elopmen s
The p ima y and seconda y sec o s (con ibu ing 38% and 21% o GDP, espec i ely),
pa icula ly co on and phospha es, con ibu ed mos o g ow h. Ag icul u e (27% o
GDP) emained he backbone o he economy. Al hough p ospec s o g ow h had been
p omising in ecen yea s ( eal economic g ow h ising om 4.5% in 2010–11 o 5.75%
in 2012–13), i had no been sus ainable and inclusi e. The IMF s a epo o 20
No embe , he e o e, u ged he go e nmen o wo k owa ds mee ing popula
expec a ions and add ess he coun y’s de elopmen needs. This also necessi a ed a
ocus on g owing inequali y. Acco ding o he A DB’s economic ou look, po e y
(a lic ing 61.7% o he popula ion) ell by 3% in he pe iod 2006–11, pa ly as a esul
o in e nal mig a ion. Howe e , ex eme po e y ose om 28.6% o 30.4%. Inc easing
iscal de ici s caused addi ional conce n. A he end o he yea , pa liamen app o ed he
budge o 2014 ( o alling CFA 832.2 bn), which p o ided o an inc ease o 19.5%
compa ed wi h 2013. A he s a o he yea , he go e nmen announced i s aim o
educe unemploymen om 30% o 15% by 2017. Acco ding o he Na ional
employmen agency, he e we e 60,000 new en an s in o he labou ma ke e e y yea ,
including 10,000 young g adua es. The go e nmen p o ided he ‘Agence Na ional de
P omo ion du Volon a ia ’ wi h a budge o $ 6 m o educe unemploymen by a leas
0.5% − and unde -employmen by 1.0% − pe yea . On 12 Ma ch, 750 new g adua es
en e ed he ‘P og amme de Volon a ia Na ional au Togo’, b inging he o al enlis ed in
his kind o communi y se ice o 3,530 since i s ounda ion in Sep embe 2011.
Togo con inued o p o i om subs an ial dono suppo . On 9 Sep embe , he
IMF g an ed a h ee-yea ECF o some $ 55 m in SDR, subjec , howe e , o app o al by
i s Execu i e Boa d. In addi ion, on 5 Decembe , he Wo ld Bank endo sed an IDA
c edi line o $ 14 m; his ep esen ed he Bank’s six h loan o Togo since he
7
esump ion o aid in 2008. The Bank’s 2013 Doing Business epo indica ed an
imp o ed anking (156 h o 185 coun ies), i e highe han in 2012.
In Janua y, he go e nmen issued Two gold explo a ion pe mi s in he Dapaong a ea,
and Togo a ained he Ex ac i e Indus ies T anspa ency Ini ia i e (EITI) complian
s a us in Ap il. This was in addi ion o he la ge manganese p ospec s a Nayega
acco ded o Fe ex al eady in 2012, bo h in he no he n Sa anes egion. On 28 May,
he p esiden launched he s a e-owned Togo In es men Co po a ion (TIC) wi h an
ini ial capi al ou lay o $ 40 m. I s pu pose was o enhance he 750 km No h-Sou h
de elopmen co ido wi h in as uc u e p ojec s o p omo e he mining en u es in he
No h and imp o e communica ions wi h land-locked Bu kina Faso and Nige .
In Decembe , bloody con on a ions ook place be ween Fulbe nomadic ca le he de s
and peasan s in Moba (Bo gou) in he a No h. Fi e people died and nume ous o he s
sus ained inju ies. The minis e o Te i o ial adminis a ion and decen alisa ion
Gilbe Bawa a used he occasion o wa n local au ho i ies agains co up ion and ac ion
p i ileging nomadic in e es s, as his could uel he us a ion o he local popula ion
and e en lead o lynchings.
The OECD gende index epo ed nea ly hal o Togo’s popula ion o be p ac ising
polygamy. A legal social a angemen ha is pa icula ly widesp ead in u al a eas and
among he illi e a e popula ion, polygamy is a deeply oo ed cus om con e ing social
s a us. E en P esiden Gnassingbé is said o ha e eigh wi es, none o hem se ing
o icially as i s lady. A he end o he yea , he admission o Fau e Gnassingbé o he
F ee Mason was in he news. Appa en ly, he was ini ia ed ia his good a he Denis
Sassou, he head o s a e o Congo B azza ille, whom he had paid an o icial isi in
ea ly No embe .
Re e ences
A DB (2011): Togo 2011 – 2015. Coun y S a egy Pape . Abidjan: A ican
De elopmen Bank. Coun y Ope a ions Depa men – Wes 1 Region, Ma ch 2011
A ican Economic Ou look (AEO) (2013): S uc u al T ans o ma ion and Na u al
Resou ces. Pa is: OECD De elopmen Cen e
A oba ome e : Togo 2013
Economis In elligence Uni : Democ acy Index 2013. London: EIU
Elec o al In eg i y P ojec : The yea in elec ions – 2013. The Wo ld's Flawed and Failed
Con es s. Ha a d Uni e si y, Camb idge, MA 02138
En i onmen al Pe o mance Index (Yale Uni e si y) – 2013 Repo
F eedom House: Coun y Repo – Togo 2013. Washing on D.C., F eedom House
F eedom House: F eedom o he P ess 2013 epo . Washing on D.C. F eedom House
Ib ahim Index o A ican Go e nance (IIAG) 2013. London: Mo Ib ahim Founda ion
IMF: Togo 2013 Coun y Repo . Washing on D.C., In e na ional Mone a y Fonds
8
Index o Economic F eedom 2013 - The He i age Founda ion. Coun y Rankings. Togo
T anspa ency In e na ional - Co up ion Pe cep ions Index 2013. Be lin: TI
Uni ed Na ions: Wo ld Happiness Repo – 2013
Wo ld P ess F eedom Index 2013. Repo e s wi hou bo de s
Wo ld Bank: Doing Business 2013. Sma e Regula ions o Small and Medium-Size
En e p ises. Washing on D.C.: Wo ld Bank
Wo ld Da abase o Happiness. Wo ld Happiness Repo 2013. Ruu Veenho en,
E asmus Uni e si y Ro e dam, Happiness Economics Resea ch O ganiza ion
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Zusammen assung: F iedliche, abe undemok a ische Pa lamen swahlen es ig en die
Mach des Gnassingbé-Regimes im Jah 2013. Angesich s de absolu en Meh hei , die
die Regie ungspa ei e ungen ha e, wu de ih e Be ei scha zu no wendigen poli ischen
Re o men, wie sie on de Opposi ion und de Gebe gemeinscha ge o de wu den,
wei e eduzie . Die wachsende islamis ische Bed ohung in den Nachba lände n haben
dazu ge üh , dass die Gebe gemeinscha die Ve zöge ungen bei den demok a ischen
Re o men einschließlich de Du ch üh ung on Kommunalwahlen, die be ei s sei
ielen Jah en imme wiede e schoben wu den, gedulde ha . Viel e sp echende
Wachs umsaussich en wu den on zunehmende A mu und Ungleichhei übe scha e .
