S einhaue , Hans Wal e ; Siege , Manuel; Sü mann, Felix; Siege s, Raine ; Zinn,
Sabine
Resea ch Repo
IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees - 2023: Sampling,
non esponse, and weigh ing o he sample M9
SOEP Su ey Pape s, No. 1537
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Ge man Ins i u e o Economic Resea ch (DIW Be lin)
Sugges ed Ci a ion: S einhaue , Hans Wal e ; Siege , Manuel; Sü mann, Felix; Siege s, Raine ; Zinn,
Sabine (2025) : IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees - 2023: Sampling, non esponse, and weigh ing
o he sample M9, SOEP Su ey Pape s, No. 1537, Deu sches Ins i u ü Wi scha s o schung
(DIW), Ge man Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), Be lin
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Hans Wal e S einhaue , Manuel Siege , Felix Sü mann, Raine Siege s, Sabine Zinn
Se ies C - Da a Documen a ions (Da endokumen a ionen)
IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees
– 2023: Sampling, Non esponse, and
Weigh ing o he Sample M9
1537
2025
Running since 1984, he Ge man Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is a wide- anging ep esen a i e
longi udinal s udy o p i a e households, loca ed a he Ge man Ins i u e o Economic Resea ch,
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IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees –
2023: Sampling, Non esponse, and
Weigh ing o he Sample M9
Hans Wal e S einhaue 1, Manuel Siege 2, Felix Sü mann1,
Raine Siege s1, and Sabine Zinn1,3
1Ge man Ins i u e o Economic Resea ch (DIW Be lin)
2Fede al Office o Mig a ion and Re ugees - Resea ch Cen e
(BAMF-FZ)
3Humbold -Uni e si ä zu Be lin
July 28, 2025
Abs ac
This pape ou lines he sampling and weigh ing p ocess o he M9
sample, an augmen a ion sample o he IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o
Re ugees. I augmen s he samples M3, M4, M5, and M6 wi h e ugees
en e ing Ge many be ween Janua y 1, 2017, and he Augus 31, 2022.
I also adds e ugees om Uk aine by including hose who en e ed Ge -
many in he pe iod om June 9, 2022 up o and including Augus 31,
2022. The sample is d awn om he Cen al Regis e o Fo eigne s (Aus-
lände zen al egis e ; AZR) in a s a i ied wo-s age design. A he i s
s age clus e s o dis ic s a e sampled and a he second s age e ugees
a e sampled as ancho pe sons o he household. Design weigh s a e
adjus ed o co ec o non esponse and co e age. Non esponse adjus -
men s make use o design in o ma ion, in e iewe cha ac e is ics, a ea-
le el and egional in o ma ion, as well as in o ma ion om he AZR. The
ma ginal dis ibu ions we use o pos -s a i ica ion a e de i ed om he
AZR as well. The M9 sample and i s weigh s a e seamlessly in eg a ed
in o he IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees and he SOEP.
1. In oduc ion
Toge he wi h he Ins i u e o Employmen Resea ch (IAB) and he Resea ch Cen e
o he Fede al Office o Mig a ion and Re ugees (BAMF-FZ) he Socio-Economic Panel
(SOEP) a he Ge man Ins i u e o Economic Resea ch in Be lin (DIW Be lin) su eys
households o e ugees in Ge many in a longi udinal s udy. The coope a ion conduc ing
he IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees s a ed in 2016 and is designed as a panel s udy
o e ugee households, see B ücke e al. (accep ed). I is inco po a ed in o he SOEP as
subsamples M3, M4, M5, and M6. These subsamples co e mainly e ugees om Sy ia,
I aq, A ghanis an and A ica.
In Ma ch 2022, he SOEP oge he wi h he IAB, he Ge man Family Demog aphy Panel
S udy (FReDA) a he Fede al Ins i u e o Popula ion Resea ch (BiB) and he BAMF se
up he IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o add ess he need o da a on Uk ainian
e ugees in Ge many; see S einhaue , Décieux, Siege , E e, and Zinn (2024). Uk ainians
who en e ed Ge many in he pe iod om Feb ua y 24, 2022 up o June 8, 2022 we e
in e iewed. In e iews we e conduc ed om Augus o Oc obe 2022 (online and pape
ques ionnai e) and a second wa e ook place be ween Janua y and Ma ch 2023. A e
he second wa e, hal o he pa icipan s o he IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP-Su ey
became pa o he IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Su ey o Re ugees.
The IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Su ey o Re ugees was augmen ed in 2023 by wo g oups: Uk ainian
e ugees who en e ed Ge many in he pe iod om June 9 o Augus 31, 2022 (UKR 2023)
and e ugees om he es o he wo ld who en e ed Ge many om Janua y 2017 o Augus
31, 2022 (ROW 2023). Toge he wi h he Uk ainian e ugees om he IAB-BiB/FReDA-
BAMF-SOEP su ey (UKR 2022), he wo newly d awn g oups o m he M9 sample.
This pape documen s he sampling design o he UKR 2023 and ROW 2023 and he
weigh ing s a egy o he 2023 sample M9 o he IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees.
The e o e, Sec ion 2 p o ides de ails on he popula ion. Sampling is desc ibed in Sec ion 3.
Sec ion 4 p o ides in o ma ion on he ieldwo k and i s esul s. Weigh ing adjus men s
a e p esen ed in Sec ion 5. Finally, Sec ion 6 gi es a b ie summa y.
2. Ta ge Popula ion and Sampling F ame
The a ge popula ion o sample M9 consis s o h ee main g oups. The i s g oup,
UKR 2022, consis s o pe sons wi h a Uk ainian Na ionali y a i ing in Ge many be ween
Feb ua y 24, 2022, and June 8, 2022 (cp. S einhaue e al., 2024, p. 86 ). The second
g oup, UKR 2023, is o med by pe sons wi h a Uk ainian Na ionali y a i ing in Ge -
many be ween June 9, 2022, and Augus 1, 2022. The hi d g oup, ROW 2023, co e s
pe sons who en e ed Ge many be ween Janua y 2017 and end o Augus 2022 and iling
an asylum applica ion (excluding he p e ious g oups UKR 2022 and UKR 2023). No e
ha , Uk ainian e ugees a i ing in Ge many be o e he Russian in asion a e included
in he g oup ROW 2023. Hence, he p e ious e ugee samples M3, M4, M5 and M6 a e
ex ended o include pe sons wi h en y be ween Janua y 2017 and Augus 2022 by he
g oup ROW 2023. The IAB-BAMF-SOEP su ey also includes e ugees om Uk aine by
he wo g oups UKR 2022 and UKR 2023.
To sample om his popula ion, we u ilized he Cen al Regis e o Fo eigne s (Auslän-
de zen al egis e , AZR), an official da ase p o ided by he Fede al Office o Mig a ion
SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 1 40
and Re ugees (Bundesam ü Mig a ion und Flüch linge, BAMF). The AZR eco ds all
o eign na ionals who ha e esided in Ge many o a minimum o h ee mon hs, he eby en-
compassing he a ge e ugee popula ion. Fu he de ails on he egis e a e p o ided by
Babka on Gos omski and Pupe e (2008). Fo he egis a ion p ocess o he Uk ainian
e ugee popula ion and i s peculia i ies, see S einhaue e al. (2024). We il e ed his eg-
is e o iden i y indi iduals mee ing ou popula ion c i e ia. O e all, he AZR included
483,290 indi iduals who me hese condi ions, see Table 1.
Table 1: Numbe s o adul e ugees by Na ionali y and immig a ion yea .
Immig a ion yea
Na ionali y 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 20221To al
Sy ia 21,676 13,287 11,231 11,404 22,441 13,227 93,266
A ghanis an 3,832 3,970 4,768 5,755 14,495 8,972 41,792
I aq 8,545 6,036 5,262 4,113 9,637 4,168 37,761
I an 4,565 7,270 5,476 1,992 2,054 1,903 23,260
Uk aine2187 323 320 143 359 117,317 118,649
Tu key 4,573 6,472 6,609 3,730 5,943 6,599 33,926
Wes -A ica 7,146 7,012 6,067 3,270 3,015 2,708 29,218
Eas -A ica 8,872 4,900 2,991 2,012 3,407 2,053 24,235
O he s 12,860 11,945 12,513 9,083 16,978 17,804 81,183
To al 72,256 61,215 55,237 41,502 78,329 174,751 483,290
No es: 1Co e s only Janua y un il Augus . 2Re ugees a i ing in Ge many
be o e 2022 will be added o he ROW 2023.
In o al, he popula ion consis s o 483,290 e ugees. Table 1 p esen s he numbe o
immig an s om speci ic na ionali ies o e he yea s 2017 h ough he end o Augus
2022. O e all immig a ion numbe s luc ua ed signi ican ly du ing his pe iod. S a ing
o wi h 72,256 e ugees in 2017 d opping o 41,502 in 2020. A e he co ona lockdowns
and a el es ic ions in 2020 he numbe s ose again in 2021. The sha p inc ease in
2022 e lec s only e ugees who a i ed in Ge many un il Augus . I is mos ly d i en
by Uk ainians who a i ed in Ge many a e he wa s a ed. Be o e 2022 only ew
Uk ainians a e egis e ed in he AZR each yea . Among he o he na ionali ies, Sy ia
shows consis en ly high numbe s bu wi h a dip a ound 2018-2020. A ghanis an shows a
s eady inc ease un il 2021. O he egions and coun ies like I aq, I an, Wes A ica, and
Eas A ica exhibi a ying le els bu gene ally lowe han Sy ia. O he 483,290 e ugees
lis ed abo e, 87% a e egis e ed wi h egula immig a ion au ho i ies (Auslände behö den,
ABH). The emaining pa is egis e ed h ough, o example, police o bo de pa ol.
3. Sampling Design
To sample om he desi ed popula ion, we il e he AZR o e ugees egis e ed wi h
egula immig a ion au ho i ies. Thus, we mainly exclude e ugees om ini ial ecep ion
acili ies. Fu he , he e a e some egional peculia i ies. In Saa land he e is only one
cen al au ho i y loca ed in Saa louis. Fu he , he dis ic Sp ee-Neiße and he ci y o
Co bus a e joined o a clus e as well as he dis ic and he ci y o Kassel. Excep
SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 2 40
o hese peculia i ies he ju isdic ion o he ABH and he dis ic boa de s coincide. So
in a i s s ep we c ea e p ima y sampling uni s (PSU) om he au ho i ies egionally
coinciding wi h ci ies and dis ic s. The c ea ion o PSU aims o c ea e clus e s ha
a e mo e simila in e ms o hei size. Fi s , ci ies and dis ic s wi h a leas 2,000
e ugees o m a PSU on hei own. This mainly conce ns ci y s a es Be lin, Hambu g, and
B emen, bu also Saa louis (as explained abo e), Leipzig, Cologne, F ank u am Main o
Munich. Nex we join ci ies no ye o ming a PSU ha ing only one dis ic su ounding
i . In subsequen s eps we allow o mo e neighbo ing dis ic s o be joined yielding he
desi ed size o 2,000 e uges. When hese joins become o la ge in e ms o a ea, we lowe
he minimum numbe o e ugees pe PSU o 1,000. Fo a de ailed desc ip ion o he
clus e ing see Jacobsen e al. (2019) No e ha , e ugees a e usually dis ibu ed acco ding
o „Königss eine Schlüssel“. This holds o he g oup o ROW 2023. Uk ainian e ugees,
on he o he hand, can choose hei place o esidence hemsel es unde ce ain condi ions;
see S einhaue e al. (2024). Fo his eason he clus e ing is done sepa a ely o he wo
s a a.
This p ocedu e esul s in a o al o 190 PSUs o bo h s a a (g oups). O hese, 90
PSUs a e sampled a he i s s age wi h p obabili y p opo ional o size in each s a um.
Wi hin he sampled PSUs we andomly selec a ixed numbe o e ugees a he second
s age. The numbe o e ugees o be sampled a he second s age is compu ed in a way
ha he sampling design in o al yields oughly equal inclusion p obabili ies o e ugees
a he second s age. This holds o bo h s a a co e ing he dis inc g oups o UKR 2023
and ROW 2023. Thus, he design can be summa ized as s a i ied wo-s age sampling
design. Fo de ails o he sampling design o UKR 2022, see S einhaue e al. (2024).
4. Fieldwo k Resul s and Response Ra es
The M9 sample co e s he wo g oups o UKR 2023 and ROW 2023 which a e su eyed o
he i s ime. The g oup UKR 2022 was al eady su eyed be o e. Fo de ails o he ield
wo k esul s and esponse a es o UKR 2022, see S einhaue e al. (2024). The BAMF
deli e ed he add esses o in as Ins i u e o Applied Social Science, he ield wo k agency,
o be alida ed. Du ing he ieldwo k a o al o 33,766 add esses was alida ed. O hese
1,559 add esses we e no used. All alid add esses we e sen a p e-con ac o m ia mail.
I p o ided de ails on he su ey, access o a CAWI and PAPI sho ques ionnai e, and
asked o in e es in pa icipa ion. All 9,251 households esponding o he p e-con ac
we e deployed o ield. O hose households om he ROW g oup who did no espond
o he p e-con ac a andom sample o 5,000 households was d awn and also deployed o
he CAPI ield. A o al o 7,388 p e-con ac o ms we e e u ned due o alse add ess
in o ma ion. Also, 375 indi iduals ac i ely e used o pa icipa e in he p e-con ac phase
o he su ey. Figu e 1 in Appendix A de ails he p ocesses leading o being in e iewed
in he su ey. The in e iews we e conduc ed be ween June and Decembe 2023. All
households s a ed in CAPI mode wi h he possibili y o swi ch o ano he mode.
SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 3 40
Table 2: Fieldwo k esul s on he household-le el acco ding o Ame ican Associa ion o Public Opinion Resea ch (2023).
Final Disposi ion Code UKR 2022 ROW 2023 UKR 2023 To al
Numbe P opo ion Numbe P opo ion Numbe P opo ion Numbe
1. In e iew
(1.10) Comple e 1,276 0.271 1,880 0.084 594 0.088 3,750
(1.20) Pa ial 276 0.059 702 0.031 141 0.021 1,119
2. Eligible, Non-In e iew
(2.10) Re usal 122 0.026 704 0.032 58 0.009 884
(2.12) B eak-o 55 0.012 326 0.015 39 0.006 420
(2.20) Non-con ac 171 0.036 902 0.040 63 0.009 1,136
(2.31) Dead 2 0.000 6 0.000 5 0.001 13
(2.32) Physically / men ally unable 16 0.003 57 0.003 11 0.002 84
(2.33) Language p oblems 29 0.006 286 0.013 15 0.002 330
(2.36) Miscellaneous 662 0.140 3,360 0.150 429 0.064 4,451
3. Unknown eligibili y, non-in e iew
(3.11) No a emp ed o wo ked 0 0.000 1,587 0.071 0 0.000 1,587
(3.22) No hing e e e u ned 1,363 0.289 8,191 0.367 3,525 0.525 13,079
4. No Eligible
(4.10) Ou o sample / sc eened ou 0 0.000 0 0.000 2 0.000 2
(4.20) Mo ed ab oad 62 0.013 13 0.001 25 0.004 100
(4.40) Un aceable 669 0.142 4,158 0.186 1,803 0.268 6,630
(4.50) Non- esiden ial building 12 0.003 159 0.007 10 0.001 181
To al 4,715 1.000 22,331 1.000 6,720 1.000 33,766
No es: 1Ca ego y includes M9-ROW no pa icipa ing in p e-con ac . P opo ions migh
no add up o one due o ounding e o s.
SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 4 40
Table 2 p o ides de ails on he inal disposi ion ou comes o sampled households ac oss
h ee g oups, using classi ica ion codes de ined by he Ame ican Associa ion o Public
Opinion Resea ch (2023). Fo each g oup, he able lis s he numbe o households alling
in o each AAPOR disposi ion ca ego y: hose ha esul ed in an in e iew (comple e
o pa ial), eligible bu no in e iewed, households wi h unknown eligibili y, and hose
who we e no eligible. The p opo ions ep esen he pe cen age o con ac ed households
wi hin each speci ic su ey pe iod ha esul ed in hese inal ca ego ies. In o al, he e
we e 4,882 (UKR 2022: 1,552, UKR 2023: 735, ROW 2023: 2,582) comple e o pa ial
in e iews, esul ing in a esponse a e on he household-le el, calcula ed acco ding o
Ame ican Associa ion o Public Opinion Resea ch (2023), o RR2 = 4,869
26,853 = 0.181 (UKR
2022: 1,552
3,972 = 0.391, UKR 2023: 735
4,880 = 0.151, ROW 2023: 2,582
18,001 = 0.143). The esponse
a es a e highe o Uk ainian e ugees ( ega dless o he g oup 2022 and 2023) and o
ROW 2023 compa able o M6, see S einhaue , Siege s, Siege , Jacobsen, and Zinn (2022).
The e usal a e is REF 1 = 1,304
26,853 = 0.049 (UKR 2022: 177
3,972 = 0.045, UKR 2023: 97
4,880 =
0.020, ROW 2023: 1,030
18,001 = 0.057) and, hus, is simila o o he samples / s udies o
Uk ainian e ugees. Fo e ugees om o he coun ies (ROW 2023) he e usal a e is
highe compa ed o p e ious e ugee samples o he IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees.
The p opo ions o non-con ac as well as o un aceable households a e no ably lowe
han he ea lie samples M3, M4, M5, and M6.
5. C oss-sec ional Weigh ing
The compu a ion o su ey weigh s consis s o h ee s eps (B ick & Kal on, 1996). In a i s
s ep, design weigh s a e de i ed as in e se o he inclusion p obabili y. Design weigh s a e
adjus ed o co ec o uni non esponse in a second s ep. This s ep is e e ed o as sample
weigh ing adjus men by Kal on and Kasp zyk (1986). Finally, non esponse adjus ed
weigh s a e calib a ed so ha es ima es con o m o known popula ion pa ame e s o o
mee speci ic dis ibu ions. Kal on and Kasp zyk (1986) e e o his s ep as popula ion
weigh ing adjus men . Fo de ails on he gene al weigh ing s a egy o he SOEP and he
in eg a ion o new samples, see K oh, Siege s, and Kühne (2015).
Please no e ha he AZR lis s indi iduals wi hou p o iding in o ma ion abou hei
household con ex . Howe e , he IAB-BAMF-SOEP Su ey o Re ugees is a household
panel su ey in which all adul s a e in e iewed. Consequen ly, a household wi h wo
indi iduals, o example, has a highe p obabili y o selec ion compa ed o a single-pe son
household. To de e mine a household’s sampling p obabili y, we assign sampling p obabil-
i ies o all membe s o exis ing households, e en hough hese indi iduals we e no ini ially
sampled as ancho pe sons. This in ol es accoun ing o a ious cha ac e is ics used in
s a i ying and clus e ing he sample. Once he sampling p obabili ies o each household
membe a e iden i ied, we calcula e he join p obabili y he household o be pa o he
sample. Fo o mal documen a ion o his p ocedu e, see K oh, Kühne, Jacobsen, Siege ,
and Siege s (2017).
To add ess po en ial selec i i y esul ing om ieldwo k and non esponse, we employ
h ee models ha cap u e he success o (p e-)con ac ing a household as well as he
decision-making p ocess o households ega ding pa icipa ion. The models inco po a e
in o ma ion on:
a) all households ha ha e been p e-con ac ed and did no all ou side he popula ion,
SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 5 40
Re e ences
Ame ican Associa ion o Public Opinion Resea ch. (2023). S anda d De ini-
ions: Final Disposi ions o Case Codes and Ou come Ra es o Su eys (10 h
ed.). Re ie ed om h ps://aapo .o g/wp-con en /uploads/2024/03/S anda ds
-De ini ions-10 h-edi ion.pd
Babka on Gos omski, C., & Pupe e , M. (2008). Zu allsbe agung on Auslände n au
Basis des Auslände zen al egis e s: E ah ungen bei de Rep äsen a i be agung
”Ausgewähl e Mig an eng uppen in Deu schland 2006/2007” (RAM). Me hoden,
Da en, Analysen,2(2), 149–177.
B ick, J. M., & Kal on, G. (1996). Handling missing da a in su ey esea ch. S a is ical
me hods in medical esea ch,5(3), 215–238. doi: 10.1177/096228029600500302
B ücke , H., Kosyako a, Y., Ro he , N., Zinn, S., Liebau, E., Gide , W., … Siege ,
M. (accep ed). Explo ing in eg a ion and mig a ion dynamics: The e-
sea ch po en ials o a la ge-scale longi udinal household s udy o e ugees in ge -
many. Eu opean Sociological Re iew, A p ep in o he pape is a ailable he e:
h ps://doi.o g/10.17605/OSF.IO/CQ2KZ. doi: 10.1093/es /jca 032
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SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 12 40
A. Figu es
Figu e 1: Flowcha o he p ocesses leading o panel pa icipa ion in he M9 samples.
UKR 2022 UKR 2023 ROW 2023
P e-con ac
Pa icipa ion
Deploymen
Face o ace
Sampling o
Face o ace
ROW 2023 only
Con ac
Su ey
Coope a ion
Panel
Sampled
No su eyed
Yes No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
SOEP Su ey Pape 1537 13 40
