Reyes Bau is a, Ilse I e e; Valencia Pé ez, Luis Rod igo; Palacios Bus aman e,
Ra ael
A icle — Published Ve sion
Managing social capi al ne wo ks in digi al in e na ional
inno a ion ecosys ems
The Annals o Regional Science
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Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Reyes Bau is a, Ilse I e e; Valencia Pé ez, Luis Rod igo; Palacios Bus aman e,
Ra ael (2025) : Managing social capi al ne wo ks in digi al in e na ional inno a ion ecosys ems, The
Annals o Regional Science, ISSN 1432-0592, Sp inge , Be lin, Heidelbe g, Vol. 74, Iss. 2,
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional
inno a ion ecosys ems
IlseI e eReyesBau is a1 · LuisRod igoValenciaPé ez1 ·
Ra aelPalaciosBus aman e2
Recei ed: 22 May 2024 / Accep ed: 21 Feb ua y 2025 / Published online: 13 May 2025
© The Au ho (s) 2025
Abs ac
This s udy ope a ionalizes he concep s o social capi al heo y h ough social ne -
wo k analysis. By using his me hodology, his esea ch aims o deepen he unde -
s anding o how he dynamics o social capi al ne wo ks a e ela ed o he consol-
ida ion and sus ainabili y o inno a ion ecosys ems, pa icula ly in he con ex o
digi al en ep eneu ship pla o ms. This case s udy ocuses on he In e na ional
En ep eneu ship Lab Sma Money (IELSM), a digi al pla o m comp ising mo e
han 100 o ganiza ions om a ious sec o s and coun ies, mos ly in La in Ame ica.
Th ee ne wo k subse s a ound business models we e cons uc ed h ough in-dep h
in e iews wi h key ac o s in he IELSM pla o m. Subsequen ly, i e s uc u al
cha ac e is ics o he ne wo ks we e s udied ia quan i a i e analysis: ecosys em
connec i i y, ecip oci y, esis ance o linkages ac oss sec o s, s akeholde di e -
si y, and esou ce low di icul y. Based on co ela ional analysis, a composi e index
ha e lec s he ma u i y o he social capi al ne wo k is p oposed. When applied
in simila con ex s, his index can p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o
social capi al dynamics and guide he de elopmen o e ec i e s a egies o ne -
wo k managemen . Ou indings e ealed a s ong co ela ion be ween ecip oci y
and ecosys em connec i i y. This sugges s ha a ne wo k wi h g ea e social cohe-
sion gene a es mo e links in which o ganiza ions sha e esou ces bidi ec ionally,
ep esen ing signi ican po en ial o mu ual alue c ea ion. Nega i e co ela ions
be ween ecip oci y and s akeholde di e si y, as well as be ween ecosys em con-
nec i i y and s akeholde di e si y, highligh in e sec o al coope a ion challenges.
Social capi al ne wo ks exhibi complex, nonlinea g ow h linked o a ia ions in
beha io and s uc u e, highligh ing he p ac ical implica ions o managing inno a-
ion ecosys ems.
JEL Classi ica ion 036· L14· L26· O30
Ex ended au ho in o ma ion a ailable on he las page o he a icle
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 2 o 23
1 In oduc ion
In en ep eneu ial ac i i y, digi al echnologies a e inc easingly used o ca y ou
he p ocesses equi ed o s a a new business (Giones and B em 2017). The e-
o e, digi al echnologies a e di ec ly ela ed o companies’compe i i eness,
mainly due o hei po en ial o connec di e en ac o s and os e s akeholde
collabo a ion (Pa iainen e al. 2017). In his con ex , digi al pla o ms o en e-
p eneu ship ha e eme ged as i ual spaces ha os e inno a ion h ough digi al
connec ions be ween di e en ypes o o ganiza ions, such as uni e si ies, com-
panies, and go e nmen agencies, ega dless o hei geog aphical loca ion.
The o ma ion and de elopmen o business coope a ion ne wo ks wi h uni e -
si ies and o he ac o s ha e long been a opic o g ea ele ance in he business
ield (Johns on and Huggins 2018; Kaklauskas e al. 2018; Sollei o and Gaona
2012), and oday, hese collabo a i e business ne wo ks a e posi ioned as one o
he main condi ions o companies o educe he deg ee o unce ain y and com-
plexi y posed by he digi al e a (Azag a-Ca o e al. 2017).
Acco ding o (Spigel 2017), Roundy e al. (2018), and Theodo aki e al.
(2023), he c ea ion and ex ension o ela ionships be ween g oups o ne wo ks
o ac o s ha sha e esou ces and knowledge wi hin digi al en ep eneu ship eco-
sys ems con inue o be one o he challenges o s udies in he ield o inno a-
ion. This esea ch was conduc ed wi hin he amewo k o inno a ion ecosys-
ems, encompassing all he ac o s in ol ed in he en ep eneu ial p ocesses whe e
inno a ion, c ea ion, and de elopmen o new en ep eneu ship a e p omo ed
(Isenbe g 2011; Spigel 2017). F om an ecosys em pe spec i e, ac o s cons i u e a
social ne wo k whe ein hei ela ionships a e shaped by common objec i es ha
lead hem o link wi h each o he (Ga ica e al. 2015). This app oach unde sco es
he impo ance o connec i i y, p io i izing collabo a ion, and cop oduc ion o
alue (Smo odinskaya e al. 2017).
G ans and and Holge sson (2020) epo ed ha some o he main ea u es
o inno a ion ecosys ems include he coe olu ion o o ganiza ions’capabili ies,
which is gene a ed by a sha ed se o echnologies, knowledge, o skills. I is also
cha ac e ized by dependencies among i s membe s, a s anda d se o goals and
objec i es, and sha ed knowledge and capabili ies.
Many scien i ic epo s ha e been published add essing he complexi y and
dynamics o en ep eneu ship and inno a ion ecosys ems. Howe e , ele an
s udies ela ed o he e icien ole o social capi al in ne wo k o ma ion con inue
o be iden i ied, such as in he wo k o Reingen and Bu (1994), who emphasized
he alue o in o ma ion in he low o knowledge and esou ces wi hin ne wo ks.
Spigel (2017), Roundy e al. (2018), and Ba oncelli e al. (2024) ha e p o ided
con ibu ions ha seek o cla i y he deg ee o complexi y o business ecosys-
ems, i s h ough iden i ying new ex e nal and in e nal componen s o ac o s
ha in luence he ecosys em, wi h sus ainabili y s anding ou o e ime as one
o he ex e nal aspec s wi h he mos signi ican in luence. In e nally, ecosys em
managemen can be egula ed mo e e icien ly by iden i ying and unde s anding
he impac o ex e nal ac o s (Roundy e al. 2018). This heo e ical pe spec i e
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 3 o 23 53
has gi en way o he analysis o ne wo ks, which allows he iden i ica ion o
abs ac elemen s o ecosys ems, such as ecip oci y o he esou ce low di icul-
ies be ween ac o s.
Theo e ical ad ancemen s in unde s anding inno a ion ecosys ems ha e le ques-
ions ega ding ecosys em ac o s’e ec i e u iliza ion o social capi al. To explo e
hese gaps in he dynamics and de elopmen o ecosys ems, we conside ed he
con ibu ions o Aalbe s e al. (2013) and Phelps e al. (2012). Phelps e al. (2012)
ocus on he s uc u al aspec s o he ecosys em and a emp o connec he alue o
social capi al in knowledge and esou ce-sha ing ne wo ks. Howe e , his s and o
esea ch has ye o ex ensi ely explo e he s a egic implica ions o ecosys em unc-
ioning. Mo eo e , Aalbe s e al. (2013) ecognize he in ica e na u e o ecosys ems,
highligh ing he ac i a ion o ne wo ks in he di usion o knowledge and esou ces.
Th ough a comp ehensi e e iew o di e se pe spec i es, his s udy aimed o moni-
o ecosys em beha io , al hough unce ain ies emain abou he impac o knowl-
edge use on ecosys em sus ainabili y.
In his esea ch, digi al collabo a ion ne wo ks a e a con ex ual impe a i e wi h
which i is possible o iden i y and ope a ionalize concep ual cons uc s ha explain
he dynamics o en ep eneu ship ecosys ems and he inno a ion pe o mance o
indi idual ac o s based on he cha ac e is ics o hei ne wo ks (Valk and Gijsbe s,
2010).
Social capi al is he p ima y cons uc ha add esses ela ionships o mobilizing
and sha ing esou ces wi hin and be ween g oups o ne wo ks, as well as p i ileged
access o speci ic channels o knowledge and inance (Mau e and Ebe s 2006; Rein-
gen and Bu 1994).
This a icle analyzes a case s udy o he In e na ional En ep eneu ship Lab
Sma Money (IELSM). This pla o m was selec ed because i encou ages he o -
ma ion o specialized ne wo ks o p omo e new in e na ional business models by
in ol ing s akeholde s in e es ed in ne wo ked en ep eneu ship. In 2023, he Asso-
cia ion o Educa ion, Science, and Inno a ion S i e e band ecognized his digi al
pla o m in Ge many as one o he en mos inno a i e and impac ul digi al pla -
o ms among 186 p ojec s.
This digi al academic pla o m b ings oge he mo e han 100 o ganiza ions,
including uni e si ies, SMEs, companies, consul ing i ms, egional de elopmen
banks, business con ede a ions, and go e nmen agencies. The IELSM pla o m has
unde gone se en phases in which mo e han 1250 pa icipan s, including in e na-
ional s uden s, en ep eneu s, academics, expe s, and consul an s, ha e collabo-
a ed in de eloping mo e han 40 business models.
The IELSM mainly suppo s collabo a i e ne wo ks o in e na ional en ep e-
neu ship, which p omo es coope a ion be ween companies wo ldwide. Acco ding
o Balland e al. (2022) and K om e al. (2022), global ne wo ks such as his a e
po en ial esea ch esou ces o unde s anding he complexi y and new dynamics o
inno a ion and en ep eneu ship in he con ex o digi al pla o ms.
The p esen me hodology is based on social ne wo k analysis (SNA), which
is posi ioned o add ess he complexi y o he ela ionships be ween social en i-
ies. This app oach is ocused on disco e ing exis ing in e ac ion pa e ns be ween
ac o s in ne wo ks (Tabassum e al. 2018). The e o e, SNA is used he e o analyze
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 4 o 23
he social capi al ne wo ks ha compose he IELSM inno a ion ecosys em and he
dynamics es ablished be ween he o ganiza ions ha belong o i .
Th ough in-dep h in e iews wi h key ac o s in he IELSM pla o m, quali a i e
in o ma ion was collec ed o cons uc subse s o he ne wo k ha desc ibe he col-
labo a ion dynamics a ound h ee business models de eloped wi hin he pla o m.
Subsequen ly, a quan i a i e analysis o he subse s was ca ied ou , which led o
iden i ying s uc u al a ibu es o he social capi al ne wo ks. Using p ima y and
seconda y da a has allowed he c ea ion o an index ha e lec s he ma u i y o he
social ne wo ks wi hin he ecosys em. This index and he analysis o social capi al’s
s uc u al cha ac e is ics and dynamics can minimize he unce ain ies le by p e i-
ous wo k ela ed o inno a ion ecosys ems.
The a icle is o ganized as ollows: Fi s , he heo e ical backg ound, which
ocuses on he social capi al heo y, is discussed. Subsequen ly, he me hodology is
in oduced, s a ing wi h he desc ip ion o he case s udies, ollowed by he esea ch
me hod: social ne wo k analysis, ne wo k cons uc ion, and he ope a ionaliza ion
o he a iables. Then, we in oduce he indings, ollowed by he de elopmen o
he social capi al ma u i y index, discussion, p ac ice implica ions, limi a ions and
di ec ions o u u e esea ch, and concluding ema ks.
2 Theo e ical backg ound: social capi al heo y
Social capi al comp ises he social esou ces a pe son o g oup can mobilize h ough
ela ionships and connec ions. Coleman (1988) emphasizes ha social capi al is a
esou ce ha allows indi iduals o access esou ces and oppo uni ies imme sed in
he social s uc u e, speci ying ha o ms o social capi al can in luence indi idual
ac ions and ou comes a he sys emic le el.
F om Ronald Bu ’s pe spec i e, social capi al comp ises he ela ionships and
connec ions a pe son o o ganiza ion es ablishes wi h o he s, o ming a sha ed
esou ce among all he pa ies in ol ed (Bu 2004). The impo ance o social capi-
al lies in oppo uni ies ha allow he ans o ma ion o inancial and human capi al
in o economic bene i s gene a ed h ough hese ela ionships. As a esul , social cap-
i al is conside ed a de e mining ac o in compe i i eness, and i s alue is compa a-
ble o ha o inancial and human capi al (Reingen and Bu 1994).
The connec ion be ween social capi al and compe i i eness is linked o he access
o p i ileged in o ma ion, esou ces, and oppo uni ies ha ac o s acqui e due o
hei connec ions wi h o he s. The managemen o hese connec ions allows hem o
gene a e s a egic alliances o ob ain suppo om o he ac o s in he ne wo k (Rein-
gen and Bu 1994).
Social capi al di ec ly con ibu es o educing ansac ion cos s be ween compa-
nies o ac o s since i educes he cos s o in o ma ion sea ch, nego ia ion, decision
making, and su eillance. The e o e, social capi al is conside ed a ool o acili-
a e coo dina ion and collabo a ion among ac o s in ol ed in inno a ion p ocesses
(Ama a e al. 2002).
The posi ion o he ac o s e e s o he quali y o he ela ionships hey es ab-
lish wi h o he s; o his eason, s eng h, us , and ecip oci y depend on he dep h
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 5 o 23 53
o he social ela ionships. Consequen ly, he e will be mu ual us in a high-qual-
i y ela ionship, which gene a es a ecip ocal exchange o esou ces, suppo , and
con inuous collabo a ion. Ac o s in cen al posi ions ha e high-quali y ela ion-
ships wi h o he cen al ac o s. In con as , ac o s in pe iphe al posi ions es ablish
low-quali y ela ionships whe e hey a e mo e cau ious in sha ing in o ma ion and
esou ces (Reingen and Bu 1994, p. 63).
The heo y o social capi al is he basis o he de elopmen o esea ch on in e -
pe sonal and in e o ganiza ional collabo a ion ne wo ks, which seeks o explain he
inno a ion pe o mance o indi idual ac o s based on he cha ac e is ics o hei ne -
wo ks. Among he applica ions a e he iden i ica ion o c i ical ac o s in he ne -
wo k, he iden i ica ion o gaps as an a ea o oppo uni y o imp o e pe o mance,
and he iden i ica ion o collabo a ion pa e ns o inc ease ne wo k e iciency and
e ec i eness. S udies in his ield allow a be e unde s anding o how collabo a i e
ne wo ks a ec inno a ion pe o mance and wha ac o s enhance o inhibi collabo-
a ion (Valk and Gijsbe s 2010).
Wi hin inno a ion s udies, se e al heo ies suppo he impo ance o social capi-
al by ecognizing ha connec i i y among ac o s is he basis o enhancing en e-
p eneu ship and inno a ion. The iple helix model and subsequen models based on
i seek o unde s and he dynamics o he a ie y o ins i u ions in ol ed in inno a-
ion sys ems h ough he ag eemen s and policies be ween ac o s, emphasizing he
impo ance o c oss-sec o al collabo a i e links be ween key ins i u ional sphe es:
academia, indus y, and go e nmen (Leydesdo and E zkowi z 1998). The
na ional inno a ion sys ems app oach p oposed by Lund all (1992) also highligh s
he impo ance o conside ing he sys emic in e dependence be ween independen
economic ac o s whose a icula ion makes i possible o gene a e inno a ion.
Simila ly, open inno a ion highligh s he impo ance o using ex e nal ideas
and echnologies o accele a e inno a ion p ocesses (Chesb ough 2003), which is
di ec ly linked o social capi al, since collabo a ion wi h ex e nal s akeholde s is
undamen al.
The social capi al heo y is also complemen ed by o ganiza ional heo ies and
cons uc s such as abso p i e capaci y, de ined by Cohen and Le in hal (1990) as
he abili y o a company o ecognize he alue o ex e nal in o ma ion, assimila e
i , and apply i . In u n, he heo y o dynamic capabili ies p oposed by Teece e al.
(1997) highligh s he impo ance o in eg a ing ex e nal elemen s wi h he o ganiza-
ion’s in e nal abili ies o espond o he changing na u e o he con ex .
3 Me hod
3.1 Resea ch me hod: social ne wo k analysis
Social ne wo k analysis is a quali a i e and quan i a i e model esea ch app oach
ocused on s udying ela ionships and social s uc u es h ough he g aphical ep-
esen a ion o in e ac ions be ween ac o s (Wasse man and Faus 1994). This me h-
odology helps o desc ibe he dynamics o ecosys em de elopmen and allows us
o iden i y momen s ha highligh he sus ainabili y o he ecosys em h ough he
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 6 o 23
ac i a ion o social capi al. Acco ding o G ano e e (1973), social ne wo k analy-
sis helps examine he ela ionship be ween small-g oup in e ac ions and la ge-scale
social pa e ns. I allows an unde s anding o how b oade social s uc u es a e gen-
e a ed om indi idual in e ac ions, hus linking sociological heo y’s mac o- and
mic ole els.
Social ne wo k analysis aims o comp ehend ne wo k s uc u es by iden i ying
pa e ns o in e ac ion and unde s anding he dis ibu ion o connec ions in he ne -
wo k (Alcaide Lozano e al. 2019). This app oach is u ilized in inno a ion s udies
o map ac o s and echnologies, o e ing insigh s in o inno a ion dynamics such as
collabo a ion, communica ion, and echnology ne wo ks (Valk and Gijsbe s 2010).
Two ypes o a iables a e needed o unde s and a social ne wo k. Composi ional
a iables e e o he indi idual cha ac e is ics o he ac o s in he ne wo k, and
s uc u al a iables e e o he p ope ies and cha ac e is ics o he ne wo k i sel
(Wasse man and Faus 1994). As shown below, his a icle analyzes he s uc u al
a iables o ne wo ks a he o ganiza ional le el.
3.2 Case s udy desc ip ion
We selec ed he IELSM o his s udy because i is an eme ging in e na ional inno-
a ion ecosys em. This digi al academic pla o m b ings oge he mo e han 100
public and p i a e o ganiza ions om academia, indus y, and go e nmen .
This p ojec eme ged in 2020, jus in he yea he COVID-19 pandemic s a ed in
Ge many. Since i s launch, mo e han 1,250 people ha e pa icipa ed. The IELSM
is an academic ini ia i e a he Business & Law School o Be lin (BSP) ha aims
o p omo e in e na ional en ep eneu ship, suppo en ep eneu s, and ain s uden s
o design business models (Es ada and No elo 2023). The pla o m seeks o c ea e,
accele a e, and in e na ionalize en ep eneu ial business models h ough co-c ea ion
wi h mul icul u al wo k and eams o s uden s, en ep eneu s, and expe s.
The s udy examines subse s o he IELSM ne wo k h ough he se en h phase,
which ends in Feb ua y 2024. This app oach was chosen o examine he dynamics
o he business models o small- and medium-sized companies.
As Fig.1 shows, he o ganiza ions ha comp ise he social capi al ne wo ks ana-
lyzed in he case s udies a e om A gen ina, Hondu as, Chile, Colombia, Cos a
Rica, Cuba, Ecuado , Ge many, Kenya, Mexico, Panama, Pe u, Sco land, Spain,
he USA, and Venezuela. Mo e han 90% o ne wo k o ganiza ions a e om La in
Ame ican coun ies.
The c i e ia o selec ing he business models we e ha hey show p og ess in
in e na ionalizing he p oduc o se ice o e ed o he ma ke , epo he gene a ion
o business alliances wi h o he en u es pa icipa ing in he pla o m, and ha e pa -
icipa ed in a leas ou consecu i e phases wi hin he pla o m.
Case 1, co esponding o he i s subse (C1), o e s small- and medium-sized
en e p ises digi aliza ion se ices. I has expanded i s ope a ions o he in e na ional
ma ke and has gene a ed alliances wi h o he o ganiza ions wi hin he IELSM inno-
a ion ecosys em. The analysis o his subse conside s i s pa icipa ion in 5 phases
wi hin he IELSM.
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 7 o 23 53
The second case (C2) o e s specialized human esou ces se ices linking ained
pe sonnel wi h he in e na ional labo ma ke and has been de eloped wi hin he
IELSM ecosys em om phase 4 o phase 7. Finally, he hi d subse (C3) co e-
sponds o he eco ou ism sec o . I is a social inno a ion p ojec because i links local
impac s o ag icul u al communi ies in La in Ame ica while p omo ing sus ainable
in e na ional ou ism. This business model has been de eloped in he IELSM om
phase 2 o phase 7.
3.3 Da a collec ion andne wo k cons uc ion
Fo he collec ion o quali a i e in o ma ion, p ima y sou ces we e used. A se ies o
i e in-dep h in e iews wi h he manage s o he IELSM pla o m explo ed exis ing
pa ne ships and o ms o collabo a ion among pla o m o ganiza ions. The in e -
iews began wi h he ollowing ques ion: Wha o ganiza ions ha e collabo a ed on
he business model, and how ha e hose collabo a ions e ol ed o e ime? Based on
he esponses, we del ed in o he names o he o ganiza ions, he speci ic phases in
which he o ganiza ions collabo a ed, he business ac i i y in he case o he busi-
ness sec o o ganiza ions, and he ac i i ies hey ha e unde aken oge he .
Fo he cons uc ion o he ne wo ks, he quali a i e in o ma ion was com-
plemen ed wi h he da abase o a endance eco ds o i ual mee ings and o he
ac i i ies in ol ing co-c ea ion p ocesses o he h ee p e iously selec ed business
models.
This s udy analyzes ne wo k g aphs a he o ganiza ional le el, composed o wo
undamen al uni s: e ices, which ep esen o ganiza ions, and edges, which a e he
links be ween o ganiza ions. In he buil ne wo ks, se en ypes o o ganiza ions a e
dis inguished by colo : uni e si ies, SMEs, companies, consul ing i ms, egional
de elopmen banks, business con ede a ions, and go e nmen agencies. The size o
Fig. 1 O ganiza ions by coun y o o igin. No e: The colo scale is dis inguished acco ding o he num-
be o o ganiza ions pe coun y
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 8 o 23
he e ices a ies acco ding o he deg ee, an a ibu e ha ep esen s he numbe o
connec ions he o ganiza ion has wi h o he s in he ne wo k.
While edges a e he connec ions be ween e ices, wo ypes o edges a e dis-
inguished: di ec ed and undi ec ed. G aphically, he di ec ed edges a e ep esen ed
by a ows, which es ablish he di ec ion o sha ed esou ces (Tabassum e al. 2018,
p. 4). Ano he dis inc ion in he edges is he weigh , which is used o e lec how
close he link is and he in ensi y o equency o he in e ac ion. In social capi al
ne wo ks, he edge weigh e e s o he in ensi y wi h which esou ces a e exchanged
and he s eng h o he bond be ween ac o s.
In he ne wo ks analyzed, di ec ed links a e used when one o ganiza ion sha es
esou ces, while he o he only ecei es esou ces. Mo eo e , undi ec ed links a e
es ablished when bo h o ganiza ions exchange ecip ocally. In addi ion, di ec ion-
ali y is used as a e e ence o de e mine he weigh o he edges since he mu ual
exchange o esou ces is a pa icula i y o he mos subs an ial ela ionships wi hin
he ne wo k.
3.4 Ope a ionaliza ion
To begin he analysis, we ope a ionalized he a iables linking he heo e ical con-
cep s ela ed o social capi al ne wo k consolida ion o he s uc u al a iables o
he analysis o social ne wo ks, as shown in he able (Table1).
Based on he heo e ical concep s and he calcula ion o SNA a ibu es, he o -
mulas shown in Table2 we e used o calcula e he ne wo k cha ac e is ics o he
h ee case s udies analyzed.
4 Findings
4.1 Ne wo k con igu a ion anddynamics
Figu e2 shows he g aphical ep esen a ions o he social capi al ne wo ks o med
by he o ganiza ions pa icipa ing in he business models o he h ee case s udies.
In he i s case s udy, he e is e idence o g adual g ow h in he inclusion o new
o ganiza ions in he ne wo k as he business model’s pa icipa ion in he IELSM
pla o m p og esses. A he ini ial s age o business model implemen a ion (phase
3 o he IELSM pla o m), he ne wo k consis ed o 12 o ganiza ions. Howe e , in
phase 7, his ne wo k expe ienced a signi ican inc ease wi h he pa icipa ion o 26
o ganiza ions, ep esen ing an inc ease o almos 117%, indica i e o an expansion
o he ne wo k.
Figu e3 shows he beha io o he ne wo k ea u es o case 1 in each o he
phases wi hin he IELSM ecosys em. Among he ou s anding ea u es o ne wo k
de elopmen was he di e si y o s akeholde s, which doubled in he las pa ici-
pa ion phase. The e was also a dec ease o app oxima ely 80% in he esis ance o
linkages be ween o ganiza ions in di e en sec o s. Concu en ly, he e was a 54%
educ ion in di icul ies ela ed o esou ce low.
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 15 o 23 53
Table 5 Pai wise compa ison ma ix (PCM)
Ecosys em connec i i y (
Ec)
Recip oci y
(Rc)
Resou ce low di icul y
(
R d)
Resis ance o linkages ac oss
sec o s (
H)
S akeholde
di e si y
(
D)
Ecosys em connec i i y (
Ec)
1 5 3 5 1
Recip oci y
(Rc)
1/5 1 1 1 1/5
Resou ce low di icul y (
R d)
1/3 1 1 1 1/3
Resis ance o linkages ac oss sec o s (
H)
1/5 1 1 1 1/5
S akeholde di e si y (
D)
1 5 3 5 1
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 16 o 23
Based on he analysis o he quali a i e in o ma ion, weigh s we e assigned o he
independen a iables using a pai wise compa ison ma ix (PCM). Table5 shows
he PCM alues assigned based on he impo ance o one a iable o e ano he .
I he di e ence is s ong (≫), he alue assigned is 5; i i is mode a e (>), he
alue is 3; and i he impo ance is he same (=), he alue assigned is 1. The ela-
ionship be ween he impo ance o he independen a iables is as ollows:
Ecosys em connec i i y = S akeholde di e si y.
Ecosys em Connec i i y > Resou ce Flow Di icul y.
S akeholde Di e si y ≫ Resis ance o linkages ac oss sec o s.
Ecosys em Connec i i y ≫ Recip oci y.
S akeholde Di e si y ≫ Recip oci y.
Resis ance o linkages ac oss sec o s = Recip oci y.
Ecosys em Connec i i y ≫ Resis ance o linkages ac oss sec o s.
Subsequen ly, he eigen ec o (EV) was calcula ed. The esul is shown in he
a iables’weigh ing in he p oposed ma hema ical model. Fo he calcula ion o
social capi al ma u i y (
SC𝜇)
, ecosys em connec i i y, s akeholde di e si y, and
ecip oci y we e conside ed o ha e a posi i e ela ionship wi h he dependen a i-
able. In he case o he a iable esou ce low di icul y, an in e se ela ionship is
es ablished. In con as , he a iable esis ance o linkages ac oss sec o s has a nega-
i e ela ionship.
The p oposed index has been used as a me ic o assess he ma u i y o he social
capi al ne wo ks o he case s udies analyzed. The esul s o his assessmen a e
p esen ed in de ail in Table6, which eco ds he le els o ma u i y in each o he
phases.
In all cases, he de elopmen o he ne wo ks does no ollow a linea ajec o y,
making hei p edic ion complex. Case 1 p esen s consis en g ow h in ma u i y. On
he o he hand, case 2 shows a sligh dec ease in phases 6 and 7, which indica es
ha he de elopmen o he ne wo k s agna es, and ac ions should be aken o p o-
mo e i s ma u i y. Finally, case 3 shows a p og essi e dec ease in he ma u i y o
he ne wo k, making he eme gence o measu es o p e en he disappea ance o he
ne wo k c ucial. The di e ences be ween he ajec o ies obse ed in his s udy p o-
ide aluable indings o e ec i ely managing social capi al ne wo ks in inno a ion
ecosys ems.
SC
𝜇=(0.37 ∗Ec)+(0.37 ∗D)+(0.10 ∗
1
R d
)+(0.08 ∗Rc)−(0.08 ∗H
)
Table 6 Ma u i y o he social
capi al ne wo k o each case
s udy
This able shows he esul s o he social capi al ma u i y (
SC𝜇)
cal-
cula ion using he p oposed ma hema ical model
Phase 2 3 4 5 6 7
Case 1 0.00 0.47 0.44 0.44 0.58 0.69
Case 2 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.37 0.26 0.35
Case 3 0.40 0.31 0.28 0.33 0.24 0.26
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 17 o 23 53
Figu e6 illus a es he e olu ion o e ime in he ma u i y o he social capi al
ne wo ks in he h ee case s udies, highligh ing signi ican di e ences in hei ajec-
o ies. Case 1 shows subs an ial de elopmen in i s la e phases compa ed o ea lie
phases. Case 2 shows a subs an ial dec ease in phase 6 and an imp o emen in phase
7, al hough i s inc ease is insu icien o each he pe o mance egis e ed in i s i s
phase wi hin he IELSM pla o m. In con as , case 3 e eals a decline in he ma u-
i y o i s ne wo k, indica ing ha despi e expanding his business model’s ne wo k
h ough i s pa icipa ion in he IELSM, i has no consolida ed i s social capi al ne -
wo k. Add essing he iden i ied sho comings ega ding ne wo k cha ac e is ics is
c ucial o enhancing long- e m iabili y.
5 Discussion
The indings e eal he complexi y o managing social capi al and building inno a-
ion ecosys ems. Fu he mo e, he empi ical e idence shows he unique na u e o
each inno a ion ecosys em, consis en wi h Sa u and Vesa (2018); his demons a es
ha i is no easible o gene a e a s anda d s a egy o p omo e hei de elopmen .
As obse ed in he case s udies, social capi al ne wo ks expe ience nonlinea g ow h
closely linked o a ia ions in hei beha io and s uc u e. Fo his eason, emphasis
Fig. 6 Assessmen o social capi al ne wo k ma u i y
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 18 o 23
is placed on analyzing he dynamics and pa icula equi emen s o hei s a egic
managemen .
The esul s o he i s case s udy analysis show ha beyond he expansion
o he ne wo k due o he inc ease in he numbe o o ganiza ions, ma u i y is
ela ed o he di e si y o s akeholde s, along wi h a dec ease in esis ance o
c oss-sec o al linkages and a educ ion in di icul ies o esou ce low. Acco ding
o he abo e co ela ions be ween he cha ac e is ics o social capi al ne wo ks,
al hough ecosys em connec i i y does no show signi ican p og ess du ing he
de elopmen o case one ne wo k, c oss-sec o al linkages con ibu e o i s ma u-
i y by compensa ing o he numbe o linkages wi h s a egic links be ween
o ganiza ions.
Ano he beha io obse ed in case one is he dec ease in esou ce low di i-
cul ies. Acco ding o he co ela ion analysis, his dec ease is associa ed wi h he
inc ease in s akeholde di e si y and he gene a ion o linkages be ween o ganiza-
ions om di e en sec o s. As men ioned by Pellikka and Ali- ehmas (2016) some
bene i s o s akeholde di e si y o gene a ing in e o ganiza ional collabo a ion a e
inc eased p o i abili y, sho ened ime o ma ke , enhanced inno a ion capabili y by
knowledge sha ing, and expanded ma ke access.
Based on he cha ac e is ics o case one, a ge ed in e en ions ocused on build-
ing c oss-sec o al collabo a i e linkages be ween o ganiza ions wi hin he ecosys-
em a e mo e bene icial o he ma u i y p ocess han b inging in new o ganiza ions
om sec o s wi h g ea e ep esen a ion. The e o e, s a egies o in eg a ing new
o ganiza ions in o he ecosys em should ocus on he ypes o o ganiza ions o sec-
o s wi h less pa icipa ion. This highligh s he impo ance o de eloping social cap-
i al managemen s a egies ha conside he in e ela ionship be ween he s uc u al
cha ac e is ics o ne wo ks o achie e he expec ed esul s.
The indings o he second case s udy con i m he men ioned abo e, indica -
ing ha his ne wo k, despi e i s expansion, aces se e e esou ce low di icul ies
be ween o ganiza ions, con ibu ing o s agna ion in i s ma u i y p og ess. Speci i-
cally, his ne wo k aces he p e alence o s akeholde di e si y, as i is obse ed ha
ac o s who ha e con ibu ed o s akeholde di e si y do no emain in he ne wo k.
The empi ical e idence o case wo shows ha he ecogni ion o he alue o
being pa o he ecosys em is undamen al o he p e alence o he ac o s; o his
eason, he co-c ea ion o alue among he ac o s is closely ela ed o he ecosys em
ma u i y. The s a egic managemen li e a u e has documen ed a ension be ween
alue c ea ion, gene a ed a he ecosys em le el, and alue cap u e, which akes
place mainly a he o ganiza ional le el (Oskam e al. 2020). The e o e, his is one
o he challenges ha equi es conside ing he di e ences be ween he objec i es
and in e es s o he di e en ypes o s akeholde s, o gene a e s a egies ha enable
clea communica ion o bene i s.
Gi en ha he li e a u e epo s ha o he c ea ion o collabo a i e ne wo ks, he
ac o s mus sha e he belie ha oge he wi hin he ne wo k hey can achie e objec-
i es ha would no be possible indi idually (Rabelo e al. 2015); e ec i e commu-
nica ion s a egies mus be implemen ed o help con ey speci ically he impac ha
collabo a ion has o he achie emen o he objec i es se by he o ganiza ions.
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 19 o 23 53
In addi ion, policies play a c ucial ole in acili a ing he gene a ion o alue ne -
wo ks, since his esea ch add esses he case o an in e na ional en ep eneu ship
pla o m i is necessa y o emphasize ha exis ing local policies mus be aligned
wi h global ends, so inno a ion policies mus boos local knowledge wi hou losing
sigh o in e na ional in e ac ions (Sa u and Vesa 2018).
The hi d case s udy exhibi s he lowes expansion a e du ing i s pa icipa ion
in he inno a ion ecosys em. I s dec ease in ma u i y is linked o he g ea di -
icul y i p esen s in he low o in o ma ion and esou ces wi hin he ne wo k. In
addi ion, as p e iously men ioned, an inconsis en imp o emen in he di e si y
o s akeholde s in his ne wo k is obse ed, a c ucial aspec o op imizing he
low o esou ces.
The esul s sugges ha he cha ac e is ics o he inno a ion ecosys em in lu-
ence he ma u i y o social capi al ne wo ks a ound business models, as he ac i -
i ies wi hin he ecosys em cons i u e he con ex in which ela ionships be ween
o ganiza ions a e es ablished. This dynamic is e iden in he analysis o he hi d
case, whe e i is obse ed ha he social capi al ne wo k shows less de elop-
men and aces mo e signi ican di icul ies in expanding. This phenomenon could
be ela ed o he le el o digi aliza ion o he business model since links o his
na u e a e mo e easily de eloped wi hin he IELSM pla o m, which is a digi-
al pla o m. This inding aligns wi h he link es ablished by Sussan and Zol an
(2017) be ween he le el o digi iza ion and he ecosys em’s capaci y o p omo e
en ep eneu ship, so s a egies ocused on p omo ing he digi aliza ion o o gani-
za ions belonging o he ecosys em can also enhance ma u i y.
The indings sugges ha he ma u i y o inno a ion ecosys ems is closely
linked o coope a ion be ween di e en sec o s. This unde lines he complemen-
a i y o he inno a ion ecosys em heo y app oach wi h he iple helix heo y
(Leydesdo and E zkowi z 2018) and subsequen models ha explo e collabo a-
ion be ween di e en sec o s. As illus a ed in he h ee case s udies, es ablishing
ecip ocal linkages emains he p incipal challenge, especially be ween o ganiza-
ions om di e en sec o s.
5.1 P ac ical implica ions
This s udy’s p ac ical implica ions ocus on managing social capi al in he design
o inno a ion ecosys ems. The au ho s ecommend analyzing he social capi al
ne wo k’s de elopmen and ma u i y. This will enable he iden i ica ion o spe-
ci ic a eas o oppo uni y and he gene a ion o speci ic s a egies.
Fo e ec i e social capi al managemen , his a icle’s indings can be comple-
men ed by hose p oposed by Reingen and Bu (1994). By conside ing he posi-
ion o he ac o s wi hin he ne wo k, i is possible o iden i y he o ganiza ions
gene a ing highe -quali y ela ionships and in ol e hem in s a egies o imp o e
he low o in o ma ion and esou ces wi hin he ne wo k.
In gene al, he s uc u al cha ac e is ics ha ha e he mos signi ican impac
on enhancing he ma u i y o he ne wo k a e ecosys em connec i i y and
I.I.Reyes Bau is a e al.
53 Page 20 o 23
s akeholde di e si y. Based on he co ela ional analysis, he s a egies ocused
on imp o ing ecosys em connec i i y and ecip oci y imply implemen ing s a e-
gies o p omo e c oss-sec o al coope a ion. They also equi e speci ic ac ions o
gua an ee he p e alence o s akeholde di e si y in he ne wo k. On he o he
hand, s a egies ocused on inc easing he di e si y o s akeholde s wi hin he
ne wo k ha e he bene i o dec easing he di icul y in he low o esou ces,
which allows inno a ion ecosys em manage s o ocus hei e o s on implemen -
ing measu es o inc ease ecosys em connec i i y o any o he oppo uni y a ea.
5.2 Concluding ema ks
Based on he abo e, inno a ion ecosys em managemen needs o ocus on he
de ailed s udy o he pa icula social capi al ne wo k o be add essed. The e o e,
a key a ea o imp o emen lies in de eloping new me hods o analyze mo e com-
plex ne wo ks ha acili a e a ho ough unde s anding o he dynamics in ol ed.
S a egies canno be uni e sal; i is impe a i e o design hem while conside ing he
e olu ion o he ne wo k, unde s anding i s s uc u e, and accu a ely iden i ying he
di icul ies hinde ing i s ma u i y. In his sense, he beha io o ne wo ks obse ed
h ough a plu ali y o ac o s coming om di e en cul u es o inno a ion and en e-
p eneu ship ea i ms, on he one hand, he complexi y o he managemen o in e -
na ional ecosys ems and, second, allows us o obse e he beha io o he selec ed
ca ego ies o analysis in a con ex ma ked by digi iza ion. E en when he ac o s only
know each o he digi ally, mo i a ion and us a e ac i a ed o explo e coope a-
ion and esou ce sha ing. These ne wo ks a e no es ic ed by sec o o company
size bu a he by an a i ude owa d po en ial collabo a ion in which he ac o s can
exchange esou ces ha will allow hem o emain and g ow in he ma ke .
5.3 Limi a ions anddi ec ions o u u e esea ch
No ably, he s udy’s scope and gene alizabili y a e limi ed by he cha ac e is ics o
he selec ed inno a ion ecosys em and he numbe o ne wo ks analyzed. The e o e,
i is essen ial o include new case s udies o ecosys ems based on digi al ne wo ks
o deepen he consolida ion p ocesses o social capi al ne wo ks wi hin inno a ion
ecosys ems.
I is also impo an o no e ha he ne wo ks analyzed a e de eloping unde he
ma ke p essu e obse ed a e he pandemic, in which in e ac ion almos ine i ably
occu s h ough digi al media. One o he s eng hs o ne wo k analysis is ha i s
indings can be used o de elop an accu a e ans e o knowledge and esou ces
be ween o ganiza ions. Howe e , i is necessa y o del e deepe in o he mo i a ions
ha d i e ne wo k in e ac ions.
A p omising u u e esea ch di ec ion is explo ing he complemen a i y o empi -
ical s udies using compu a ional ools ha allow in-dep h analysis and mo e accu a e
modeling o inno a ion ecosys em consolida ion p ocesses.
Managing social capi al ne wo ks indigi al in e na ional… Page 21 o 23 53
Ano he oppo uni y o u he esea ch is o analyze o wha ex en
coun ies’in insic cul u al aspec s and he cha ac e is ics o inno a ion cul u e
could in luence he dynamics o he c ea ion and de elopmen o he selec ed ne -
wo ks. These a e p ecisely some aspec s o ecosys em analysis ha ha e ye o be
s udied.
Funding Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek DEAL. We g a e ully acknowledge he
inancial suppo ecei ed om he DAAD h ough i s esea ch g an unding numbe 57681230.
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Publishe ’s No e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and
ins i u ional a ilia ions.
Au ho s and A ilia ions
IlseI e eReyesBau is a1 · LuisRod igoValenciaPé ez1 ·
Ra aelPalaciosBus aman e2
* Ra ael Palacios Bus aman e
a [email p o ec ed]
Ilse I e e Reyes Bau is a
i e e. e[email p o ec ed]
Luis Rod igo Valencia Pé ez
[email p o ec ed]
1 Au onomous Uni e si y o Que é a o, San iagodeQue é a o, México
2 Business andLaw School Be lin, Be lin, Ge many
