Sampaio, Ca los; Sebas ião, João Rena o
A icle
Social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship: Unco e ing
hemes, ends, and discou se
Adminis a i e Sciences
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Sampaio, Ca los; Sebas ião, João Rena o (2024) : Social inno a ion and social
en ep eneu ship: Unco e ing hemes, ends, and discou se, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN
2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 14, Iss. 3, pp. 1-20,
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Ci a ion: Sampaio, Ca los, and João
Rena o Sebas ião. 2024. Social
Inno a ion and Social
En ep eneu ship: Unco e ing
Themes, T ends, and Discou se.
Adminis a i e Sciences 14: 53.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
admsci14030053
Recei ed: 28 Decembe 2023
Re ised: 24 Feb ua y 2024
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Published: 11 Ma ch 2024
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adminis a i e
sciences
A icle
Social Inno a ion and Social En ep eneu ship: Unco e ing
Themes, T ends, and Discou se
Ca los Sampaio 1,2,* and João Rena o Sebas ião1,3
1Poly echnic Ins i u e o Cas elo B anco, Poly echnic Uni e si y, 6000-084 Cas elo B anco, Po ugal;
[email p o ec ed]
2
NECE-UBI (Resea ch Cen e o Business Sciences), Uni e sidade da Bei a In e io , 6201-001 Co ilhã, Po ugal
3CISeD-Resea ch Cen e in Digi al Se ices, Ins i u o Poli écnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Po ugal
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : The wo ld is ma ked by pe sis en and ecu ing socio-economic and en i onmen al
changes. The domains o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship ha e gained p ominence
as ca alys s o posi i e change and socie al esilience. Despi e he subs an ial body o li e a u e
assessing social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship, mos s udies add ess hese opics h ough
analyses o scien i ic p oduc ion ou pu o h ough sys ema ic li e a u e e iews. Con e sely, he main
objec i e o his pape is o conduc a hema ic analysis o he exis ing scien i ic li e a u e on social
inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship, published ac oss a ious geog aphical con ex s, o assess
hemes, ends, and discou se wi hin hese ields wo ldwide. The e o e, i syn hesizes, analyzes, and
e alua es he e ol ing landscape o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship esea ch o e ime,
employing a sliding windows me hodology. This app oach di ides he analyzed pe iod in o dis inc
imes o me iculously ack changes in hemes and discou se o e ime. To accomplish his objec i e,
his pape examines he e ol ing hema ic dynamics o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship
wi hin he scien i ic li e a u e, se ing as a d i e and compelling esea che s and p ac i ione s o
explo e new dimensions in social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship. E idence om he analysis
is discussed, including he main heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions and p oposals o u u e
esea ch. This pape emphasizes he impo ance o adap i e and esilien app oaches wi hin he
domains o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship and con ibu es o a deepe unde s anding
o how social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship e ol e and adap o e ime, shedding ligh on
he ans o ma i e po en ial o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship.
Keywo ds: social inno a ion; social en ep eneu ship; nonp o i o ganiza ions; hema ic analysis
1. In oduc ion
Inno a ion is a mul i ace ed concep s udied ac oss a ious disciplines including
economics, managemen , sociology, and psychology. I no only in ol es he de elopmen
o new p oduc s o he comme cializa ion o in en ions bu also encompasses social,
economic, beha io al, and ins i u ional changes (Koche ko 2023). Social inno a ion is a
p ocess o de eloping and implemen ing no el solu ions o social p oblems and needs,
o en in ol ing a combina ion o c ea i i y, collabo a ion, and esou ce ulness (Phills e al.
2008). I is closely linked o echnological inno a ion and can lead o social ans o ma ion
(Bi encou e al. 2016). Howe e , small, esou ce-cons ained o ganiza ions may ace
ope a ional obs acles in his p ocess (Chalme s 2013). Despi e he exis ence o social
inno a ion as a ield o p ac ice, i s heo e ical aspec s a e s ill unde de eloped (Bi encou
e al. 2016). Social inno a ion can be exp essed as changes in beha io s, pe cep ions,
o a i udes ha ul ima ely lead o he es ablishmen o new social p ac ices (Cajaiba-
San ana 2014). I encompasses mul iple a eas o s udy, such as u ban and ci y de elopmen ,
communi y g ow h, public policy, echnology, design, and social en ep eneu ship (Mulgan
e al. 2007). Fu he mo e, i can be seen as a no el way o s uc u ing business, companies,
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14030053 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/admsci
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 2 o 20
o wo kplaces o enhance economic ac i i ies wi h he inal goal o c ea ing new ideas ha
con ibu e o widesp ead social ans o ma ion o , ul ima ely, guiding he de elopmen
and execu ion o inno a i e app oaches o a ain sha ed objec i es (Neumeie 2012).
En ep eneu ship can be de ined as he p ocess o disco e ing, e alua ing, and ex-
ploi ing oppo uni ies o c ea e u u e goods and se ices (Shane and Venka a aman 2000)
which can also ha e an inno a ion-cen ic p ospec , based on he in oduc ion o new
echnologies, p oduc s, and se ices (Schumpe e 1934). I in ol es a deg ee o isk- aking
by en ep eneu s and he mobiliza ion and o ganiza ion o esou ces o c ea e alue, which
can be economic, social, o cul u al, h ough he de elopmen o new ideas.
Social en ep eneu ship aligns wi h his de ini ion, cen e ed a ound a social mission
d i en by social en ep eneu s. I s de ining cha ac e is ic is he p ima y goal o add essing
social issues and c ea ing posi i e change in socie y h ough en ep eneu ial en u es,
wi h he main ocus o gene a ing social alue a he han pe sonal o sha eholde weal h.
Hence, social en ep eneu ship embodies he ole o a change agen in he social sec o ,
ocusing on c ea ing and sus aining social alue o e p i a e gains. I in ol es ecognizing
and elen lessly pu suing new oppo uni ies o se e a social mission, engaging in con inu-
ous inno a ion, adap a ion, and lea ning. Social en ep eneu s ac boldly, o en wi hou
being limi ed by cu en esou ces, and exhibi a heigh ened sense o accoun abili y o he
cons i uencies se ed and he ou comes c ea ed. This app oach dis inguishes hem om
business en ep eneu s by emphasizing social impac and mission- ela ed impac s o e
weal h c ea ion (Dees 1998).
Mo eo e , social en ep eneu ship combines inno a i e esou ce use and oppo u-
ni ies o add ess social needs and ca alyze social change. I di e s om comme cial
en ep eneu ship in i s g ea e emphasis on c ea ing social alue o e economic gain. This
p ocess in ol es no only se ice and p oduc o e ings bu also he es ablishmen o new
o ganiza ions, wi h a p ima y ocus on social ans o ma ion and add essing socie al issues
(Aus in e al. 2006;Mai and Ma í2006), o as a mul i ace ed ac i i y h ough which
indi iduals o g oups aim o c ea e social alue. This is achie ed h ough a combina ion
o ecognizing and exploi ing oppo uni ies o c ea e social alue, employing inno a ion,
ole a ing isk, and ope a ing wi h ela i e dis ega d o limi a ions in a ailable esou ces
(Pe edo and McLean 2006).
Acco dingly, social en ep eneu ship and social inno a ion eme ge as c i ical condui s
o social change. Social en ep eneu ship embodies he pu sui o oppo uni y beyond
con olled esou ces, cha ac e ized by a unique blend o ision, inno a ion, and isk- aking
o se up social change (Dees 1998). This en ep eneu ial spi i ex ends o he inno a i e
p ocesses wi hin exis ing o ganiza ions aiming o social impac , he eby emphasizing
he impo ance o inno a ion and en ep eneu ial cha ac e is ics in he nonp o i sec o
(Da 2004). Mo eo e , social inno a ion lies a he co e o social en ep eneu ship. Social
inno a ion in ol es he de elopmen , applica ion, and scaling o solu ions o social, cul-
u al, o en i onmen al issues (Mulgan e al. 2007). This p ocess anscends adi ional
bounda ies by os e ing new collabo a ions and applying esh app oaches o sol e old
p oblems, hus c ea ing added alue o socie y a la ge (Phills e al. 2008). Syne gy be ween
social en ep eneu ship and social inno a ion is essen ial as i demands a p oac i e s ance
in iden i ying gaps wi hin he social ab ic and deploying in en i e solu ions ha a e
sus ainable, impac ul, and scalable (Mai and Ma í2006).
The essence o social en ep eneu ship anscends pa icipa ion in olun a y ac i i ies,
equi ing a p o ound en ep eneu ial mindse ha h i es on con inuous inno a ion and
a deep- oo ed desi e o d i e social change (Nicholls 2006). This connec ion be ween
ecognizing new oppo uni ies and engaging in social inno a ion highligh s he po en ial
o social en ep eneu ship as bo h social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship se e as
i al mechanisms o os e ing a esilien and equi able socie y (Da 2004;Dees 1998;Mai
and Ma í2006).
The e o e, while social en ep eneu ship in ol es he c ea ion o new en u es o
managing exis ing ones in an inno a i e way, wi h he objec i e o de ining and exploi ing
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 3 o 20
oppo uni ies o imp o e social weal h (Zah a e al. 2009), social inno a ion p esen s a new
and mo e e icien , e ec i e, and sus ainable solu ion o a social p oblem, wi h a ocus on
socie y a he han on indi iduals (Phills e al. 2008). Howe e , social inno a ion and social
en ep eneu ship seek o iden i y a p oblem ha needs o be add essed o mee a social
need, sha ing common o e laps o unme social needs.
Bo h social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship a e embodied wi hin he concep
o he social economy, which eme ged alongside wi h he o ma ion o coope a i e, mu u-
alis ic, and associa i e o ganiza ions h oughou human his o y. This e olu ion is linked
o he eme gence o eedom o associa ion, eligious in luences, o ces o na ionalism,
and he ques o a hi d way. The eme gence o he hi d sec o occu ed du ing he 19 h
cen u y and de eloped alongside he indus ial e olu ion. I a ose as a esponse o he
social and economic challenges b ough abou by apid indus ializa ion and u baniza ion.
This pe iod saw he c ea ion o se e al coope a i e, mu ual, and associa i e o ganiza ions.
These o ganiza ions aimed o p o ide solu ions o he social issues o he ime, embodying
a collec i e app oach o economic ac i i y wi h a ocus on social objec i es and solida i y.
The social economy ep esen s an al e na i e o bo h capi alis ma ke economies and
s a e-con olled economies, emphasizing communi y, social esponsibili y, and mu ual aid
(De ou ny and De el e e 1999).
The hi d sec o plays a i al ole in p o iding socioeconomic suppo , pa icula ly
in imes o economic c isis. This sec o includes non-go e nmen al, olun a y, and non-
p o i o ganiza ions. In Eu ope, he hi d sec o engages he ull- ime equi alen o 28.3
million wo ke s ac oss Eu ope, accoun ing o almos 13% o he wo k o ce, highligh ing
he sec o ’s con ibu ion o employmen and i s b oade socioeconomic impac (Eu opean
Commission 2017). Mo eo e , he ele ance o he sec o is addi ionally d i en by ac i e ci i-
zenship, o in ol emen in in o mal and o mal (o ganized) olun a y ac i i ies, accoun ing
o one- i h o he Eu opean Union membe s a es’ popula ion who pa icipa e in hose ac-
i i ies, including poli ical g oups, associa ions, and pa ies
(Eu opean Commission 2023).
Recen imes ha e been cha ac e ized by pe sis en u moil. The COVID-19 pandemic
b ough a gene alized lockdown encompassing s ay-a -home o de s, cu ews, qua an ines,
co dons sani ai es, and simila socie al es ic ions in ol ing companies and he gene al
popula ion. The a e ma h o he pandemic c isis b ough gene alized cons ain s in
he wo ld’s supply chains and inc eased in la ion. Subsequen ly, wa in ho spo s o
commodi ies, such as g ain and oil, spiked he p ices o aw ma e ials, which led o an
inc ease in in la ion and in e es a es in se e al economic blocks. Social inno a ion and
social en ep eneu ship can play impo an oles in imes o economic c ises (Maclean
e al. 2013;Eu opean Commission 2017). People olun ee ing, add essing communi y
needs, and p o iding socioeconomic suppo a e common du ing pe iods o disas e
(Linnenluecke and McKnigh 2017) as new ways o add essing a communi y’s needs
h ough he applica ion o c ea i e p oblem sol ing (Gund y e al. 2011), emphasizing he
ele ance o inno a ion and en ep eneu ship in p e en ing and o e coming economic and
inancial c ises (Pe ei a 2019).
Despi e he wide body o li e a u e on social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship,
assessing i s o igins and ends using ho ough me hods including sys ema ic li e a u e
e iews and bibliome ic app oaches (Fa inha e al. 2020;Sainaghi e al. 2018;G ilo and
Mo ei a 2022;Bozhikin e al. 2019), he e is lack o unde s anding o he in ol ing and
e ol ing aspec s su ounding social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship, pa icula ly
he de elopmen o hemes and discou se. Some pape s ha e eme ged o e ime, pa -
icula ly ollowing pe iods o acu e c ises such as he economic c isis ha ollowed he
2007–2008 inancial c isis, so e eign deb c ises (Apos olopoulos e al. 2019;Maclean e al.
2013), and he COVID-19 pandemic (Wea e 2023;Fa houd e al. 2021;Iskanda e al. 2022).
The e o e, his s udy uses a co-wo d analysis, which is bo h a bibliome ic me hod (Zupic
and ˇ
Ca e 2015) and a con en analysis echnique (Callon e al. 1983), o analyze he con en s
o a la ge numbe o documen s, c ea e a simila i y measu e, build a hema ic analysis,
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 4 o 20
and ep esen he concep ual space o he social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship
esea ch ield (Zupic and ˇ
Ca e 2015).
Consequen ly, his pape seeks o add ess his gap in he li e a u e and o de e mine
he e ol ing hemes, ends, and discou ses ha shape social inno a ion and social en-
ep eneu ship. I uses a co-wo d analysis o assess hemes and concep s shaping social
inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship o assess how he scien i ic ield e ol ed o e ime
and o p o ide a comp ehensi e amewo k o unde s anding i s u u e.
The emainde o his s udy has he ollowing s uc u e: Sec ion 2p esen s he me hod-
ology, including in o ma ion abou da a and me hods. Sec ion 3shows he s udy esul s.
Conclusions a e p esen ed in Sec ion 4.
2. Me hodology
This s udy aimed o explo e he e ol ing landscape o ‘Social Inno a ion’ and ‘Social
En ep eneu ship’, employing bibliome ic me hods o an in-dep h analysis. The use o a
bibliome ic analysis as a quan i a i e app oach o he assessmen o scien i ic li e a u e
p o ides insigh s in o he hema ic and de elopmen al ends wi hin a esea ch ield.
Essen ial o ou app oach was he concep o bibliome ics, as ou lined by P i cha d (1969),
and he co-wo d analysis me hodology de eloped in (Callon e al. 1983).
The me hodology used in his s udy in ol ed a sliding window analysis o scien i ic
p oduc ion o e a i e-yea ime ame, beginning wi h he pe iod om 2012 o 2016 and
ad ancing annually un il 2023. This echnique enables esea che s o assess he e ol ing
impac o new esea ch wi hin he ield and includes he analysis o eigh ime ames
(2012–2016, 2013–2017, 2014–2018, 2015–2019, 2016–2020, 2017–2021, 2018–2022, and 2019–
2023). This echnique in ol es analyzing da a wi hin speci ic ime ames (windows) o e
he pe iod o in e es , allowing o a empo al analysis o he da a. The ele ance o he
empo al co-wo d analysis has been acknowledge in he li e a u e (He 1999). Fu he mo e,
he use o a sliding window s a egy o cons uc ne wo ks p o ides an accu a e pic u e
o he esea ch ield once i connec s cha ac e s ac oss di e en g oups and enables one o
ace he de elopmen o he s eam (G ayson e al. 2016).
Da a o his s udy we e me iculously ga he ed om he Web o Science (WoS) da abase
on 10 No embe 2023, using a ge ed il e s o selec publica ions ele an o social inno a-
ion and social en ep eneu ship which we e published in he English language. The sea ch
que y was ‘TS = ‘social inno a *’ OR TS = ‘Social En ep en*’ AND English (Languages)’,
esul ing in a collec ion o 6646 publica ions published o e he 2012–2023 pe iod. The
decision o ely on jus one da abase was made o a oid using uns anda dized da a and
po en ial e o s when me ging mul iple da abases (Don hu e al. 2021). Addi ionally, he
WoS da abase is one o he la ges da abases and a eliable sou ce o published scien i ic
documen s (Ellegaa d and Wallin 2015)
This s udy conduc ed a hema ic analysis using a co-wo d analysis, a echnique ha is
no sui able o dealing wi h small samples (Don hu e al. 2021). Howe e , he scien i ic
p oduc ion ou pu published p io o 2012 was small. When using small da ase s, he
co-occu ence o wo ds migh no be su icien ly ep esen a i e o d aw meaning ul conclu-
sions abou he esea ch domain. This may lead o a spa se co-occu ence ma ix indica ing
ha mos wo ds do no co-occu , which could esul in agmen ed o o e ly simpli ied
esul s. Consequen ly, pape s published be o e 2012 we e excluded om he analysis.
The hema ic analysis was based on he amewo k p oposed by Cobo e al. (2011),
which classi ies esea ch hemes in o ou quad an s: hema ic mo o s, eme gen o de-
clining hemes, niche hemes, and basic and ans e sal hemes. This classi ica ion allows
o a comp ehensi e unde s anding o he dominan and pe iphe al opics wi hin he
ields o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship. The hema ic mo o ca ego y in-
cludes ma u e and well-de eloped hemes ha ha e been ex ensi ely esea ched. These
a eas ep esen he co e o he ield, cha ac e ized by a subs an ial body o es ablished
wo k, indica ing obus and ho oughly explo ed opics in social inno a ion and social
en ep eneu ship. The eme gen o declining hemes ca ego y is cha ac e ized by hemes
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 5 o 20
wi h a dynamic na u e. Some hemes in his ca ego y a e gaining momen um (eme gen ),
while o he s a e losing signi icance (declining). This luc ua ion implies shi ing ends
wi hin he ield, highligh ing a eas ha a e d awing new esea ch in e es o becoming less
ocal. Niche hemes encompass highly specialized a eas wi hin a ield and a e ypically
ma ked by lowe olumes o esea ch. Despi e hei specialized na u e, niche hemes
a e c ucial o he de elopmen o speci ic, ocused a eas wi hin social inno a ion and
social en ep eneu ship. Basic and ans e sal hemes a e undamen al o he ield. These
hemes ex end ac oss se e al s udy a eas. They o m he ounda ional bed ock o social
inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship, connec ing di e en aspec s and o e ing a b oad
and in eg a i e pe spec i e.
Fo he analysis, R (R Co e Team 2023) was used, employing he ‘Bibliome ix’ package
(A ia and Cuccu ullo 2017), which is speci ically designed o bibliome ic s udies. The
use o his ad anced analy ical ool enables a sophis ica ed explo a ion o he collec ed
da a, o e ing insigh s in o he hema ic s uc u es and ends wi hin he esea ch ields
o in e es .
The me hodologies used in his s udy allowed o he c ea ion o hema ic maps o
each o he pe iods analyzed based on he documen ‘Au ho Keywo ds’. Al hough only
he hema ic map o he 2012–2016 pe iod is p esen ed in Figu e 1, in o ma ion om
he o he maps was ex ac ed and compiled in o ables depic ed in he emainde o he
pape . This compila ion p o ides essen ial insigh s, enabling a de ailed cha ac e iza ion
o each pe iod. Addi ionally, i acili a es an unde s anding o he impac s and ansi ions
associa ed wi h he ad en o new pe iods. This app oach is c ucial o iden i ying and
unde s anding he e ol ing dynamics and ends in he ields o social inno a ion and
social en ep eneu ship as i highligh s changes and con inui ies in he hema ic emphasis
o e di e en ime ames, an essen ial p ocess o ob aining he esul s p esen ed in he
ollowing sec ions, which o e a comp ehensi e and in o med iew o hema ic e olu ion
wi hin hese ields.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 22
ields o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship. The hema ic mo o ca ego y in-
cludes ma u e and well-de eloped hemes ha ha e been ex ensi ely esea ched. These
a eas ep esen he co e o he ield, cha ac e ized by a subs an ial body o es ablished
wo k, indica ing obus and ho oughly explo ed opics in social inno a ion and social
en ep eneu ship. The eme gen o declining hemes ca ego y is cha ac e ized by hemes
wi h a dynamic na u e. Some hemes in his ca ego y a e gaining momen um (eme gen ),
while o he s a e losing signi icance (declining). This luc ua ion implies shi ing ends
wi hin he ield, highligh ing a eas ha a e d awing new esea ch in e es o becoming
less ocal. Niche hemes encompass highly specialized a eas wi hin a ield and a e ypi-
cally ma ked by lowe olumes o esea ch. Despi e hei specialized na u e, niche hemes
a e c ucial o he de elopmen o speci ic, ocused a eas wi hin social inno a ion and
social en ep eneu ship. Basic and ans e sal hemes a e undamen al o he ield. These
hemes ex end ac oss se e al s udy a eas. They o m he ounda ional bed ock o social
inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship, connec ing diffe en aspec s and offe ing a b oad
and in eg a i e pe spec i e.
Fo he analysis, R (R Co e Team 2023) was used, employing he ‘Bibliome ix’ pack-
age (A ia and Cuccu ullo 2017), which is speci ically designed o bibliome ic s udies.
The use o his ad anced analy ical ool enables a sophis ica ed explo a ion o he collec ed
da a, offe ing insigh s in o he hema ic s uc u es and ends wi hin he esea ch ields o
in e es .
The me hodologies used in his s udy allowed o he c ea ion o hema ic maps o
each o he pe iods analyzed based on he documen ‘Au ho Keywo ds’. Al hough only
he hema ic map o he 2012–2016 pe iod is p esen ed in Figu e 1, in o ma ion om he
o he maps was ex ac ed and compiled in o ables depic ed in he emainde o he pape .
This compila ion p o ides essen ial insigh s, enabling a de ailed cha ac e iza ion o each
pe iod. Addi ionally, i acili a es an unde s anding o he impac s and ansi ions associ-
a ed wi h he ad en o new pe iods. This app oach is c ucial o iden i ying and unde -
s anding he e ol ing dynamics and ends in he ields o social inno a ion and social
en ep eneu ship as i highligh s changes and con inui ies in he hema ic emphasis o e
diffe en ime ames, an essen ial p ocess o ob aining he esul s p esen ed in he ol-
lowing sec ions, which offe a comp ehensi e and in o med iew o hema ic e olu ion
wi hin hese ields.
Figu e 1. Thema ic map o he pe iod om 2012 o 2016.
Figu e 1. Thema ic map o he pe iod om 2012 o 2016.
3. Resul s
Following he p oposed me hods, his sec ion p esen s he s udy esul s. I begins
by displaying he hema ic map o he i s analyzed pe iod (2012–2016). Each o he
subsec ions p esen s he e olu ion o esea ch hemes wi hin he social inno a ion and
social en ep eneu ship ield acco ding o he changing yea .
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 6 o 20
An analysis o he da a ela ed o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship un il
2016 e eals a esea ch domain en iched wi h hema ic a eas, each unco e ing dis inc
aspec s o he social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship esea ch ield’s dynamic na u e.
Figu e 1shows he hema ic map o he i s analyzed pe iod.
Acco ding o he esul s (Figu e 1), he heme cen e ed on ‘sus ainabili y’ comp ises a
b oad a ay o opics om ‘co po a e social esponsibili y’ o ‘clima e change’. This heme
ac s as a mo o wi hin he ield, p opelling he in eg a ion o en i onmen al conce ns in o
he co e o social en ep eneu ial en u es and schola ly esea ch. Mo eo e , i u he
includes e ms such as ‘sus ainable de elopmen ’, ‘g een’, and ‘ enewable ene gy’, showing
a end in esea ch ha p io i izes sus ainable p ac ices as undamen al componen s o
social inno a ion. Meanwhile, he ‘social en e p ise’ heme s ands on ounda ional g ound,
wi h keywo ds such as ‘social en ep eneu s’ and ‘business model’ which cons i u e he
basic hemes o he discipline. This heme p o ides he unde pinnings o he ield by
ocusing on he in e play o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies wi h social aims and e lec s he key
concep s and p ac ices ha ha e shaped he e olu ion o social en ep eneu ship.
The ‘co-c ea ion’ heme, linked wi h ‘open inno a ion’ and ‘sma ci ies’, ep esen s
ano he ‘mo o heme‘ ha signals he ield’s mo emen owa d collabo a i e and open
inno a ion app oaches. I unde sco es he ole o co-c ea i e p ocesses as ca alys s o
inclusi e and sus ainable u ban de elopmen . Addi ionally, i deno es a signi ican a ea o
esea ch ha pushes pa ne ships and communi y pa icipa ion in social inno a ion.
The ‘educa ion’ heme s ands ou as a niche a ea e en hough i is cha ac e ized by a
single keywo d. I highligh s he ole o educa ional s a egies and pedagogical inno a ions
in de eloping a cul u e o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship, poin ing o a dense
line o esea ch ha in es iga es how educa ion shapes he u u e o social inno a o s.
The ‘social economy’ heme, al hough also deno ed by a single keywo d, encompasses
hemes ha a e ei he on he ise o on he wane. Howe e , i d aws a en ion o changing
economic models linked wi h social inno a ion and signals he shi ing landscape o
social en ep eneu ship.
3.1. Thema ic E olu ion: T ansi ioning o 2017
The shi in hema ic ca ego iza ion om 2016 o 2017 in ol es he addi ion o new
ends o he analysis o consolida e knowledge. Shi ing he pe iod means ha he analysis
is now ocused on he 2013–2017 pe iod. Table 1illus a es he e olu ion o hemes and
subjec s o e ime. The ‘Clus e ’ column iden i ies he speci ic clus e wi hin he hema ic
map. The ‘Be o e’ column indica es whe he he clus e was p esen in he p eceding pe iod
and, i so, in which quad an i was loca ed. The ‘Cu en ’ column e eals he cu en
quad an posi ion o he clus e . Finally, he ‘Wo ds’ column p o ides a collec ion o e ms
and wo ds associa ed wi h each clus e .
Examining he esul s (Table 1), ‘sus ainabili y’ has ansi ioned om being a ‘mo o
heme’ o a ‘basic heme’, indica ing ha he concep has now become a undamen al
elemen o he ield. This change implies ha sus ainabili y conside a ions ha e been
ho oughly assimila ed in o he social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship scien i ic
li e a u e, sugges ing a le el o ma u i y a which hese p inciples a e now assumed a he
han highligh ed as eme gen .
Meanwhile, ‘social en e p ise’ and ‘sus ainabili y’ main ain hei classi ica ion as ‘basic
hemes’, ein o cing hei s a us as pilla s o he ield. This con inui y shows ha he ole o
social en e p ises in ad ancing social inno a ion emains cen al o he ield, e lec ing a
consensus on hei alue as ins umen s o social change h ough en ep eneu ial ac ion.
Fu he mo e, he con inuous iden i ica ion o ‘co-c ea ion’ as a ‘mo o heme’ unde sco es
i s ongoing ele ance as cen al o ce d i ing he esea ch s eam o wa d. The unal e ed
s a us o co-c ea ion add esses he ongoing emphasis on collabo a i e inno a ion and he
impo ance o engaging di e se s akeholde s in he de elopmen o sha ed alue, which
in luences esea ch and p ac ice wi hin social inno a ion. Mo eo e , i u he emphasizes
he ield’s commi men o collabo a i e app oaches.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 7 o 20
Table 1. Classi ica ion o hemes by yea , pe iod, and keywo ds o 2013–2017.
Pe iod Clus e Be o e Cu en Wo ds
2013–2017
bibliome ic analysis -- Absen -- Niche Themes bibliome ic analysis
co-c ea ion Mo o Themes Mo o Themes co-c ea ion; se ice design; co-design;
sma ci ies; open inno a ion
educa ion Niche Themes -- Absen -- ---
India -- Absen -- Niche Themes India; echnology; base o he py amid;
de elopmen
social economy Eme ging o
Declining Themes -- Absen -- ---
social en e p ise Basic Themes Basic Themes
social en e p ise; social en ep eneu s;
social economy; hyb id o ganiza ions;
sus ainable de elopmen ; social capi al;
u al de elopmen
sus ainabili y Mo o Themes Basic Themes
sus ainabili y; co po a e social
esponsibili y; business model;
educa ion; go e nance; collabo a ion;
social change; social business; esilience;
social esponsibili y; social alue
The a i al o new hemes wi hin he ield o e his pe iod is e lec ed in he eme -
gence o he heme ‘bibliome ic analysis’, which signals he eme gence o a me hodologic
app oach o map he ield’s li e a u e. Concu en ly, he heme ‘India’ eme ged, along
wi h e ms such as ‘ echnology’, ‘base o he py amid’, and ‘de elopmen ’, e ealing a
geog aphical and egional con ex app oach, mixed wi h echnological inno a ions. These
niche hemes, while specialized, poin up o a di e se esea ch landscape.
3.2. Thema ic E olu ion: T ansi ioning o 2018
The hema ic p og ession om 2017 o 2018 in ol es adding new ends o he anal-
ysis po ayed wi hin documen s published in 2018 o consolida e knowledge abou he
e olu ion o hemes. Table 2shows he e olu ion o hemes and subjec s.
The esul s (Table 2) show ha ‘social en e p ise’ eme ged as a mo o heme, ansi-
ioning om i s ‘basic heme’ s a us o become a cen al o ce in cu en esea ch. This
shi is demons a ed by a su ge in associa ed keywo ds ha b oaden i s scope o include
economic, sus ainabili y, and o ganiza ional dimensions. ‘Co-c ea ion’ mo ed o a ‘ba-
sic heme’, showing i s es ablished ounda ional scope wi hin he ield. The diminished
ele ance o ‘bibliome ic analysis’ and he egional ocus on ‘India’ sugges ha i s in-
e es diminished. Meanwhile, ‘sus ainabili y’ main ains i s ‘basic heme’ classi ica ion,
con inuing o be an essen ial elemen , wi h a ocus on in eg a ing sus ainable p ac ices in o
business and go e nance, demons a ed by keywo ds like ‘co po a e social esponsibili y’,
‘business model’, ‘go e nance’, ‘open inno a ion’, and ‘social esponsibili y’.
O e he 2014–2018 pe iod, ‘educa ion’ eme ged as a “basic heme”, unde sco ing
i s s a us as a co ne s one o social inno a ion essen ial o os e ing an en i onmen in
which inno a ion can be os e ed and sus ained. ‘Gende ’ eme ged as a ‘niche heme’,
ep esen ing a ecogni ion o he need o explo e he in e sec ions be ween gende dynam-
ics and inno a ion, emphasizing ha social en ep eneu ship is inclusi e and equi able.
Fu he mo e, ‘se ice design’ eme ged as a specialized a ea, highligh ing he impo ance
o designing se ices ha a e no only e icien bu also empa he ic and use -o ien ed,
le e aging co-design o ensu e se ices mee he demands o di e se communi ies. Las ly,
he ‘public sec o ’ heme indica es a g owing in e es in he oles o go e nmen and public
ins i u ions as acili a o s, o pa ne s, in social inno a ion ini ia i es. This could mean a
ecogni ion o he public sec o ’s po en ial o scale solu ions and c ea e sys emic impac .
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 8 o 20
Table 2. Classi ica ion o hemes by yea , pe iod, and keywo ds o 2014–2018.
Pe iod Clus e Be o e Cu en Wo ds
2014–2018
bibliome ic analysis Niche Themes -- Absen -- ---
co-c ea ion Mo o Themes Basic Themes co-c ea ion; sma ci ies
educa ion -- Absen -- Basic Themes educa ion; bibliome ic analysis;
highe educa ion
gende -- Absen -- Niche Themes gende ; echnology; ins i u ions
India Niche Themes -- Absen -- ---
public sec o -- Absen -- Niche Themes public sec o
se ice design -- Absen -- Niche Themes se ice design; co-design
social en e p ise Basic Themes Mo o Themes
social en e p ise; social en ep eneu s;
social economy; sus ainable
de elopmen ; hyb id o ganiza ions;
India; social capi al; collabo a ion; social
change; de elopmen ; social business;
u al de elopmen ; social alue;
en ep eneu ial in en ion;
b icolage; empowe men
2018 sus ainabili y Basic Themes Basic Themes
sus ainabili y; co po a e social
esponsibili y; business model;
go e nance; esilience; open inno a ion;
case s udy; social esponsibili y
3.3. Thema ic E olu ion: T ansi ioning o 2019
The shi o 2019 was ma ked by addi ional hema ic changes and consolida ions,
illus a ing i s dynamic and a ied ocus a eas. Table 3depic s he e olu ion o heme
ha occu ed h ough he shi o 2019, depic ing hema ic e olu ion ia he shi o he
2015–2019 pe iod.
The esul s (Table 3) show ha a key ans o ma ion is obse ed in ‘social en e p ise’,
which ansi ions om being a d i ing ‘mo o heme’ o a ounda ional ‘basic heme’ and
highligh s i s essen ial ole in shaping he landscape o inno a ion and social change. This
change implies i s ole as a ounda ional aspec o he ield. The heme includes a se o key-
wo ds such as ‘social en ep eneu s’, ‘social economy’, and ‘social capi al’, emphasizing he
mul i ace ed ole o social en e p ises in d i ing economic and social change. The p esence
o e ms like ‘hyb id o ganiza ions’, ‘social alue’, and ‘ u al de elopmen ’ unde sco es
he di e en app oaches and impac s o social en e p ises, including hei abili y o blend
di e en o ganiza ional models and con ibu e o de elopmen in a ied con ex s.
Co-c ea ion main ains i s s a us om he p e ious pe iod as a ‘basic heme’, ea i ming
i s impo ance wi hin he esea ch ield. This heme emphasizes keywo ds, including ‘co-
c ea ion’ and ‘sma ci ies’, which encompass collabo a i e and pa icipa o y app oaches,
pa icula ly in u ban inno a ion and de elopmen . Addi ionally, he heme ‘educa ion’
shi s om a ‘basic heme’ o an ‘eme ging o declining heme’, e lec ing a ans o ma ion
o e-e alua ion o he ole o educa ion wi hin he ield. The p esence o ‘highe educa ion’
and ‘c ea i i y’ wi hin his heme sugges s a new ocus on inno a i e pedagogies and
he nu u ing o c ea i e hinking in educa ional se ings. This pe spec i e indica es
how educa ion suppo s social inno a ion. Sus ainabili y emains a ‘basic heme’, u he
cemen ing i s ole. Wi h a wide ange o ela ed keywo ds like ‘go e nance’, ‘ esilience’,
‘social inclusion’, and ‘open inno a ion’, sus ainabili y main ains i s ole wi hin he ield.
These hemes indica e an ongoing commi men in embedding sus ainable p ac ices ac oss
a ious dimensions o social inno a ion.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 15 o 20
and ‘social en ep eneu s’ e eals an in eg a ion o e hical and en i onmen ally conscious
p ac ices wi hin he domain o ‘social en e p ise. This heme’s wide each, including ‘social
capi al’, ‘social impac ’, ‘ci cula economy’, and ‘ esilien business models’, illus a es he
ways social en e p ises d i e sus ainable change. ‘Go e nance’ main ained i s s a us as a
‘niche heme’, emphasizing he ole o adminis a i e and policy amewo ks in shaping
social inno a ion. Fu he mo e, he ocus on ‘ u al de elopmen ’, ‘ene gy ansi ion’,
and ‘ne wo ks’ highligh s he impo ance o go e nance o local communi ies as well as
en i onmen al conce ns.
‘Social en ep eneu ial in en ion’ e ol ed om a ‘mo o heme’ o a ‘basic heme’.
The p e alence o e ms like ‘gende ’, ‘educa ion’, ‘empa hy’, and ‘c ea i i y’ sugges s
an e olu ion o he mo i a ional and educa ional ounda ions ha d i es indi iduals
owa d social en ep eneu ship. The inclusion o ‘design hinking’ wi hin his heme
indica es a p oblem-sol ing app oach o social en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. On he o he
hand, ‘highe educa ion’ has ansi ioned om a ‘basic heme’ o a ‘niche heme’, e lec ing
a mo e specialized ocus o an e ol ing app oach wi hin ‘highe educa ion’, emphasizing
‘en ep eneu ial in en ion’ and ‘en ep eneu ship educa ion’. The eme gence o ‘educa ional
inno a ion’ as a ele an heme poin s o g owing in e es om u u e social inno a o s.
Mo eo e , he heme ‘social en e p ise’ e ol ed om a ‘mo o heme’ o a ‘basic heme’,
showing an emphasis o ‘sus ainabili y’ and ‘sus ainable de elopmen ’.
The heme ‘COVID-19’ eme ged as a dominan ‘basic heme’, highligh ing he impac
o he pandemic. This heme u he emphasizes he implica ions o he pandemic o
a ious aspec s o social inno a ion. I s associa ion wi h ‘co-c ea ion’, ‘social change’,
‘communi y’, and ‘sma ci ies’ shows how COVID-19 became a ca alys o collabo a i e
app oaches, communi y dynamics, and u ban de elopmen . The inclusion o ‘India’ and
‘digi al social inno a ion’ wi hin his heme poin s o he geog aphical and echnological
dimensions o he pandemic’s in luence. Addi ionally, he e ms ‘ ans o ma ion’, ‘ac ion
esea ch’, and ‘leade ship’ wi hin he COVID-19 heme indica e he b oade ole o he pan-
demic in d i ing sys emic change, explo ing new esea ch me hodologies, and in luencing
leade ship s yles and s a egies.
‘Policy’ eme ged as a “niche heme”, e lec ing an inc easing ocus on he in e play
be ween public policy and social inno a ion. The emphasis on ‘policy’ coupled wi h ‘public
heal h’ sugges s a speci ic in e es in how policy amewo ks we e shaped and adap ed
in esponse o heal h- ela ed challenges, likely in luenced by he ongoing impac s o he
COVID-19 pandemic. The eme gence o his heme means an inc eased ecogni ion o
he impo an ole o ‘policy’ in enabling, guiding, and esponding o social inno a ion,
especially in he con ex o public heal h.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Discussion
The ield o ‘social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship’ has unde gone signi ican
hema ic e olu ion o e he analyzed pe iod (2012–2023). This e olu ion e lec s he ield’s
esponse o changing socie al needs and eme ging global challenges. F om 2012 onwa d,
scien i ic ou pu was cha ac e ized by hemes such as ‘sus ainabili y’ (Boons and Lüdeke-
F eund 2013;Cajaiba-San ana 2014;Pa is and McInnis-Bowe s 2014;Voo be g e al. 2015;
an de Ha e and Rubalcaba 2016;Calic and Mosakowski 2016;Rey-Ma íe al. 2016;
Gla as 2016;Kaika 2017;Hoogendoo n e al. 2019;Dionisio and de Va gas 2020;Johnson
and Schal egge 2020) and ‘social en e p ise’ (Smi h e al. 2013;Wilson and Pos 2013;
Cajaiba-San ana 2014;S ephan e al. 2015;Maie e al. 2016;Zah a and W igh 2016;Yo k
e al. 2016;Belz and Binde 2017;Pa hankangas and Renko 2017;Saebi e al. 2019;A elino
e al. 2019;Gup a e al. 2020;Ho a e al. 2020), which eme ged as cen al d i e s in he
li e a u e, highligh ing he g owing emphasis on in eg a ing en i onmen al conce ns and
en ep eneu ial p ac ices wi h social objec i es. The p ominence o ‘co-c ea ion’ (He e a
2015;Cas elno o e al. 2016;Mi is e al. 2016;Wind um e al. 2016;F an zeskaki 2019;
Chin e al. 2019;Fuglsang e al. 2021), especially in u ban se ings (Cas elno o e al. 2016),
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 16 o 20
go e nance (Cas elno o e al. 2016;F an zeskaki 2019;Maddalena So en ino and Howle
2018;Voo be g e al. 2017), and he public sec o (Wind um e al. 2016;Fuglsang e al.
2021), unde sco ed he ield’s commi men o collabo a i e inno a ion. The pe iod saw
a sligh expansion wi h he in oduc ion o new hemes, such as ‘bibliome ic analysis’
(Voo be g e al. 2015;Wu and Wu 2017), and a geog aphical ocus on ‘India’ (Pa is and
McInnis-Bowe s 2014;S ephan e al. 2015;Su e e al. 2019;Pel e al. 2020). This e ealed a
wide esea ch landscape, showing an emphasis on ‘educa ion’, e lec ing i s ole in u u e
social inno a o s.
The yea 2021 b ough he impac o COVID-19 o he esea ch ield (Zah a 2021). This
de elopmen s essed esponsi eness o cu en global challenges wi hin he esea ch ield.
Themes such as ‘sma ci ies’ (Ghazal e al. 2021;Cas elno o e al. 2016;Kaika 2017) and
‘design hinking’ (Pa is and McInnis-Bowe s 2017;Phi and Clausen 2021;Tiwa i e al. 2022;
Blomkamp 2022;Ba oloni e al. 2022;Usman e al. 2022) gained ac ion, highligh ing he
s a egic impo ance o u ban spaces and use -cen ic p oblem sol ing in social inno a ion.
O e he inal analyzed ime ame, 2019–2023, ‘COVID-19
′
(Mi za e al. 2020;Zah a 2021;
Ghazal e al. 2021;Boysen 2022;Riz i e al. 2020) ascended as a dominan heme and ‘policy’
(Wa son e al. 2023;Plu shack e al. 2019;Alkon e al. 2019;Aung e al. 2022) eme ged
as a new niche heme, indica ing a ocus on he in e sec ion o public policy and social
inno a ion, especially in he con ex o public heal h. Hence, he e olu ion o hemes o e
he yea s shows he eme gence o hemes such as ‘sma ci ies’, ‘design hinking’, ‘policy’,
‘go e nance’, and he ‘ci cula economy’.
O e all, he ield has demons a ed consis en e olu ion, in eg a ing se e al pe spec-
i es and adap ing o con empo a y challenges. Key hemes ha e changed, e lec ing he
ield’s adap abili y and changes ela ed o social needs. I s ongoing adap a ion is e idenced
by he eme gence and consolida ion o new hemes, showcasing he ield’s esponsi eness
o cu en global challenges and changes in i s ocus.
4.2. Conclusions
The concep s o social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship eme ged om he
concep o a social economy. This cons uc was p ima ily de eloped in he 19 h cen u y
h ough he eme gence o eedom o associa ion, eligious in luences, o ces o na ionalism,
and he ques o a hi d way (De ou ny and De el e e 1999). Despi e ha ing exis ed o
mo e han a cen u y, he concep has become inc easingly ele an o e he las decade.
This ele ance can be ecognized h ough i s economic impac (Eu opean Commission 2017)
as well as ci izens and hei in ol emen in in o mal and o mal (o ganized) olun a y
ac i i ies (Eu opean Commission 2023). Depa ing om his amewo k, his pape deals
wi h a c i ical opic, pa icula ly o e pe iods o socioeconomic cons ain s (Maclean e al.
2013;Eu opean Commission 2017;Linnenluecke and McKnigh 2017;Gund y e al. 2011;
Pe ei a 2019).
The esul s showed a se o main hemes in he social inno a ion and social en-
ep eneu ship esea ch ield, including sus ainabili y, he social en e p ise, and co-c ea ion.
These hemes became ele an and cen al o he esea ch ield o e he analyzed pe iod.
Howe e , o e he yea s, hemes such as co-c ea ion, go e nance, public policies, design
hinking, ci cula economy, and opics ela ed o ci y o ganiza ion and as a conjunc u al
opic (COVID-19) also became ele an . Hence, concep s ela ed o sus ainable ci ies and
he equi ed public policies ha need o be pu o wa d, pa icula ly adjus men s o ans-
po a ion policies, ed awing ci ies, and he adop ion o measu es a ge ed a sus ainable
de elopmen , seem o be among he mos ele an . Fu he mo e, he ob ained esul s
showed ha co-c ea ion, as well as design hinking, sus ainabili y, and he social en e p ise,
ep esen he co ne s one o policy make s, social inno a o s, and social en ep eneu s
and ounda ions o he eme gence o social inno a ions.
The eme gence o social cons ain s, such as c ises, wa , e o ism, mig a ions, o cli-
ma e change, se s a poin o depa u e o inno a ion in a social economy and an inc easing
momen um wi hin social en ep eneu ship. Hence, based on he ob ained esul s and he
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 53 17 o 20
hema ic e olu ion o e ime, ecen hemes such as ‘sma ci ies’, ‘design hinking’, ‘policy’,
‘go e nance’, and he ‘ci cula economy’, a ge ing ‘sus ainabili y’, highligh di ec ions o
u u e esea ch on social inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship.
Despi e p o iding enligh enmen s, his pape p esen s some limi a ions, among hem
he numbe o documen s in he sample analyzed and he ype o analysis. A se o 6646
documen s we e assessed. This numbe is well abo e he ecommend analy ical minimum
o 200 (Roge s e al. 2020) o 300 o 500 (Don hu e al. 2021). Howe e , mo e de ailed esul s
could be p o ided using a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o he mos ci ed documen s. This
ype o analysis could p o ide addi ional unde s anding abou he hema ic e olu ion o
he esea ch ield and ep esen a s a ing poin o u u e esea ch.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; me hodology, C.S. and J.R.S.; so wa e,
J.R.S.; alida ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; o mal analysis, C.S.; in es iga ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; esou ces,
J.R.S.; da a cu a ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; w i ing—
e iew and edi ing, C.S. and J.R.S.; isualiza ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; supe ision, C.S. and J.R.S.; p ojec
adminis a ion, C.S. and J.R.S.; unding acquisi ion, C.S. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he
published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: NECE and his wo k a e suppo ed by FCT (Fundação pa a a Ciência e Tecnologia), I.P.,
p ojec e e ence UIDB/04630/2020 and DOI iden i ie 10.54499/UIDP/04630/2020. This wo k was
unded by Na ional Funds h ough he Founda ion o Science and Technology (FCT), I.P., wi hin he
scope o he p ojec UIDB/05583/2020, DOI iden i ie h ps://doi.o g/10.54499/UIDB/05583/2020
(accessed on 1 Decembe 2023). Fu he mo e, we would like o hank he Resea ch Cen e in Digi al
Se ices (CISeD) and he Ins i u o Poli écnico de Viseu o hei suppo .
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No new da a we e c ea ed o analyzed in his s udy. Da a sha ing is
no applicable o his a icle.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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