Bokha i, Syed Asad Abbas; Ali, Mu ad; Yaqub, Muhammad Za a ; Salam,
Mohammad Asi ; Pa k, Sang Young
A icle
Mode a ing ole o na ional cul u e on he associa ion
be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional
commi men among SME's pe sonnel
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Bokha i, Syed Asad Abbas; Ali, Mu ad; Yaqub, Muhammad Za a ; Salam,
Mohammad Asi ; Pa k, Sang Young (2024) : Mode a ing ole o na ional cul u e on he associa ion
be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men among SME's pe sonnel, Jou nal o
Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 9, Iss. 4, pp. 1-13,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100623
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Mode a ing ole o na ional cul u e on he associa ion be ween
o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men among
SME’s pe sonnel
Syed Asad Abbas Bokha i
a
, Mu ad Ali
b,*
, Muhammad Za a Yaqub
c
, Mohammad Asi Salam
d
,
Sang Young Pa k
e
a
Depa men o In e na ional S udies, Dongshin Uni e si y, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245 Republic o Ko ea
b
Newcas le Business School, No humb ia Uni e si y, Ci y Campus Eas 1, NE1 8ST, Newcas le Upon Tyne, Uni ed Kingdom
c
King Abdulaziz Uni e si y, Facul y o Economics and Adminis a ion, Depa men o Business Adminis a ion, Jeddah, Saudi A abia
d
Facul y o Economics and Adminis a ion, King Abdulaziz Uni e si y, Jeddah, Kingdom o Saudi A abia
e
Depa men o Ko ean Language Educa ion, Daegu Ca holic Uni e si y, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic o Ko ea
ARTICLE INFO
JEL classi ica ion:
M1 business adminis a ion
M14 Co po a e Cul u e
Di e si y
Social Responsibili y
Keywo ds:
Na ional cul u e
o ganiza ional cul u e
O ganiza ional Commi men
SME’s pe sonnel
ABSTRACT
This s udy in es iga ed he mode a ing e ec o collec i ism as a na ional cul u e on he in e ac ion be ween
o ganiza ional cul u e (measu ed in e ms o clan, adhoc acy, ma ke , and hie a chy cul u es) and commi men
in he con ex o SMEs. A o al o 1200 ques ionnai e su eys we e deli e ed o 155 SMEs, o which 356 we e
deemed alid. The hypo heses we e es ed using a hie a chical mul iple eg ession analysis. Acco ding o he
indings o he s udy, a signi ican ly posi i e ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and commi men was
disco e ed, and collec i ism, as a na ional cul u e, mode a es his ela ionship signi ican ly. This s udy o e s
se e al ecommenda ions o u u e esea ch in his ield. SMEs should p io i ize he de elopmen o a be e
cul u e o gene a e a highe le el o o ganiza ional commi men . Fu u e schola s could use addi ional o gani-
za ional con ex ual componen s as media ing o mode a ing a iables o explo e he associa ion be ween
o ganiza ional cul u e and commi men .
In oduc ion
Fo decades, academics and an h opologis s ha e s i ed o s udy
a ious communi ies globally by ocusing on cul u e (Hubne e al.,
2022; Nada ajah e al., 2022; Pe s e al., 2022). None heless, hey ha e
ecen ly iden i ied a ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e,
human beha io , and co po a e inancial pe o mance (Peng & Zhang,
2022; Scaliza e al., 2022). O ganiza ional cul u e de elops h ough
mo als, no ms, and alues and is a majo d i ing o ce o human
beha io (Elsbach & S igliani, 2018; Haide e al., 2022; Thelen &
Fo manchuk, 2022). O ganiza ional cul u e de ines and ep esen s
people’s assump ions o a company’s wo k o ce and in luences hei
beha io (Naqshbandi & Jasimuddin, 2022; Na eed e al., 2022; Sen-
be o e al., 2022). They u he belie e ha i is a c ucial componen o
he pe o mance o any business o ganiza ion. Al hough o ganiza ional
cul u e is no he only componen in c ea ing business e ec i eness,
p omo ing cul u e is one o he mos signi ican a iables (Sa een &
Pandey, 2022; Smi h & D udy, 2022). O ganiza ional cul u e is s ongly
and posi i ely co ela ed wi h employee o ganiza ional commi men o
employees (Ng, 2022; Pa k & Doo, 2020; Sha ma e al., 2021).
Cul u al di e ences a e conside ed one o he p ime ac o s ha may
a ec pe o mance posi i ely o nega i ely (Leal-Rod íguez e al., 2017;
Na eed e al., 2022). Se e al p e ious esea che s ha e conside ed
cul u al di e ences only a a single le el only (Ho s ede e al., 1990;
Webe , 1996), and hey ha e been mo e conce ned wi h he imple-
men a ion o o ganiza ional cul u e and co po a e cul u e wi hin he
i m. Ho s ede e al. (1990) disco e ed ha o ganiza ions in dis inc
coun ies ha e di e en co e alues, no ms, and belie s, whe eas o ga-
niza ions in he same coun y me ely ha e di e en p ac ices. Acco ding
o Ho s ede, na ional cul u e has li le e ec on o ganiza ional cul u e.
Con e sely, (Nippa & Reue , 2019) disco e ed he impac o cul u al
di e ences on wo le els: na ional and o ganiza ional cul u e. Thei
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (S.A.A. Bokha i), [email p o ec ed] (M. Ali), [email p o ec ed] (M.Z. Yaqub), [email p o ec ed].
sa (M.A. Salam), [email p o ec ed] (S.Y. Pa k).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jik
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100623
Recei ed 15 Sep embe 2023; Accep ed 8 No embe 2024
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
A ailable online 22 No embe 2024
2444-569X/C own Copy igh © 2024 Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he
CC BY license (
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
indings demons a ed ha na ional cul u e dispa i ies ha e a signi ican
impac on e iciency and compe i i eness and ha o ganiza ional cul-
u e di e ences may be employed o p edic sa is ac ion indica o s.
F om hei pe spec i e, na ional cul u e has some in luence on o gani-
za ional cul u e, and medium en e p ises (SMEs) in di e en coun ies
de elop a ious o ganiza ional cul u es based on he coun y’s cul u e.
Indi idualism/collec i ism is a na ional cul u al dimension ha may
in luence o ganiza ional cul u e (Ho s ede & Bond, 1984). Indi idu-
alism and collec i ism a e impo an ac o s o na ional cul u e because
he ou dimensions o o ganiza ional cul u e–clan cul u e, adhoc acy
cul u e, ma ke cul u e, and hie a chy cul u e (Schein, 1985)–a e
dependen on na ional cul u e. SMEs ope a ing in di e en coun ies
will adop di e en kinds o o ganiza ional cul u es, which will ha e
di e en impac s on o ganiza ional commi men . We can ob ain a
decen insigh in o Pakis ani cul u e’s i al de e minan s in compa ison
o o he cul u al iden i ies when examined h ough he p ism o he 6-D
model (Insigh s, 2021; Leal-Rod íguez e al., 2016). Se e al schola s
ha e u ilized collec i ism as Pakis an’s na ional cul u e o Pakis an
(Abbas e al., 2020; De Cle cq e al., 2022; Zah a e al., 2022) so we
apply collec i ism o Pakis ani na ional cul u e. This s udy aims o ill
his gap by examining he in e ac ion o collec i ism as a na ional cul-
u e wi h a pe missi e con ex ual elemen as a means o explaining
o ganiza ional commi men in Pakis an’s la gely unexplo ed con ex .
As o ganiza ional cul u e inco po a es o ganiza ional alues and
p inciples ha in luence employees’ managemen , managemen ech-
niques, bene i s and incen i es, ca ee plans, and a ious o he ea u es
ha may a ec o ganiza ional commi men , se e al s udies ha e
in es iga ed he in e ac ions be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o he
o ganiza ional dimensions, including co po a e s a egy, leade ship
s yle, job pe o mance, inno a ion, and sexual ha assmen (Vijayasi i,
2008; Ya b ough e al., 2011). Gi en ha i has been sugges ed ha
employees wo king in g oups a e mo e commi ed, sa is ied, and
capable o p oducing be e pe o mance, his esea ch was conduc ed o
con i m he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza-
ional commi men in a collec i is ic cul u e (Hu & Kelley, 2005).
The e o e, academics con end ha connec ing o ganiza ional cul u e o
o ganiza ional commi men yields be e esul s han in eg a ing an
es ablished consul a i e p ojec -de i ed collec i is ic cul u e model.
Much o he p e ious li e a u e on o ganiza ional beha io in es i-
ga ed he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e, o ganiza ional
commi men , and employee pe o mance and ound mixed esul s, such
as posi i e ela ionships be ween o ganiza ional beha io and o gani-
za ional commi men (Na eed e al., 2022; Pe s e al., 2022), o gani-
za ional commi men and job pe o mance (Redondo e al., 2021; Van
Waeyenbe g e al., 2022), no ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional
commi men and job pe o mance (Hend i, 2019), a weak ela ionship
be ween o ganiza ional commi men and job pe o mance (Shaw e al.,
2003), and di e ences in he ela ionship be ween UAE na ionals and
gues wo ke s. O ganiza ional commi men is a d i ing ac o ha keeps
pe sonnel in a speci ic cou se o ac ion (Liu e al., 2020). Consequen ly,
dedica ed pe sonnel become mo e dynamic and ha dwo king, and
businesses wi h commi ed pe sonnel become highly p oduc i e
(Almeida & Coelho, 2019). Howe e , he associa ion be ween o gani-
za ional cul u e and commi men has no been adequa ely esea ched in
he la ge pic u e o na ional cul u e, no has he mode a ing ole o
collec i is ic cul u e on his associa ion.
Aiming o ill his esea ch gap, he ou comes o his s udy con ibu e
o he heo e ical and p ac ical unde s anding o o ganiza ional
beha io and p o ide empi ical e idence ha , unde he p emise ha
he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional
commi men is con ex -dependen , collec i is ic cul u e no only has a
di ec impac on o ganiza ional commi men bu also mode a es i . This
s udy speci ically aimed o add ess he ollowing esea ch ques ions: (1)
Do he alues o o ganiza ional cul u e such as clan cul u e, adhoc acy
cul u e, ma ke cul u e, hie a chy cul u e, and collec i ism as a na ional
cul u e (Schein, 1985) a ec o ganiza ional commi men ? (2) Does
collec i ism as a na ional cul u e (Ho s ede & Bond, 1984) mode a e he
ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional
commi men ?
To achie e his objec i e, we de eloped a concep ual amewo k and
analyzed ou hypo heses using da a om 356 SMEs ope a ing in
Pakis an o ind empi ical answe s o hese ques ions by applying hie -
a chical mul iple eg ession in SPSS 23. The main eason o selec ing
his coun y is ha Pakis an is in Sou h Asia, whe e egional cul u es,
no ms, and alues appea o be e y impo an and i ms a e liable o
adop such cul u al ac i i ies. Mo eo e , Pakis an is a collec i is
cul u ally o ien ed na ion, whe e people ha e a p o ound ela ionship
wi h one ano he h ough collec i is cul u al beha io s ha os e he
de elopmen o s ong ela ionships be ween indi iduals (Khan e al.,
2024). Acco ding o a e iew o ea lie esea ch, mos empi ical
esea ch has used sample da a om indus ialized na ions such as he EU
(Isensee e al., 2020), and he indings indica e ha o ganiza ional
cul u e has a posi i e impac on o ganiza ional commi men (Pe s e al.,
2022). I is p edic ed ha simila indings will be de i ed in Pakis an
despi e he dea h o esea ch on de eloping and impo e ished na ions,
pa icula ly in he con ex o Pakis an, and hei inadequa e use as a
ocus g oup in in e na ional s udies (Khan e al., 2024).
This s udy sugges s ha SMEs in collec i is socie ies ough o e ain
om cul i a ing an adhoc acy, a ma ke , o bu eauc a ic cul u e.
Fu he mo e, his s udy con ibu es o heo e ical unde s anding in wo
ways. Fi s , i heo e ically examines he o ganiza ional cul u e ame-
wo k p oposed by Came on and Quinn (2005) and es ablishes he sig-
ni icance o he indi ec p ocess o changing cul u al alues o assessing
commi men . Despi e ex ensi e empi ical and scien i ic esea ch on
o ganiza ional cul u e, inno a ion, and commi men , Pham e al. (2021)
con end ha li le is known abou hese issues in he con ex o
manu ac u ing SMEs. Second, his s udy p esen s a concep ual ame-
wo k o he mul idimensionali y o cul u e, including o ganiza ional
cul u e, cul u e, and commi men .
The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2 de-
sc ibes he li e a u e e iew on o ganiza ional cul u e, o ganiza ional
commi men , and collec i ism wi h he de elopmen o hypo heses.
Sec ion 3 desc ibes he esea ch me hodology, da a sampling, and
esea ch amewo k. Sec ion 4 p esen s he s a is ical ou comes, and
Sec ion 5 p esen s he discussion, conclusions, and ecommenda ions.
Theo e ical backg ound and hypo hesis
Knowledge gaps
Se e al academics om ac oss he globe unanimously ag ee ha an
o ganiza ion’s abili y o be success ul depends on i s employees’ pe -
cep ions o i s o ganiza ional cul u e (Came on & Quinn, 2005). When
de ining cul u e, Schein (2010) used he concep o "g oup" o e e o all
social en i y sizes in any o ganiza ional cul u e s udy. P io s udies ha e
demons a ed he signi icance o o ganiza ional commi men due o he
a ious posi i e impac s ha a ise om i s exis ence (Mu ay & Holmes,
2021). I is c ucial o cul i a e i among employees because commi ed
wo ke s will ou pe o m, emain wi h he o ganiza ion longe , become
mo e de o ed, and become mo e e ec i e (Boukamcha, 2023).
Conside ing ha o ganiza ional commi men is connec ed o o ganiza-
ional compe i i eness and p o i abili y, i is acknowledged as an
impo an opic, pa icula ly in managemen o ganiza ions (Hanaysha,
2016). O ganiza ional cul u e can be a p edic o o inancial success
(Abo amadan e al., 2020) and benchma k o o ganiza ional pe o -
mance (Na eed e al., 2022). Gi en he inc easing ele ance o he
economy and he su ge in eme ging global co po a ions, i is c ucial o
in es iga e how hey achie e imp essi e ea s (Zhang & Tansuhaj,
2007).
Resea ch on SMEs indica es ha SME businesses a e a ec ed by
o ganiza ional cul u e (A abeche e al., 2022). The impac o o gani-
za ional cul u e on SMEs has no ecei ed signi ican a en ion in he
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
2
li e a u e (Anning-Do son, 2021). I is ex emely di icul o SME o
encou age employees o pe o m hei bes a wo k unde hese ci -
cums ances (Wahjoedi, 2021). Hence, an impo an goal o SME is o
unde s and he componen s ha main ain employee commi men
(PHAM THI e al., 2021). Su p isingly, SME a e conce ned abou
employee commi men and job e en ion (Ab aham e al., 2023).
Cu en ly, manu ac u ing companies add ess o ganiza ional commi -
men as a comme cial issue a he han only a human esou ce man-
agemen conce n (Sa pong e al., 2021). Acco ding o Messne (2013),
o ganiza ional cul u e is c i ical o e e y ac i i y ha akes place
wi hin a business. Nume ous s udies ha e concluded ha o ganiza ional
commi men and cul u e a e posi i ely co ela ed (Sau a, 2021; Siga-
la -Signes e al., 2020). The e o e, he ou comes o his s udy may be
use ul o SME o ganiza ions in hei endea o s o es ablish s onge and
be e cul u es ha will enhance s a commi men and dec ease
a i ion.
Because o economic de elopmen and he eme gence o mul ina-
ional co po a ions, SME in Pakis an ace signi ican obs acles in hei
pu sui o success. SME manu ac u ing o ganiza ions encoun e many
di icul ies mo i a ing employees o gi e hem all in his en i onmen
(Noh ia e al., 2008). Manu ac u ing SMEs mus exe addi ional e o s
o de elop an o ganiza ional cul u e ha emphasizes he key ai s o a
pa icipa ing o ganiza ion, he leade ship s yle o he o ganiza ion,
employee managemen , and o ganiza ional cohesion— he abili y o
uni e he o ganiza ion’s membe s. The li e a u e e iew s a es ha
manu ac u ing SMEs mus es ablish a bu eauc a ic, hie a chical,
ma ke -o ien ed, and sys ema ic cul u e agg essi ely.
O ganiza ional cul u e
Nume ous schola s ha e de ined o ganiza ional cul u e in di e en
ways, conside ing i s oo s in an h opology. Schein (1985) de ined
o ganiza ional cul u e as “a pa e n o basic assump ions ha a gi en
g oup has in en ed, disco e ed, o de eloped in lea ning o cope wi h i s
p oblems o ex e nal adap a ion and in e nal in eg a ion, and ha ha e
wo ked well enough o be conside ed alid, and he e o e o be augh o
new membe s as he co ec way o pe cei e, hink, and eel in ela ion
o hose p oblems” ’(p.4). O ganiza ional cul u e is de ined by Robbins
and Judge (2012) as “a sys em o sha ed meaning held by membe s ha
dis inguishes he o ganiza ion om o he o ganiza ions.” Schein (2010)
in ended o help he o ganiza ion and i s s akeholde s unde s and i s
unc ioning and p o ide hem wi h no ms and alues o ac wi hin he
o ganiza ion (Schein, 2010). Such alues and belie s can be ound in
e ms o he di e en languages, i es, p ocedu es, i uals, my hs, and
i m pe o mance ha each o ganiza ion adop s o make i sel unique
han o he s (Schein, 1985). O ganiza ional cul u e has a di ec impac
on o ganiza ional commi men (An unes & Pinhei o, 2020), i m pe -
o mance (Saleem e al., 2019), and indi ec ly a ec s i ms’ inancial
p o i abili y indi ec ly (Dwye e al., 2003). O ganiza ional cul u e can
also be a sou ce o compe i i e ad an age o i ms (Wang, 2019).
Al hough se e al schola s ha e used di e en app oaches o analyze
o ganiza ional cul u e, we ollowed he CV amewo k de i ed by
Came on and Quinn (2005), which is use ul o ou s udy. CV amewo k
is de i ed empi ically, we can demons a e i s cons uc alidi y ope -
a ionally, and i can po en ially in eg a e se e al dimension o o gani-
za ional cul u e p oposed by many o he esea che s (Quinn &
Came on, 1988). This model consis s o 39 indica o s o e ec i eness
ha la e ally di e en ia e be ween wo majo dimensions and a e
combined o es ablish ou main clus e s. The i s dimension ex ica es
he e ec i eness c i e ia o s abili y, con ol, and o de based on he
c i e ia o s ain lexibili y, disc e ion, and i ali y (Came on & Quinn,
2005). The second dimension di e en ia es be ween e ec i eness
c i e ia ha s ain i al y, di e en ia ion, and ex e nal o ien a ion and
c i e ia ha emphasize uni y, in eg a ion, and in e nal o ien a ion.
Al oge he , ou quad an s a e c ea ed using hese wo dimensions
and hese ou quad an s a e clan, hie a chy, adhoc acy, and ma ke . Each
quad an e lec s a speci ic se o e ec i eness indica o s ha de elop
beha io among people in an o ganiza ion, such as how people wo king
in he o ganiza ion alue hei pe o mance (Came on & Quinn, 2005).
They de ined he co e alues o be used o es ima e o ganiza ions. Su -
p isingly, he excesses o each scale eplica e a alue ha appea s con-
a y o he alue on he o he side (i.e., s abili y s. lexibili y, ex e nal
s. in e nal); he e o e, he co e alues included in each quad an signi y
opposi e alues.
O ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men
Many s udies ha e ocused on he signi icance o wo k o ce
commi men o an o ganiza ion’s pe o mance has been he ocus o
many s udies (Ng, 2022; Pa k & Doo, 2020; Sha ma e al., 2021). Such
achie emen s esul ing om commi men may depend on he o gani-
za ional cul u e. Conside ing his, o ganiza ional cul u al le els can be
di ided in o h ee ca ego ies: en i onmen al, o ganiza ional, and indi-
idual. O ganiza ional cul u e de ini ions include s a egy, leade ship in
e ms o inancial suppo , o ganiza ional cul u e, and p ocedu es o
human esou ce managemen (Lingo, 2020). O ganiza ional cul u e
e e s o e e yday i uals and con en ions ha employees pe cei e and
obse e in hei place o employmen (Asso a goon & Kan abu a,
2023). Acco ding o Robbins and Judge (2012), o ganiza ional cul u e is
he se o employee belie s, egula ions, pe spec i es, and beha io s ha
a e equen ly adop ed by e e y indi idual o he o ganiza ion. O ga-
niza ional cul u e may also be de ined as he cus oma y, consis en ,
es ablished ules and belie s ha an o ganiza ion o depa men wi hin
an o ganiza ion gene ally con o ms o (Ko e & Heske , 2008). Sau a
(2021) p oposed ha o ganiza ional cul u e encou ages indi idual
membe s o an o ganiza ion o be commi ed and mo i a ed. Se e al
empi ical s udies ha e e ealed a s ong co ela ion be ween cul u al
commi men (Redondo e al., 2021; Van Waeyenbe g e al., 2022). The
CVF model was ini ially p oposed by Came on and Quinn (2005), and is
a equen ly employed aspec o he o ganiza ional cul u e model.
Came on and Quinn iden i ied ou ypes o o ganiza ional cul u e in
hei amewo k: adhoc acy, hie a chy, clans, and ma ke cul u e.
O ganiza ional commi men is no a uni ied and well-de ined
concep . In o ganiza ional psychology and beha io , o ganiza ional
commi men is de ined as an employee’s psychological adhesion o he
o ganiza ion. O ganiza ional commi men is de ined as “ he ela i e
s eng h o an indi idual’s iden i ica ion wi h and in ol emen in an
o ganiza ion. Concep ually, i can be cha ac e ized by a leas h ee
ac o s: (a) a s ong belie in and accep ance o he o ganiza ion’s goals
and alues, (b) a willingness o exe conside able e o on behal o he
o ganiza ion, and (c) a s ong desi e o main ain membe ship in he
o ganiza ion" (Mowday e al., 2013; Mowday e al., 1979; Shim e al.,
2015).
The i s objec i e o his s udy was o in es iga e he co ela ion
be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men . O ga-
niza ional cul u e has a posi i e linea ela ionship wi h o ganiza ional
commi men (Lok & C aw o d, 1999; Moon, 2000; Sigala -Signes e al.,
2020). Al hough li le empi ical e idence has been ound ega ding he
s ong ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional
commi men , o ganiza ional cul u e cha ac e is ics such as co po a e
no ms, belie s, and alues ha e been p oposed o be co ela ed wi h
o ganiza ional commi men and pe o mance (Aca , 2012; Sau a,
2021). I is u he sugges ed ha a suppo i e wo k en i onmen and
common goals and missions (clan cul u e) could esul in highe o ga-
niza ional commi men (B ewe , 1993). E idence has been p o ided by
p e ious esea che s on he signi icance o clan cul u e in o ganiza ions.
The indings indica e ha componen s o clan cul u e such as coope a-
ion, eamwo k, and engagemen posi i ely a ec commi men (Kim,
2014). Likewise, o he schola s con end in hei esea ch ha a signi i-
can le el o engagemen encou ages cogni i e owne ship, and ha a
p o ound commi men o he o ganiza ion and i s goals inc eases e i-
ciency (Yazici, 2011). Al hough a nega i e e ec o clan cul u e has been
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
3
es ablished on o ganiza ional pe o mance, he au ho s we e unable o
ind any meaning ul e idence o he ela ionship be ween clan cul u e
and o ganiza ional pe o mance (Zhang & Zhu, 2012). Con e sely,
se e al o he esea che s ha e p esen ed e idence o a posi i e ela-
ionship be ween clan cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men
(Ca alho e al., 2018; Kim, 2014; Xie e al., 2020). The li e a u e
men ioned abo e p o ides signi ican p oo and solid e idence ha a
clan cul u e is s ongly linked o commi men . The e o e, we p opose
he ollowing hypo heses:
•Hypo hesis 1a: Highe he collabo a i e and suppo i e wo king
en i onmen p o ided o employees a wo kplace (clan cul u e),
highe he likelihood ha hey will designa e o ganiza ional
commi men .
I is u he p oposed ha job au onomy, sel -go e nance, and in-
dependence in he wo kplace (adhoc acy cul u e) imp o e o ganiza ional
p oduc i i y, acili a e employee mo i a ion o inno a ion and c ea-
i i y, and enhance o ganiza ional pe o mance (Da , 2012; Ha ,
1998), and empowe men gi en o employees a he wo kplace has a
posi i e e ec on o ganiza ional commi men (B ewe & Clippa d,
2002; Wilson, 1999). Adhoc acy cul u es a e ex e nally ocused on and
dis inguished by hei high le els o c ea i i y and ingenui y. Signi ican
le els o isk- aking, dynamism, and uniqueness a e associa ed wi h his
cul u al mani es a ion (Sil a e al., 2018). Employees a e encou aged o
ha e a s ong commi men o he o ganiza ion and cons an ly explo e
inno a i e ideas gi en his cul u e. This ype o o ganiza ional cul u e
esponds apidly o changes. Au onomy exis s ega ding inno a i e
ideas ha a e bene icial o s imula ing g ow h. Fu he mo e, an
excellen incen i e p og am inspi es employees and p omo es hei
commi men (Sil a e al., 2018). To encou age inno a ion and swi
change, o ganiza ions in his cul u e ha e lexible con ol o e wo ke s.
Posi i e in o ma ion-dissemina ing a i udes and beha io s in an
adhoc acy cul u e mo i a e employees o e ain hei jobs (Lund, 2003).
The li e a u e men ioned abo e p esen s e idence and s ong a gumen s
in suppo o he associa ion be ween adhoc acy cul u es and o gani-
za ional commi men . The e o e, he ollowing hypo hesis was
de eloped:
•Hypo hesis 1b: Highe he sel -go e nance and independence and job
au onomy gi en o employees a wo kplace (adhoc acy cul u e), highe
he likelihood ha hey will designa e o ganiza ional commi men .
Compe i ion and mo i a ion (ma ke cul u e) posi i ely impac
o ganiza ional commi men . P e ious s udies ound ha employees wi h
high mo i a ion and wo king in a compe i i e en i onmen a e likely o
show a highe le el o o ganiza ional commi men . In pa icula , hey
a e mo e ac i ely in ol ed in he o ganiza ion, which has a posi i e
e ec on o ganiza ional e ec i eness and pe o mance (C ewson,
1997). Kingsley and Reed (1991) s udied he impac o di e en
manage ial le els on he decision-making p ocess in public- and
p i a e-sec o o ganiza ions (Kingsley & Reed, 1991). They ied o
conclude whe he manage ial-le el di e ences de e mine
decision-making p ocesses, unlike se e al o he s udies ha analyzed
sec o ial di e ences. As expec ed, op-le el manage s wi h a wide scope
o in e es s and longe pe iods o esponsibili ies (Camis´
on-Haba e al.,
2019; Messne , 2013) ha e a highe le el o au ho i y o pa icipa e in
he decision-making p ocess han middle- o lowe -le el manage s. A
posi i e ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional commi men and
powe - ela ed a iables was ound when he hypo heses we e es ed
using he powe -based heo y (Wilson, 1999). Based on he abo e dis-
cussion o ma ke cul u e, he ollowing hypo heses a e p oposed:
•Hypo hesis 1c: Highe he compe i ion and mo i a ion gi en o em-
ployees a wo kplace (ma ke cul u e), highe he likelihood ha hey will
designa e o ganiza ional commi men .
Al hough se e al esea che s ha e conduc ed s udies on sec o ial
di e ences a a ious co po a e le els, li le a en ion has been paid o
compa ing he di e ences in employees’ mo i a ion and o ganiza ional
commi men be ween di e en manage ial le els (hie a chy cul u e). A
hie a chical cul u e in an o ganiza ion is de ined as one in which he e is
an appa en chain o command. The igo ous chain o command go -
e ned by o icial guidelines and beha io s lends de elopmen o he
dis inc i e s uc u e and con ol (Came on and Quinn, 2005). Hie a -
chical cul u e emphasizes job secu i y, s abili y, consis ency, and
dependabili y. Employees wo king in hie a chical o ganiza ional cul-
u es espec au ho i y and posi ions, and comply wi h speci ied ules,
guidelines, and policies. Acco ding o Came on and Quinn (2005), he
adminis a o is usually he coo dina o and o ganize , who is igilan o
he de elopmen s occu ing in he o ganiza ion. The need o o mula e
and s anda dize cu en models, p ocedu es, and echniques consis en
wi h eme ging business en i onmen endencies is he inspi a ion o he
modi ica ion o hie a chical cul u e (Came on and Quinn, 2005).
P e ious esea ch on o ganiza ional cul u e has sugges ed ha
o ganiza ional commi men can be p edic ed by analyzing hie a chy
cul u e (Alqudah e al., 2022). This is consis en wi h esea ch by I an
and Ma zuki (2018), who p oposed ha employees who expe ience a
s ong hie a chical cul u e a e mo e commi ed o he o ganiza ion
(I an & Ma zuki, 2018). The ou comes u he indica ed a posi i e
connec ion be ween posi i e a i udes, sense o owne ship, and
pe sonnel commi men o he o ganiza ion and o ganiza ional cul u e.
O ganiza ional commi men and cul u e a e key a iables o o gani-
za ional success and employee pe o mance (Lee e al., 2014). Mo e-
o e , hie a chical cul u e has been ound o ha e a subs an ial posi i e
impac on wo ke s’ commi men o wo k (Mulle e al., 2005). Hu a-
ba a (2015) epo ed simila esul s and concluded ha o ganiza ional
cul u e has signi ican e ec s on academic s a membe s’ wo k mo i-
a ion by b inging in conjunc ion all academic s akeholde s (educa o s,
s uden s, employees, and adminis a o s), allowing hem o coope a e in
imp o ing knowledge esou ces and educa ion, which ul ima ely boos s
educa ional s a membe s’ job (Hu aba a , 2015). The li e a u e and
heo ies men ioned abo e p o ide subs an ia ion and compelling ea-
sons o suppo he assump ion ha adhoc acy cul u e and o ganiza-
ional commi men a e co ela ed. Hence, we o mula ed he ollowing
hypo hesis:
•Hypo hesis 1d: Highe he oppo uni ies p o ided o manage s o
pa icipa e in decision making p ocess in he o ganiza ion (hie a chy
cul u e), highe he likelihood ha hey will designa e o ganiza ional
commi men .
Mode a ing ole o collec i ism
Highly collec i is indi iduals do no accep inequali y and high
le els o au onomy. All g oup membe s s i e o and exp ess hei in-
en ions o a ain collec i e bene i , and hey usually exp ess hei
common in en ions o hose bene i s. (Olson, 2009) s a ed ha “in-
di iduals whose indi idual con ibu ions a e sha ed equally and a e
unno iced among g oups ha e li le incen i e o con ibu e, and as g oup
size inc eases, an indi idual’s eelings o dispensabili y also inc ease.
Since inc eased indi idual e o p oduces an inconsequen ial gain ha
is sha ed equally among he g oup membe s, an indi idual will loa o
pu sue pe sonal goals, hus ecei ing bo h collec i e and pe sonal
goods”. As i is inc easingly di icul o moni o indi idual e o s o
ac ions wi h an inc ease in g oup size, dec eased social consequences o
low e o ha e been ound (Leal-Rod íguez e al., 2015; Leal-Rod íguez
e al., 2023).
The basic elemen o collec i ism is he co e assump ion ha g oups
a e cohesi e, and indi iduals a e mu ually obliga ed. Collec i is soci-
e ies a e join socie ies wi h he cha ac e is ics o di usion, mu ual
obliga ion, and communal expec a ions cons uc ed on asc ibed igu es
(Lu e al., 2021; Pian e al., 2019). Social uni s wi h join o une,
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
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4
common alues, and common goals a e cen alized in hese socie ies,
and he indi idual o pe sonal simply becomes a cons i uen o social,
making he in-g oup a signi ican elemen o in es iga ion (Ali e al.,
2019; T iandis, 2018). Collec i is socie ies end o li e in g oups, wo k
oge he in coo dina ion wi h each o he , and ha e mu ual aspi a ions,
common long- e m objec i es, a b oade ange o no ms and alues, and
g oup membe ship. Collec i ism is a di e se concep ha combines
di e en kinds and le els o cul u ally dis inc e e en g oups and
people. Collec i ism can be e e ed o as a b oade ange o a i udes,
no ms, alues, and beha io s han indi idualism in his way (T iandis
e al., 1995).
•Hypo hesis 2: O ganiza ional commi men ends o be lowe in collec-
i is ic na ional cul u e
Clan cul u e: People wi h high collec i ism sco es denial o
disc imina ion and supe au onomy. These indi iduals oppose acqui ing
s a us, wan o be ecognized, and ou pe o m o he people. The e o e,
collec i is cul u es a e conside ed h ough he e onomy and con en ion
(T iandis, 2018). We an icipa e he e ha he ‘winne ake all’ a i ude o
indi idualis ic people usually ocus mo e on equali y o he clan cul u e
and will encou age a nega i e iew o amily alignmen . The alues o
accomplishmen and powe ha ha e been heo e ically and expe ien-
ially ela ed o indi idualism lie on he opposi e side o he alues and
belie s o gene osi y and uni e salism, which a e conside ed he co e o
a clan cul u e (Tiessen, 1997).
People wi h highe sco es on collec i ism emphasize equali y and
jus ice and collec i ely conside all membe s o he o ganiza ion o be
he same (Ga dne e al., 2009). Indi idualis people s ess connec ed-
ness, in e dependence, and common goals, and show hemsel es simila
o o he s wo king in he g oup; none heless, hey do no simply submi
o au ho i y (T iandis & Gel and, 1998).
Hence, exis ing heo y and esea ch p opose ha :
•Hypo hesis 3a: Mode a ing ole o collec i ism will s eng hen he pos-
i i e ela ionship be ween clan cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men
Adhoc acy cul u e: As men ioned ea lie , people wi h high sco es on
indi idualism wish o be dis inc and unique om o he s in he wo king
g oup and end o be highly au onomous. Hence, equali y is hassled in
indi idualism, and i s esses au onomous indi iduals a he han
membe s o a collec i e g oup (T iandis & Gel and, 1998). Conside ing
his scena io, we unde s and ha his pa e n gene ally esembles he
isk- aking and inno a i e en i onmen s o an adhoc acy cul u e
(Came on & Quinn, 2005). People come oge he con inually o analyze
and sol e p oblems in his ype o dynamic cul u e. I hey can
con ibu e o dissec ion, i does no ma e a all o he o iginali y o he
membe s ega ding whe e and how hey come om in he o ganiza ion.
Thus, we expec ha indi idualis s end o p e e an inno a i e ye
iden ical a mosphe e o adhoc acy cul u e (Eisend e al., 2016; Huang
e al., 2022).
Collec i is indi iduals a e pa o he in-g oup and a e awa ded ha
some membe s o he g oup a e o a highe s a us han o he s (T iandis &
Gel and, 1998). We expec collec i is s o be unhappy and uncom o -
able wi h he unce ain, lexible, and equal en i onmen s o adhoc acy
cul u e (Eisend e al., 2016). The alues o con o mi y, adi ion, and
secu i y ha ha e been connec ed o collec i ism lie in obs uc ing he
s anda ds o mo i a ion and inspi a ion (consonan s ha ocus on au-
onomy, lexibili y, and inno a ion and he cha ac e is ics o adhoc acy
cul u e). Thus, we p opose he ollowing hypo heses:
•Hypo hesis 3b: Mode a ing ole o collec i ism will weaken he posi i e
ela ionship be ween adhoc acy cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men
Ma ke cul u e: Indi idualis s a emp o be well o ganized and wish
o a ain s a us and ou pe o m o he membe s o he o ganiza ion.
The e o e, compe i ion and au onomy a e he main cha ac e is ics o
indi idualis s people (T iandis & Gel and, 1998). This emphasis on
inequali y, injus ice, and independence e lec s he in ensi e a en ion
paid o a highly e icien and compe i i e ma ke cul u e. People a e
jus i ied independen ly o hei p oduc i i y, pe o mance, and e i-
ciency in a esul -o ien ed o ganiza ional cul u e, and accoun abili y is
dominan (Came on & Quinn, 2005). In con as o indi idualis s, col-
lec i is s a e no expec ed o be goal-o ien ed, p oduc i e, compe i i e,
o accoun able. T iandis and Gel and (1998) ound ha collec i is s
assign mo e impo ance o con en ion han o any o he pe sonali y
ai . Collec i ism is ound o be nega i ely ela ed o dis ibu i e jus ice
and is eliable wi h he pe o mance-based dispe sal o paymen s, as
ound in ma ke cul u e (F ank e al., 2015). Hence, we expec collec-
i ism o weaken he ela ionship be ween ma ke cul u e and o gani-
za ional commi men . We u he expec collec i ism o iew inequali y,
ocus on achie emen , and independence nega i ely in a ma ke cul u e.
The alues o gene osi y and uni e salism con lic wi h he achie e-
men , powe , and alues ound in he ma ke cul u e (Schwa z, 1990).
I is impe a i e o ocus on he nega i e ela ionship be ween collec-
i ism and powe alues. Achie emen and collec i ism a e also nega-
i ely co ela ed wi h compe i ion in wo king g oups (Ga dne e al.,
2009). The e o e, by ocusing on accoun abili y, compe i ion, and
achie emen , we assume ha collec i ism is nega i ely ela ed o ma -
ke cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men . Hence, we p edic he
ollowing:
•Hypo hesis 3c: Mode a ing ole o collec i ism will weaken he posi i e
ela ionship be ween ma ke cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men
Hie a chy cul u e: In a hie a chy cul u e, we assume ha in-
di idualis s may ha e ad e se iews o he p ejudiced, o ganized, and
con ol-laden hie a chy cul u e. The alues o s imula ion and mo i a-
ion a e linked wi h indi idualism and heo e ically con as ed by he
alues o secu i y, con o mi y, and adi ion ound in hie a chical cul-
u es (Ga dne e al., 2009). Consequen ly, we assume ha indi iduals
end o ocus on ules, s anda dized p ocedu es, and policies based on a
hie a chical cul u e, as he con e se o he c ea i i y and lexibili y o
hei desi ed cul u e. By con as , collec i is indi iduals who a e pa o
he in-g oup a e awa ded ha some membe s in he g oup a e o highe
s a us han o he s (T iandis & Gel and, 1998). This inequali y accep-
ance seems o be cha ac e is ic o mul iple le els o hie a chy cul u e,
whe e ules, egula ions, and p ocedu es and s anda dized accoun -
abili y o membe s in he g oup a e assessed wi h pe o mance o p o-
ide hem a ladde o g ow in he o ganiza ion ha dese es (Came on &
Quinn, 2005). Consis en wi h Came on and Quinn (2005), we expec ed
collec i is s o p e e s uc u es and di e en le els o hie a chical cul-
u e. Hence, we p opose he ollowing hypo heses:
•Hypo hesis 3d: Mode a ing ole o collec i ism will s eng hen he pos-
i i e ela ionship be ween hie a chical cul u e and o ganiza ional
commi men
Resea ch me hodology
Da a sample
Pa icipan s: The da a sample o his esea ch was collec ed om
SMEs ope a ing in he manu ac u ing indus y in Pakis an, using a su -
ey ques ionnai e. We collec ed da a on o ganiza ional cul u e, collec-
i ism, and o ganiza ional commi men om en ep eneu s, manage s,
and employees. Howe e , he e is a lack o esea ch on manu ac u ing
SMEs. P e ious s udies concen a ed on he e ec s o o ganiza ional
cul u e on o ganiza ional pe o mance in Romanian i ms (Tido e al.,
2012), commi men and job sa is ac ion in he B azilian banking sec o
(Ca alho e al., 2018), and o e all quali y managemen in Nige ian
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
5
co po a ions (Eniola e al., 2019). To achie e he indings o his
esea ch, his s udy a ge ed manu ac u ing en e p ises o inclusion in
da a collec ion and analysis. The da a collec ion me hod e lec s con-
en ional ope a ing s anda ds. The associa ed co e le e s wi h ques-
ionnai es desc ibed he o e all esea ch objec i e, gua an eed
esponden s’ absolu e con iden iali y, asse ed hei en i ely olun a y
pa icipa ion, con i med only esea che s’ access o hei esponses, and
we e con inced no o sha e indi idual-le el da a beyond he esea ch
panel. Responden s adequa ely explained hei answe s and we e
encou aged o espond o he ques ionnai e wi h u mos hones y, which
may minimize po en ial bias (Spec o , 2006). Finally, pa icipan s may
op ou o he su ey a any ime.
A o al o 1200 su ey ques ionnai e we e dis ibu ed o en ep e-
neu s, manage s, and employees o 155 SMEs. Ou o 1200 su ey
ques ionnai es, 356 we e comple ed and e u ned, which is 30% eed-
back and a su icien pe cen age o conduc his s udy. The e we e no
missing alues in he esponses. As all e u ned su ey ques ionnai es
we e comple ed, hey we e included in ou s udy. O he 356 pa ici-
pan s, 142 (40%) we e emale and 214 (60%) we e male. The age o he
pa icipan s anged om 23 o 58 yea s.
Cons uc measu emen s
O ganiza ional cul u e: O ganiza ional cul u e was measu ed using
Came on and Quinn’s (2005) o ganiza ional cul u e assessmen ins u-
men (OCAI), which is consis en wi h he s udy o (Ga dne e al.,
2009). A e ca e ully eading he ini ial o ganiza ional p o ile o he
pa icipan s, hey adminis e ed he OCAI o check he manipula ion and
e alua e he use ulness o he o ganiza ional p o ile in communica ing
he ea u es o he in oduced cul u e. The OCAI in his s udy consis s o
19 i ems ha explain he ou basic dimensions o o ganiza ional cul u e
de eloped and iden i ied by Came on and Quinn (2005): clan cul u e,
adhoc acy cul u e, hie a chy cul u e, and ma ke cul u e, explaining he
dominan cha ac e is ics o pa icipa ing o ganiza ions, o ganiza ional
leade ship s yle, employee managemen o employees, o ganiza ional
cohesion which means bonding he membe s and o ganiza ion oge he ,
s a egic emphases ha de e mine how o ganiza ional s a egies a e e-
lec ed, and he c i e ia o success ha egula e how success is measu ed
o iden i ied in he o ganiza ion and who is ewa ded. The OCAI has
been used in p e ious s udies and is conside ed o be eliable (Caliskan
& Zhu, 2019; Leal-Rod íguez e al., 2016).
Collec i ism: The HV-IC scale de eloped by T iandis and Gel and
(1998) was adap ed o measu e collec i ism. This scale consis s o six
i ems, wi h eigh i ems pe scale. The de ailed ques ionnai e i ems a e
p o ided in Appendix 1. 5-poin Like - ype scale was adop ed o mea-
su e his a iable, whe e 1 deno es “s ongly disag ee” and 5 indica es
“s ongly yes.”
O ganiza ional Commi men : O ganiza ional commi men is a
summa ion a iable o six di e se ques ions: O ganiza ional iden i ica ion
(job in ol emen and p ide), willingness o do ex a wo k, and o ganiza-
ional loyal y (willingness o s ay and wo k o a long ime). These h ee
ac o s o analysis a e simila o C ewson’s (1997) h ee ope a ionalized
componen s, s ongly including accep ance o o ganiza ional objec i es,
alues, and belie s, wish o emain he a ilia e o he o ganiza ion, and
willingness o wo k ha d o he o ganiza ion (p.507). Simila ly, a
mul iple measu e o o ganiza ional commi men (loyal y, eage ness o
wo k, in e naliza ion, and o ganiza ional alues) was de eloped based
on he selec ion o se en ques ions used by he Fede al Employees
A i ude Su ey (FEAS, 1979; C ewson, 1997).
Con ol Va iables: Gende , age, and educa ion o he pa icipan s
we e used as con ol a iables o his s udy because hese componen s
a e he key de e minan s ha can in luence employees’ commi men o
he o ganiza ion. P e ious s udies on human ela ions sugges ha
women show lowe o ganiza ional commi men han men (A anya e al.,
1986), employees wi h highe age and ex ended enu e a he wo kplace
end o be highly psychologically a ached o he o ganiza ion and
exhibi o ganiza ional commi men (Allen & Meye , 1990), and em-
ployees wi h highe le els o educa ion ha e highe o ganiza ional
commi men (Bakan e al., 2011).
Da a analysis
Da a samples collec ed o his s udy we e analyzed using SPSS 23.0,
and hie a chical mul i- eg ession analysis (de Jong, 1999) was applied
o es ou hypo heses. Because o a ious mode n de elopmen s, such as
con i ma o y analysis, non-linea e ec s, and in e ac ion e ec s, mul-
iple eg ession employing SPSS is conside ed one o he mos unique
subs i u es o p io con en ional analy ical echniques (Wang e al.,
2020). Se e al empi ical s udies ha e conduc ed mul iple eg ession
analyses o in es iga e he mode a ing impac o inco po a ing p ima y
and seconda y da a (Mon oya, 2019). While a ious p e ious s udies
(Ringle e al., 2020) ha e adop ed s uc u al equa ion modeling (SEM)
o e alua e he mode a ing e ec be ween di e en a iables, we p e-
sumed ha hie a chical mul iple eg ession employing SPSS is he
p e e ed app oach o his esea ch o de e mine ou obse a ions
ollowing (Sungu e al., 2019) by examining he mode a ing impac o
occupa ional commi men on o ganiza ional commi men and job pe -
o mance. Fu he mo e, se e al schola s ha e used mul iple eg essions
in hei esea ch on cul u e o examine he ela ionship be ween o ga-
niza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional pe o mance (Zeb e al., 2021),
o ganiza ional cul u e and employee knowledge (Alassa e al., 2020),
digi al o ganiza ional cul u e and inno a ion (Zhen e al., 2021), and he
ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and educa ional in-
no a ions (Caliskan & Zhu, 2019, 2020).
A con e gen alidi y es was pe o med o de elop an es ima ion
model o comple e sel - a ings, using ac o analysis. The ea e , a
modi ica ion ma ix was c ea ed o selec he i ems om he a iables.
Mos goodness-o - i indices we e abo e he p ede ined cu o poin , and
none o he loadings we e less han he minimum h eshold. The ou e
loadings ac oss all elemen s o all cons uc s we e highe han he
s anda d alue o 0.50 (Bandalos & Finney, 2018; Mulaik, 2009). Reli-
abili y and alidi y es s we e conduc ed. This was pe o med by
selec ing he op imal goodness-o - i benchma k o he s uc u al model
i . The po en ial o asce ain how a he amewo k i s in o he a i-
a ion s uc u e o he sample is called goodness o i . The CFA assess-
men and esea ch amewo k sui ed he da ase compa ed wi h he
quan i a i e measu emen c i e ia. To assess he eliabili y o he ob-
se a ions, C onbach’s alpha coe icien s we e applied, and Pea son’s
co ela ions among all measu es we e used o es con e gen alidi y.
Such indices can o e s onge subs an ia ion o cons uc eliabili y and
alidi y. C onbach’s alpha le el o sa is ac ion was g ea e han 0.50.
Finally, AVE and CR con i med he cons uc s’ eliabili y and alidi y
based on hei minimum h esholds.
Fig. 1 shows ou hypo hesized esea ch model in which clan cul u e,
adhoc acy cul u e, ma ke cul u e, and hie a chy cul u e a e ega ded as
independen a iables, collec i ism as he mode a o , and o ganiza-
ional commi men as he dependen a iable. Ou esea ch model
shows ha di e en ypes o o ganiza ional cul u e ha e a posi i e
ela ionship wi h o ganiza ional commi men . Mo eo e , when collec-
i ism is used as a mode a o in he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional
cul u e and commi men , he ela ionship be ween he independen and
dependen a iables becomes s onge o weake .
Resul s
Table 1 shows ha he cumula i e KMO o all six indica o s (clan,
adhoc acy, ma ke , and hie a chical cul u es as exogenous a iables,
collec i ism as a mode a o ac o , and o ganiza ional commi men as
an endogenous a iable) is 0.768, which is highe han 0.001. This
implies ha he ep esen a i e sample da a used in his s udy a e
app op ia e. Fu he mo e, he Chi-squa e es ima e is 419.459 wi h a
signi icance alue o 0.000, which is accep able.
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
6
Common me hod o a iance
Common-me hod a iance is an exagge a ed a iance ha may be
a ibu ed disp opo iona ely o he measu ing echnique compa ed o
he p esumed componen s ha he measu es a e in ended o ep esen
(Podsako e al., 2003). The common me hod o a iance was in es i-
ga ed using a p e iously p oposed single- ac o es (Ha man, 1967).
Al hough one componen accoun ing o mo e han 50% o he o al
a ia ion is hough o be indica i e o common me hod bias, he esul s
show ha bias is unlikely o be a signi ican issue in hese da a. The i s
aspec , commi men , con ibu ed o 35% o he o e all a iance.
Cons uc eliabili y and alidi y
Con en alidi y was used o assess he eliabili y o he CC, AC, MC,
HC, COL, and OC scale. The s anda d C onbach’s alpha coe icien s o
he CC, AC, MC, HC, COL, and OC we e 0.842, 0.845, 0.909, 0.889,
0.937, and 0.837, espec i ely. Since he componen s we e examined on
he same scales and co ela ions be ween componen s we e employed,
s anda d C onbach’s alpha coe icien s we e used o de e mine he
sample’s cons uc alidi y. We u he pe o med he KMO’s assessmen
o ac o loading and Ba le ’s sphe ici y o he analysis on he mean o
he CC, AC, MC, HM, COL, and OC scales. Se e al o hese pa ame e s
Fig. 1. Resea ch amewo k.
Table 1
Loadings, Ba le Sphe ici y es , and KMO o i ems.
Cons uc s No o i ems I ems Loadings KMO/ ac o KMO o e all model Ba le es
Chi-squa e Chi-squa e Sig.
Clan cul u e 5 CC1
CC2
CC3
CC4
CC4
0.812
0.782
0.784
0.767
0.828
0.733 0.768 149.672 419.459 0.000
Adhoc acy cul u e 5 AC1
AC2
AC3
AC4
AC5
0.890
0.789
0.755
0.726
0.890
0.798 42.692 0.000
Ma ke cul u e 4 MC1
MC2
MC3
MC4
0.869
0.917
0.802
0.961
0.765 170.907 0.000
Hie a chy cul u e 5 HC1
HC2
HC3
HC4
HC5
0.737
0.964
0.912
0.731
0.837
0.681 48.433 0.000
Collec i ism 6 COL1
COL2
COL3
COL4
COL5
COL6
0.932
0.890
0.942
0.929
0.729
0.833
0.794 145,499 0.000
O ganiza ional commi men 6 OC1
OC2
OC3
OC4
OC5
OC6
0.720
0.934
0.927
0.774
0.958
0.881
0.634 354.085 0.000
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
7
assis in de e mining he iabili y o con en o ac o analysis. Fo he
ac o analysis o be decla ed alid, he Ba le es o sphe ici y mus be
subs an ial (X
2
=419.459, p <0.01), and he Kaise -Meye -Olkin
assessmen o in e nal eliabili y can sugges be o ehand i he da a
sample is la ge enough o eliably ex ac he componen s. We
acknowledge he signi icance o Ba le ’s es . Table 1 illus a es ha
he KMO a ings o CC was 0.733, 0.798 o AC, 0.765 o MC, 0.681 o
HC, 0.794 o COL, and 0.634 o OC, whe e sco es a ound 0.6 and 0.9
a e excellen bu alues less han 0.5 a e inapp op ia e.
Table 2 shows he eliabili y o all he ac o s included in he anal-
ysis. We pe o med eliabili y analysis o e alua e he eliabili y and
alidi y o each componen . O e all, C onbach’s alpha was 0.969 o a
combina ion o 31 ques ions wi h a andom sample o 356, indica ing
ha all ques ions asked o e alua e all six componen s we e eliable o
his esea ch. Fu he mo e, he ou e loading o each ac o was g ea e
han 0.70. Va ious p io s udies ha e alida ed elemen s wi h alues
g ea e han 0.5; hence, we included hem as eliable elemen s. Fac o
loadings highe han 0.5 o each elemen indica e ha all ques ions
asked o esponden s and u ilized o e alua e a iables we e eliable and
alid o his s udy. A disc iminan alidi y analysis was pe o med o
examine he ex en o which he a iables di e ged. In e nal consis ency
was indica ed by composi e eliabili y (CR). Composi e eliabili y
analysis showed ha all componen s possessed alues highe han he
b oadly ag eed c i e ion o 0.7. To demons a e cons uc alidi y, he
elemen ’s AVE mus be highe han he a iance explained by he i em
and all he o he elemen s in he esea ch amewo k. This si ua ion was
c ea ed ac oss all elemen s in his s udy, pa icula ly he diagonal ele-
men s (AVEs) in Table 2, which we e highe han hose o he a ious
componen s. In conclusion, he modeling analyses p o ided signi ican
e idence o he eliabili y and alidi y o e icien implemen a ion o
he componen s.
Desc ip i e, co ela ions, mean, and s anda d de ia ion
Table 3 shows he co ela ion analysis de i ed om sample da a o
356 en ep eneu s o SMEs ope a ing in Pakis an in 2022 and shows ha
CMC, AC, MC, HC, COL, and OC a e associa ed posi i ely o nega i ely
wi h each o he , wi h he o me being ubiqui ous. The co ela ion e-
sul s demons a ed ha CC ( =0.907, p <0.01), AC ( =0.240, p <
0.01), MC ( =0.960, p <0.01), HC ( =0.902, p <0.01), and COL ( =
0.884, p <0.01) we e signi ican ly posi i ely associa ed wi h OC.
Addi ionally, as shown in Table 3, CC, AC, MC, HC, and COL we e all
posi i ely co ela ed wi h each o he .
Hie a chical mul iple eg ession analysis
A simple mul iple linea eg ession h ough he en y app oach was
applied o in es iga e he e icacy o CC, AC, MC, HC, and COL in
de e mining he a iance in OC. As ecommended by (Tabachnick e al.,
2007), all exogenous a iables in he s anda d mul iple linea eg ession
amewo k en e he equa ion simul aneously, and a e examined as i
hey en e ed he model a e all o he p edic o a iables. Mo eo e ,
each exogenous a iable is e alua ed based on i s con ibu ion o he
eliance gap be ween he exogenous and endogenous a iables
(Tabachnick e al., 2007). The sequen ial mul iple eg ession app oach
was a oided because o di icul ies associa ed wi h his echnique
(Pallan , 2020), and conce ns ega ding his me hod, whe e he
sequence o inpu s is solely dependen . P elimina y in es iga ions we e
conduc ed o ensu e ha he condi ions o linea i y, no mali y, mul i-
collinea i y, and homogenei y o a iance we e no comp omised. Wi h
(F =11.088, p <0.000), he amewo k illus a es a 99.7 pe cen a i-
ance in o ganiza ional commi men . Table 3 shows ha independen
a iables such as CC and HC a e posi i ely associa ed wi h OC, while AC,
MC, and COL a e s a is ically nega i ely associa ed wi h OC. Table 4
shows he exhaus i e ou comes o he mul iple linea eg ession
analysis.
Model 4 in Table 4 p esen s he mode a ing analysis indings. The
ou comes indica e a di ec signi ican associa ion be ween CC and OC (β
=0.138, p <0.01), AC and OC (β =0.244, p <0.01), MC and OC (β =
0.593, p <0.01), HC and OC (β =0.079, p <0.01), and COL and OC (β =
-0.780, p <0.01), which signi ican ly suppo s ou p oposed H1a, H1b,
H1c, H1d, H2. Fu he mo e, we p edic ed ha COL would ac as a
mode a ing ac o be ween independen and dependen a iables. The
mode a ing in e ac ion esul s (β =0.079, p < 0.01), (β =0.079, p <
0.01), and (β =0.079, p <0.01) p o ided in Table 4 show subs an ial
e idence o H3b, H3c, and H3d suppo as con ex ual mode a ing in-
e ac ions be ween AC and OC, MC and OC, HC, and OC, espec i ely.
Howe e , he ou comes (β =0.079, p <0.01) did no show any suppo
o he mode a ing ela ionship be ween CC and OC; hence, H3a was no
suppo ed. The indings e ealed a signi ican di ec and indi ec
in e ac ion be ween o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional
commi men ; na ional cul u e, o example, collec i ism, se es as an
impo an posi i e and nega i e signi ican mode a ing e ec be ween
AC, MC, HC, and OC, excep o CC, which was no s a is ically
suppo ed.
Discussion
This s udy in es iga es he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul-
u e (as de ined by clan, adhoc acy, ma ke , and hie a chical cul u es)
and o ganiza ional commi men in Pakis ani manu ac u ing SMEs.
Fu he mo e, his s udy explo ed he mode a ing signi icance o na-
ional cul u e, such as collec i ism, on he ela ionship be ween o ga-
niza ional cul u e and commi men . The indings e eal ha
o ganiza ional cul u e has a signi ican posi i e associa ion wi h o ga-
niza ional commi men , implying ha cul u e is c i ical o sus aining
pe sonnel. These indings co obo a e hose indica ed in he li e a u e
e iew by Aca (2012), who disco e ed a subs an ial associa ion be-
ween o ganiza ional cul u e and commi men . Acco ding o B ewe and
Clippa d (2002), cul u e is a signi ican elemen in s eng hening o ga-
niza ional commi men . Shim e al. (2015) disco e ed ha manage s
who emphasize g oup cul u e a e o en commi ed o hei wo kplaces.
Messne (2013) simila ly p oposed a posi i e associa ion be ween
o ganiza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional commi men and encou aged
he de elopmen o a co po a e cul u e ans o ma ion app oach o
p omo e o ganiza ional commi men . P e ious s udies ha e o e ed
su icien e idence o de e mine he associa ion be ween o ganiza ional
cul u e and commi men . Consequen ly, co po a ions ha in end o
s eng hen hei pe sonnel commi men mus do e e y hing o es ablish
a s ong o ganiza ional cul u e.
Desc ip i e s a is ical indings also e eal ha na ional cul u e, such
as collec i ism, has a subs an ial impac on o ganiza ional commi men .
This indica es ha a na ional cul u e ha is igo ously inco po a ed by
e e y wo ke migh p o ide e iciency and ha e a s ong in luence on
o he o ganiza ional membe s, no ably minimizing he po en ial o
pe sonnel u no e . Consequen ly, o ganiza ional commi men is
es ablished. This sugges s ha o de elop commi men among em-
ployees, each wo ke mus implemen a collec i is ic cul u e wi h ideals
Table 2
Cons uc eliabili y and alidi y.
Cons uc O e all
C onbach’s
Alpha
C onbach’s
Alpha
Composi e
eliabili y
AVE
Clan cul u e 0.969 0.842 0.896 0.632
Adhoc acy cul u e 0.845 0.892 0.626
Ma ke cul u e 0.909 0.938 0.791
Hie a chy cul u e 0.889 0.923 0.708
Collec i ism 0.937 0.953 0.773
O ganiza ional
commi men
0.837 0.949 0.757
No e: AVE =A e age a iance ex ac ed
S.A.A. Bokha i e al.
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100623
8
