Tsakale ou, Ma iza; Abil, Akma al; Ribie e, Vincen ; Lukhmano , Ye geniy;
Tynybaye a, Na kes
A icle
The inno a ion capabili y equa ion: A sys ema ic e iew o
global de e minan s o SME's success
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Tsakale ou, Ma iza; Abil, Akma al; Ribie e, Vincen ; Lukhmano , Ye geniy;
Tynybaye a, Na kes (2025) : The inno a ion capabili y equa ion: A sys ema ic e iew o global
de e minan s o SME's success, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie ,
Ams e dam, Vol. 10, Iss. 4, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100757
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The inno a ion capabili y equa ion: A sys ema ic e iew o global
de e minan s o SME’s success
Ma iza Tsakale ou
a,*
, Akma al Abil
a
, Vincen Ribie e
b
, Ye geniy Lukhmano
a
,
Na kes Tynybaye a
a
a
Depa men o Ci il and En i onmen al Enginee ing, Naza baye Uni e si y, As ana, Kabanbay Ba y a e. 53, Kazakhs an
b
Ins i u e o Knowledge and Inno a ion Sou heas Asia (IKI-SEA), Bangkok Uni e si y, Bangkok, Thailand
ARTICLE INFO
JEL Classi ica ion:
O310 Inno a ion and In en ion: P ocesses and
Incen i es
O320 Managemen o Technological
Inno a ion and R&D
O330 Technological Change: Choices and
Consequences
Di usion P ocesses
O340 In ellec ual P ope y and In ellec ual
Capi al
O360 Technological Change: Open Inno a ion
L250 Fi m Pe o mance: Size, Di e si ica ion,
and Scope
Keywo ds:
Inno a ion
Inno a ion capabili y
SMEsc
Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
De e minan s o inno a ion
ABSTRACT
Compe i i eness and long- e m sus ainabili y a e closely ied o he inno a ion capabili y o small and medium-
sized en e p ises (SMEs). Howe e , a sys ema ic unde s anding o he key de e minan s o his capabili y emains
limi ed and agmen ed. While p io s udies ha e examined indi idual inno a ion ac o s, ew ha e comp e-
hensi ely in eg a ed he in e nal and ex e nal dimensions ha shape he inno a ion capaci y o SMEs ac oss
di e se con ex s. In esponse o ecen global dis up ions and apid echnological ans o ma ions, his s udy
add esses a c i ical gap by conduc ing a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew (SLR) and bibliome ic analysis o 122 high-
quali y empi ical s udies published be ween 2020 and 2024.
Guided by he cen al ques ion—wha a e he mos in luen ial de e minan s o inno a ion capabili y in SMEs,
and how do hese a y o e ime and ac oss egions— his e iew syn hesizes a ious empi ical indings. Six
majo de e minan s a e iden i ied: Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies ( =0.98), O ganiza ional S uc u e and
Cul u e ( =0.96), Inno a ion Managemen and S a egy ( =0.81), Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a ions ( =
0.70), Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s ( =0.47), and Technology and Digi aliza ion ( =0.05).
Addi ionally, he analysis iden i ies c oss-cu ing ci ed ac o s, such as En ep eneu ial O ien a ion and
Abso p i e Capaci y ha eme ge as enable s. SME inno a ion capabili y is hus shaped by s a egic, cul u al, and
knowledge-based de e minan s, alongside hese a o emen ioned ac o s.
This s udy adop s a hyb id me hod ha combines a s uc u ed SLR wi h bibliome ic coupling using VOS-
iewe o map hema ic clus e s and publica ion ends. The e iew e eals no able geog aphical and empo al
pa e ns in SME inno a ion esea ch, highligh ing China’s consis en leade ship in echnology-o ien ed s udies.
Mo eo e , Knowledge Managemen , Ex e nal Ne wo ks, and Digi al T ans o ma ion eme ge as an in e connec ed
ounda ion o sus ainable inno a ion in SMEs. Compa ed o ea lie amewo ks, his s udy o e s a key
ad an age by explici ly inco po a ing geog aphical and empo al dynamics in o he analysis. This con ex ual
app oach deepens ou unde s anding o how he ele ance o inno a ion capabili y de e minan s shi s ac oss
egions and pe iods, enabling mo e a ge ed and adap i e s a egies. Thus, his esea ch p o ides a sys ems-
o ien ed ounda ion o u u e longi udinal s udies ha examine how in e connec ed de e minan s collec i ely
d i e sus ainable inno a ion ou comes.
In oduc ion
Amid accele a ing echnological dis up ion, sys ema ic inno a ion
has become a co ne s one o o ganiza ional esilience o i ms s i ing
o compe e and g ow, i espec i e o hei size (Ag awal e al., 2021;
Khya eh & Ros ami, 2021).
Al hough SMEs a e o en ecognized o hei en ep eneu ial spi i ,
hey equen ly encoun e challenges s emming om limi ed esou ces
and expe ise. Addi ionally, in ense ma ke p essu es, ongoing geopo-
li ical ins abili y, and clima e- ela ed dis up ions in oduce u he
complexi y o inno a ion (Sinani & Zilja, 2024). Howe e , hese limi-
a ions do no necessa ily hinde inno a ion; a he , hey se e o
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (M. Tsakale ou), [email p o ec ed] (A. Abil), [email p o ec ed] (V. Ribie e), ye geniy.lukhmano @nu.
edu.kz (Y. Lukhmano ), [email p o ec ed] (N. Tynybaye a).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jik
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100757
Recei ed 23 Decembe 2024; Accep ed 18 June 2025
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
A ailable online 27 June 2025
2444-569X/© 2025 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he
CC BY-NC-ND license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).
ede ine he p ocess. Such cons ain s encou age c ea i e
p oblem-sol ing, p omp ing SMEs o de elop inno a ion s a egies
ailo ed o hei speci ic con ex s (Codini e al., 2023; Me ín-Rod ig´
a˜
nez
e al., 2024; Saunila, 2020).
To o e come hese ba ie s, SMEs equi e mo e han spon aneous
c ea i i y; hey need delibe a e, s uc u ed inno a ion s a egies. As
highligh ed in Business Insigh s on Eme ging Ma ke s by OECD (2024),
i ms in de eloping economies inc easingly ely on digi al and
sus ainabili y-o ien ed inno a ion o compe e and build long- e m
esilience. Echoing his shi , Ca asco–Ca ajal and Ga -
cía-P´
e ez-De-Lema (2021) a gued ha he s a egic adop ion o
eme ging echnologies has become essen ial, a he han op ional, o
SMEs aiming o g ow o me ely su i e.
Ma ke o ien a ion p esen s a c i ical s a egic app oach, as a en ion
o cus ome needs enables SMEs o de elop mo e ele an p oduc s and
se ices (Dogbe e al., 2020a). Simul aneously, "open inno a ion" has
eme ged as a compelling al e na i e o he insula i y o adi ional
closed inno a ion models. Ca doso e al. (2024) epo ed ha smalle
i ms access new knowledge, expand hei esou ce base, and imp o e
adap abili y h ough collabo a ion wi h cus ome s, supplie s, and
esea ch ins i u ions. Such ansi ions ma k a undamen al shi om
siloed inno a ion owa d a collabo a i e ecosys em whe e alue is
co-p oduced a he han con ined.
Inno a ion does no a ise in a acuum; a he , i is shaped a he
in e sec ion o ma ke dynamics and echnological on ie s. Cus ome
demands pull i ms o e ol e, while scien i ic b eak h oughs push he
bounda ies o wha is echnologically possible, o en p eceding explici
ma ke demand. These compe ing o ces gene a e a complex en i on-
men o s a egic decision-making, as obse ed in bo h ecen s udies
(Ba e e al., 2023) and ounda ional esea ch (F eeman, 1979).
Unde s anding his dynamic is essen ial o de eloping inno a ion
capabili y, de ined in his s udy as a i m’s capaci y o le e age knowl-
edge and ideas o imp o e p oduc s, p ocesses, o sys ems in ways ha
imp o e compe i i eness and s akeholde alue (Saunila, 2017). These
capabili ies a e ypically ca ego ized in o wo ypes: codi ied capabil-
i ies, such as ools, p ocedu es, and so wa e codes ha can be eadily
ans e ed ac oss con ex s; and aci capabili ies, which a e embedded
in indi iduals and a e inhe en ly di icul o a icula e o o malize.
SMEs exhibi codi ied capabili ies h ough he adop ion o o mal
sys ems such as ISO 9001. Psomas e al. (2010) iden i ied co e enable s,
anging om p ocess documen a ion and s anda d ope a ing p ocedu es
o in as uc u e imp o emen s and a ge ed employee aining, ha
embedded s anda dized knowledge in o daily ope a ions. These mech-
anisms ende ed inno a ion sys ema ic and aceable, c ea ing a blue-
p in o eplica ion and scalabili y.
Con e sely, aci capabili ies e ol e h ough expe imen al lea ning
and in e pe sonal ela ionships. Yani e al. (2024) illus a ed how
men o ship cul i a ed hese in angible, so e dimensions by p omo ing
s a egic in ui ion, emo ional esilience, and decision-making abili ies
h ough close in e pe sonal engagemen . Despi e hei in isibili y, he
in o mal pa hways emain essen ial o na iga ing unce ain y and
sus aining inno a ion despi e esou ce cons ain s.
Building on hese ounda ional capabili ies, p io esea ch has
ocused on iden i ying he speci ic ac o s in luencing inno a ion ou -
comes in SMEs. Saunila (2020) highligh ed he c ucial ole o leade ship,
knowledge de elopmen , and en ep eneu ial o ien a ion. O he s udies
(Dogbe e al., 2020b; Pomegbe e al., 2020; Tian e al., 2020) ha e
highligh ed he signi icance o ex e nal ne wo ks in acili a ing esou ce
access, while employee expe ience and educa ion we e consis en ly
associa ed wi h success ul p oduc inno a ion. In es men s in ad anced
echnologies and con inuous lea ning boos inno a i eness, while col-
labo a ions wi h esea ch ins i u ions acili a e bo h inc emen al im-
p o emen s and b eak h ough inno a ions.
Despi e such insigh s, a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he co e
d i e s o SME inno a ion emains elusi e (S´
a e al., 2023). Se e al
exis ing s udies con inue o ocus na owly on isola ed ac o s, such as
o ganiza ional cul u e o ma ke dynamics, wi hou adequa ely
conside ing he ela ionship be ween in e nal and ex e nal in luences
(Reischl e al., 2022). Fu he mo e, al hough inno a ion has been
ex ensi ely examined in gene al con ex s, ew amewo ks sys ema i-
cally classi y he capabili ies mos c i ical o SMEs ope a ing in he
digi ally ans o med and globally di e se en i onmen oday. The lack
o in eg a i e syn hesis ac oss egions and ime ames cons i u es a
majo esea ch gap, wa an ing u he in es iga ion.
To add ess he esea ch gap, his s udy p esen s a sys ema ic e iew
o SME inno a ion capabili ies by analyzing 122 igo ously selec ed,
pee - e iewed, high-quali y a icles published be ween 2020 and 2024.
Al hough sys ema ic e iews do no depic empi ical eali y, hey cap-
u e he e ol ing consensus o he esea ch communi y. Acco dingly,
his e iew iden i ies and ca ego izes key de e minan s o inno a ion
capabili y, maps hei geog aphic dis ibu ion and e olu ion o e ime,
and analyzes hei alignmen wi h exis ing concep ual amewo ks. This
app oach examines he mechanisms behind SME inno a ion and how
hese d i e s a y ac oss con ex ual and empo al dimensions.
The indings hold p ac ical implica ions o business leade s seeking
con ex -sensi i e s a egies o s imula e inno a ion and schola ly alue
by in eg a ing agmen ed knowledge esea ch while highligh ing
eme gen pa e ns. By examining inno a ion capabili y h ough bo h
spa ial and empo al lenses, his e iew lays a concep ual ounda ion o
mo e adap i e and e idence-based app oaches o building sus ainable
inno a ion ecosys ems wi hin SMEs globally.
Resea ch app oach
This s udy adop s a hyb id me hodology ha in eg a es a sys ema ic
li e a u e e iew (SLR) wi h quan i a i e bibliome ic analysis. In he
i s s age, ele an li e a u e on SME inno a ion capabili ies is iden i-
ied. In he second s age, he selec ed a icles a e sys ema ically
analyzed o ex ac inno a ion capabili y ac o s, which we e subse-
quen ly g ouped in o hema ic dimensions. In he hi d s age, a biblio-
me ic analysis is conduc ed o gene a e an objec i e mapping o
esea ch clus e s and hema ic s uc u es. These h ee me hodological
s ages a e desc ibed in Sec ions 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, espec i ely.
Selec ion p ocess
This sec ion ou lines a s ep-by-s ep me hodology o conduc ing a
li e a u e e iew on inno a ion capabili ies wi hin SMEs. The me hod
p oposed by Saunila (2020) was adop ed o his e iew owing o i s
cla i y and ep oducibili y in guiding a icle selec ion.
Li e a u e sea ch was conduc ed using he Scopus da abase o iden-
i y ele an s udies. Al hough o he da abases such as Google Schola
and Web o Science co e a wide ange o sou ces, including wo king
pape s, con e ence p oceedings, and s uden heses, Scopus was selec ed
owing o i s emphasis on high-quali y, pee - e iewed jou nal a icles.
Addi ionally, only English-language, pee - e iewed a icles con aining
empi ical da a o e idence we e included, based on he a ionale ha
such sou ces p o ide he mos igo ous and ele an e idence o he
opic. The sea ch employed speci ic i le-based keywo ds including
"inno a ion capabili *", "inno a ion po en i*", "inno a ion abili*", and
"inno a ion capaci *" in he i les, along wi h "sme", "small busines*",
"small compan*", "small en e p*", "small i *", o "small and mediu*" in
i les, abs ac s, and keywo ds. The sea ch was limi ed o publica ions
om Janua y 2020 o Ap il 2024, yielding an ini ial sample o 1127
a icles. The ull sea ch s ing implemen ed in Scopus is as ollows:
(TITLE ("inno a * capabili *" OR "inno a * po en ial*" OR "inno a *
abili *" OR "inno a * capaci *" OR "inno a * pe o mance*" OR "inno-
a * manag*" OR " echnolog* adop ion*" OR "business inno a ion*")
AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("sme*" OR "small business*" OR "small compan*"
OR "small en e p ise*" OR "small i m*" OR "small and medium-sized
en e p ise*" OR "mic o en e p ise*" OR "medium-sized business*")))
The p ocedu e o selec ing ele an s udies ollowed a mul i-s age
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
2
p ocess, whe e a icles we e sys ema ically included o excluded based
on speci ic, p ede ined c i e ia (Fig. 1).
In he i s s age, he scope was es ic ed o a icles published in Q1
and Q2 jou nals wi hin he "Business, Managemen , and Accoun ing"
domain. This s a egic c i e ion ensu ed he inclusion o high-quali y,
pee - e iewed li e a u e. Subsequen ly, he ini ial il e ing yielded a
subse o 183 a icles.
In he second s age, a icle i les we e e iewed o exclude pape s
ha did no mee he inclusion pa ame e s, e ining he pool o 164
a icles. The hi d s age in ol ed a de ailed analysis o abs ac s. This
s age se ed wo p ima y pu poses: o con i m he p esence o empi ical
e idence and o ensu e an explici ocus on inno a ion capabili y ac o s
wi hin he SME con ex . Following his s ep, 126 a icles emained.
The inal s age o he selec ion p ocess in ol ed a ull- ex e iew o
he s udies iden i ied as eligible o in-dep h sc eening. Each a icle was
assessed o con i m i s di ec ele ance o he in es iga ion o inno a ion
capabili y ac o s in SMEs. This igo ous il e ing p ocess yielded a inal
se o 122 a icles. These selec ed a icles o med he ounda ion o he
subsequen analysis and syn hesis o li e a u e on SME inno a ion
capabili ies.
Fu he de ails o he selec ion p ocess a e p esen ed in Table 1.
Ca ego iza ion app oach
To s uc u e a ca ego iza ion amewo k, he app oaches p oposed
by Saunila (2020) and Mendoza–Sil a (2020) we e adop ed o de elop a
comp ehensi e classi ica ion o SME inno a ion capabili y de-
e minan s. While he amewo k by Saunila o e ed insigh s in o
i m-le el capabili ies, Mendoza–Sil a in oduced a p o ocol-based
ca ego iza ion sys em o dis inguishing be ween in e nal d i e s (e.g.,
leade ship, o ganiza ional cul u e) and ex e nal enable s (e.g., policy
en i onmen , ma ke access). Building upon his ounda ion, his s udy
e ined he amewo k p oposed by Mendoza–Sil a h ough con ex ual
analysis inco po a ion and po en ial in e p e a ional bias mi iga ion in
da a classi ica ion.
Speci ically, his s udy expanded he amewo k o e iewing and
analyzing inno a ion capabili y ac o s by adop ing he li e a u e e iew
me hodology p oposed by Mendoza–Sil a (2020). In he o iginal s udy,
each ac o ha con ibu ed o inno a ion was de ailed based on i s
desc ip ion in he sou ce documen s, along wi h i s de ini ion and
speci ici y. This p o ocol was mi o ed in his e iew o minimize he
isk o in e p e i e bias. Acco ding o Mendoza–Sil a (2020), hei
p o ocol-based app oach applied con ex ual analysis o inc ease he
accu acy o da a ca ego iza ion. This p ocedu e enabled bo h he clus-
e ing o ac o s in o cohe en g oups and he alloca ion o sha ed
cha ac e is ics ac oss ca ego ies, he eby c ea ing a comp ehensi e
p o ile o hei in luence on SME inno a ion capabili y.
Acco dingly, equency-based ca ego iza ion was pe o med, ol-
lowed by he iden i ica ion o addi ional, less equen ly men ioned
ac o s. To sys ema ically o ganize he 233 iden i ied ac o s in o six
dimensions, he p ocess commenced by so ing he ac o s acco ding o
hei equency o occu ence in he e iewed li e a u e. The mos
equen ly ci ed and concep ually dis inc ac o s we e selec ed as he
ounda ional dimensions. Once hese six o e a ching g oups (he ea e
e e ed o as “de e minan s”) we e es ablished, he emaining ac o s
we e alloca ed o he mos ele an ca ego y. This assignmen was based
on analyzing he de ini ions p o ided in he sou ce a icles (o iginal)
and e alua ing hei concep ual alignmen wi h he dominan ac o s.
Gi en ha some ac o s could plausibly i in o mul iple ca ego ies, a
igo ous c oss-checking and compa ison p ocess was conduc ed o
ensu e consis ency and minimize subjec i i y. A e inalizing he
g oupings, he de e minan s we e e-examined o de e mine he mos
app op ia e label o each dimension. The naming p ocess was guided by
ex ac ing he mos equen ly occu ing keywo ds om he o iginal
de ini ions o ensu e ha he inal labels accu a ely e lec ed he he-
ma ic essence o each g oup. This me hodological app oach enabled he
cons uc ion o a anspa en and analy ically meaning ul ca ego iza ion
amewo k o s udying he de e minan s o SME inno a ion capabili y.
Fig. 1. PRISMA-s yle lowcha o he li e a u e selec ion p ocedu e (adap ed om Bakke , 2010, and Saunila, 2020).
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
3
Bibliome ic analysis
SLR was complemen ed by a bibliome ic analysis. Bibliome ic
me hods ha e gained inc easing popula i y in managemen esea ch, as
e idenced by ecen s udies (Akba i e al., 2021; Malacina & Teplo ,
2022; Tandon e al., 2021). The bibliog aphic da a o he 122 a icles
iden i ied in Sec ion 2.1 we e analyzed using he Visualiza ion o Sim-
ila i ies (VOS) echnique (Van Eck & Wal man, 2014). VOS was selec ed
due o i s capaci y o p ocess la ge da ase s and e eal he s uc u al
p ope ies o esea ch domains.
To measu e ela edness be ween he analyzed pape s, bibliog aphic
coupling was employed. This me hod assessed he deg ee o simila i y
be ween wo pape s based on he o e lap in hei e e ence lis . Boyack
and Kla ans (2010) a gued ha bibliog aphic coupling was mo e sui -
able han co-ci a ion analysis o mapping ecen li e a u e because
newe publica ions ypically lack su icien ci a ion coun . Thus,
bibliog aphic coupling unco e ed he in ellec ual ounda ions sha ed
ac oss s udies.
Indi idual a icles we e selec ed as he uni o analysis o main ain
ocus on disc e e esea ch con ibu ions. F ac ional coun ing was
applied as he weigh ing me hod (Pe ianes-Rod iguez e al., 2016) o
p e en o e ep esen ing highly collabo a i e publica ions. A ci a ion
h eshold o 20 pe documen was main ained o isola e in luen ial
con ibu ions, esul ing in a e ined subse o 48 a icles o inal syn-
hesis. Based on he s eng hs o bibliog aphic coupling, he VOS iewe
algo i hm ( e sion 1.6.20) iden i ied i e dis inc clus e s wi hin he
li e a u e.
Fig. 2 p esen s he esul ing esea ch domain isualiza ion gene a ed
om VOS mapping. Each node ep esen ed a single publica ion, wi h
node size indica ing ci a ion equency. Connec ions be ween nodes
ep esen ed bibliog aphic coupling, while link hickness e lec ed he
s eng h o he ela ionship.
A icles om each clus e a e p esen ed in Table 2. Clus e names
we e assigned based on he o e lapping hemes sha ed by mos a icles
wi hin each clus e .
Resul s
Publica ion ends
The sys ema ic e iew e ealed a dis inc pa e n in he dis ibu ion
o esea ch on inno a ion capabili ies in SMEs. The highes numbe o
publica ions occu ed in 2020, ollowed by a decline in 2021, a modes
ebound in 2022 and 2023, and ano he dec ease in 2024 (Table 3).
As shown in Table 3, China consis en ly eme ged as a leading
con ibu o o esea ch on SME inno a ion, pa icula ly in 2020 and
2021. In subsequen yea s, Eu opean coun ies, including I aly, F ance,
and Po ugal, demons a ed inc easing engagemen , indica ing sus-
ained egional in e es in he opic.
F om an ins i u ional pe spec i e, Jiangsu Uni e si y s ood ou as he
mos p oli ic con ibu o , while Uni e si i U a a Malaysia and Link
Campus Uni e si y made no able con ibu ions o he li e a u e (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4 illus a es ha a subs an ial numbe o pape s all unde he
ca ego y o Business, Managemen , and Accoun ing. Thus, he cen al
ocus o he esea ch was highligh ed, which se ed as a p ima y in-
clusion c i e ion o he analysis. Howe e , he a icles also spanned
o he subjec a eas, including Economics, Social Sciences, Enginee ing,
and e en Psychology.
Fig. 4 demons a es ha he selec ed pape s p o ide a comp ehen-
si e o e iew o inno a ion p ac ices and capabili ies wi hin SMEs,
highligh ing a wide ange o con ex s and analy ical pe spec i es. The
di e si y o esea ch b oadens he unde s anding o inno a ion capa-
bili ies in small businesses ac oss a ious coun ies and academic
en i onmen s.
Fu he mo e, keywo d analysis acili a ed he iden i ica ion o majo
hemes wi hin SME inno a ion capabili y esea ch. Fig. 5 illus a es
hese hemes based on hei cen ali y and densi y. Cen ali y e lec ed
he s eng h o a connec ion be ween he esea ch heme and o he
hemes in he ield, while densi y ep esen ed he in e nal cohesion
wi hin a heme (Mu gado–A men e os e al., 2015). The hema ic
mapping, conduc ed using he bibliome ic package in R (De is¸, 2019),
ca ego ized he hemes in o ou quad an s: Mo o Themes, Basic
Themes, Niche Themes, and Eme ging o Declining Themes.
The Mo o Themes quad an (uppe - igh ) comp ised well-
de eloped and concep ually cen al esea ch a eas ha ac i ely p o-
mo ed ield de elopmen , including ex e nal knowledge, abso p i e ca-
paci y, de eloping coun ies, echnology adop ion, and digi al echnologies.
Addi ionally, he p esence o COVID-19 in his quad an indica ed he
signi ican impac o he pandemic on inno a ion esea ch p io i ies
du ing he s udy pe iod.
The Basic Themes quad an (lowe - igh ) comp ised undamen al
concep s cha ac e ized by high cen ali y bu lowe de elopmen den-
si y, including inno a ion pe o mance, comme ce, and compe i ion. These
hemes o med he concep ual ounda ion o SME inno a ion esea ch
bu we e less ex ensi ely de eloped han Mo o Themes.
The Niche Themes quad an (uppe -le ) encompassed specialized
esea ch a eas wi h s ong in e nal de elopmen bu limi ed ele ance o
he b oade ields, such as in o ma ion and communica ion echnology,
pe sonnel, and policy make s. These opics ep esen ed specialized
esea ch niches ha we e well-de eloped wi hin speci ic con ex s bu
we e ye o a ain mains eam p ominence.
Finally, he Eme ging o Declining Themes quad an (lowe -le )
ea u ed opics such as pa en s and in en ions, esea ch and de elopmen ,
knowledge managemen , and enginee ing. These ep esen ed a eas ha
Table 1
Exclusion c i e ia.
Phase Exclusion C i e ia Reason N◦o
pape s
excluded
N◦
pape s
le
0 Ini ial sea ch on Scopus 1127
1 Pape s no ca ego ized
unde "Business,
managemen , and
accoun ing" opics
Limi he scope o
p ac ical
applica ion
422 705
Con e ence
p oceedings, e iews,
and books
Do no ensu e pee -
e iewed accu acy
and de ailed ocus
177 528
Documen s no in hei
inal o m o
publica ion
Do no ensu e he
eliabili y o he
indings
21 507
Li e a u e no published
in he English language
Do no ensu e
uni o mi y o
language o
analysis pu poses
13 494
A icles om jou nals
ou side he uppe
qua iles (Q1 and Q2) o
academic jou nal
ankings
Do no e i y he
academic in eg i y
o he a icles
311 183
2 Ti les ha ocus on
na ional o indi idual
le els, a he han he
SME con ex
Do no ocus on he
esea ch scope
19 164
3 Resea ch no ocused on
he iden i ica ion o
assessmen o
inno a ion capabili y
ac o s in SMEs
Do no empi ically
s udy inno a ion
capabili y ac o s in
SMEs
36 128
Pape s wi h a
heo e ical o
concep ual amewo k
(no empi ical e idence)
Lack o da a-based
e idence
2 126
4 Pape s ocusing on
i ele an ac o s
Do no assess
ele an inno a ion
capabili y ac o s
o his pa icula
s udy
4 122
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
4
we e ei he gaining ac ion as new di ec ions o losing ele ance wi hin
he e ol ing esea ch landscape.
Key de e minan s o inno a ion capabili y
In his comp ehensi e e iew, a o al o 233 dis inc ac o s in lu-
encing SME inno a ion capabili y we e iden i ied and sys ema ically
ca ego ized in o six b oad de e minan s:
1. Inno a ion Managemen and S a egy (IMS)
2. Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies (KLC)
3. Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s (MOCI)
4. Technology and Digi aliza ion (TD)
5. O ganiza ional S uc u e and Cul u e (OSC)
6. Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a ions (ENC)
Each de e minan encompassed a speci ic se o ac o s ha we e
c i ical o cul i a ing an inno a i e en i onmen wi hin SMEs. This
s uc u ed classi ica ion acili a ed he managemen o complex da a
and demons a ed he mul idimensional na u e o inno a ion capabili y.
Mo eo e , i imp o ed cla i y in unde s anding how indi idual ac o s
collec i ely con ibu ed o s eng hening he inno a i e po en ial o
SMEs.
Fig. 2. VOS mapping o inno a ion capabili y esea ch in SMEs (2020-2024).
Table 2
Inno a ion capabili y esea ch clus e s acco ding o VOS analysis.
Clus e Colo Size A icles
En ep eneu ial
O ien a ion
S a egies
Red 15
a icles
Bah a e al., 2020; Bo ah e al., 2022;
Didone & Diaz-Villa icencio, 2020;
Fang e al., 2022; F eixane e al.,
2021; Hanaysha e al., 2022; Kolbe
e al., 2021; Ndubisi e al., 2020;
Rhee & S ephens, 2020;
Rubio-And ´
es e al., 2022; Sawaean
& Ali, 2020; Singh e al., 2022a;
Singh e al., 2022b; Tang e al., 2020;
Zhang & Me chan , 2020
Knowledge
Managemen
S a egies
G een 11
a icles
AlMulhim, 2020; Fe a is e al.,
2021; Hani ah e al., 2022; Hayajneh
e al., 2022; K˝
o e al., 2022; Pa wi a
e al., 2022; S isa han e al., 2020;
V˘
a ˘
am˘
anescu e al., 2020;
Wongsansukcha oen &
Thaweepaiboonwong, 2023; Yao
e al., 2020; Zia, 2020
Ne wo k
Embeddedness
S a egies
Blue 8
a icles
A o Sa sah e al., 2020; Dogbe e al.,
2020a, 2020b; Hani ah e al., 2020;
Mazzucchelli e al., 2021; Pomegbe
e al., 2020; Tian e al., 2020; Tian
e al., 2021
Digi al
T ans o ma ion
S a egies
Yellow 7
a icles
A di o e al., 2021; Du e al., 2020; H.
Jiang e al., 2023; Z. Jiang e al.,
2022; Jun e al., 2022; Lashi ew,
2023; Ve onica e al., 2020
Open Inno a ion
S a egies
Pu ple 7
a icles
Ande sson e al., 2020; Cab ilo e al.,
2020; Gimenez-Fe nandez e al.,
2020; Lu e al., 2021;
Na ue ha adhol e al., 2022; Pedo a
e al., 2023; U Rehman e al., 2022
Table 3
Publica ion ends and leading coun ies in SME inno a ion esea ch
(2020–2024).
Yea Rele an Publica ions Leade s by Publica ions Coun
2020 42 China (6), Indonesia (4), Ghana (4), Kuwai (3)
2021 12 China (3), I aly (2), Indonesia (2)
2022 26 Pakis an (4), China (3), Thailand (3)
2023 32 I aly (4), Pakis an (4), China (3)
2024 10 F ance (1), Po ugal (1), Swi ze land (1), e c.
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
5
De ining and analyzing de e minan s o inno a ion ac o s
An analysis o he equency o each de e minan om 2020 o 2024
(Fig. 6) e ealed ha Inno a ion Managemen and S a egy emained
he mos p e alen ocus in global SME inno a ion esea ch. The ind-
ings we e consis en wi h expec a ions, gi en hei di ec and s a egic
ele ance o he inno a ion capabili ies o SMEs. The p ominence o he
de e minan was es ablished by examining he numbe o pape s ha
add essed a leas one o i s cons i uen ac o s, he eby emphasizing i s
cen al ole in he schola ly discou se. Knowledge and Lea ning Capa-
bili ies and O ganiza ional S uc u e and Cul u e join ly occupied he
second posi ion in e ms o equency. Thei subs an ial ep esen a ion
highligh ed hei impo ance in shaping SME inno a ion and hei
widesp ead ele ance ac oss di e en s udies. These de e minan s we e
u he analyzed based on a leas one o hei espec i e ac o s in he
e iewed pape s, illus a ing hei b oad ele ance and impac on SME
inno a ion. Con e sely, Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s
eme ged as he leas equen ly examined de e minan . The unde ep-
esen a ion signaled he need o u he in es iga ion o unco e he
easons behind i s compa a i ely limi ed p esence in exis ing li e a u e.
As shown in Fig. 7, in 2020, de e minan s such as Knowledge and
Lea ning Capabili ies, O ganiza ional S uc u e and Cul u e, and
Inno a ion Managemen and S a egy a ained hei peak equencies,
while he emaining h ee de e minan s we e less p ominen . In 2021,
all de e minan s expe ienced a d ama ic decline, wi h O ganiza ional
S uc u e and Cul u e expe iencing he mos signi ican dec ease (-91
%). This down u n was associa ed wi h he COVID-19 qua an ine, which
dis up ed nume ous indus ies and esea ch a eas (Feyisa, 2020). O e
he ollowing yea s, mos de e minan s g adually egained equency,
excluding Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s, which declined by
85 %, al hough hei p esence no ably inc eased in 2023. When
compa ing he ex en o hese luc ua ions, all de e minan s expe ienced
subs an ial a ia ions, excluding Technology and Digi aliza ion, which
emained ela i ely s able, wi h an a e age annual pe cen age change o
17.9 %.
The co ela ion coe icien s (Table 4) p o ided deepe insigh s in o
he in luence o gene al publishing ends on he p ominence and ocus
on speci ic inno a ion de e minan s. High co ela ion coe icien s o
Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies (0.98) and O ganiza ional S uc-
u e and Cul u e (0.96) indica ed ha esea ch ac i i y in hese a eas
closely mi o ed he o e all g ow h in publica ion s udies. Con e sely,
he low co ela ion coe icien obse ed o Technology and Digi aliza-
ion (0.05) sugges ed ha publica ion luc ua ions in his domain
occu ed independen ly o b oade publishing ends. Thus, in e es in
Fig. 3. Publica ion coun based on a ilia ion.
Fig. 4. Publica ion based on subjec a ea.
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
6
echnology and digi aliza ion among SMEs was a ibu ed o o he ac-
o s such as echnological ad ancemen s o policy shi s, a he han
gene al academic publishing ends alone. Mode a e co ela ions o
de e minan s such as Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s (0.47),
Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a ions (0.86), and Inno a ion Manage-
men and S a egy (0.81) e lec ed a balanced in e play be ween
e ol ing business p ac ices and eme ging challenges in he SME sec o .
These indings sugges ed ha al hough ce ain a eas appea ed o
end wi hin academic li e a u e p ima ily due o o e all inc eases in
publica ion, o he s ep esen ed genuine and subs an ial shi s in he
SME inno a ion ecosys em, wa an ing ocused a en ion and dedica ed
esou ces.
Geog aphical dis ibu ion o key de e minan s
Fig. 8 illus a es he geog aphical dis ibu ion o all inno a ion de-
e minan s wo ldwide. Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s
exhibi ed ela i ely low esea ch ac i i y ac oss he su eyed coun ies,
wi h I an, Ghana, and China leading bu each con ibu ing ewe han
h ee publica ions. Con e sely, Technology and Digi aliza ion a ac ed-
b oade in e na ional in e es , wi h Pakis an, China, and I aly being he
mos ac i e (4–5 publica ions). Fo Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a-
ions, China s ood ou wi h he highes equency, sugges ing a pa ic-
ula na ional emphasis o s a egic ini ia i e in his domain. Simila ly,
O ganiza ional S uc u e and Cul u e ecei ed a ied a en ion, wi h
Fig. 5. Majo esea ch hemes in SME inno a ion capabili y esea ch (2020–2024).
Fig. 6. F equency o occu ence o published pape s ca ego ized by each de e minan .
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
7
Pakis an, China, Fiji, and he USA showing he mos equency, indi-
ca ing a possible egional ocus on co po a e cul u e and o ganiza ional
dynamics. Inno a ion Managemen and S a egy was p edominan ly
s udied in Indonesia and Pakis an, ollowed closely by China and I an,
e lec ing a g owing end in hese egions o p io i ize inno a ion
wi hin business s a egies. Finally, Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies
demons a ed a wide dispe sion o esea ch equency, wi h Pakis an,
Indonesia, and China leading, possibly e lec ing a na ional emphasis on
knowledge and educa ion as key d i e s o economic g ow h.
Bo h de eloping and de eloped coun ies we e well ep esen ed
ac oss he de e minan s, highligh ing a global commi men o ad ancing
inno a ion wi hin SMEs. No ably, coun ies such as China, Ghana,
Indonesia, Pakis an, and se e al Eu opean na ions equen ly appea ed,
emphasizing he uni e sal signi icance o hese inno a ion opics.
Regionally, Asian coun ies such as Indonesia, Pakis an, and China dis-
played a p onounced in e es in mul iple inno a ion de e minan s,
e lec ing he dynamic economic g ow h and s ong ocus o he egion
on inc easing inno a ion capabili ies. The end indica ed he s a egic
mo es o Asia o es ablish i sel as a leading hub o echnological and
business inno a ion. Mo eo e , de eloping coun ies equen ly p io i-
ized Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a ions, a ibu able o a s a egy
o le e aging global knowledge and esou ces o s eng hen local
inno a ion capaci ies and accele a e economic de elopmen .
China consis en ly anked among he leading con ibu o s in publi-
ca ion ou pu (2020–2023) and domina ed ac oss se e al inno a ion
de e minan s, pa icula ly Technology and Digi aliza ion, Inno a ion
Managemen and S a egy, and Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a ions.
The pa e n sugges ed a conce ed na ional emphasis on in as uc u e
de elopmen , digi al adop ion, and c oss-sec o pa ne ships (Wang
e al., 2023). Con e sely, coun ies such as I aly and F ance, while
con ibu ing ewe o al publica ions, exhibi ed mo e ocused a en ion
in de e minan s such as Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies and
O ganiza ional S uc u e and Cul u e, indica ing a s a egic p io i iza-
ion o human capi al de elopmen and o ganiza ional esilience
(Aud e sch & Beli ski, 2021). These pa e ns e lec ed how egional
esea ch s eng hs aligned wi h unde lying economic s a egies and
policy agendas. No ably, high publica ion olume did no necessa ily
co ela e wi h hema ic di e si y, highligh ing he impo ance o
ailo ing SME inno a ion s a egies o speci ic esea ch and policy
con ex s o each coun y.
Co e ac o s in SME inno a ion success
The analysis o he mos equen ly occu ing ac o s o SME inno-
a ion capabili y, as shown in Table 5, p o ided a obus ounda ion o
iden i ying he key d i e s wi hin he p e iously de ined de e minan s.
Fac o s such as En ep eneu ial O ien a ion, Abso p i e Capaci y,
Inno a ion Openness, Ma ke O ien a ion, and In ellec ual Capi al
eme ged as c i ical componen s ha di ec ly in luenced he capaci y o
SMEs o e ec i e inno a ion.
Wi hin he b oade de e minan o Inno a ion Managemen and
S a egy, En ep eneu ial O ien a ion ecei ed he mos emphasis,
highligh ing he impo ance o p omo ing inno a ion and engaging in
s a egic isk- aking. Abso p i e Capaci y and Inno a ion Openness
wa an ed pa icula a en ion, as hey e lec ed he willingness o SMEs
o acqui e ex e nal knowledge and adop new echnologies, ac o s
associa ed wi h he Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies de e minan .
Ma ke O ien a ion played a c i ical ole in enabling SMEs o espond
e ec i ely o ma ke condi ions and cus ome needs, aligning closely
wi h he Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s de e minan o d i e
a ge ed inno a ion. Mo eo e , In ellec ual Capi al e eals he u iliza-
ion o in e nal knowledge, se ing as an impo an componen wi hin
Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies ha empowe ed SMEs o de elop
new p oduc s and imp o e inno a ion.
Abso p i e Capaci y se ed as ano he c ucial ac o equi ing
a en ion. Bo h po en ial and ealized abso p i e capaci y enabled SMEs
o acqui e and e ec i ely u ilize ex e nal in o ma ion, he eby
Fig. 7. Annual a ia ions in de e minan s o SME inno a ion capabili ies.
Table 4
Co ela ion be ween annual o al publica ions and de e minan -speci ic pape s
(2020–2024).
De e minan Co ela ion Coe icien
Knowledge and Lea ning Capabili ies 0.98
O ganiza ional S uc u e and Cul u e 0.96
Ex e nal Ne wo ks and Collabo a ions 0.86
Inno a ion Managemen and S a egy 0.81
Ma ke O ien a ion and Cus ome Insigh s 0.47
Technology and Digi aliza ion 0.05
M. Tsakale ou e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 10 (2025) 100757
8
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