Zhang, Ren-Jie; Tai, Hsing-Wei; Cao, Zheng-Xu; Wei, Chia-Chen; Cheng, Kuo-Tai
A icle
G een inno a ion ecosys em e olu ion: Di usion o
posi i e g een inno a ion game s a egies on complex
ne wo ks
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Zhang, Ren-Jie; Tai, Hsing-Wei; Cao, Zheng-Xu; Wei, Chia-Chen; Cheng, Kuo-
Tai (2024) : G een inno a ion ecosys em e olu ion: Di usion o posi i e g een inno a ion game
s a egies on complex ne wo ks, Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge (JIK), ISSN 2444-569X, Else ie ,
Ams e dam, Vol. 9, Iss. 3, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100500
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G een inno a ion ecosys em e olu ion: Di usion o posi i e g een
inno a ion game s a egies on complex ne wo ks
Ren-Jie Zhang
a
, Hsing-Wei Tai
b,c,
*, Zheng-Xu Cao
d
, Chia-Chen Wei
e
, Kuo-Tai Cheng
a
Wei ang Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Wei ang, 262700, China
b
P o esso , School o Ci il and A chi ec u al Enginee ing, Wei ang Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Wei ang, 262700, China
c
P o esso , Depa men o Enginee ing and Managemen , In e na ional College K i k Uni e si y, Bangkok 10220 Thailand
d
Managemen college, Ocean Uni e si y o China, Qingdao 266100, China
e
Associa e P o esso , Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Ping ung Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Ping ung 912301, Taiwan
P o esso , Depa men o En i onmen al and Cul u al Resou ces, Na ional Tsing Hua Uni e si y, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
ARTICLE INFO
A icle His o y:
Recei ed 25 Oc obe 2022
Accep ed 9 May 2024
A ailable online 27 May 2024
ABSTRACT
The essence o he e olu ion o he g een inno a ion ecosys em is he p ocess by which he posi i e s a egy
o g een inno a ion sp eads in a complex ne wo k. In his s udy, he "Objec -Technology-En i onmen -Man-
agemen -Cul u e (OETMC)" s uc u e pa adigm o inno a ion ecosys ems is p esen ed, and a causal analysis
amewo k o g een inno a ion ecosys em e olu ion based on g een inno a ion beha io s a egy, suppo ed
by g een inno a ion e ficiency and ocused on g een inno a ion ecosys ems is de eloped. Based on his
amewo k, he s uc u e o he g een inno a ion ecosys em and he di usion p ocess o posi i e g een inno-
a ion in he ne wo k a e discussed. The esul s e eal he ollowing. (1) The complexi y o he g een inno a-
ion ecological ne wo k has isibly imp o ed, bu nume ous blank connec ions emain. These a e he key
cons ain s ha hinde s uc u al e olu ion. (2) The appea ance o a la ge numbe o long- ange connec ions
weakens he cons ain o geog aphical dis ance bu also hinde s edge nodes om joining he ne wo k. (3)
The exis ence o p e e ence a achmen and powe law dis ibu ion o he g een inno a ion ecological ne -
wo k leads o he incomple e con e gence o posi i e g een inno a ion s a egy a any ini ial s a egy a io.
(4) De aul cos and pollu ion ax a e ensu e he en husiasm o g een inno a ion ac o s o seek inno a ion
coope a ion by inc easing oppo uni y cos s, hus accele a ing he o ma ion and econs uc ion o he g een
inno a ion ecological ne wo k. These conclusions p o ide a decision-making e e ence o go e nmen s o
encou age g een inno a ion subjec s o o mula e a ge ed policies.
© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Keywo ds:
Inno a i e ecosys em
G een inno a ion
Complex ne wo k
E olu iona y game
Tempo al and spa ial dis ibu ion pa e n
JEL classifica ion:
O31
O35
Q55
Q56
In oduc ion
G een inno a ion p o ides a easible scheme o educing he neg-
a i e ex e nali ies esul ing om adi ional economic g ow h and
he addi ional cos s o en i onmen al pollu ion and has become an
impo an means o coun ies wo ldwide o pu sue sus ainable
de elopmen (Zhang e al., 2023;Sa o ic e al., 2024). G een inno a-
ion, also known as ecological inno a ion, en i onmen al inno a ion,
and sus ainable inno a ion, expands and supplemen s he concep o
inno a ion adding he influence o economic, social, ecological, and
o he ac o s, and has iche heo e ical conno a ions and p ac ical
significance (Fan e al., 2022;Zhao e al., 2021). In essence, i is an
inno a i e ac i i y aimed a educing pollu ion ou pu s o p oduc ion
p ocesses and enhancing he ecological en i onmen ’s ca ying
capaci y and sus ainabili y. These goals embody he o ganic in eg a-
ion o social alue, economic alue, humanis ic alue, and echnical
alue (Huang e al., 2022). G een inno a ion has become a key mea-
su e o how de eloping coun ies deal wi h in e na ional sus ainable
go e nance ends such as ca bon axes on ade and ca bon ading.
How o build and imp o e a g een inno a ion sys em and lead in
gaining co e echnological ad an ages in global sus ainable de elop-
men go e nance has also become a ocus o a en ion a ound he
wo ld (Zhang e al., 2022a).
The wide applica ion o nex -gene a ion in o ma ion echnologies
such as 5 G and AI in a ious fields no only p o ides s ong suppo
o he ans o ma ion o he g een inno a ion pa adigm bu also
in ensifies he eshaping o in e na ional g een echnology compe i-
ion pa e ns. As he la ges de eloping coun y, China aces g ea e
challenges in g een inno a ion (Zhang e al., 2022b;Xu e al., 2021).
On he one hand, he spa ial imbalance o he alloca ion o inno a i e
* Co esponding au ho a : School o Ci il and A chi ec u al Enginee ing, Wei ang
Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Wei ang, 262700, China.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (H.-W. Tai).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100500
2444-569X/© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie España, S.L.U. on behal o Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
Jou nal o Inno a ion
&Knowledge
h ps://www.jou nals.else ie .com/jou nal-o -inno a ion-and-knowledge
elemen s leads o significan gaps be ween egions. Compa ed wi h
China’s eas e n coas al a eas, he cen al and wes e n egions ha e
weake inno a ion ounda ions and insu ficien supplies o inno a-
i e elemen s, which esul s in hem being ma ginal egions in he
o e all g een inno a ion spa ial layou (Han e al., 2022;Ye e al.,
2020;Zhang e al., 2022a); On he o he hand, China has ye o o m
a comple e g een inno a ion sys em. Al hough he inno a ion
agglome a ion mode wi h p o incial capi al ci ies (o cen al ci ies)
as he co e plays a i al ole in imp o ing he e ficiency o coope a i e
inno a ion, some p oblems emain, such as inaccu a e policies, weak
ini ia i es ela ed o inno a ion subjec s, and an impe ec inno a ion
en i onmen (Han e al., 2024). Ta ge ing hese p oblems, how o
p omo e he ans o ma ion o China’s linea g een inno a ion o
nonlinea , om inno a ion o ganiza ion o inno a ion ne wo k, and
om inno a ion clus e o inno a ion ecosys em has become
una oidable and ealis ic p oblems wi hin he cu en in e na ional
compe i ion o g een echnology inno a ion (Jin e al., 2024).
A simila concep o inno a ion ecosys ems can be aced o he
comme cial ecosys em desc ibed by James Mo e in 1993, which was
fi s o mally p esen ed in he esea ch epo o he Ame ican Com-
pe i i eness Council in 2004. I was no un il 2013, when he Eu o-
pean Union p oposed he "Inno a ion 3.000 pa adigm, wi h he
inno a ion ecosys em a i s co e, ha his concep gained widesp ead
a en ion in all social sec o s (Lian e al., 2022). Wi h inc eased
esea ch, he defini ion o an inno a ion ecosys em has ended o
di e si y. I is gene ally belie ed ha he inno a ion ecosys em is a
ne wo k s uc u e o med by a se ies o s akeholde s pa icipa ing in
alue-c ea ion ac i i ies a ound co e en e p ises. The e is a s ong
echnical dependence among s akeholde s, and hey can cap u e,
in eg a e, inno a e, di use, and inc ease he alue o complemen a y
knowledge wi h and among o he s akeholde s by exe ing hei
unique ad an ages. This defini ion emphasizes he ela ionship
be ween inno a ion subjec s bu igno es he guiding ole o he
ex e nal en i onmen in he o ma ion and e olu ion o inno a ion
ecosys ems. (Li e al., 2022a,2022b).The e o e, inno a ion ecosys-
ems a e also desc ibed as a unc ional complex wi h a specific scale
and s uc u e o med by he in e dependence o inno a ion subjec s
and en i onmen s h ough knowledge, echnology, cul u e, e c.,
wi hin a ce ain ime and space, o as an indus ial clus e "inno a-
ion habi a " wi h di e sified coope a ion and unified ac ion s and-
a ds (Zhou e al., 2022). Fu he mo e, om he pe spec i e o
composi ion and sys em s uc u e, he inno a ion ecosys em is also
an o ganiza ional communi y ha includes se e al laye s, including
co e, ex ension, ou e , and de i a i e laye s. Each laye is connec ed
by he alue chain, indus ial chain, knowledge chain, and us ela-
ionship, which o m an in e nal mechanism o p omo e he e olu-
ion o an inno a ion ecosys em (Liu & Liang, 2024). Simila o
na u al ecosys ems, he d i ing o ce o sel -o ganiza ion e olu ion
in inno a ion ecosys ems p ima ily comes om he in e ac ion and
ans o ma ion o in o ma ion, knowledge, and esou ces among
in e nal popula ions and he ex e nal en i onmen (I an e al., 2022;
Bohn & Rogge, 2022;Abid e al., 2022). Thus, he s a egic selec ion o
an inno a i e popula ion in esponse o ex e nal en i onmen al
changes is a di ec inducemen o he e olu ion o inno a ion eco-
sys ems. This is because he nonlinea e ec o an inno a ion ecosys-
em will lead o some s a egic beha io o he inno a ion subjec no
being locally limi ed, bu sp eading o o he species o popula ions
unp edic ably. Addi ionally, he e olu iona y di ec ion o inno a ion
ecosys ems will be de e mined by he law o na u al selec ion.
In summa y, p io esea ch has p ima ily ocused on examining
he concep s o disc imina ion, s uc u al cha ac e is ics, and e olu-
iona y mechanisms o inno a ion ecosys ems, which ha e ce ain
supplemen a y e ec s on en iching and pe ec ing he heo y o
inno a ion ecosys ems. Howe e , he e he ollowing p oblems s ill
dese e u he conside a ion.
(1) The decons uc ion o he inno a ion ecosys em om a comp e-
hensi e pe spec i e. P e iously, e olu iona y economic geog a-
phy was used o explain he s uc u al composi ion, communi y
cha ac e is ics, and e olu iona y ends o inno a ion ecosys ems.
Al hough e ec i e, his is insu ficien o ully explain he ecologi-
cal and sys ema ic cha ac e is ics o inno a ion ecosys ems.
(2) Inno a e he complexi y o ecological ne wo k opology. Inno a-
ion ecological ne wo ks play key oles in p omo ing he o ma-
ion and e olu ion o inno a ion ecosys ems. Thei s uc u al
complexi y eflec s he flow s a e o elemen s among inno a ion
subjec s and also p o ides a sea ch pa h o he di usion o game
s a egies among inno a ion subjec s. Ne e heless, he mo pho-
logical e olu ion and s uc u al cha ac e is ics o inno a ion eco-
logical ne wo ks s ill ha e a ac ed insu ficien a en ion.
(3) The essen ial law and unde lying logic o inno a ion ecosys em
e olu ion, a logical popula ion g ow h model, and a Lo ka-Vol-
e a compe i ion analysis model a e o en used o examine in e -
ac ions be ween inno a ion g oups and o explain he
e olu iona y choices o inno a ion ecosys ems, bu hese me hods
canno explain s a egic choice mechanisms o inno a ion sub-
jec s and hei influence on he whole ecosys em (Zhou e al.,
2022;Zhang e al., 2022a).
The e olu ion law o he inno a ion ecosys em discussed in his
s udy is based on he s a egic choice o he inno a ion subjec . Com-
pa ed wi h p io s udies, he main con ibu ions o his s udy a e as
ollows.
(1) I explains he cha ac e is ics and o ma ion mechanism o a
g een inno a ion ecosys em om he comp ehensi e pe spec-
i es o ecology, inno a ion, and sys em, and a emp s o summa-
ize he basic pa adigm s uc u e o an inno a ion ecosys em
based on compa ing di e en ypes o g een inno a ion ecosys-
ems wi h di e en spa ial scales o p o ide heo e ical suppo
o he discussion o ope a ion mechanisms.
(2) I uses ci ies as he basic communi ies in inno a i e ecosys ems o
cons uc a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k based on he e fi-
ciency o u ban g een inno a ion, examines he mo phological
e olu ion and s uc u al cha ac e is ics o he inno a ion ecologi-
cal ne wo k in geog aphical space, and iden ifies he di e sified
ecological ne wo k s uc u e o med locally by he inno a ion
communi y.
(3) I es ablishes a causal analysis amewo k o g een inno a ion
ecosys em e olu ion based on he beha io o g een inno a ion
agen s, suppo ed by g een inno a ion e ficiency, and ocused on
g een inno a ion ecological ne wo ks. Based on his amewo k,
he complex ne wo k e olu ion game model is used o simula e
he di usion mechanism o a g een inno a ion agen s a egy
wi hin an ecological ne wo k and i s sensi i i y o ex e nal ac-
o s.
The ma ginal con ibu ions o his s udy lie in p esen ing a causal
analysis amewo k ha spans mic o ( he p ima y s a egy o g een
inno a ion) o mac o (inno a ion ecological ne wo k), expounding
he unde lying logical law o he e olu ion o g een inno a ion eco-
sys em, and conside ing he influence o geog aphic space on he
e olu ion and s a egic di usion o inno a ion ecological ne wo ks.
This p esen s a new esea ch pa adigm o ela ed esea ch which
no only highligh s he ecological and sys ema ic na u e o g een
inno a ion ac i i ies, bu is also gene alizable o o he coun ies o
egions, and can p o ide a decision-making e e ence o p omo ing
he cons uc ion o a g een inno a ion ecosys em.
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
2
Mechanisms and cha ac e is ics o g een ecosys em o ma ion
Pa adigm s uc u e o g een inno a ion ecosys em
Acco ding o a ious esea ch scales, inno a ion ecosys ems can
be di ided in o fi e le els: indus ial inno a ion ecosys ems, u ban
inno a ion ecosys ems, egional inno a ion ecosys ems, na ional
inno a ion ecosys ems, and global inno a ion ecosys ems (Yang e
al., 2022;Xu e al., 2022;Ramkuma e al., 2022). Despi e he concep
o en e p ise inno a ion ecosys ems p esen ed in some s udies, we
belie e ha en e p ise inno a ion ac i i ies do no mee he basic
cha ac e is ics o inno a ion ecosys ems. On he one hand, i is usu-
ally di ficul o en e p ises o possess all he esou ces necessa y o
inno a ion ac i i ies, which equi es coope a ion wi h o he inno a-
ion subjec s and access o hei supe io esou ces. Addi ionally, he
inno a ion ecosys em should ha e all he elemen s ha can mee he
inno a ion needs o in e nal communi ies. On he o he hand, he
in e nal ela ionship o an en e p ise is simple, i canno o m s an-
da dized indus ial echnical s anda ds, and he deg ee o ex e nal
influence is a g ea e han he deg ee o ans o ma ion o he
ex e nal en i onmen ; hus, i lacks ecological cha ac e is ics. The
inno a ion ac i i ies o en e p ises belong o an inno a ion sys em,
no an inno a ion ecosys em. The e o e, i is necessa y o discuss he
basic s uc u e o inno a ion ecosys ems using di e en esea ch
scales. Inno a i ely, we summa ize he pa adigm s uc u e o an
inno a i e ecosys em, which includes objec s, en i onmen , echnol-
ogy, managemen , and cul u e ( he OETMC pa adigm).
Go e nmen s, en e p ises, uni e si ies, esea ch ins i u es, finan-
cial ins i u ions, in e media ies, and use s a e he mos ac i e ele-
men s in inno a ion ecosys ems. The en e p ise is a key pa di ec ly
in ol ed in g een inno a ion ac i i ies and is also an impo an ca -
ie in p omo ing he ma ke iza ion and indus ializa ion o g een
inno a ion achie emen s. I s ad an age is i s high sensi i i y o ma -
ke demand. Rich R&D in es men p o ides mo e ial and e o cos s
o he en e p ise’s g een inno a ion ac i i ies and also p o ides
gua an ees o imp o ing he e ficiency o g een inno a ion and
sho ening he inno a ion cycle (Pushapanan han & Elmquis , 2022;
Nylund e al., 2021). Uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u es a e p ima ily
esponsible o explo ing he on ie o g een inno a ion echnology
and knowledge, and p omo ing i while p o iding co esponding al-
en suppo o g een inno a ion ac i i ies. As he "adhesi e" o
ensu e he coo dina ed and e ficien ope a ion o all inno a ion sub-
jec s, he go e nmen in ends o de elop incen i es such as educing
he isks associa ed wi h g een inno a ion, building an inno a ion
pla o m o p o ide a ha monious inno a ion en i onmen o inno-
a o s, and guiding o cul i a ing he independen inno a ion abili y
o pa icipan s h ough managemen sys em inno a ion. Thus, he
go e nmen can also be conside ed among he di ec pa icipan s in
g een inno a ion. Financial ins i u ions und R&D o inno a i e sub-
jec s and g een finance and inno a ion subsidies lowe he isk o
g een inno a ion, inc easing pa icipa ion and en husiasm in inno a-
i e g een inno a ion subjec s (Wu e al., 2022). In e media y se ice
o ganiza ions include public o ganiza ions and p o essional o ganiza-
ions. The o me p ima ily p o ides consul a ion, legal p o ec ion,
and echnology ading se ices o inno a ion ac o s, while he la e
is composed o clus e s ha p o ide p o essional suppo se ices
such as indus ial alliances and ade associa ions. Use s a e bo h he
sou ce o g een inno a ion demand and he use s o g een inno a ion
p oduc s o se ices. Thei g een demand and in o ma ion eedback
somewha guide he esea ch and de elopmen di ec ion o inno a-
ion.
The ma ke , echnical, ins i u ional, financial, and ecological en i-
onmen s all p o ide ca ie suppo o g een inno a ion ac i i ies.
The ma ke en i onmen eflec s he needs o cu en use s and niche
ma ke space and can p o ide esea ch and de elopmen di ec ion
o g een inno a ion subjec s. Technology en i onmen s can help
inno a ion subjec s quickly loca e hei echnology niche wi hin a
g een inno a ion ecosys em and o mula e app op ia e inno a ion
s a egies based on he s a e o hei own echnology (Min e al.,
2020;Melande & A idsson, 2022). Ins i u ional and financial en i-
onmen s a e usually he ocus o a se ies o measu es aken by he
go e nmen o p omo e g een inno a ion. Fo small and medium-
sized en e p ises o s a -ups, hey can quickly imp o e hei inno a-
ion capabili y and educe inno a ion isks and cos s. The na u al
en i onmen is he undamen al sou ce o a ious elemen s in g een
inno a ion ac i i ies and is also he basic space whe e he g een inno-
a ion ecosys em is loca ed.
Technology is he ini ial d i ing o ce o he o ma ion o he ela-
ionship be ween inno a ion subjec s. The di e si y o g een echnol-
ogy s ock, s anda diza ion o g een echnology no ms, and ading
olume o he g een echnology ma ke eflec he ac i i y o he
g een inno a ion ecosys em. In his ecosys em, managemen is ep-
esen ed by he e onomy managemen and sel -o ganiza ion manage-
men . He e onomy managemen e e s o he mac o-con ol
mechanism wi h he go e nmen as i s co e and is he ex e nal ac o
ha de e mines he e olu iona y di ec ion o he g een inno a ion
ecosys em. Sel -o ganiza ion e e s o he sys em e olu ion mecha-
nism o med by a long- e m s a egy game wi h he ela ionships
among inno a ion subjec s as he main line. This includes he in e nal
ac o s ha a ec he e olu iona y di ec ion o a g een inno a ion
ecosys em (Wang e al., 2022a;Liu e al., 2021). The cul u e is p ima -
ily eflec ed in ha he main body o g een inno a ion has he same
o simila alue o ien a ion. Addi ionally, eligious belie s, beha io al
habi s, aes he ic concep s, and co po a e cul u es will also a ec he
o ma ion o a g een inno a ion ecosys em.
Wi h he guidance o he OETMC pa adigm and conside ing he
ollowing ad an ages, we chose o in es iga e he cha ac e is ics and
e olu iona y mechanisms o g een inno a ion ecosys ems a he ci y
scale. (1) As an independen and comple e adminis a i e uni , a
ci y’s in e nal elemen s should be based on he o e all ci y’s goals
ega ding s a egic planning and scheme implemen a ion. Addi ion-
ally, (2) a ci y con ains all he elemen s o he OTEMC pa adigm and
can be ega ded as a communi y o subsys em in he inno a ion eco-
sys em. Fu he mo e, (3) he u ban g een inno a ion ecosys em no
only includes he mic o-scale indus ial g een inno a ion ecosys em
bu also belongs o he egional g een inno a ion ecosys em as a
g een inno a ion communi y. The e o e, he ci y scale will become a
b idge o ealize he uni y o opposi es om mic o (s a egic choice)
o mac o (sys em e olu ion).
Fo ma ion mechanism o he g een inno a ion ecosys em
As desc ibed ea lie , he e olu ion o a g een inno a ion ecosys-
em is he esul o he s a egic game be ween g een inno a ion sub-
jec s elying on he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k. He e, we
p esen a causal analysis amewo k om mic o o mac o o explain
his pe spec i e (Fig. 1).
Resea ch ins i u es, uni e si ies, and inno a i e en e p ises ha e
become he backbone o g een inno a ion. Al hough hey di e
g ea ly in o ganiza ional s uc u es, echnology p e e ences, and
managemen sys ems, hey a e e y complemen a y in esou ce
endowmen , knowledge s uc u e, and pla o m ca ie , which makes
hei deep coupling cons i u e he co e kine ic ene gy o g een inno-
a ion (Zhang e al., 2021;Li e al., 2022c). The inno a ion subjec
in es s in g een inno a ion elemen s such as human esou ces, in a-
s uc u e, and R&D unding, and p oduces academic pape s, echnical
pa en s, and new heo e ical knowledge h ough coope a ion o
compe i ion wi h o he s. The ela i e alue o inpu and ou pu
eflec s he g een inno a ion pe o mance o he pa icipan s. The e-
o e, he inpu and ou pu o all inno a ion subjec s eflec he com-
p ehensi e le el o u ban g een inno a ion— ha is, he e ficiency o
g een inno a ion. Howe e , he spa ial dis ibu ion o u ban g een
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
3
inno a ion e ficiency is usually unbalanced. The combined ac ions o
he spillo e e ec and he siphon e ec esul in he o ma ion o a
hie a chical nes ed spa ial pa e n wi h adminis a i e di isions as
he bounda y which e ol es in o di e se agglome a ion a eas (Li e
al., 2022d; Sa o ic e al., 2024). The elemen s o g een inno a ion in
he su ounding a eas o he agglome a ion ely on alue, indus ial,
inno a ion, and elemen chains o flow o high-e ficiency a eas, hus
p omo ing he o ma ion o a g een inno a ion ecological chain
among ci ies, and o ming a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k
wi h complex s uc u e and di e se o ms in ce ain a eas (Li & Sun,
2021;Fang e al., 2022).
A g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k is an abs ac exp ession o
he in e nal ela ionships wi hin a g een inno a ion ecosys em. I
p o ides a sea ch pa h o inno a ion subjec s o choose game objec s
and also p o ides ca ie suppo o he s a egy di usion o g een
inno a ion subjec s (Jin e al., 2022;Ja anma di, 2022). The e o e, we
will u ilize he mo phological cha ac e is ics and s uc u al complex-
i y o a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k as he undamen al
s a ing poin o examine he e olu ion o a g een inno a ion ecologi-
cal sys em (Jin e al., 2024). The e olu ion o g een inno a ion ecosys-
ems is p ima ily eflec ed in ou aspec s: sys em s uc u e,
subsys em beha io , sys em s a e, and en i onmen al adap abili y.
The pu pose o i s e olu ion is o imp o e he g een inno a ion abil-
i y o inno a ion subjec s and g adually cla i y hei niche wi hin he
en i e sys em. Especially o new en e p ises, his can help hem
quickly de elop a ious esou ces and accele a e hei embedding
in o he en i e ecosys em. The e o e, sys em e olu ion is he p ocess
o di e en ia ion and op imiza ion in he g een inno a ion ecosys-
em.
Mul idimensional mapping o he g een inno a ion ecosys em
E olu iona y economic geog aphy heo y has di ficul y e ec i ely
explaining he complexi y o he g een inno a ion ecosys em. This
mo i a es us o y o analyze he mapping cha ac e is ics o he
g een inno a ion ecosys em om he comp ehensi e pe spec i es o
inno a ion, sys ema ics, and ecology (Fig.2). Fig. 2 shows he s uc-
u al mapping and ea u e mapping o he g een inno a ion ecosys-
em in di e en dimensions. S uc u al mapping explains he g een
inno a ion ecosys em acco ding o he OTEMC s uc u al pa adigm
and hus ob ains i s inno a ion iew as an inno a ion ne wo k com-
posed o he alue chain, ac o chain, and indus ial chain. Simila ly,
he sys em iew p esen s a loose subjec - ela ionship ne wo k wi h
cha ac e is ics including he socialized di ision o labo , and an
Fig. 1. Causal analysis amewo k o g een inno a ion ecosys em e olu ion.
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
4
ecological iew, and e eals an ecological ne wo k o med by he
in e ac ion o he compe i ion and coope a ion chains. The e o e, we
belie e ha he g een inno a ion ecosys em can be unde s ood as a
composi e ne wo k o med by he supe posi ion and coupling o he
inno a ion ne wo k, he subjec - ela ionship ne wo k, and he eco-
logical ne wo k, which is he key ca ie o he ope a ion and e olu-
ion o he inno a ion ecosys em. Fea u e mapping no only sums up
all ypes o mapping ne wo k ea u es bu also includes new ea u es
eme ging om he in e ac ion be ween ne wo ks, as shown in Fig. 2.
In he con ex o inno a ion, g een inno a ion ac i i ies a e p ofi -
o ien ed, and o main ain hei co e compe i i eness, en e p ises will
gi e p io i y o g een echnology de elopmen and g een p oduc
p oduc ion, and ob ain su plus p ofi s in niche ma ke s (Yao e al.,
2020;Fa ooq e al., 2024). Due o he cons ain s o en e p ise scale
and supe io esou ces, a linea coope a ion model has been o med
among en e p ises and has e ol ed in o a g een inno a ion coope a-
ion ne wo k wi h co e en e p ises o ming he mains ay and supple-
men ed by non-co e en e p ises. Resea ch ins i u ions ocus on
na ional s a egic needs and key unding p ojec s o conduc s a egic
in eg a ed inno a ion and ocus mo e on imp o ing o iginal inno a-
ion abili y and on ie heo y b eak h oughs. Uni e si ies se e as
g een inno a ion knowledge ansmi e s while also p oducing ele-
men s o g een inno a i e alen (Wang e al., 2022a).
F om a sys ema ic pe spec i e, he g een inno a ion ecosys em is
a subsys em embedded in he economic-social-ecological sys em and
has a ypical dissipa i e s uc u e (Yang e al., 2021). Tha is, he
g een inno a ion ecosys em mus con inuously inpu ou side ma e i-
als and ene gy o ensu e no mal sys em ope a ions. I inpu s cease,
he sys em will no longe exis . This ea u e eflec s he dynamic and
s able na u e o he g een inno a ion ecosys em. Fu he mo e, i also
mee s he cha ac e is ics o syne gy, hie a chy, and nonlinea i y.
Howe e , we belie e ha he eme gen p ope ies o he g een inno-
a ion ecosys em a e he mos no ewo hy, as hey desc ibe cha ac-
e is ics ha indi idual elemen s o he ecosys em lack. Gene ally,
he s uc u e o a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k is conside ed
he eme gence o he complexi y o a g een inno a ion ecosys em
and eflec s he sum o complex ela ionships among g een inno a-
ion subjec s (Xu e al., 2018;Wang & Yang, 2022b).
Ecological ea u es a e impo an dis inc ions be ween he g een
inno a ion sys em and he g een inno a ion ecosys em. The ecology
o he g een inno a ion ecosys em is p ima ily eflec ed in he close
coope a ion and well-defined compe i ion and coope a ion ela ion-
ships among inno a ion subjec s, which a e win-win and can be
adap i ely adjus ed acco ding o ex e nal en i onmen changes o
main ain he sys em’s s abili y. F om he ecological pe spec i e, a i-
ous ypes o g een inno a ion subjec s ep esen species in he eco-
sys em, and each g een inno a ion species is in specific echnical,
social, and economic niches. I s coope a ion scope wi h o he g een
inno a ion subjec s cons i u es he niche space o his species. All he
inno a i e species and inno a i e en i onmen s in a gi en space-
ime ange cons i u e an inno a i e communi y ( he u ban commu-
ni y is he esea ch objec in his s udy), and he inno a i e commu-
ni y belongs o a la ge g een inno a ion ecosys em (Lian e al.,
2022).
The inno a ion ecosys em also ollows he e olu iona y law o
"na u al selec ion." I s gene ic mechanism is eflec ed in he g een
inno a ion subjec ’s imi a ion beha io . Fo he inno a ion subjec ,
his can di ec ly ob ain he exis ing inno a ion esul s h ough
Fig. 2. Mul idimensional mapping model o g een inno a ion ecosys em.
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
5
"gene ic ac o s." Gene ic ac o s include a ma u e g een inno a ion
managemen sys em, g een inno a ion echnology, heo e ical
knowledge, e c., which s ongly suppo he p omo ion o g een
inno a ion abili y in new inno a i e subjec s. Howe e , o main ain
he co e compe i i eness o i s own p oduc s o se ices, he imi a ed
inno a ion subjec will launch new inno a ions in combina ion wi h
ma ke demand, ha is, he a ia ion mechanism o g een inno a ion
(Wang e al., 2021;Wal a e e al., 2018). Ne e heless, no all g een
inno a ion achie emen s can adap o changing inno a ion en i on-
men s and he selec ion mechanism o he g een inno a ion ecosys-
em will elimina e ine ec i e inno a ions.
Combined wi h he abo e analysis, we define he concep o a
"g een inno a ion ecosys em" as occu ing wi hin a ce ain ime and
space and whe e all ypes o inno a ion ac o s bo h compe e and
coope a e o de elop, p oduce, o p o ide a e -sales g een echnolo-
gies, g een p oduc s, o se ices, and o m complex ne wo k ela ion-
ships h ough s a egic games. The g een inno a ion ecosys em is an
ecological, sys ema ic, sel -o ganizing, and adap i e g een inno a ion
unc ion complex based on his complex ne wo k ela ionship.
Me hods and ma e ials
Cons uc ion o he g een inno a i e ecological ne wo k
The g een inno a ion ne wo k, which is based on a ibu e da a
such as coope a i e pa en da a, p ope y igh ela ionships, alue
chains, and alen flow, can somewha desc ibe he s eng h o he
g een inno a ion ecological chain among egions. Howe e , due o
da a sou ce singleness and p e e ences, calcula ion esul s a e one-
sided and i is di ficul o desc ibe he o ma ion and e olu ion com-
plexi y o he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k in a pano amic
way (Zhang e al., 2022a;Teng e al., 2021;Russell & Smo odinskaya,
2018). Addi ionally, his ne wo k cons uc ion ype usually igno es
he flow o physical p oduc ion ac o s such as human capi al, R&D
unds, and in as uc u e in es men among g een inno a ion sub-
jec s, especially he non-physical influences such as knowledge ans-
e , expe ience sha ing, and spillo e e ec s among g een inno a ion
subjec s. This unila e ally sepa a es he logical ela ionship be ween
he alloca ion o g een inno a ion ac o s and he o ma ion o spa ial
opological ne wo ks (Shaw & Allen, 2018). The e o e, we chose he
ecological e ficiency o g een inno a ion as he basic da a o con-
s uc ing he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k and a emp ed o
op imize he o iginal ne wo k cons uc ion me hod.
The ollowing aspec s gene ally eflec he easibili y o cons uc -
ing a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k wi h g een inno a ion e fi-
ciency: (1) G een inno a ion e ficiency quan ifies he a ionaliza ion
deg ee o alloca ion o g een inno a ion elemen s on an u ban scale
om he pe spec i e o inpu and ou pu , he eby a oiding he mal-
p ac ice o "ou pu -only heo y" ha a aches impo ance o ou pu s
and neglec s inpu s, and enhances he di e en ia ion o g een inno-
a ion e ficiency in di e en ci ies while conside ing he cha ac e is-
ics o comp ehensi eness and comp ehensi eness. (2) The
e alua ion index sys em o g een inno a ion e ficiency is highly con-
sis en wi h he o ma ion mechanism o he g een inno a ion eco-
logical ne wo k shown in Fig. 1. The e o e, he capi al in es men
and human capi al in he index sys em a e he mapping o capi al
flow, ac o flow, and knowledge flow in he g een inno a ion ne -
wo k. This undamen ally elimina es he one-sidedness o calcula ion
esul s caused by a single da a sou ce and eflec s he easibili y and
applicabili y o building a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k based
on e ficiency. (3) This index ealizes he uni y o he s a egic choices
o he g een inno a ion subjec and he e olu ion o he g een inno-
a ion ecological ne wo k s uc u e. The e ficiency o u ban g een
inno a ion eflec s he abili y o g een inno a ion subjec s o play
games and p oduce esul s unde a ious influencing ac o s, and
also possesses he key powe o p omo e he e olu ion o he g een
inno a ion ecological ne wo k and becomes a b idge connec ing
mic o and mac o.
As g een inno a ion e ficiency mus conside unexpec ed ou pu s
in p oduc ion p ocesses, se ices, and de elopmen , we chose he
SBM model conside ing unexpec ed ou pu as he g een inno a ion
e ficiency measu emen model as i can inco po a e he slack a ia-
bles in o he objec i e unc ion and weaken he influence o adial
and angle on he accu acy o measu emen s in adi ional models
(Zhang e al., 2022a). The specific o mula is as ollows:
¼
11
KX
K
k¼1
Sk
xk0
1þ1
IþJX
I
i¼1
Sd
i
yd
i0
þX
J
i¼1
Su
i
yu
i0
!
s:
xk0¼X
M
m¼1
mmxkm þs
k;k¼1;2¢¢¢;K
yd
i0¼X
M
m¼1
mmyd
im sd
i;i¼1;2;¢¢¢;I
yu
i0¼X
M
m¼1
mmyu
im þsu
i;i¼1;2;¢¢¢;J
1¼X
M
m¼1
mm
mm0;s
k0;sd
i0;su
i0
8
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
<
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
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>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
ð1Þ
Whe e ep esen s he e ficiency o u ban g een inno a ion, he
alue ange is [0,1]. K,I,J ep esen he quan i y o inpu , ou pu , and
unexpec ed ou pu , espec i ely. s
k,sd
i,su
i ep esen slack a iables o
inpu , ou pu , and unexpec ed ou pu , espec i ely. xk0,yd
i0,yu
i0 ep e-
sen inpu , ou pu , and unexpec ed ou pu espec i ely, andmmis he
co ec ion coe ficien .
Se ing he cha ac e is ic index o g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k
Fig. 1 shows ha he o ma ion o a g een inno a ion ecological
ne wo k depends on he spa ial imbalance o g een inno a ion e fi-
ciency. This indica es ha he influence o geog aphical space dis-
ance mus be conside ed when cons uc ing g een inno a ion
ecological ne wo k ela ionships. This is consis en wi h he desc ip-
ion o economic di usion heo y by new economic geog aphy.
The e o e, we chose he g a i y model as he basic model o desc ibe
he co ela ion o g een inno a ion among ci ies. Since he e ficiency
o g een inno a ion emphasizes he a ionaliza ion deg ee o ac o
alloca ion, he e may be a p oblem o "pseudo-e ficiency" in he
esul s, ha is, he high o low inpu and ou pu esul s ha sugges
alsely high e ficiencies o g een inno a ion. Pseudo-e ficiency nodes
will gene a e edundan connec ions in he ecological ne wo k o
g een inno a ion. Economic dis ance is in oduced o weaken he
influence o such nodes. Economic dis ance eflec s he economic
scale gap be ween ci ies and simul aneously eflec s he p e e ence
and a achmen cha ac e is ics o a g een inno a ion ne wo k. The
op imized g a i y model is as ollows:
Fij ¼PiPj
D2
ijE2
ij
Kð2Þ
Whe eFij ep esen s he g een inno a ion a ac ion o ci y i o ci y
j, ha is, he s eng h o he g een inno a ion ecological chain;
PiandPj ep esen he g een inno a ion e ficiency o ci yi o ci -
yj espec i ely; DijandEij ep esen he geog aphical dis ance and eco-
nomic dis ance be ween ci yi o ci yj, espec i ely; Kis he co ec ion
coe ficien and is used o adjus he da a magni ude and enhance
con as .
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
6
Conside ing he complexi y o he g een inno a ion ecological
ne wo k s uc u e, we defined he ne wo k densi y, hie a chy, ne -
wo k s uc u e en opy, cen ali y, and a e age dis ance o desc ibe
i s cha ac e is ics (Table 1). Specifically, he ne wo k densi y eflec s
he a io o he exis ing numbe o connec ions in a g een inno a ion
ecological ne wo k o he heo e ical maximum numbe o connec-
ions. The g ea e he alue, he s onge he ecological inno a ion
chain be ween ci ies. Ne wo k s uc u e en opy desc ibes he o de
o he e olu ion o a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k, and is he
quan i a i e exp ession o i s sel -o ganiza ion e ec . The g ea e i s
alue, he g ea e he ecological ne wo k’s chaos deg ee, and ice
e sa, he s onge he ecological ne wo k’s o de . Hie a chy eflec s
he connec i i y gap be ween nodes in he g een inno a ion ecologi-
cal ne wo k and indi ec ly desc ibes nodes’deg ees o con ol o he
g een inno a ion esou ces in he ecological ne wo k. The la ge he
fi ing coe ficien , he mo e se ious he di e en ia ion o he ecologi-
cal ne wo k o g een inno a ion is. Cen ali y desc ibes he connec-
i i y o u ban nodes in he g een inno a ion ecosys em, wi h he
a e age dis ance eflec ing he flow a e o g een inno a ion ele-
men s wi hin he ecological ne wo k. The g ea e he alue, he mo e
nodes he elemen s pass h ough, and he wo se he ansmission
speed and fluency o an ecological ne wo k o g een inno a ion.
Cons uc ion o complex ne wo k e olu ion game model
An e olu iona y model can p edic he di ec ion o g oup e olu-
ion by simula ing he compe i ion and coope a ion among di e en
biological popula ions in na u e, and i is widely used in social and
economic fields, especially in analyzing he beha io o en e p ises in
he ma ke (Zhang e al., 2022a; Beni ez e al., 2022; Ba ile e al.,
2022). This s udy chooses an e olu iona y game model o discuss he
di usion p ocess o g een inno a ion beha io . Compa ed wi h he
pa icle swa m op imiza ion algo i hm and gene ic algo i hm, i s
ad an ages p ima ily in ol e dealing wi h dynamic in e ac ion and
s a egy e olu ion, especially he bounded a ionali y o playe s,
which is e y impo an o unde s anding he e olu ion o g een
inno a ion ecosys ems. The e o e, due o incomple e in o ma ion
and cogni i e biases among pa icipan s, hey canno ob ain he bes
choice h ough one decision, bu mus combine he s a egies o
o he decision make s and he changes in he ex e nal en i onmen ,
and hen g adually app oach he sa is ac o y s a egy h ough con-
s an " ial and e o ." This " ial and e o " p ocess is mac oscop-
ically mani es ed as he di usion o game s a egies on he g een
inno a ion ecological ne wo k and mic oscopically in e p e ed as he
lea ning o imi a ion o game s a egies among g een inno a ion sub-
jec s.
The e olu ion game model emains a "black-box es " analysis
p ocess, which di ides he pa icipan s in o di e en game g oups
acco ding o he game s a egy, and judges he final e olu ion di ec-
ion h ough he change in he numbe o g oups. No ably, he game
beha io s among indi idual membe s in di e en g oups a e an-
dom, which is inconsis en wi h he basic law o g een inno a ion
subjec ’s p e e en ial imi a ion and p e e ence a achmen . Howe e ,
he p e e ence a achmen cha ac e is ics o g een inno a ion eco-
logical ne wo ks limi he game se o g een inno a ion subjec s, and
simul aneously ollow he causal ela ionship o ecosys em e olu ion
in Fig. 1. The e o e, i is necessa y o build an e olu iona y game
model based on a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k. Addi ionally,
we op imize he e olu iona y game model o complex ne wo ks. In
p io esea ch, andom ne wo ks ha e usually been cons uc ed by
se ing ele an pa ame e s (cen ali y, ne wo k densi y, e c.) o
eplace eal ne wo ks as he ca ie s o e olu iona y game models.
Al hough he as majo i y o ne wo ks, in eali y, ha e a powe -law
dis ibu ion and scale- ee cha ac e is ics, andom ne wo ks do no
accoun o geog aphical space dis ance and canno accu a ely
desc ibe changes in ne wo k cha ac e is ics. The e o e, i s essence
emains he analysis mode o he "black box es " (Bai e al., 2021;
Dedehayi e al., 2018). Thus, he game model o complex ne wo k
e olu ion is cons uc ed based on he g een inno a ion ecological
ne wo k and he ollowing assump ions a e p esen ed.
Assump ion 1: G een inno a ion subjec s de e mine hei beha -
io al s a egies acco ding o inno a ion abili y, ma ke en i onmen ,
o he playe s’s a egies, and isk ole ance. This means ha hey can
adop he s a egy o {ac i e g een inno a ion}, con inuously inc ease
in es men in g een inno a ion, and de elop new ma ke s. Simila ly,
hey may also adop he s a egy o {nega i e g een inno a ion} o
a oid isks and educe cos s. The s a egic space o each g een inno-
a ion subjec is {posi i e g een inno a ion, nega i e g een inno a-
ion}, and he p opo ion o inno a ion subjec s adop ing he
{posi i e g een inno a ion} s a egy is d, and he p opo ion o inno-
a ion subjec s adop ing he {nega i e g een inno a ion} s a egy is 1
din he whole g een inno a ion ecosys em.
Assump ion 2: In he absence o any compe i ion o coope a ion
among g een inno a ion subjec s, basic p ofi s can s ill be made. The
basic p ofi o he inno a ion subjec adop ing he {posi i e g een
inno a ion} s a egy isR1, while he basic p ofi s o he inno a ion
subjec adop ing {nega i e g een inno a ion} s a egy isR2.
Assump ion 3: Coope a ion equi es an addi ional cos C, and he
p opo ion o inno a ion subjec s adop ing he wo s a egies is b
and 1 b, espec i ely. The p ofi s DRob ained om coope a i e
R&D will be dis ibu ed acco ding o he a ios o aand 1 a. In he
p ocess o coope a i e inno a ion, any pa y can gain addi ional
p ofi B1and B2due o esou ce sha ing a e be aying hei pa ne s,
bu his beha io will also pay he de aul cos P.
Assump ion 4: The go e nmen will p o ide financial subsidy G
o he inno a ion subjec ha adop s he s a egy o {posi i e g een
inno a ion}, bu will simul aneously also adop a ca bon ax, pollu-
ion ax, ene gy use igh s, and o he go e nance measu es, which
will be eco ded as pollu ion ax a e T. The pollu an discha ge o
inno a i e subjec s adop ing {posi i e g een inno a ion} and {nega-
i e g een inno a ion} s a egies is eco ded as Q1and Q2, espec-
i ely.
Assump ion 5: A e comple ing a ound o he game, he playe s
will compa e hei p ofi Uiwi h he a e age p ofi Ua e and judge
Table 1
Cha ac e is ic indica o s o g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k.
Index Calcula ion me hod Va iable meaning
Ne wo k s uc u e en opy CðXÞ¼P
m
i¼1
pilnðpiÞCðXÞ ep esen s he en opy o ne wo k s uc u e, pi ep esen s he p opo ion o g een inno a ion ecological
chain s eng h o ci yiin he o al sample, and m ep esen s he numbe o samples, which is 286 he e.
Ne wo k densi y CR¼G0
GCR ep esen s he densi y o he g een inno a ion ne wo k, G0 ep esen s he ac ual numbe o connec ions o he
g een inno a ion ne wo k, and G ep esen s he heo e ical maximum numbe o connec ions.
Mean dis ance L¼1
1=2mðmþ1ÞPijDij L ep esen s he a e age pa h o a g een inno a ion ne wo k, and ha o he a iables a e consis en wi h i s
p edecesso .
Cen ali y CRB ¼Ui
m1CRB ep esen s he deg ee cen e o ci yi, and Ui ep esen s he numbe o connec ions be ween ci yiand o he
ci ies.
Hie a chy K ¼CðK
ankÞqKi ep esen s he ec o composed o he deg ee cen e s o all ci ies, K
ank ep esen s he o de o K om la ges
o smalles , qis he hie a chical fi ing coe ficien , and Cis a cons an .
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
7
whe he o change hei s a egies acco dingly. I he p ofi s a e
lowe han he a e age p ofi o nodes, hey will imi a e o he node
s a egies wi h a specific p obabili y acco ding o he p ofi gap. The
specific p obabili y calcula ion o mula is as ollows:
p o ¼1
1þexp½ðUiUa eÞ=kð3Þ
whe e kis ex e nal noise. When k!0, i means ha bounded a io-
nali y and ex e nal en i onmen al influence will ha dly change he
playe ’s s a egy. When k!1, i shows ha bounded a ionali y
and he ex e nal en i onmen g ea ly influence he playe s’s a egic
choices, so ha hey canno make a ional judgmen s.
Assump ion 6: Game pa icipan s will disconnec he leas p ofi -
able node connec ed o hemsel es and andomly sea ch o o he
nodes in he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k wi h which o
es ablish connec ions. This disconnec ion and econnec ion mecha-
nism eflec s he eedback e ec o he s a egic choices o he g een
inno a ion subjec on he sys em’s e olu ion and also desc ibes he
p e e ence and a achmen cha ac e is ics o he g een inno a ion
ecological ne wo k.
The abo e analysis and assump ions suppo he cons uc ion o
he paymen ma ix o he e olu ion game o g een inno a ion eco-
logical ne wo ks (Table 2). The algo i hm in Appendix A simula es
he di usion p ocess o he {posi i e g een inno a ion} s a egy o
g een inno a ion subjec s on a g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k.
Da a explo a ion
G een inno a ion e ficiency index sys em
The cons uc ion o a g een inno a ion e ficiency index sys em
mus ollow he p inciples o comp ehensi eness, sys ema icness,
and hie a chy, and eflec he embeddedness o g een inno a ion
ac i i ies in socie ies, economies, and ecology (Table 3). F om he
inpu pe spec i e, human beings, as he mos basic elemen s in g een
inno a ion ac i i ies, ha e he cha ac e is ics o flexibili y and ini ia-
i e, and a e bo h leade s and pa icipan s in he p ocess o g een
inno a ion (Zhang e al., 2022a;Ba e al., 2021). The quali y and
quan i y o human capi al will di ec ly a ec he e ficiency and p ofi
o g een inno a ion ac i i ies, especially he cul i a ion and a ailable
pool o high-quali y alen . No ably, co e echnical alen s play an
impo an ole in p omo ing and s imula ing he g een inno a ion
po en ial o inno a ion subjec s; he e o e, he numbe o R&D pe -
sonnel was chosen o ep esen human capi al in es men . R&D
unds a e he powe gua an ee o he en i e g een inno a ion p o-
cess, unc ion as ca alys s in he smoo h p og ess o he g een inno a-
ion p ocess, accele a e echnological esea ch, and also p o ide basic
suppo o de eloping new p ojec s. The R&D unds o inno a i e
en e p ises in China p ima ily come om sel -financing and go e n-
men subsidies, while scien ific esea ch ins i u ions and ins i u ions
o highe lea ning p ima ily ely on go e nmen subsidies and s a e
unding. R&D in es men , go e nmen financial subsidy, numbe o
new p oduc de elopmen p ojec s, and scien ific and echnological
expendi u e a e used o cha ac e ize R&D in es men . Ye , g een
inno a ion ac i i ies mus also conside esou ce consump ion. Due
o da a a ailabili y, his s udy did no conside he consump ion o
na u al esou ces, such as land and wa e , bu chose coal, na u al gas,
elec ici y, and o he esou ces o ep esen he esou ce inpu o
g een inno a ion ac i i ies. As desc ibed ea lie , he in e es demands
o di e en g een inno a ion subjec s di e . En e p ises usually ocus
on de eloping new echnologies o ensu e hei co e compe i i e-
ness, seek niche ma ke s, and gain p ofi s h ough de eloping new
echnologies, p ocesses, o p oduc s. In con as , uni e si ies and sci-
en ific esea ch ins i u ions ocus mo e on acqui ing pa en s, publish-
ing academic pape s, and o he achie emen s. The e o e, he numbe
o au ho ized pa en s, echnology ma ke u no e , and he numbe
o academic pape s published a e used as he expec ed ou pu o
g een inno a ion e ficiency. Addi ionally, he numbe o unau ho-
ized pa en s and he comp ehensi e index o en i onmen al pollu-
ion a e used o exp ess unexpec ed ou pu (Zhang e al., 2022b).
Da a sou ce and e ifica ion
Since 2010, China has successi ely p esen ed s a egic measu es
such as "g een de elopmen ," "inno a ion-d i en," and "new de el-
opmen concep ," which a e e y simila o he Uni ed Na ions’17
Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs). S udying he ela ionship
be ween g een inno a ion subjec s’s a egy o di usion and he e o-
lu ion o he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k du ing his pe iod
can p o ide a model empla e o he cons uc ion and op imiza ion
o a egional g een inno a ion ecosys em. A o al o 286 Chinese ci ies
om 2010 o 2021 we e selec ed as esea ch samples, and he da a
Table 2
Paymen Ma ix o G een Inno a ion E olu iona y Game.
Pa icipan B
Posi i e G een Inno a ion Passi e G een Inno a ion
Pa icipan A Posi i e G een Inno a ion p1
a:R1bCþaDRþGTQ1
p1
b:R2ð1bÞCþð1aÞDRþGTQ1
p2
a:R1bCþPTQ1þG
p2
b:R2PþB2TQ2þð1bÞC
Passi e G een Inno a ion p3
a:R1bCPþB1TQ2
p3
b:R2þPð1bÞCTQ1þG
p4
a:R1TQ1
p4
b:R2TQ2
Table3
Index sys em o g een inno a ion e ficiency.
Ta ge laye C i e ia laye Index laye Uni
In es human capi al numbe o R&D pe sonnel pe son
R&D unds amoun o R&D in es men en housand yuan
go e nmen subsidy in echnology and finance en housand yuan
science and echnology expendi u e en housand yuan
numbe o new p oduc de elopmen p ojec s i em
esou ce consump ion o al ene gy consump ion en housand ons s anda d coal
Ou pu expec ed ou pu au ho ized amoun o pa en i em
echnical ma ke u no e en housand yuan
numbe o pape s published piece
unexpec ed ou pu pa en unau ho ized quan i y i em
comp ehensi e index o en i onmen al pollu ion %
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
8
i s p omo ing e ec on ne wo k densi y is second only o he de aul
cos and sewage ax a e. He e, he collabo a i e inno a ion p ofi
inc eased by 45 %, he ne wo k densi y inc eased by 30.233 %, and
he ne wo k hie a chy dec eased by 15.928 %. Coope a i e inno a-
ion canno only enhance he flow o g een inno a ion elemen s
among egions and imp o e he e ficiency o ac o alloca ion bu can
also p o ide a o able condi ions o na owing he gap in g een
inno a ion among egions. (3) The ini ial s a egy p opo ion and fis-
cal subsidy ha e limi ed influence on he g een inno a ion ecological
ne wo k. Al hough he ini ial s a egy p opo ion will a ec he di u-
sion o he {posi i e g een inno a ion} s a egy in he g een inno a-
ion ecological ne wo k and he con e gence o he di usion cu e, i
lacks a s ong influence on he o e all ne wo k cha ac e is ics
h ough he g een inno a ion subjec . Ye , he financial subsidy’s
influence on he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k is p ima ily
eflec ed in he mino change in ne wo k s uc u e en opy.
Policy implica ions
G een inno a ion is no longe limi ed o o ganiza ions o indi id-
uals bu is eflec ed in he in e ac ions and couplings o inno a ion
ecosys ems. China has ye o ully es ablish a na u al g een inno a-
ion ecosys em bu has an incomple e g een inno a ion ecosys em
guided by policies and plans. This s udy ocuses on he e olu ion o
g een inno a ion ecosys ems, summa izes he OTEMC s uc u al pa -
adigm, and p esen s a causal analysis amewo k o he e olu ion o
g een inno a ion ecosys ems. I also cons uc s an e olu iona y game
algo i hm based on he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k o dis-
cuss he di usion law o g een inno a ion beha io , which has ce -
ain heo e ical significance o en iching he inno a ion
managemen amewo k and ela ed heo e ical me hods o sys em
enginee ing. Addi ionally, he influence di ec ion and deg ees o pol-
lu ion ax a e, coope a i e inno a ion p ofi , and financial subsidy
on he di usion o inno a ion beha io in he ne wo k a e examined
h ough simula ion, he eby p o iding decision suppo o manage-
men depa men s and inno a i e en e p ises o adop app op ia e
g een inno a ion s a egies. Based on he esea ch findings, his
pape p esen s he ollowing a ge ed sugges ions.
(1) Conside ing he p o incial capi als o cen al ci ies in he cen al
and wes e n egions o China as s a egic suppo poin s, ocusing
on planning and he layou o g een echnology inno a ion bases,
such as new unc ional ma e ials, new ene gy, hyd ogen s o age
echnology, and ca bon cap u e and s o age, encou ages alen s,
capi al, and o he g een inno a ion elemen s o ga he in he
egion and accele a e he cul i a ion o independen inno a ion
capabili ies o co e echnologies. Addi ionally, his p o ides ull
play o he inno a ion spillo e e ec o co e ci ies such as
Chongqing, Chengdu, and Wuhan, p omo es he g ow h o g een
inno a ion ne wo ks in he cen al and wes e n egions, and fills
he "ne wo k s uc u e dep ession" in Yunnan and Guizhou.
(2) P o ide ull play o he complemen a y oles o di e en ypes o
g een inno a ion subjec s o imp o e he o e all egional g een
inno a ion e ficiency, elease he g een independen inno a ion
po en ial o inno a ion subjec s, encou age la ge-scale scien ific
esea ch ins i u ions and uni e si ies o ocus on b eak h oughs
in g een inno a ion sys em, managemen sys em, and mecha-
nism, and on ie basic fields. Addi ionally, ully ecognize he
sensi i e ad an ages o en e p ises ela ed o ma ke demand and
imp o e he e ficiency and p ofi abili y o echnological ans o -
ma ion. Using China’s eas e n coas al a eas as a sp ingboa d, aim
a he o e on o in e na ional g een inno a ion, ac i ely seek
in e na ional coope a ion and inno a ion, and p omo e China’s
niche in he global g een inno a ion ecosys em.
(3) S eng hen he acili a ing ole and se ice awa eness o local go -
e nmen s in building a g een inno a ion ecosys em and educe
he isks associa ed wi h g een inno a ion ailu e and in eg i y
h ough go e nmen scien ific and echnological inno a ion sub-
sidies, g een finance, inno a ion unds, and o he policy measu es
o enhance he en husiasm o en e p ises o g een collabo a i e
inno a ion. By s eng hening he s imula ion o ca bon axes, pol-
lu ion axes, and o he en i onmen al egula ion measu es o
inno a ion subjec s, a good g een inno a ion en i onmen will be
c ea ed.
Conclusions and discussion
Conclusion induc ion
The egional g een inno a ion ecosys em is a gian , open, and
complex sys em o med by g een inno a ion coope a ion among ci -
ies, and is deeply oo ed in socie y, he economy, and he ecosys em.
This s udy combines and summa izes he basic cha ac e is ics o a i-
ous inno a ion ecosys ems, he OETMC s uc u al pa adigm o inno-
a ion ecosys ems, and unde he guidance o his pa adigm o ms a
causal analysis amewo k o g een inno a ion ecosys em e olu ion.
This is based on he beha io o g een inno a ion subjec s, suppo ed
by g een inno a ion e ficiency, and aimed a a g een inno a ion eco-
logical ne wo k. Based on he analysis amewo k, a g een inno a ion
ecological ne wo k wi h g een inno a ion e ficiency as he co e index
was cons uc ed by selec ing he ele an da a o 286 Chinese ci ies
om 2010 o 2021, and he di usion p ocess and sensi i i y o a
"posi i e g een inno a ion" s a egy in he g een inno a ion ecologi-
cal ne wo k we e examined and discussed. The p ima y conclusions
a e as ollows.
(1) The ma u i y and complexi y o he g een inno a ion ecological
ne wo k ha e been significan ly imp o ed, and he ne wo k
Table 5
Compa ison o cha ac e is ic indexes o g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k a e simula ion.
Ne wo k densi y Ne wo k s uc u e en opy Mean dis ance Hie a chy Type A Type B Type C
d¼0:1 0.0100 0.5287 2.0772 1.3695 580,214 156,236 40,125
d¼0:9 0.0104 0.5067 1.9493 1.2788 589,548 158,062 40,151
DR¼20 0.0086 0.5324 2.1155 1.2858 560,883 172,421 41,164
DR¼65 0.0112 0.4949 1.7480 1.0810 650,140 175,321 41,647
P¼10 0.0090 0.5460 2.1380 1.3587 608,372 162,342 51,241
P¼45 0.0115 0.4851 1.7242 1.2741 665,822 184,211 51,976
G¼20 0.0086 0.5622 2.0381 1.3491 647,153 164,216 48,532
G¼80 0.0123 0.5461 2.0286 1.2648 555,401 170,145 49,321
T¼0:15 0.0092 0.5376 2.0675 1.2965 604,819 163,515 50,421
T¼0:55 0.0135 0.4755 1.8787 1.1830 649,272 174,216 51,532
No e: A, B, and C ep esen , , espec i ely.
R.-J. Zhang, H.-W. Tai, Z.-X. Cao e al. Jou nal o Inno a ion & Knowledge 9 (2024) 100500
15
densi y has been con inuously imp o ed. Howe e , bo h M-den-
si y and S-densi y emain a low le els and he e a e always la ge
numbe s o blank connec ions. These a e he key cons ain s hin-
de ing he e olu ion o he ne wo k s uc u e and simul aneously
lead o he double imbalance o he spa ial- empo al dis ibu ion
and hie a chical s uc u e o he g een inno a ion ecological ne -
wo k. Al hough he eme gence o a la ge numbe o long- ange
connec ions means ha he geospa ial dis ance cons ain is
weakened, i also slows he embedding o edge nodes. Addi ion-
ally, i is no able ha his g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k
has o med a pa e n o "Poin -axis," "Radial," and "N- uple" s ag-
ge ed and coexis ing locally.
(2) The ini ial s a egy p opo ion de e mines he con e gence posi-
ion o he di usion pa h o he {posi i e g een inno a ion} s a -
egy in he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k. Howe e , due o
he exis ence o ne wo k p e e ence a achmen , powe law dis-
ibu ion cha ac e is ics, and he p oblem o " i ual p opo ion
in e al," ega dless o wha he ini ial s a egy p opo ion akes,
he comple e di usion o he {posi i e g een inno a ion} s a egy
canno be ealized. Wi h he inc ease o coope a ion inno a ion
p ofi , de aul cos , and financial subsidy, he di usion pa h o he
{posi i e g een inno a ion} s a egy mo es upwa d, and he ma -
ginal u ili y dec eases wi h he inc ease in simula ion alue. Pollu-
ion ax a es ha e "duali y," meaning ha while app op ia e
en i onmen al egula ions can encou age g een inno a ion sub-
jec s o adop a "posi i e g een inno a ion" s a egy, an excessi e
pollu ion ax a e will cos inno a ion subjec s mo e.
(3) The de aul cos and pollu ion ax a e ha e accele a ed he o -
ma ion and econs uc ion o a g een inno a ion ecological ne -
wo k, and i s ope a ional mode in ol es inc easing he
oppo uni y cos o g een inno a ion subjec s o main ain hei
en husiasm o coope a ion. The eedback e ec o coope a i e
inno a ion p ofi on he g een inno a ion ecosys em is p ima ily
eflec ed in educing he sho es a e age dis ance wi hin he ne -
wo k, which p o ides condi ions o na owing he gap in g een
inno a ion among egions. No ably, he ini ial s a egy p opo ion
and financial subsidy ha e limi ed influence on he mic os uc u e
o he g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k.
Discussion and influence
This s udy aims o e eal he di usion law o g een inno a ion
subjec beha io s a egy in complex ne wo ks, simula e he di u-
sion p ocess by cons uc ing a complex ne wo k e olu ion game
model based on g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k, and ob ain
enligh ening esul s. Including he local spa ial pa e n o "do -axis,"
" adial," and "N- uple," he s a egy o "posi i e g een inno a ion"
canno achie e comple e con e gence unde any ini ial s a egy p o-
po ion, and he influence o pollu ion ax a e on " posi i e g een
inno a ion" s a egy is dual. These esul s p o ide a e e ence o
managemen depa men s o o mula e scien ific con ol measu es
and also help inno a i e en e p ises adop app op ia e de elopmen
s a egies o imp o e esou ce u iliza ion e ficiency and educe inno-
a ion isks.
Compa ed wi h he exis ing esea ch, his s udy p esen s a new
pe spec i e on he e olu ion o he mic os uc u e o he g een inno-
a ion ecological ne wo k and e eals i s s age cha ac e is ics om
"Poin -axis" o "N- uple" and om simple s uc u e o complex s uc-
u e. This esul supplemen s he esea ch conclusions o Zhang e al.
(2023) and Xu e al. (2022) on he e olu ion o g een inno a ion eco-
logical ne wo ks. Howe e , he esul ha he s a egy o "posi i e
g een inno a ion" has no achie ed comple e con e gence is incon-
sis en wi h he findings o Ramkuma e al. (2022) due o di e en
model se ings. When we buil his model, we chose o use he eal
g een inno a ion ecological ne wo k ins ead o a andomly gene a ed
i ual ne wo k. Thus, mo e node cha ac e is ics and ne wo k a ib-
u es a e included in he p esen model. Compa a i ely, he esea ch
esul s o his pape a e close o eali y. The impac o he pollu ion
ax a e on g een inno a ion is usually e ified using an econome ic
model in exis ing esea ch. Howe e , we use he game model o com-
plex ne wo k e olu ion o es he influence o i s pollu ion ax a e
on g een inno a ion beha io . This gene a ed a esul ha is almos
consis en wi h Teng e al. (2022) and p o ides a new me hod and
ool o subsequen esea ch.
Al hough some enligh ening conclusions ha e been made in his
pape , he ollowing limi a ions emain. Fi s ly, o he p oblem ha
he di usion pa h o he {posi i e g een inno a ion} s a egy in he
ne wo k canno con e ge comple ely a any ini ial s a egy a io, we
belie e ha his is an in ui i e mani es a ion o he nonlinea i y o
complex sys ems, and he e o e i is wo h u he examining i s
causes. Secondly, when es ablishing simula ion pa ame e s, all g een
inno a ion agen s ha e he same a ibu es by de aul , bu he model
we buil can comple ely simula e he game ela ionship be ween di -
e en ypes o g een inno a ion agen s by adjus ing pa ame e s.
Thus, se ing di e en ia ed basic p ofi le els, o example, can simu-
la e he game ela ionship be ween co e en e p ises and gene al
en e p ises. Finally, his s udy belie es ha u u e esea ch should
ocus on he in e ac ion be ween di e en ypes o inno a ion sub-
jec s and he linkage e ec s o he mac o-e olu ion di ec ion o g een
inno a ion ecology. This may be an e ec i e way o combine com-
plex ne wo k heo y wi h an econome ic model o u he explo e
his issue.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing financial
in e es s o pe -sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o influ-
ence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Ren-Jie Zhang: W i ing −o iginal d a , Visualiza ion, So wa e,
Me hodology. Hsing-Wei Tai: W i ing − e iew & edi ing, Supe i-
sion, In es iga ion. Zheng-Xu Cao: W i ing − e iew & edi ing. Chia-
Chen Wei: W i ing − e iew & edi ing, Resou ces. Kuo-Tai Cheng:
Supe ision, Fo mal analysis.
Acknowledgmen s
This wo k was pa ly suppo ed by he Na ional Social Science
Founda ion [g an numbe s 19BJY085] and Shandong Science Foun-
da ion [g an numbe s ZR2020MG015]. Any opinions, findings, con-
clusions, and ecommenda ions exp essed in his pape a e hose o
he au ho s.
Supplemen a y ma e ials
Supplemen a y ma e ial associa ed wi h his a icle can be ound,
in he online e sion, a doi:10.1016/j.jik.2024.100500.
Re e ences
Abid, N., Ceci, F., Ahmad, F., & A ab, J. (2022). Financial de elopmen and g een inno a-
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