Nou eldin, Mohamed; A eya, Asmaa; Moussa, Sami a; Muhideen, Sayibu
A icle
Policy op imiza ion o he Bel and Road and IP
pe o mance o Middle Eas and No h A ica (MENA)
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Nou eldin, Mohamed; A eya, Asmaa; Moussa, Sami a; Muhideen, Sayibu (2024) :
Policy op imiza ion o he Bel and Road and IP pe o mance o Middle Eas and No h A ica
(MENA), Resea ch in Globaliza ion, ISSN 2590-051X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 8, pp. 1-9,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2024.100215
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Policy op imiza ion o he Bel and Road and IP pe o mance o Middle Eas
and No h A ica (MENA)
Mohamed Nou eldin
a
,
*
, Asmaa A eya
b
, Sami a Moussa
b
, Sayibu Muhideen
a
a
School o Public A ai s, Uni e si y o Science and Technology o China, He ei 230026, China
b
Depa men o Mass Communica ion, Ka Elsheikh Uni e si y, Egyp
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Bel and Road Ini ia i es (BRI)
In ellec ual P ope y Pe o mance (IPP)
Regional Coope a ion
Geopoli ical
Economic En i onmen
ABSTRACT
This s udy analyzed he ela ionship be ween in ellec ual p ope y p o ec ion (IPP) and he Bel and Road
Ini ia i e (BRI) economic policy op imiza ion pe o mance in he Middle Eas and No h A ica MENA-China
s a egic geopoli ical ac i ism o egional collabo a ion. The s udy employed a desc ip i e quali a i e me hod
wi h seconda y da a om WIPO IP be ween 2002 and 2021, and i ocused on a iables such as IP applica ion,
GDP, school en olmen , and FDI in ou coun ies (Egyp , UAE, Saudi A abia, and Alge ia). A eg ession analysis
o in e es wi h a eliable Common E ec s Model (CEM) using he IBM s a is ical package was used. The
eg ession applied s a is ical associa ion o IP applica ion in all ou coun ies wi h BRI op imiza ion. The BRI is a
i al suppo ela ionship o allied coun ies such as Saudi A abia and Egyp . Howe e , i does no make a
di e ence o ine- une egional op imiza ion o BRI in Alge ia and UAE wi h IP applica ion and school en olmen .
Egyp ’s BRI deli e y shows IP, FDI, and school en olmen a e s a is ically signi ican , wi h egional GDP es i-
ma ed. The da a no malized in Saudi A abia wi h income g ow h p edic ed s a is ical signi icance o GDP, FDI,
and school en olmen . Likewise, Alge ia shows ha FDI was cons an ly a ec ed bu was nega i e o FDI and GDP
wi h espec o BRI. Fo policy di ec ion, we ecommend ha go e nmen s ha e egional collabo a ions and
pa ne ships wi h Chinese educa ional schola ships and o dynamic economic expansion in IP applica ions.
BRI’s ap i ude in egional connec i i y is aimed a high s anda ds o IP cable ne wo ks in e na ionally, aking
ad an age o geog aphical and economic di e si ica ion. The BRI could u he acili a e op imized IP ade
obs acles and ee ade zones. While he egional pa ne ship will acili a e access and p o ec ion o p oduc s,
b ands, and se ices, ag ee in p inciple wi h China BRI be o e signa o ies.
1. In oduc ion
The 21s Ma i ime Silk Road is called he Bel and Road Ini ia i e
(BRI). Wi hou geog aphical bounda ies, he BRI a ac ed in e na ional
a en ion and was p ominen among Middle Eas e n and No h A ican
(MENA) coun ies. BRI has won posi i e global esponses and symbol-
ized he his o ical mo i a ions o he ancien Silk Road ade (Cheng,
2019) be ween China and he wo ld. This u he opens up Chinese
in e - ade collabo a ions and open-wo ld economic sys ems (Cheng,
2019). Wi h as economic di e si ica ion, balanced ade libe aliza ion,
and sus ainable de elopmen ac oss MENA, he e is a pa hway o
egional coope a ion. The op imal p o ec i e ela i i y o IP e en s is
s eng hening and sa egua ding p oduc s and se ices o business
models o in o ma ion on a a ge ma ke . Acco ding o he China
da abase, by he end o 2020, Middle MENA had signed 202 ag eemen s
wi h 138 na ions and 31 in e na ional o ganiza ions gea ed owa ds
BRI. MENA has wi nessed se e al echnological in as uc u es and
ade pa ne ships bu has been le a he me cy o MENA IP challenges
and he policy op imiza ion o BRI. Building on he IP epo om WIPO,
some majo sec o s, such as MENA IP pe o mance, a e ye o ind a
ela ionship wi h BRI and he s eps BRI coun ies can ake o achie e a
b eak h ough (Ko d ani, 2021). (2021) u he ound ha 59 pe cen o
MENA pa icipa ion and 71 pe cen o China’s pa icipa ion, as well as
legal and egula o y isk, is a majo conce n o BRI and ele an o he IP
pe o mance index.
In ellec ual P ope y P o ec ion (IPP) In his con ex o he Bel and
Road Ini ia i e (BRI) economic policy op imiza ion pe o mance, we
examine he MENA-China ela ionship wi h he s a egic incen i e
elemen o egional coope a ion and collabo a ion (Zhu & Sun, 2023).
BRI’s economic policy op imiza ion p ocess and p oduc ion wi h
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (M. Nou eldin).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
jou nal homepage: www.sciencedi ec .com/jou nal/ esea ch-in-globaliza ion
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2024.100215
Recei ed 2 No embe 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 15 Ma ch 2024; Accep ed 15 Ma ch 2024
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
2
compe i i e ini ia i e a e unde gi ded by he Chinese ideology o “hide
ou s eng h and bid ou ime” in FDI ade zones and hei ade
engagemen wi h o he s ac oss he sub- egions (Yu, 2019). Howe e ,
in e na ional IPP op imiza ion s i es o in luence go e nmen al pol-
icies in he ace o globaliza ion and on he scale o BRI ini ia i es ha
ha e been asse i e in e na ionally.
Se e al well- unc ioning IP ini ia i es a e mean o acili a e he
managemen o na ional and in e na ional con ex o economic de el-
opmen s a egies. A c ucial ques ion is aised o unde s and he BRI IPP
concep in ade libe aliza ion wi hin his MENA egion. The ques ion is,
“How is he BRI unique in ope a ing he IPP economic g ow h, p o ec ion,
and ade bill o he Middle Eas and China”? This s udy endea o s o ill
he gap in economic ade-balance es ima es in he con ex o he BRI
economic de elopmen o ou selec ed economies in he Middle Eas .
An inc eased emphasis on in e na ional no m-se ing IP suppo s China
in coun e ing ex e nal p essu es om he Eu opean Union and he
Uni ed S a es (Yu, 2019). In his p ocess, he BRI policy o egional
coope a ion plays a signi ican ole in inc easing he op imiza ion le el
o na ional s a egic ade policy. A ple ho a o li e a u e has discussed
IP inno a ions and p o ec ions based on pa ne ship, ope a ional man-
agemen , and poli ical and cul u al ag eemen (Xia & Chen, 2023). The
“Na ional In ellec ual P ope y S a egy Ou line” was issued o os e
inno a i e ins i u ions and ma ke en i onmen s, s imula e economic
inno a ion, and discipline IP misconduc . China and egional IP
knowledge, adminis a ion, and applica ion skills ha e acili a ed in-
e na ional ela ions wi h inc eased economic de elopmen ac oss na-
ions (Qayyum e al., 2022). BRI economies ac i ely sha e and engage
wi h one ano he on in ellec ual p ope y igh s, which a e ca ied ou
along he BRI ules wi h di e si y and complexi y ac oss egions. They
s ess he lexibili y o collabo a ion unde espec , inclusi i y, and di-
e si y. Acco ding o he esea ch on he Mechanism o he In luence o
In ellec ual P ope y on Regional Economic De elopmen , IP p omo es
egional g ow h, p omo es en e p ises’ awa eness o inno a ion, im-
p o es hei compe i i eness, and p omo es he apid g ow h o egional
economic de elopmen (Shicho , 2018).
This pape p o ides insigh s in o economic g ow h unde he BRI
ope a ionaliza ion o IPP in- he- on ie collabo a ion and he ag ee-
men o p o ec in angible asse s be ween China and Middle Eas
egional coope a ion. Mo eo e , a p olonged ade ag eemen signed
be ween coun ies can be linked wi h he ealiza ion o economic
ans o ma ion and sus ainable de elopmen (Fe nandes e al., 2021).
Regional in ellec ual p ope y exchange has eme ged as an inno a i e
p ac ice. In ellec ual p ope y is an impo an indica o o egional
s eng h, and in ellec ual p ope y coope a ion can accele a e he sus-
ainable de elopmen o economies and imp o e he e iciency o eco-
nomic ope a ions, which can p omo e sys emic e o ms o impo and
expo o inc ease compe i i eness. This is so because he in ellec ual
p ope y sys em is i al in p omo ing BRI coope a ion and de eloping
and enhancing IPP legal sys ems in coun ies along he Bel and Road is
c i ical.
Fu he mo e, China has consis en ly encou aged he es ablishmen
o he BRI o IPP coope a ion mechanisms in ecen yea s. A ade sec e
is bounded by IPP alue; he managemen o a ade sec e is simila o a
bila e al ade ag eemen be ween na ions. Fo ha , China has had an
open-doo policy h ough BRI o he pas 15 yea s, e e since she joined
he Wo ld T ade O ganiza ion, which has inc eased he in e na ional
ade and expo ma ke . In e es ingly, China’s impo ing a i is ela-
i ely low, and i is p ojec ed ha he e ec i e impo a i a e will
con inue o emain low as mo e F ee T ade Ag eemen s a e signed. F ee
T ade Zones a e cons uc ed in he Middle Eas (Zhang e al., 2018).
P e ious esea ch on IPP has ound ha p i ileged access o he US
ma ke unde he A ican De elopmen and Oppo uni y Ac (AGOA)
ueled ea ly g ow h in A ican expo s (Fa ole, 2011). As a esul , his
pe spec i e is ein o ced by China and A ican na ions om he Middle
Eas . This s udy ocuses on Egyp , he Uni ed A ab Emi a es, Saudi
A abia, and Alge ia. Fu he mo e, Zhang e al. (2018) s udies a gued
wi h a compu able gene al equilib ium (CGE) model and Chinese mac-
oeconomic da a om 2012 o examine he impac o addi ional e-
duc ions in Chinese impo a i a es on signi ican economic
indica o s. Acco ding o he model esul s, a balanced in e na ional
paymen unde sco ed ha a dec ease in a i could aise GDP and
esiden consump ion, bo h impo s and expo s and simul aneously
inc ease ade su plus and go e nmen e enue.
China’s Choice o IPP unde he Bel and Road Ini ia i e o ease he
conce n o he Middle Eas ade a i s was i s p oposed by he concep
o egional in ellec ual p ope y in eg a ion unde he BRI. I was also
belie ed ha in e na ional dialogue should be es ablished based on
smoo h and wo-way communica ion o a win–win pa ne ship. Apa
om he global ade IP applica ion, he numbe o a iables acili a ing
go e nmen policy o a i educ ion o he BRI economic zone has
soa ed due o schola ships, FDI, and IP indus ial ade ag eemen s.
Li e a u e has u ilized IP applica ions as a measu e o p oduc i i y and
he inancial edge o some coun ies (Gu, 2021; Xia & Chen, 2023), and
he exis ing empi ical s udies on his discou se e ealed ha he dis i-
bu ion o in ellec ual p ope y igh s (IPR) be ween China and econo-
mies along he BRI has expanded in bo h di ec ions. Also, he numbe o
pa en applica ions made public and g an ed by Chinese i ms among
BRI coun ies g ew by 29.4 pe cen and 15.3 pe cen , espec i ely, in
2021 (Qayyum e al., 2022).
A panel da a model echnique is he mos s aigh o wa d since i
in eg a es only ime se ies and c oss-sec ional da a (Zul ika , 2018). This
app oach does no conside ime o pa icula dimensions; hence, i di-
ides da a in o sec ions. Because ime and indi idual dimensions a e no
included in his model, i is p esumed ha he IPP applica ion da a will
be consis en h oughou ime. This me hod may es ima e he panel da a
model using he O dina y Leas Squa es (OLS) o leas squa es me h-
odology. The explained s udy a iables o in e es and o he s include
GDP, FDI, IP applica ion, school en olmen , and income g ow h as he
ou come. To begin, we es ima ed he coe icien s o each a iable using
he O dina y Leas Squa es (OLS) echnique and he Fixed-e ec (FE)
model. F om he indings, o e all ade mobili y and expo and
impo g ow h adjus men signi ican ly in luence he numbe o IP ap-
plica ions o sus ainable BRI de elopmen . Le y-Ca cien e’s (2020)
legal and poli ical en i onmen me hodology p o es ins i u ions’
pa icipa o y s eng h in he aspec o IPP applica ion as a ‘ ule o he
game’ among ci izens. This was an aspec o ealizing he in luence o
sus ainable de elopmen and BRI p o ec ion o ma ke ade
ag eemen s.
1.2. Collabo a ion heo y and coope a ion
Collabo a ion is conce ned wi h an accep able unde s anding o
p inciples and abs ac ions gene a ed om IP in e i m and in e g oup
le els. This s udy is guided by he collabo a ion heo y (CT), obse ing
he p inciple o mul iple g oups and indi idual en i ies wo king o
s a egic alliance (Colb y e al., 2014) in mu ual us . The ideal con ex
o he Collabo a i e idea (CT) is buil on wo majo collabo a i e ac-
i i ies signi ican o IP p o ec ion ela i e o MENA and China. The
i s ca ego y, indi idual en i ies, comp ises h ee causal hemes:
u ning, seeing o ac ing, and s a us-seeking. The second ca ego y,
Teamwo k, has h ee causal hemes: in luencing o he s, o ganizing
wo k, and os e ing g oup cohesi eness (Colb y e al., 2014). This sec-
ond heme can be associa ed wi h manage ial and leade ship ac ions, in
ligh o his sugges ed, is coo dina ed well wi h policy op ima ion o IP
p o ec ion o ade collabo a ion be ween MENA egions and China BRI
(Colb y e al., 2014). (2004) s udies also u ilized collabo a ion as elusi e
and con ex ual coope a ion o pu i in o p ac ice and analyze i p e-
cisely. Fu he , An inc easing numbe o en i ies a e collabo a ing o
add ess complica ed social issues ele an o IP pe o mance and p o-
ec ion. Mos likely, delibe a e in e -o ganiza ional collabo a i es (i.e.,
s a egic alliances) iden i y he collabo a i e e o as he p incipal
s a egy o eaching desi able sho and long- e m goals ha would no
M. Nou eldin e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
3
o he wise be eachable as o ganiza ions unc ioning indi idually
(Gajda, 2004).
Wi h he help o in eg a ed ime se ies and c oss-sec ional da a om
a eliable sou ce, known as in ellec ual p ope y s a is ics, which is a
globally signi ican end in policy, business, and echnology, ou pape
analyzed de eloping coun ies unde he BRI, speci ically om ou
Middle Eas economies using a me hodology de eloped om an online
po al ha o e s access o WIPO’s subs an ial s a is ical da a on global
IP ope a ions (WIPO, 2021). The da a indica ed ha IPP applica ion
among he selec ed Middle Eas e n economies showed a U-shaped
conce ning FDI, GDP, and o he s abou agg ega ed measu es wi h
annual g ow h along he BRI. The U-shaped e e s o a nonlinea ela-
ionship be ween he a iables o in e es , pa icula ly he income
g ow h (dependen a iable), due o some analy ical me hods assuming
an unde lying linea i y o pu pose leading o bias in es ima ions.
Simonsohn (2018), wi h a p edic ed U-shaped co ela ion, equen ly
demons a es ha he in luence o x is posi i e o low x alues bu
nega i e o high alues and ice e sa. U-shapes a e almos solely
assessed using quad a ic eg essions, which impose an a bi a y unc-
ional o m assump ion ha can esul in a 100 % alse-posi i e a e. The
s udy employs he Robin Hood algo i hm o ix he b eakpoin be ween
he lines.
This s udy used WIPO in e na ional s a is ics da a o es ima e he
impac o IPP policies on economic eco e y ac i i ies ha a e simila o
U-shaped incen i e BRI policies used by China and he Middle Eas e n
economies. The IPP policies o he ou selec ed na ions ha e wo goals:
o boos ou pu eco e y o pos -COVID-19 economic me ics such as
GDP, school en ollmen (schola ships), FDI, IPP on ade ag eemen s o
indus ial g ow h, and o aise he deg ee o comme cializa ion ac oss
bo de s. As a esul , he BRI and IPP e o s he e in ol e wo key com-
ponen s: in e go e nmen al IP p o ec ions and pos -pandemic ope -
a ionaliza ion o economic g ow h. Consequen ly, he ollowing
esea ch ques ions mus be add essed:
Q1. How does BRI policy op imiza ion a ec IP applica ion ou pu o
economic eco e y in he Middle Eas ?
Q2. How does IP applica ion policy ope a ionaliza ion impac economic
g ow h me ics in a geopoli ical en i onmen h ough BRI?
This s udy aims o in es iga e he in luence o WIPO s a is ical op-
e a ions and In ellec ual P ope y (IPP) p o ec ion on wo ldwide inno-
a ion using da a om he Pa S a l da abase. The p oposed s udy aims o
esea ch he ollowing opics: (1) he ac o s o na ional IPP in BRI ap-
plica ions and bila e al ag eemen s in China and he Middle Eas eco-
nomic eco e y plan. (2) China’s inno a ion is d i en by impo ing
knowledge and ade a he han c ea ing i s capabili ies. The signi i-
cance o he Silk Road Economic Bel and he Ma i ime Silk Road o
T anspo a ion and Global Supply Chain in he Twen y-Fi s Cen u y has
been phenomenal. The Uni ed S a es, Wes e n Eu ope, and Japan
appea ed o ha e ini ially emb aced China’s BRI because hey belie ed
he BRI could help p omo e Chinese o e seas in es men , no ably in
in as uc u es, and hus enhancing egional in e -connec i i y, and also
because hey expec ed he BRI o engage China mo e deeply in es ab-
lished egional no ms and ins i u ions (Shicho , 2018).
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Da a sou ce and desc ip i e analysis
The s udy was ope a ionalized wi h WIPO IP web-based s a is ical
da a on e en s wi h a pa icula in e es in IP applica ion, annual GDP,
and FDI o he MENA coun ies, which include Egyp , he UAE, Saudi
A abia, and Alge ia. The s udy employed quali a i e me hod da a
sou ced om he WIPO’s IP add ess: h ps://www.wipo.in /ips a s/en/
wi h al eady alida ed measu es o GDP pe annum, school en olmen ;
howe e , BRI was inco po a ed ex e nal measu e and na ional IP da a
cen e (WIPO, 2021). The seconda y is se led due o al eady eliably
alida ed da a. The seconda y da a has es ablished alidi y and u he
explo ed speci ica ions o analysis (Fah isa e al., 2023). The ex ac ed
da a om he WIPO da abase imes se ies be ween 2002 and 2021
in o med he s udy decision om Wo ld De elopmen o he Wo ld Bank
analysis. The e o e, a panel da a app oach combines he ime se ies and
c oss-sec ional da a (Zul ika , 2018). Mul iple-linea eg ession was
o med in IBM-SPSS o achie e p edic i e ou comes (S eenkamp &
Maydeu-Oli a es, 2021; Hayes, 2017). The ime se ies was assigned o
BRI and accommoda ed om di e se in e cep s in his s udy, which was
also modeled om he e ogenei y. Di e en in e cep s ha e caused he
shi s in in e ac i i y and incen i e cul u es when es ima ing model
eg ession using espec ed a iable echniques o e lec he di e ences
in ou come. No common me hod bias was ound based on BRI associa ed
wi h p e ious s udies.
2.2. Va iables measu emen s
The s udy ex ac ed da a om he WIPO panel be ween 2002 and
2021, emphasizing a iables including IP applica ion, GDP, FDI, income
g ow h, and school en olmen (WIPO, 2021). The de ini ions o all
conside ed a iables a e p o ided in Table 1. In con as , Table 2
desc ip i ely explains all he key a iables in conside a ion, including
BRI, pe he s udy’s s a is ical da a co e ing all he ypes o indica o s
men ioned. Due o he adop ed li e a u e o BRI, no po en ial CMB is
an icipa ed (Fulle e al., 2016). The ollowing indica o s: pa en ,
adema k, u ili y models, and indus ial designs make up annual IP pe
GDP (USD), BRI (Inn), school en olmen (SE), GDP, and FDI ime se ies
es ima ion. Upon w i en eques o da a ini ia ed, he s udy was
au ho ized ia email o da a collec ed om WIPO and indica ed, as well
as h ough he Wo ld De elopmen and Wo ld Bank (WIPO, 2021). The
da a was sou ced om WIPO’s IP add ess: h ps://www.wipo.in /ips a
s/en/ and he e o e, al eady eliably alida ed measu es o GDP pe
annum, school en olmen ; howe e , BRI was inco po a ed ex e nal
measu e and na ional IP da a cen e (WIPO, 2021). The s udy also
obse ed ha he cul u e o eligion was signi ican o he s udy. MENA
economies deem BRI as a long- e m model o u u e ela ionships wi h
China. BRI has encapsula ed cul u al and eligious di e ences, making
China egula ions mo e a ac i e (Ko d ani, 2021). The A ican In el-
lec ual P ope y O ganiza ion is conce ned abou he MENA economies.
The WIPO is s ill esponsible o he accu acy o da a and, as such, no
CMB (WIPO, 2021; O ganiza ion, 2022). In his s udy, we applied
mul iple linea eg ession, as shown below.
Equa ion Model
Y=a+b
χ
1+c
χ
2+d
χ
3+
ε
(1)
Table 1
Explained a iables.
Va iables names Explana ions Re e ences
Dependen a iable
BRI (Inno a ion)
China’s Bel and Road Ini ia i e (BRI)
de elopmen s a egy aims o build
connec i i y and coope a ion ac oss
na ional economic co ido s
encompassing he Middle Eas .
(OECD, 2018)
Independen
a iableIP
applica ion
(gdp)
The in e na ional a io o WIPO
s anda ds
(S a is ical
Commission,
2022)
FDI ( di) The in e na ional a io o WIPO
s anda ds
(S a is ical
Commission,
2022)
School en olmen
(sen)
The in e na ional a io o WIPO
s anda ds
(S a is ical
Commission,
2022)
Income g ow h
(incg)
The in e na ional a io o WIPO
s anda ds
(S a is ical
Commission,
2022)
Sou ce: WIPO IP applica ion h ps://uns a s.un.o g/unsd/me hodology/m49/.
M. Nou eldin e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
4
BRI(Inn)i =β0+β1gdpi +β2IPi +β3seni +β4Xi +
ε
i (2)
BRI(Inn)i =β0+β1IPi +β2Xi +
ε
i (3)
The equa ion abo e was o es he impac o BRI inno a ion on he
ollowing economies (Alge ia, Saudi A abia, Egyp , and he UAE) based
on linea eg ession s a is ical me hodology, co e ing he pe iod om
2002 o 2021 in he Middle Eas . The subsc ip i ep esen s he indi-
idual egions, and ep esen s imes pe yea . The dependen a iable,
BRI (inno a ion), is a long- e m economic and poli ical s a egic in-
es men , a ac o o China’s bila e al and mul ila e al Silk Road e-
la ionships wi h de eloping coun ies. Acco ding o he OECD, he wo ld
in as uc u e gap cons ained ade openness and p ospe i y (OECD,
2018). The BRI pa icipa ing economies include Saudi A abia, Alge ia,
Egyp , and he UAE gea ed owa ds economic g ow h, o eign di ec
in es men ( di), and Expo ade and educa ion. The e o e, he BRI
inno a ion in ends o in luence and gi e weigh o connec ed s a e
coope a ion o he mu ual ade ou e o he Silk Road. The o he
a iables e e ed o as gdp a e he measu e o IP pe yea ime and pe
coun y (in USD), indus ial designs, u ili y models, and ansac ions o
GDP (%), all indica o s om WIPO. Vec o X o e s yea ly da a on local
GDP (gdp), FDI low (i di), and school en ollmen (Qayyum e al., 2022).
On he one hand, he da a sou ce o his esea ch has al eady been
alida ed and is expec ed o ha e no Common Me hod Bias p oblem.
Consequen ly, mul iple s udies ha e indica ed ha any seconda y da a
om WIPO is c edi ed wi h eliable and alid designs, has a subs an ial
ade e ec , and con ibu es o income g ow h. Regional pa icipan s
collabo a ed in in e na ional economic ac i i ies, likely o enhance FDI-
ela ed ac i i ies and ade mani es a ion. Table 1 shows all he adop ed
a iables, which a e explained wi h e e ences indica ed. The asse -
i eness o China a he egional and global le el is a no able p o i
economic de elopmen o win–win coope a ion.
Table 2 desc ip i e alues show all he panel ex ac ed a iables o
in e es , e en hough he es ima ion and he linea eg ession a e likely
o be endogenously a ec ed in he equa ion due o some o he BRI
inno a ion ends impac ed by he Wes e n in luence and he dynamics
o he s udy objec i es o he expec ed in e ela ed ela ionship be ween
BRI and IP applica ion o GDP income eco e y and sus ainable
de elopmen . Table 2 on pe cen iles shows an inc ease om 2011 o
2021 on each ime se ies scale. By adding BRI as an in eg a ed ime
se ies ac o , he s udy shows a dynamic panel-da a model app oach in
equa ions 1 and 2 abo e, aimed o es ima e he e ec s o a iables on
linea eg ession scale mode o endogenous a iables and p edic o e -
ec s. Conside ing his s udy’s objec i es, we emphasized he p oxies o
BRI agains p edic ing IP applica ions o p ede e mined ou comes.
Using a pa h analysis design, da a unde wen w angling by using
IBM-SPSS o s a is ical linea eg ession o de e mine he in e ela-
ionship o p edic o s and p edic a iables o in e es o e alua e he
causal model. Signi ican ly, he e ec s o he di e ence be ween hese
p edic o s and p edic ing models p ede e mined he es ima ed impac o
he esea ch ques ions. Schola s can be e comp ehend he causal
ela ionship h ough pa h analysis and modeled equa ions. In his s udy,
he ep esen ed a iables a e no conside ed om a heo e ical iew bu
h ough ela ionships o es ima ions (Cain, 2021). This con ibu ed o
showing and demons a ing how p edic o s and p edic ing a iables o
causali y es ima es a ec each o he . We employed IBM-SPSS o
eg ession pa h analysis and e alua ion (Pie ce, 2003).
3. Resul s analysis
The s udy combined he es ima ion p ocesses o linea eg ession
model es ima ions wi h polynomial mee ing assump ions o a alid
esul . The esea che s ound ha linea eg ession is app op ia e i and
when he p edic o is a a con inuous le el and he p edic ing a iables
a e also a a cons an le el (Cohen, 1992). Also, he e is a need o a
ela ionship be ween he p edic o and p edic ing a iables; his is
es ima ed by using a sca e plo o check he isual linea i y o he
s udy. I he displayed ela ionship is non-linea , a non-linea eg ession
analysis wi h a polynomial eg ession o “ ans o m” he da a is ad ised.
Some assump ions should no indica e signi ican ou lie s, and inde-
penden obse a ion should be made using he Du bin-Wa son s a is ic.
In addi ion, he isual linea eg ession mus show homoskedas ici y
wi h a iance along he line o bes - i indica ion and no mally dis ib-
u ed (Kuma i & Yada , 2018).
The me hodological analysis used desc ibes linea eg ession wi h
possible sa is ac ion o p ede e mined es ima ions. Cohen (2013)
explained ha he displayed ela ionship be ween he p edic o s and
p edic ing a iables showed some signi ican p- alues (see Table 3).
Fi s ly, model 1 om Table 3 shows Alge ia’s pa h coe icien (β =
1.073**, =39.496, p <.005) and school en olmen (β =-0.038*, =
-2.275, p <p <.040). We ound ha he schola ship in he school.
En olmen is nega i ely signi ican in IP applica ions; his indica es a
s ong ela ionship be ween BRI and IP le el o engagemen . Fu he -
mo e, Table 3 es ima ed income p edic ed he conside able impac on
in ellec ual p ope y applica ion (β =0.480**, =2.323, p <.032) wi h
an R
2
a iance o 0.232. The magni ude o he e ec o income pe GDP
is posi i ely associa ed wi h IP applica ion h ough inno a ions o he
Silk Road. The s udy me hod examined he pe o mance o he global
economic sec o s and policymake s’ p inciples o IP applica ion. The
s udy disco e ed gaps and a lack o ample li e a u e on he pe o mance
o IP applica ion ini ia i es in he egion o A ican policymake s (Fa -
ole, 2011). Wi h a 95 % con idence in e al measu emen pa ame e o
all he ma ke app oaches o de elop a Middle Eas ade ag eemen
wi h BRI. Again, he es ima ions om model 3 in Table 3 show ha
INCOME is signi ican ly associa ed wi h IP applica ion (β =5.340**, =
2.876, p <.012), FDI (β =-0.515*, =-2.372, p <0.032), and IP
applica ion (β =-4.587**, =-2.526, p <.023). Simila ly, he BRI
signi ican ly impac ed IP applica ions in he Uni ed A ab Emi a es and
Table 2
Desc ip i e S a is ics o he S udy.
Va iables % Time-se ies
BRI
In ellec ual P ope y applica ion GDP (USD) School en ollmen , e ia y (% g oss) FDI (USD) INCOME/USD/Mon h
N Valid 20 20 20 20 19 20
Mean 2011.50 17.60 223.57 32.40 5.70 270.60
Median 2011.50 17.00 235.85 31.00 6.39 248.50
S d. De ia ion 5.916 10.985 103.287 4.198 3.510 109.142
Va iance 35.000 120.674 10668.302 17.621 12.319 11912.042
Minimum 2002 2 79 27 0 119
Maximum 2021 36 404 40 12 456
Pe cen iles 5 2002.05 2.10 78.88 27.05 −0.48 119.55
25 2006.25 6.50 113.15 30.00 2.80 172.50
50 2011.50 17.00 235.85 31.00 6.39 248.50
75 2016.75 27.50 304.98 35.00 8.14 370.25
95 2020.95 35.90 402.20 40.00 455.90
M. Nou eldin e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
5
Egyp (β =0.923**, =16.971, p <.005) and INCOME (β =0.080, =
1.467, p <.161); he la e shows no di e ence be ween he es ima ions.
Howe e , he R alues ha ep esen ed he co ela ion o he
ou come indica ed a high deg ee o co ela ion. Likewise, he R
2
shows
he o al a iances o all dependen a iables 98 %, 58 %, 24 %, and 2 %
o BRI (UAE), INCOME (Egyp ), INCOME (Saudi A abia), and BRI
(Alge ia), espec i ely. Because o he high deg ee o a iances, BRI is
iden i ied as he p edic ing e ec o IP applica ion in he UAE, Egyp ,
and Saudi A abia bu no Alge ia. Hence, he posi i e impac o IP means
ha BRI b ings oge he he Middle Eas e n economies and os e s
collabo a ion, becomes a good ini ia i e o imp o e he egion’s eco-
nomic de elopmen , spa ks a p ospec o pos -COVID-19 eco e y, and
e i es ailed economies. The esul s also indica ed ha school en ol-
men has a posi i e and bene icial e ec on de eloping economies and
he Chinese go e nmen ’s BRI scheme. Signi ican esul s also indica ed
in co ela ion Table 4 ha WIPO’s panel da a be ween 2001 and 2021
showed an associa ed co ela ion wi h p <.005**. This indica ed su i-
cien g ound o p o e he le el o signi icance o BRI agains all he
p edic ing a iables men ioned. The OLS indica ion es ima es a pa h
coe icien wi h high posi i e e ec s o IP and school en olmen abo e
FDI and GDP. Based on ca e ul calcula ions, we concluded ha he
co ela ion om Table 3 is signi ican ega ding he bila e al and
mul ila e al ag eemen on he in e na ional g ound pe cei ed as he
pe o mance le el o economic de elopmen among he ou selec ed
Middle Eas e n coun ies on a gene alized basis.
Table 4 shows he ze o-co ela ion o all-inclusi e a iables, wi h
in e es in he ela ionship be ween he ou come and p edic o s. A
co ela ion coe icien is om ze o, indica ing he s eng h o ela ion-
ships among he a iables. The esul s show ha he a iables a e
indica i e o he ma ix, hus showing he able o co ela ion co-
e icien s o all a iables, as shown in Table 4. The highly posi i e co -
ela ion coe icien s be ween BRI and o he s a e (GDP =0.882, sen =
0.927, di =0.577, and income =0.970). Signi ican ly, he inno a i e
applica ion o BRI on IP applica ion is pic u e-pe ec , acili a ing con-
nec i i y o Middle Eas collabo a ion o economic de elopmen . All he
highligh ed a iables in Table 4 indica e a high posi i e co ela ion
coe icien o he ou come. Also, all he co ela ed coe icien s in he
diagonal a e equal o 1, showing ha each a iable is pe ec ly co e-
la ed o i sel . The co ela ion ma ix se es as a linea eg ession
diagnosis and a pa h coe icien summa y.
4. Discussions
This s udy assumed a be e con ibu o y ole in augmen ing some o
he asse i eness in BRI a he Wo ld T ade O ganiza ion (WTO) and
WIPO wi h he in e na ional communi y and de eloping economic
ma ke needs. Following he seconda y sou ce da a om WIPO, China-
MENA will enhance mul ila e al and bila e al collabo a ion wi h he RQ.
RQ1. How does he BRI policy op imiza ion a ec IP applica ion ou pu
o economic eco e y in MENA coun ies? Fi s ly, RQ was ound o
Table 3
Pa h coe icien om he linea eg ession e alua ions wi h es ima ions.
Model 1 Alge ia Uns anda dized Coe icien s S anda dized Coe icien s - alue P <.005 95.0 % Con idence In e al o B
β S d. E o β Lowe Bound Uppe Bound R
2
1 (Cons an ) 2001.828 0.248 8084.194 0.000 2001.293 2002.363 0.124
In ellec ual P ope y applica ion 0.325 0.008 1.070 39.495 0.000 0.308 0.343
GDP (billion USD) −0.001 0.001 −0.011 −1.060 0.308 −0.002 0.001
School en ollmen , e ia y (% g oss) −0.015 0.007 −0.038 −2.275 0.040 −0.030 −0.001
FDI (billion USD) 0.010 0.007 0.009 1.418 0.180 −0.005 0.026
INCOME/USD/Mon h 0.000 0.000 −0.032 −1.336 0.205 −0.001 0.000
Saudi A abia β S d. E o β Lowe Bound Uppe Bound
2 (Cons an ) 736.989 47.218 15.608 0.000 637.787 836.190 0.235
In ellec ual P ope y applica ion 8.527 3.670 0.480 2.323 0.032 0.816 16.238
Egyp β S d. E o β Lowe Bound Uppe Bound
3 (Cons an ) −212348.569 73893.211 −2.874 0.012 −369848.221 −54848.918 0.577
BRI 106.185 36.917 5.340 2.876 0.012 27.497 184.872
FDI (billion USD) −16.430 6.928 −0.515 −2.372 0.032 −31.196 −1.664
In ellec ual P ope y applica ion −49.479 19.591 −4.587 −2.526 0.023 −91.237 −7.722
Uni ed A ab Emi a e β S d. E o β Lowe Bound Uppe Bound
4 (Cons an ) 2000.089 0.421 4753.737 0.000 1999.202 2000.977 0.989
In ellec ual P ope y applica ion 0.959 0.056 0.923 16.971 0.000 0.840 1.078
GDP (billion USD) 0.004 0.003 0.080 1.467 0.161 −0.002 0.009
Signi ican is @ **p <.005 and *p <.001.
Table 4
Ze o-co ela ion ma ix.
Va iables BRI Annual
(yea ly)
In ellec ual P ope y
applica ion
GDP (billion
USD)
School en ollmen , e ia y
(% g oss)
FDI (billion
USD)
INCOME/USD/
Mon h
DV Annual (yea ly)BRI 1.000 1.000 0.883 0.927 0.577 0.970
In ellec ual P ope y
applica ion
1.000 1.000 0.882 0.931 0.579 0.973
GDP (billion USD) 0.883 0.882 1.000 0.750 0.525 0.817
School en ollmen , e ia y
(% g oss)
0.927 0.931 0.750 1.000 0.683 0.955
FDI (billion USD) 0.577 0.579 0.525 0.683 1.000 0.636
INCOME/USD/Mon h 0.970 0.973 0.817 0.955 0.636 1.000
Sig. (1-
ailed)
Annual (yea ly) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000
In ellec ual P ope y
applica ion
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000
GDP (billion USD) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000
School en ollmen , e ia y
(% g oss)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
FDI (billion USD) 0.005 0.005 0.011 0.001 0.002
INCOME/USD/Mon h 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002
M. Nou eldin e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
6
signi ican ly a ec IP applica ions bu no GDP. A he same ime, he
FDI was nega i ely signi ican o income g ow h, as shown by mul iple
eg ession (Table 3). Based on hese ou lie s and high le e age poin s
om Table 3, we ound unusual poin s o nega i e e ec s. The mul iple
eg ession a ge ed MENA coun ies and ound an in e se e ec in
Alge ia and Saudi A abia bu a posi i e one in Egyp and he UAE.
Consequen ly, he balanced obse a ion o case diagnos ic/s anda dized
was dele ed using SPSS. We u he obse ed ou lie s using a measu e o
in luen ial obse a ions (Cook’s Dis ance).
BRI(Inn)i =β0+β1i +β2i +
ε
i (2)
F om he a iables elabo a ed in equa ion (2), Y ep esen s BRI as
cons an , and he p edic o s IP applica ion, he in e cep , and esidual
e o we e app op ia ely dis ac ed. The changes in IP applica ion (β ¼
1.07, p <.005**); GDP (β ¼-0.011, p <.308); sch (β ¼-0.038, p <.04*);
FDI (β ¼-0.038, p <.08) and income (β ¼-.032p <.20) as a posi i e
coe icien alue is only IP applica ion. Hence, ou lie s show unusual
p edic ing BRI, which is su icien e idence ha he mode sa is ies he
mul iple linea eg ession condi ions.
Fig. 1 o his s udy, p esen ing Egyp ian panel da a om he WIPO
da abase ac oss pa en s, adema ks, indus ial designs, and gdp, shows a
high deg ee o adema k o e - ime analy ics. BRI is joining in e o s
wi h B azil and India in hei majo push o s anda d policies o enable
de eloping coun ies economic de elopmen . None heless, he IP
applica ion egime can assis China’s BRI in de eloping in e na ional
s anda ds ha mee de eloping coun ies’ collabo a i e and nego ia ed
u u e IP ea ies o esol e IP- ela ed WTO dispu es (Yu, 2019). The IP
applica ion om he s udy shows a high deg ee o su icien signi icance
in bo h linea eg ession and pe o mance illus a ed in Fig. 2. Howe e ,
he de elopmen o BRI emains unclea in e ms o how IP can bene i
economically. Un o una ely, he e is a limi ed schola ly con e sa ion
on how BRI can impac IP o economic bene i s. In e es ingly, his
cu en s udy om he esea ch ques ions e alua es he IP applica ion
on a ious economic eco e y h ough BRIs. Likewise, he adema ks
showed a high deg ee o signi ican le els o income de elopmen . Fig. 2
shows ha IP and GDP showed a signi ican upwa d inc ease in blue and
o ange colo om 2004 o 2014. Fu he mo e, GDP inc eased expo-
nen ially om 2006 o 2020, as shown in Fig. 2. Undoub edly, he BRI
has connec ed well wi h de eloping in as uc u e and schola ships
s a egically and signi ican ly. To ou knowledge, he July 2016 con-
e ence in Beijing was hemed on ’ wo k oge he o p io i ize IP as a
sys em o p omo e inno a ion and o sha e he bene i s o inno a ion (WIPO,
2016).’ BRI collabo a ion and IP connec ion con ibu e su icien ly and
asse i ely o coope a ion in IP- ela ed se ices, synch oniza ion o IP
ules and ag eemen s, in e -ope abili y o da abases, and join human
esou ces aining and echnological ad ancemen (WIPO, 2016).
The 2017 signed memo andum o unde s anding be ween China and
WIPO is known h ough ca e ul analysis as in e na ional coope a ion
Fig. 1. WIPO IP applica ion on a a ie y o e en s.
M. Nou eldin e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
7
building and egional IP ag eemen wi h de eloping coun ies, including
Egyp , Alge ia, Saudi A abia, and he UAE, o men ion a ew. BRI
con ibu ion is a imely boos o pos -COVID-19 economic eco e y
ini ia i es o de eloping economies. Hence, Fig. 2 co obo a es ha IP
applica ion and GDP a e indica o s o he high le el o BRI de elopmen .
The WIPO s a is ics show ha China’s ini ia i es and IP applica ions
s ood behind he USA’s.
The quan i a i e app oach con ibu ed by he s udy is acclaimed o
i s da a-d i en and policy- ocused o me ge high-le el coope a ion in
geopoli ical explo a i e s a ic and dynamic economic g ow h wi h FDI
ade zones. The analysis o he connec edness o BRI wi h IP applica ion
e alua es he sho - e m h ough FDI e iciency along wi h he BRI
ins umen al policy dimension (schola ship, expo - ade ag eemen ,
in as uc u e de elopmen ). Thus, s a ic economic ou comes and dy-
namic economic ou comes include echnology ans e , in eg a ed do-
mes ic economics, and ul ima e s uc u al changes in ee- ade
openness (Au iol e al., 2023). This is consis en wi h he s udy o Fan
e al. (2016), which applied a s ochas ic on ie g a i y model wi h FDI
b eakdown. The s udy indings esul ed in China’s ou bound FDI being
mu ual objec i es wi h policy c i e ia while signi ican ly cons ained by
some a i icial impedimen s ha on ie co po a ions can o e come.
Acco ding o he p edic ed FDI cooling e iciency, China has eno mous
ex e nal FDI po en ial in BRI coun ies. China’s ex e nal FDI e iciency
has shown a cons an upwa d end in bo h FDI supply and demand o e
ime. Al hough China’s ou bound FDI pe o mance a ied be ween
de eloping coun ies and pe iods, he e we e no majo pe o mance
dispa i ies be ween he BRI (Fan e al., 2016). The objec i e is o ul ill
he gap o cons ain s h ough IP applica ions o cemen in e na ional
and egional coope a ion o e icien gdp, di, and income g ow h wi h
he Gul egions along he Silk Road. Resul s epo ed by Zhonghua e al.
(2020) sugges ha imp o ing IP applica ions h ough he BRI is an
inhe en equi emen o de eloping coun ies o bene i om a s ong
on ie collabo a ion and he cons uc ion o in ellec ual p o ec ions.
Fu he mo e, equa ion (1) highligh ed all he a iables in he s udy
o linea assessmen o he pa h coe icien . Thus, RQ2: How does IP
applica ion policy ope a ionaliza ion impac economic g ow h me ics in a
geopoli ical en i onmen h ough BRI?
BRI(Inn)i =β0+β1−0.011i +β21.070i +β3−0.038i +β40.009i +
ε
i
(1)
Consequen ly, he linea eg ession model ep esen a ion e ol ed
a ound gdp, IP, and sen, and all we e s a is ically signi ican excep in-
come g ow h. Al hough sen was nega i ely signi ican wi h p <.04.
While gdp shows a nega i e pa h coe icien bu signi ican ly ound IP
applica ion, none heless, he esul s indica e ha di showed no di e -
ence in Alge ia panel da a. This is connec ed o China BRI in eg a ed
high-le el nominal pe o mance wi h na ional FDI and expo wi h
global expe ience. Using WIPO’s da abase sugges s good pe o ming
indica o s o he Middle Eas and No h A ica wi h dynamic economic
ou comes h ough IP pe o mance ope a ionaliza ion. The ecen ends
Fig. 2. Explo a i e asse i eness o IP pe o mance in Egyp and he UAE.
M. Nou eldin e al.
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100215
8
ma k China’s engagemen wi h in ellec ual p ope y go e nance o
unlock all geopoli ical ba ie s o smoo h economic collabo a ion wi h
de eloping coun ies (Cheng, 2019) and sus ain economic win–win
op imiza ion. The go e nmen has main ained i s in e es in wo king
wi h e o s o ake he lead in in ellec ual p ope y discussions a he
Regional Comp essi e Economic Pa ne ship. They seek o eme ge as a
model expo e , ocusing on IP capaci y building unde hei Bel and
Road Ini ia i e (BRI) and BRICS IP a angemen s. This esea ch also
belie es ha BRI has a mo e unique and uni ied app oach in i s
esponsi e engagemen han in i s ac i e engagemen . The BRI is mo e
asse i e in o ming p o ec i e coali ions agains de eloped na ions’
p oposed no ms han pushing i s IP policies egionally wi h plu alism.
BRI a i udes in hese p o ec ion pa ne ships a e cha ac e is ic o a
de eloping coun y’s p o-de elopmen o ien a ion (Cheng, 2019) and
in e na ional coope a ion.
All s a is ical analyses we e pe o med using linea ep ession pa h
coe icien and Common E ec ou pu wi h panel da a om WIPO be-
ween 2002 and 2021, ocusing on he Middle Eas and No h A ican
coun ies encompassing Alge ia, Egyp , Saudi A abia, and he UEA. The
s udy om each egion ound wi h BRI in Alge ia shows ha only IP
applica ion and school en ollmen we e s a is ically signi ican . Fo
Egyp , indings show ha he a ea is sa is ied wi h IP, FDI, and school
en olmen excep o gdp and income g ow h. I was no malized in Saudi
A abia whe e income g ow h p edic ed s a is ical signi icance wi h gdp,
and school en olmen . Likewise, he UEA shows FDI a cons an , and
none o he a iables we e s a is ically signi ican . Objec i ely, he s udy
has sa is ied i s IP applica ion o high-s anda d economic pa ne ship
and is consis en wi h he dynamic economic ou come o he BRI
go e nmen al sec o . This s udy ecommended ha go e nmen col-
labo a ions and pa ne ships ocus on long- e m IP applica ions in majo
economic de elopmen sec o s. BRI a i udes should be an open doo
aiming a achie ing high domes ic and in e na ional IP pe o mance
s anda ds. The Middle Eas and No h A ican egions mus de ine hei
in e es in pa ne ship wi h China BRI wi h speci ic dynamism in signing
ag eemen s o win–win achie emen s.
5. Conclusion
This pape examined and e alua ed he ecen impac o BRI on IP
applica ions using panel da a om he WIPO da abase om coun ies
including Alge ia, Egyp , Saudi A abia, and he UAE. We discussed he
p edic i e needs o BRI in e na ional and egional collabo a ions o
MENA using mul iple-linea eg ession panel da a be ween 2002 and
2021 wi h in e es ing indings. As shown in Table 3 o he linea
eg ession associa ed e ec s, BRI indica ed a s a is ical pa h coe icien
wi h IP applica ion and school en olmen when analyzed wi h Egyp
panel da a. A signi ican di e ence was ound be ween BRI and FDI, IP,
and school en olmen ega ding analysis wi h Alge ia. This esul is
impo an a he p <.04, 0.05, and 0.03 le els, espec i ely. A signi i-
can posi i e co ela ion was ound be ween BRI and all p edic ing
a iables in he s udy, as shown in Table 4, wi h a ze o-ma ix co ela-
ion. The es s e ealed a weak pa h coe icien o FDI as cons an agains
GDP, IP, and BRI.
Fi s ly, he eme ging BRI is a i al nexus poin o FDI and a ee-
ade zone be ween China’s de eloping coun ies aiming o un a el
egional coope a ion and in as uc u al ag eemen s wi h IP applica-
ions embedded. The BRI is an in es men s a egy ha le e ages e-
sou ces ac oss de eloping ma ke in as uc u e p ojec s o geopoli ical
bene i s. Howe e , his in es men s a egy is now d i ing away om
con en ional coun ies such as Russia and A ica and owa d Saudi
A abia and he Middle Eas e ains (Dana, 2022). Wha is mo e
in iguing is how he BRI has mo phed in o a condui o Chinese
geopoli ical in luence, concen a ing on he A abians. Secondly, The
Gul Coope a ion Council (GCC) has been on he app o ed lis o BRI
coun ies. The BRI is a i al suppo ela ionship o allied coun ies such
as Pakis an and Egyp . The BRI has played a c i ical ole in Pakis an’s
Gwada po and pipeline p ojec and Egyp ’s Suez Canal A ea De el-
opmen P ojec . Saudi A amco was explo ing me hods o become a
publicly lis ed company, and Chinese in es o s s epped up go e nmen -
backed in es men s, eage o pu chase subs an ial economic in e es s.
A he same ime, China landed $5.5 billion wo h o deals in Saudi
A abia as pa o apid ealloca ion away om Russia and owa ds he
Middle Eas egions, highligh ing he BRI’s suppleness.
To sum up, The Bel and Road Ini ia i e is pa o China’s long- e m
e o s o gain a s ong p esence in GCC as i s i es wi h he US o
global hegemony. BRI pa ne ship e o a a c ucial s age o he Middle
Eas and No h A ica egion’s economic eco e y would undoub edly
mo e Beijing’s ambi ion close o conside ing he BRI as a me hod o
linking he global economy o China wi h IP applica ions. Hence, policy
op imiza ion emains achie able h ough BRI in e ela ionships wi h
de eloping coun ies. Recommended policy di ec ion; go e nmen
egional collabo a ions and pa ne ship wi h Chinese educa ional
schola ships; and o dynamic economic expansion in IP applica ions.
BRI amewo k can enhance egional connec i i y aimed a high s an-
da ds o he IP ne wo k o business model inno a ion, aking ad an age
o geog aphical and economic di e si ica ion. The BRI could u he
acili a e IP applica ion on ade op imiza ion and open ee ade zones.
BRI is pa o he egional pa ne ship o acili a e access and expansion
o p oduc s, b ands, and se ices ag eed wi h China in p inciple and can
enhance ee ade ag eemen ini ia i es.
E hical app o al: Resea che s adhe ed s ic ly o he Helsinki
Decla a ion on Human Resea ch, and pa icipan s’ in o ma ion was
handled acco ding o global s anda ds o e hics. The pa icipan s o his
su ey consen ed o pa icipa e in his s udy.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Mohamed Nou eldin: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing – o iginal
d a , Visualiza ion, Supe ision, P ojec adminis a ion, Me hodology,
Da a cu a ion, Concep ualiza ion. Asmaa A eya: In es iga ion. Sami a
Moussa: Resou ces. Sayibu Muhideen: So wa e.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
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