Akpa, A mand F éjuis; Chabossou, Augus in Fos e
A icle
E ec o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology on
cashew nu expo in Benin
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Akpa, A mand F éjuis; Chabossou, Augus in Fos e (2024) : E ec o in o ma ion
and communica ion echnology on cashew nu expo in Benin, Resea ch in Globaliza ion, ISSN
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E ec o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology on cashew nu expo
in Benin
A mand F ´
ejuis Akpa
a
,
b
,
*
, Augus in Fos e Chabossou
a
a
Labo a oi e d’Economie Publique (LEP), Facul ´
e des Sciences Economiques e de Ges ion, Uni e si ´
e d’Abomey-Cala i (UAC), Abomey-Cala i, Benin
b
Cen e o Economic Policy and De elopmen Resea ch (CEPDeR), Co enan Uni e si y, O a, Nige ia
ARTICLE INFO
JEL Codes:
F10
O30
Q17
Keywo ds:
ICT
Expo
Ag icul u al commodi ies
Cashew nu in e na ional ade
ABSTRACT
The in oduc ion o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (ICT) has al e ed he way socie y ope a es
hings. ICT is used in a ious sec o s, including ag icul u e. I can be used in he ag icul u al sec o o dis ibu e
p icing and encou age ag icul u al commodi y expo s. The s udy aims o in es iga e he e ec o ICT on cashew
nu expo in Benin using an au o eg essi e dis ibu ed lag (ARDL) app oach. Da a we e collec ed o e he pe iod
o 31 yea s (1990–2020) in Benin. The es ima ed esul s showed ha mobile cellula elephone subsc ip ion is
nega i ely and signi ican ly co ela ed wi h cashew nu expo in he sho - un. Howe e , in he long- un, i
exhibi s a posi i e and signi ican co ela ion. On he o he hand, in e ne usage had no signi ican e ec on
cashew nu expo in he sho - un, bu nega i ely in luenced cashew nu expo in he long- un. These esul s
sugges ha o inc ease i s cashew nu expo , he Beninese go e nmen should in es in echnological in a-
s uc u e o imp o e in e ne access by educing he cos o in e ne and inc easing educa ion ha will allow
a me s o be e unde s and and use ICT.
In oduc ion
Coun ies ha e always exchanged goods and commodi ies among
hemsel es. Al hough, in he li e a u e, hese a e hough o ha e laid
he in e na ional ade ounda ions. Bu hese heo ies a e sou ces o
deba e. Smi h (1776) de eloped he absolu e ad an age heo y, which
s a ed ha a coun y mus concen a e on he p oduc ion o commod-
i ies o which i has an absolu e ad an age and pu chase all o he goods
p oduced by o he coun ies a a cheape cos . On he o he hand,
Rica do (1817) desc ibed how a coun y migh gain by specializing in
commodi ies o which i ge s a compa a i e ad an age, e en i i ge s an
absolu e disad an age o all o he p oduced goods.
Se e al ac o s a o ade be ween wo o mo e coun ies. One o
hese ac o s is ICT, whose in oduc ion in o he economy has ans-
o med i globally h ough he inc easing o economic agen ’s access o
p oduc ion ac o s, in o ma ion, knowledge, ma ke in elligence, and
la ge-scale ma ke s (A in, P adhan, & Nai , 2021). Likewise, i is
ob ious ha ICT and g ea e ade lows cons i u e p ima y ac o s o
he cu en globaliza ion d i e (Baldwin, 2017; Rod íguez-C espo &
Ma ínez-Za zoso, 2019). Ne e heless, ade libe aliza ion is accom-
panied by high en y cos s in o ex e nal ma ke s, allowing only he mos
p oduc i e i ms o pa icipa e (Adegboye e al., 2020; Meli z, 2003;
Rod íguez-C espo & Ma ínez-Za zoso, 2019). ICT helps i ms o in e -
na ionalize cos s by lowe ing ansac ion cos s (Ab amo sky and G i -
i h, 2006; Rod íguez-C espo & Ma ínez-Za zoso, 2019) and imp o ing
logis ical e iciency (Rod íguez-C espo & Ma ínez-Za zoso, 2019;
Wo ld Bank, 2016).
Managing eno mous olumes o in o ma ion and esou ces in a
highly compe i i e and i al o he success o ag icul u al p oduce s
and a knowledge-based economy (Dong e al., 2021; Fan e al., 2021).
Fo Dong e al. (2021), he cons an g ow h and ICT usage acili a e he
managemen o a huge amoun o da a and esou ces. They a e
inc easingly used o e-ag icul u e de elopmen by allowing a me s o
access use ul da a o boos p oduc ion (Ama na h e al., 2018; Dong
e al., 2021). Simila ly, hey a e mainly used in he p oduc ion p ocess,
p oduc in en o y collec ion, ma ke p ice dissemina ion, p oduc
quali y con ol, and especially, ag icul u al expo . Ag icul u al p ac-
ices moni o ing, in o ma ion p o ision and o ecas ing cons i u e h ee
majo ICT applica ions used o enhance ag icul u e p oduc ion (Liu,
Shao, Wu, & Qiao, 2021). In addi ion o da a moni o ing, u al a eas
households ge access o addi ional p oduc ion- ela ed da a, which im-
p o es hei knowledge, hei p oduc ion planning and inally hei
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (A. F ´
ejuis Akpa).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
jou nal homepage: www.sciencedi ec .com/jou nal/ esea ch-in-globaliza ion
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2024.100197
Recei ed 1 Oc obe 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 31 Janua y 2024; Accep ed 31 Janua y 2024
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100197
2
p ac ical decisions abou which kind o c ops o g ow (Radoglou-
G amma ikis e al., 2020).
Acco ding o Kaila and Ta p (2019), g ea e yields a e ela ed o
in e ne connec ion due o mo e e icien e ilize applica ion. This is
also simila o he indings o Osabohien (2023). Subsequen esea ch
has concen a ed on mobile phone and i s impac on ood p oduc ion.
Nakasone, To e o, and Min en (2014) explo ed mobile phone impac s a
mac o and mic o le els. The s udy assumed ha mobile phone a ail-
abili y can inc ease ma ke pe o mance a he mac o le el, bu i has
mixed consequences a he mic o le el. Ake and Fa champs (2015) ha e
shown ha mobile phone co e age educed he p oduce s’ spa ial p ice
dispe sion o semi-pe ishable commodi ies. Fo Tadesse and Bahiigwa
(2015), al hough a me s a e inc easingly u ilizing mobile phones o
business choices, an impo an in o ma ion de ici has hampe ed mobile
phone use. Ake and Ksoll (2016) ound ha mobile phone co e age had
no e ec on ag icul u al sales o a m p ices. Rod íguez-C espo and
Ma ínez-Za zoso (2019) showed ha in e ne use boos s ade and
segmen a ion by p oduc complexi y is mo e suscep ible o in e ne
use s han segmen a ion by income le el.
Se e al s udies showed ha ICT imp o es in e na ional ade. Fo
example, Lin (2015) and Bensassi, M´
a quez-Ramos, Ma ínez-Za zoso,
and Su´
a ez-Bu gue (2015) ound ha ICT is a o able o ade. Ba be o
and Rod iguez-C espo (2018) ound ha b oadband in as uc u es
imp o e Eu opean Union egional ade. Po ugal-Pe ez and Wilson
(2012) showed bo h in de eloped and de eloping na ions ha he ICT
in as uc u e index imp o es ade in de eloping coun ies han
de eloped coun ies. Abeliansky and Hilbe (2017) demons a ed ha
elecommunica ion subsc ibe ’s quali y and quan i y enhance ade.
Rod iguez-C espo, Ma co, and Billon (2021) disco e ed a posi i e as-
socia ion be ween h ee ICT o ms and ade, as well as how his ela-
ionship changes by na ional income le el. Howe e , a ew s udies
ocused on he ICT’s e ec on ag icul u al expo s. Oyelami, So oluwe,
and Ajeigbe (2022) ound in sub-Saha an A ican (SSA) coun ies ha
mobile subsc ip ion imp o es ag icul u al expo s while in e ne use s
wo sen ag icul u al expo s. Also, Chung, Fleming, and Fleming (2013)
ound ha ixed- elephone line pene a ion and in e ne use s la gely
imp o e ui and ege able ade alues.
A e co on, he cashew nu sec o is Benin’s second majo cash c op.
The cashew nu indus y con ibu es 3 % o Benin’s GNP, 7 % o Benin’s
ag icul u al GNP, and accoun s o 8 % o Benin’s expo ea nings
(Gbaguidi, 2020). Cashew nu expo s inc eased signi ican ly by 156 %
om 2011 o 2015 and ose om 51,348 ons in 2011 o 131,241 ons in
2015, wi h an annual a e age o 102,127 ons and ea ned he coun y
mo e han CFAF 148,250 million (Plan, de D´
e eloppemen , & Ag icole,
2017). In a decade, in e ne use s numbe has mo e han ipled, mo ing
om 1 billion in 2005 o an es ima ed 3.2 billion in 2015 (Wo ld Bank,
2016). In Benin, he e has been ecen ly a apid inc ease in ICT and i s
use in a ious economic sec o s. Indeed, acco ding o ITU da a, mobile
cellula elephone subsc ip ions ha e expe ienced a boom, a 0 % be-
ween 1990 and 1994, i has inc eased and eached abou 96 % in 2013.
Howe e , in e ne use s did no expe ience a high a e compa ed wi h
mobile cellula elephone subsc ip ions. Indeed, un il 1995, Benin did
no ha e any in e ne use s, bu expe ienced a low inc ease be ween
1995-2014 and a apid expansion om 2015 and eached abou 26 % in
2020.
In he ag icul u al sec o , a su ey conduc ed by Amessinou (2018)
on he mobile echnologies used in ag icul u al se ings in sou he n
Benin by pineapple p oduce s e ealed ha cell phone use is basic. The
s udy, basing hei analysis on he p oduc ion ac o s and esh pineapple
sale, ound ha wo- hi ds o pineapple p oduce s use he phone o
announce p oduc a ailabili y, bu he said phones and o he mobile
equipmen a e he e o e almos no in ol ed in collec ing cul i a ion
in o ma ion o inancial ans e . This ICT low use in he ag icul u al
sec o acco ding o MAEP e al. (2019) is explained by he ac ha ICT is
s ill a luxu y in Benin. Indeed, he mobile cellula sub-baske was US
$13.8/mon h compa ed o a sub-Saha an a e age o US$11.7/mon h,
while co esponden ly, he b oadband sub-baske was US$50.6/mon h
compa ed o US$44.9/mon h. Howe e , by inc easing ICT in i s ag i-
cul u al sec o , Benin can di use in o ma ion abou i s cashew nu
p oduc ion wo ldwide h ough a digi al pla o m. This will e eal he
coun y in he in e na ional ade ma ke as well as allowing Benin o
mo e eadily sell i s cashew nu p oduc ion and hus pa icipa e in he
global ade. On he o he hand, hanks o he de elopmen o ICT, he
dis ance be ween Benin and o he coun ies in he wo ld is educed and
his b ings Benin close o o he coun ies and in his way acili a es
mo e exchanges.
Many s udies ha e analyzed he ICT e ec on ade (Bensassi e al.,
2015; Lin, 2015; Rod iguez-C espo e al., 2021), howe e li le o hem
a e ocused on ag icul u e expo s (Chung e al., 2013; Oyelami e al.,
2022). Oyelami e al. (2022) analyzed ag icul u al sec o pe o mance
in SSA using mac o-da a and did no ind conclusi e esul s abou ICT’s
e ec on ag icul u e expo s. This can be explained by he p oxy used o
measu e ag icul u al expo (ag icul u e p oduc s as a pe cen age o
o al me chandise expo ). To add ess his issue, his s udy used he
quan i y o ag icul u al p oduc s expo ed o analyze he ICT’s e ec on
Cashew nu expo . This s udy has aken a new dimension o a gue ha
one o he ac o s ha can inc ease cashew expo in Benin is ICT
in as uc u e. This is hinged on he ac ha ; ICT can educe ansac ion
cos s be ween selle s ( a me s) and buye s. The e o e, he objec i e o
he s udy is o asce ain he ex en o which ICT in luences cashew nu s
expo , using an econome ic model. The esul s should con ibu e o he
subjec ’s be e unde s anding and s imula e new s udies and policies.
Thus, his pape con ibu es o shed ligh on he empi ical link be ween
ICT and cashew nu expo in Benin. I ’s in ended o p o ide mo e in-
dep h in o ma ion o analyze he ICT’s e ec on cashew nu expo .
Mo eo e , wi h an inc easing numbe o ac i i ies engaged o make
Benin an impo an digi al pla o m in Wes A ica, i ’s impo an o
analyze ICT in luence on ag icul u al expo s.
The esea ch goal is o use he ARDL model o e alua e ICT’s impac
on Beninese cashew nu expo . As a esul , his pape adds o he
empi ical wo k ha has p e iously been con ined, o examine he expo
d i e s. Fo he es o his s udy, he second sec ion p esen s he
me hodology, hen esul s and hei discussion a e p esen ed in sec ion
h ee and, inally, we conclude and gi e policy implica ions in sec ion
ou .
Me hodology
Theo e ical ounda ions
This s udy looks o analyze he echnology adop ion e ec in he ood
expo con ex . Theo e ical ounda ions o new echnology adop ion
ha e been signi ican ly ecognized by Yousa zai, Foxall, and Pallis e
(2010) and ecen ly by Asongu (2018) and Asongu, Nwachuwku, and
Aziz (2018) when hey analyzed he ac o s which in luence in SSA
coun ies (i) mobile phone/banking and, (ii) mobile phone pene a ion,
espec i ely. The au ho s mobilized h ee heo ies o new echnology
adop ion: he heo y o easoned ac ion (TRA), he heo y o planned
beha io (TPB), and he echnology accep ance model (TAM); which a e
he mos commonly used. Fo Asongu e al. (2018), hese heo ies’
common iew is ha echnology adop ion is complex and mul i ace ed.
Fi s ly, ela ed o Yousa zai e al. (2010), he TRA unde aken by
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) and Bagozzi
(1982), assumes ha cus ome s become a ional when hey ha e o
conside hei ac ions in ol emen . As a g ounded model, i is s ingy,
awa e, and spon aneous in explaining a i udes, ocusing on ac o s ha
lead o consciously in ended a i udes (Asongu, 2018; Asongu e al.,
2018). Then, Ajzen (1991) TPB which is an ex ension o he TRA di e s
om i in ha i doesn’ dis inguish be ween cus ome s who ha e an
awa e con ol o e hei ac ions and hose who do no . The TPB assumes
ha a hi d aspec o pe cei ed beha io al con ol (PBC) also in luences
cu en beha io and beha io al a ge s, he i s wo ac o s being
A. F ´
ejuis Akpa and A. Fos e Chabossou
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100197
3
no ma i e and a i udinal in luences. Thus, he TRA ex ension by he
TPB conside s he scena ios in which indi iduals ha e cons ained
si ua ional con ol. Acco ding o he heo e ical ounda ions, h ee key
hough s guide human ac ion: (a) beha io al belie s abou he possible
ou comes o a gi en a i ude and e alua ions, (b) ‘no ma i e belie s
abou he no ma i e p ospec s o o he s and he incen i e o con o m o
hem’ (Yousa zai e al., 2010) and (c) con ol belie s abou he occasions
and esou ces ha indi iduals possess and don’ possess as soon as he
an icipa ed ba ie s o pe o ming an an icipa o y a i ude. F om a
ga he ed iewpoin , ‘beha io al belie s’ lead o un a o able o a o able
a i udes owa ds he undamen al beha io , ‘no ma i e belie s’ lead o
a pe cei ed subjec i e no m o social p essu e and ‘con ol belie s’ lead
o pe cei ed beha io al con ol (Asongu, 2018; Asongu e al., 2018).
Finally, he TAM unde aken by Da is (1989) assumes ha ech-
nology adop ion is explained by he cus ome ’s delibe a e willingness o
unde ake and use he echnology. Acco ding o Yousa zai, Foxall, and
Pallis e (2007); Yousa zai, Foxall, and Pallis e , (2007), he TAM has
e ol ed in o a igh and powe ul model. Acco ding o he au ho s, he
TAM adap s he TRA’s amewo k and assumes ha echnology adop-
ion is explained by indi iduals’ delibe a e in en o belie e and use he
unde lying echnology. Asongu (2018) de ines in en ion as he in-
di idual’s pe cep ion o he use ullnes o echnology o a i ude owa ds
i s use.
Concep ual amewo k
Fig. 1 illus a es he pa hways by which ICT a ec s ag icul u al ex-
po s. Ma ke pa icipa ion by a me s o sell hei p oduc ion is aced
wi h many obs acles such as ansac ion cos , p ima ily h ough in o -
ma ion asymme y which in mos de eloping coun ies s ill p e ails
(S ensson and Yanagizawa, 2008). As a esul , he e ha e been
in o ma ion- ela ed p oblems such as mo al haza d and ad e se selec-
ion (Ake lo , 1970; Ho owi z & Li chenbe g, 1993) ha in u n inc ease
ansac ion cos s, hence limi ing a me s’ pa icipa ion in he ma ke
(Okello e al., 2012). To sol e his p oblem, ICT in oduc ion in he
ag icul u al expo sec o emains a be e way. Thus, o neoclassical
economis s, ICT use changes he gene al equilib ium condi ions and
educes ansac ion cos s by educing asymme y in o ma ion. In his
s udy, ICT use is measu ed by mobile-cellula elephone subsc ip ions
and indi iduals using he in e ne . Indeed, a me s who ope a e in
ma ke s wi h cell phone co e age o ixed line in e ne access can sea ch
ac oss di e en supplie s, benchma k p ices, and sell in a g ea e
numbe o ma ke s. ICT suppo s a me s by acili a ing access o many
kinds o in o ma ion including p ice (Ake , 2008; Liu e al., 2021), de-
sc ip ions o supply chain ne wo ks and ma ke ing p ac ices (Halewood
& Su ya, 2012; Majumda & Singh, 2019). Be e da a isibili y can help
a me s and wholesale buye s connec wi h geog aphically dispe sed
p oduce s and ace p oduc s om he a m ga e o he ma ke . ICT use
inc eases access o egional/in e na ional ma ke s by educing he dis-
ance be ween he a me s and he buye s and in u n imp o es ag i-
cul u al expo .
Theo e ical
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compila ion
This pape employed he heo e ical model published by A ming on
(1969) o e alua e ICT’s impac on Beninese cashew nu expo , which is
based on a wo-s age consume u ili y maximiza ion p og am. In he i s
s age, a coun y, conside ed as he decision en i y, de e mines he o al
demand pe p oduc necessa y o sa is y he coun y’s consump ion. In
he second s age, he coun y alloca es i s p oduc ion sha e o each in-
di idual supplie , seeking o minimize i s cos s. In A ming on’s model,
he u ili y unc ion maximized by consume s is wi h subs i u ion con-
s an elas ici y.
The esul an demand unc ions a e desc ibed by agg ega e income
o a p oxy o ac i i y in he impo ing coun y, o eign p ices o aded
i ems, and hei local p ice equi alen . Fu he mo e, cus ome s a en’
ulne able o he mone a y illusion, which con ibu es o he demand
unc ion homogenei y. As a esul , he unc ion is ep esen ed by
equa ion (1):
PXX=g(wd,px,p*)wi h
∂
g
∂
wd +
∂
g
∂
px
+
∂
g
∂
p*=1(1)
X indica es he expo demand amoun , wd ep esen s he es o he
wo ld’s demand o a coun y, px he p ice o he expo ed p oduc and
p* i s p ice ab oad. Conside ing deg ee 1 homogenei y, A ming on
(1969) inds he olume expo unc ion speci ica ion in equa ion (2):
X=g(Wd , p x)(2)
Wd ep esen s he eal-wo ld demand a ge ed a he na ions unde
conside a ion and p x he p ice compe i i eness e m, i.e. he ela i e
p ice index.
Empi ical model
To analyze he ICT’s e ec on cashew nu expo in Benin, ARDL
app oach is used. Because o i s se e al bene i s, he Pesa an, Shin, and
Smi h (2001) ARDL bounds es is used o e Johansen and Juselius
(1990) coin eg a ion es o de e mine whe he he e is a long- un
ela ionship be ween ICT and cashew nu expo in Benin. Indeed, his
echnique’s bene i s a e as ollows: (i) i can be applied whe he a i-
ables a e a mix u e in eg a ed o ze o I(0) o one I(1) o de ; (ii) bo h long
and sho un impac s may be quan i ied (Ben zen and Engs ed, 2001)
and; (iii) i can be used e en i he sample sizes a e small (Gha ak and
Siddiki, 2001).
ARDL app oach is chosen because i has been used in se e al s udies,
no ably by Se oglu and Dogan (2016) o de e mine empi ically ac o s
ha in luence ag icul u al ade in Tu key and by Oyelami e al. (2022)
o analyze he ICT in as uc u e e ec on ag icul u e sec o pe o -
mances in SSA.
The F- es o join signi icance o lagged le el a iables is he i s
s age in he ARDL bounda y es ing echnique (Muibi e al., 2016; Ola-
niyi, 2017). Fo his, we suppose ha H0: λ1 =λ2 =0 is long- un e-
la ionship’s nonexis ence null hypo hesis e sus Ha: λ1 ∕= λ2 ∕= 0 as a
long- un ela ionship’s exis ence al e na i e hypo hesis. I he es ima ed
F-s a is ic is less han he lowe bound, nulli y is no ejec ed; bu i he
calcula ed F-s a is ic is g ea e han he uppe c i ical cons ain , nulli y
is ejec ed. The second s age in he ARDL bounda y es ing echnique
consis s o es ima ing bo h long and sho - un pa ame e s by using an
e o co ec ion model. The ARDL app oach used o e alua e ICT’s
impac on cashew nu expo is desc ibed in equa ion (3)
ln(qexpo ) =
α
0+
α
1ln(qexpo ) −1+
α
2ln(p od) −1+
α
3ln(p odm) −1+
α
4ln( d c a) −1
+
α
5m0100 −1+
α
6in e ne −1+β1∑
q
i=0
Δln(qexpo ) −i+β2∑
q
i=0
Δln(p od) −i+β3∑
q
i=0
Δln(p odm) −i
+β4∑
q
i=0
Δln( d c a) −i+β5∑
q
i=0
Δmo100 −i+β6∑
q
i=0
Δin e ne −i+ECT −1+
ε
(3)
A. F ´
ejuis Akpa and A. Fos e Chabossou
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100197
4
wi h qexpo he quan i y o aw cashew nu expo ed by Benin in yea ;
p od is Benin’s cashew nu p oduc ion in yea ; p odm is he wo ld
cashew nu p oduc ion in yea ; d c a is he US dolla o CFA anc
exchange a e in yea ; mo100 cap u es mobile-cellula elephone
subsc ip ion and in e ne e e s o indi idual using he in e ne . a0 e e s
o he cons an e m; q is he maximum leng h o lag; Δ e e s o he i s
di e ence ope a o ;
ε
is esiduals o whi e noise and ECT ep esen s he
es ima ed e o co ec ion e m.
Da a sou ces
This s udy co e s Benin coun y om 1990 o 2020. Da a a e
ex ac ed om se e al sou ces. The dependen a iable which is he
cashew nu quan i y expo ed by Benin was p o ided by he Food and
Ag icul u e O ganiza ion da abase. The in e es a iable is ICT use,
measu ed espec i ely by mobile-cellula elephone subsc ip ion and
indi idual using he in e ne a e ob ained om he In e na ional Tele-
communica ion Union (ITU) da abase. This a iable choice is sou ced
om Oyelami e al. (2022) and Chung e al. (2013). The expec ed sign is
posi i e, meaning ha ICT use inc eases he cashew nu quan i y
expo ed. The con ol a iables used in his s udy a e Benin cashew nu
p oduc ion in ons, wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion in ons and exchange
a e. All con ol a iables da a a e sou ced om he FAO da abase. The
exchange a e measu ed by US dolla o CFA anc exchange a e p o-
ided by Eshe u and Meha e (2020) and Be eke (2020) and he ex-
pec ed sign is posi i e. The Benin cashew nu p oduc ion expec ed sign is
posi i e, meaning ha he ise in domes ic cashew p oduc ion inc eases
he cashew nu quan i y expo ed. The a iable used is p o ided by
Boansi, Lokonon, and Appah (2014). Wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion is
expec ed o be posi i e, meaning ha he ise in wo ld cashew p o-
duc ion inc eases cashew nu quan i y expo ed.
Table 1 summa izes all he a iables used in he es ima ion as well as
hei measu emen and expec ed sign.
Resul s and discussion
Desc ip i e analysis
Desc ip i e s a is ics a e pe o med on all a iables included in he
ARDL model (Tables 2 and 3). The cashew nu expo ed a e age quan-
i y is a ound 54124.29 ons, while he a e age na ional p oduc ion is
a ound 80156.16 ons. Wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion, including Benin,
is 2,355,685 ons. Then, he a e age exchange a e o he dolla in CFAF
is 519.566 CFAF. In o he wo ds, one dolla goes o an a e age o
519.566 CFAF. The dolla being a lexible cu ency, implies ha he
mo e i app ecia es, he mo e cu ency Benin makes om cashew nu
sales and i s dep ecia ion also educes he cu ency in low om he
cashew nu sale. Finally, pe 100 people, abou 35.28 % ha e subsc ibed
o mobile cellula phones while 4.73 % o he Benin popula ion use he
in e ne .
Fig. 2 p esen s ICT e olu ion (MO100 and in e ne ) and he cashew
nu quan i y expo ed. Du ing he pe iod 1990–2020, cashew nu
quan i y expo ed, and ICT (bo h MO100 and in e ne ) ha e shown an
inc easing e olu ion wi h some ins abili ies du ing ce ain pe iods o
he a iables cashew nu quan i y expo ed and MO100. Be ween 1996
and 1997, an inc ease in bo h MO100 and he in e ne was ollowed by
an inc ease o 7979 ons in cashew nu quan i y expo ed. Be ween 1999
and 2000, cashew nu quan i y expo ed expe ienced an inc ease o
7162 ons due o an inc ease in MO100 and in e ne , espec i ely. Be-
ween 2005 and 2006, an inc ease in bo h MO100 and he in e ne was
ollowed by an inc ease o 26,485 ons in cashew nu quan i y expo ed.
Be ween 2008 and 2011, cashew nu quan i y expo ed expe ienced an
inc ease o 65,011 ons due o an inc ease in MO100 and in e ne ,
espec i ely. Finally, despi e an inc ease bo h in MO100 and he in e ne
du ing he pe iod 2018–2020, cashew nu quan i y expo ed expe i-
enced a dec ease. This can be explained by he ac ha , since 2018, he
Beninese go e nmen applied ax on social ne wo ks, d i ing up in e ne
access p ices.
Econome ic esul s
Dicke and Fulle ’s Augmen ed s a iona y es is used o de e mine
whe he o no ou a iables con ained a uni oo (Table 4). The ind-
ings e eal ha he cashew nu amoun expo ed (lnQEXPORT) and he
cashew nu na ional p oduc ion (lnPROD) a e s a iona y in le el,
espec i ely a 1 % and 5 %. The wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion
(PRODM), he dolla in CFAF exchange a e (TDFCFA) and he mobile
cellula elephone subsc ip ion a e s a iona ies a he i s di e ence
while he indi idual using he in e ne is s a iona y a he second di -
e ence. These esul s showed a long- un ela ionship exis ence and
sugges ed bounds es applica ion.
Table 5 displays bounds es esul s, which demons a e ha he
es ima ed F-s a is ic is g ea e han he uppe c i ical bound a he
di e en signi icance le els. As a esul , he null hypo hesis is ejec ed
and con i ms a long- un ela ionship exis ence.
Following he bounds es , which e eals a long- un ela ionship
exis ence, he ARDL (3, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2) model is es ima ed o de e mine
sho and long- un pa ame e s. Table 6 p esen s he long- un co-
e icien s o he ARDL (3, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2) model and o he ARDL (3, 3, 2,
1, 3, 2) e o co ec ion model es ima ion esul s o sho - un dynamics.
The e o co ec ion e m is signi ican and nega i e, sugges ing ha he
sys em co ec s o p e ious pe iod shocks and disequilib ium wi h an
annual speed o adjus men o a ound 266.4 %.
Empi ical esul s sugges ha mobile cellula elephone subsc ip ion
educes cashew nu expo in he sho - un bu imp o es cashew nu
expo in he long- un. The esul s sugges ha , in he long- un, a ise o
mobile cellula elephone subsc ip ions by one pe son inc eases cashew
nu expo by 0.004 %. Howe e , indi iduals using he in e ne had no
Table 1
Model a iables desc ip ion.
Va iables Measu es Sou ces Sign
lnQEXPORT Cashew nu quan i y expo ed by Benin in ons FAO
lnPROD Benin cashew nu p oduc ion in ons FAO +
lnPRODM Wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion in ons FAO +
lnTDFCFA US dolla o CFA anc exchange a e FAO +/-
MO100 Access o ICT, measu ed by mobile-cellula
elephone subsc ip ion (pe 100 people)
ITU +
INTERNET Usage o ICT, measu ed by indi iduals using he
in e ne (% o popula ion)
ITU +
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compila ion.
Table 2
Da a desc ip i e analysis.
Va iables Mean S d. De . Min. Max.
QEXPORT 54124.29 41233.37 1200 131,241
PROD 80156.16 67899.06 3000 225,230
PRODM 2,355,685 1,023,871 831,356 4,027,932
TDFCFA 519.566 117.3043 264.6918 733.0385
MO100 35.28156 39.66123 0 96.23029
INTERNET 4.73151 7.40925 0 25.8
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compu a ion,
Fig. 1. A amewo k o analyzing he ole o ICT in Ag icul u al p oduc
expo . Sou ce: Au ho s.
A. F ´
ejuis Akpa and A. Fos e Chabossou
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100197
5
signi ican e ec on cashew nu expo in he sho - un bu nega i ely
in luenced cashew nu expo in he long- un. Indeed, an inc ease o 1 %
o in e ne use s dec eases cashew nu expo by 0.030 %.
Among he con ol a iables, wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion and ex-
change a e a e he o he cashew nu expo de e minan s. Indeed, an
inc ease in global cashew nu ou pu has a conside able and bene icial he
long- un impac on i s expo s bu a nega i e e ec in he sho - un. In
o he wo ds, a 1 % inc ease in global cashew nu ou pu in long- un in-
c eases cashew nu expo by 1.986 %. The dolla -CFAF exchange educes
cashew nu expo in he sho - un bu has a conside able and a o able
impac on cashew nu expo in he long- un. This conclusion sugges s
ha , while he exchange a e inc eases by 1 %, his imp o es cashew nu
expo by 0.73 % in he long- un. In o he wo ds, as he alue o he dolla
ises, he coun y will be mo e inclined o expo i s ag icul u al goods.
Discussion
The ARDL model es ima ion demons a es ha mobile cellula ele-
phone subsc ip ion had a signi ican impac on cashew nu expo in he
long- un and a nega i e ela ionship in he sho - un. The plausible
explana ion is ha in he sho - un, a me s need ime o unde s and ICT
and use i . The long- un esul s a e in line wi h Oyelami e al. (2022)
who ound ha he mobile subsc ip ion a iable imp o es ag icul u al
expo , bu con as s wi h Chung e al. (2013) who ound no ela ionship
be ween mobile cellula elephone subsc ip ion and he alue o in e -
na ional ade in ui and ege ables. Howe e , in e ne use s de e io-
a e cashew nu expo in he long- un. A plausible explana ion is due o
hei weakness a e compa ed o mobile cellula elephone sub-
sc ip ions. Fo example, in 2014 while abou 84 % o people subsc ibed
o mobile cellula elephones, only 6 % o indi iduals use he in e ne .
Ano he explana ion is he high ICT cos which o he mobile cellula
sub-baske was US$13.8/mon h compa ed o a sub-Saha an a e age o
US$11.7/mon h. The in e ne se ice cos is e y high o a me s and
his does no encou age ag icul u al expo h ough in e ne use. These
esul s a e suppo ed by Oyelami e al. (2022) who ound a nega i e
ela ionship be ween in e ne use s and ag icul u al expo bu on
con a y, Chung e al. (2013) ound ha an inc ease in in e ne use s
will s imula e ag icul u al ade be ween APEC ading pa ne s. Ac-
co ding o Oyelami e al. (2022), he si ua ion in he long- un may
simply e lec he unde u iliza ion o he in e ne o ag icul u al ma -
ke ing and sales a he global le el. This may be aceable o a low le el
o awa eness and educa ion on in e ne use o p oduc i e engagemen
in ma ke ing and ag icul u al sales.
Table 3
Co ela ion ma ix.
QEXPORT PROD PRODM TDFCFA MO100 INTERNET
QEXPORT 1.0000
PROD 0.9435 1.0000
PRODM 0.8895 0.8501 1.0000
TDFCFA 0.2824 0.2105 0.3343 1.0000
MO100 0.9046 0.9425 0.8728 0.1053 1.000
INTERNET 0.6670 0.6541 0.7554 0.2330 0.7494 1.000
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compu a ion.
Fig. 2. E olu ion o ICT and cashew nu quan i y expo ed. Sou ce: Au ho s’
compu a ion.
Table 4
S a iona i y es on a iables.
Va iable ADF uni oo es O de
S a . P ob.
lnQEXPORT −3.429*** 0.0100 [0]
lnPROD −3.003** 0.0346 [0]
lnPRODM −6.645*** 0.0000 [1]
lnTDFCFA −5.351*** 0.0000 [1]
MO100 −3.134** 0.0241 [1]
INTERNET −8.710*** 0.0000 [2]
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compu a ion (***, **, *): 1%, 5% and 10% le el o signi icance
espec i ely.
Table 5
Bounds es .
F-s a is ics Signi icance le el I(0) I(1)
26.314 10 % 2.26 3.35
5 % 2.62 3.79
2.5 % 2.96 4.18
1 % 3.41 4.68
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compu a ion.
Table 6
Es ima ed coe icien s o long un o he ARDL (3, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2) model.
Va iables Coe icien S d. e o T-s a is ic P- alue
Long-Run
MO100 0.004** 0.002 2.52 0.036
INTERNET −0.030*** 0.006 −5.19 0.001
lnPROD 0.100 0.097 1.04 0.330
lnPRODM 1.986*** 0.124 15.97 0.000
lnTDFCFA 0.735*** 0.113 6.49 0.000
Cons an e −63,748*** 6.748 −9.48 0.000
Sho -Run
ECT(-1) −2.664*** 0.262 −10.18 0.000
D(lnQEXPORT(-1) 0.892*** 0.158 5.63 0.000
D(lnQEXPORT(-2) 0.432** 0.136 3.19 0.013
D(MO100) −0.037*** 0.005 −7.33 0.000
D(MO100 (-1)) −0.033*** 0.005 −6.05 0.000
D(MO100 (-2)) −0.026** 0.006 −4.11 0.003
D(INTERNET) 0.027 0.031 0.86 0.415
D(INTERNET(-1)) −0.052 0.032 −1.63 0.142
D(lnPROD) 0.214 0.213 1.00 0.344
D(lnPRODM) −3.358*** 0.664 −5.05 0.001
D(lnPRODM(-1)) −2.498*** 0.478 −5.22 0.001
D(lnPRODM(-2)) −1.539** 0.496 −3.10 0.015
D(lnTDFCFA) −0.690** 0.281 −2.49 0.040
D(lnTDFCFA(-1)) −0.257 0.215 −1.20 0.266
Sou ce: Au ho s’ compu a ion (***, **, *): 1%, 5% and 10% le el o signi icance
espec i ely.
A. F ´
ejuis Akpa and A. Fos e Chabossou
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 8 (2024) 100197
6
The dolla -CFAF exchange a e has a conside able and a o able
impac on cashew nu expo in he long- un bu has a nega i e e ec in
he sho - un. Theo e ically, a coun y ha had a low de ice had a
comme cial ad an age compa ed wi h hose ha had a high de ice.
Howe e , his is possible i he coun y p oduces a lo and has a su plus
ha can be expo ed. Benin’s go e nmen didn’ ealize ha ha ing a
low de ice is an ad an age o i , his explains he nega i e ela ionship
ound in sho - un. This end can be changed in he long- un i Benin’s
go e nmen akes some policies o inc ease he cashew nu domes ic
p oduc ion. The esul s a e suppo ed by Eshe u and Meha e (2020) and
Be eke (2020), who disco e ed ha exchange a e enhances expo
amoun s. And con a y o Se oglu and Dogan (2016) and Ze ay and
Gachen (2014) who ound ha he exchange a e dec eased expo s
amoun bu was concomi an wi h sho - un esul s. Acco ding o Eshe u
and Meha e (2020), his posi i e link exis s because cu ency dep eci-
a ion o a ise in exchange a e educes expo ela i e p ice, which leads
o a g ea e expo alue.
Conclusion and policy implica ions
ICT ep esen s in ecen yea s an impo an asse o he de elop-
men o any na ion because o i s impo ance o p omo ing business
ac i i ies by educing dis ances. Thei applica ion in a ious economic
sec o s is inc easing yea a e yea . The ag icul u al sec o is also no
spa ed by he inno a ions due o ICT. The e o e, sec o al ICT can p o-
mo e ag icul u al ade. Thus, o analyze he ICT’s e ec on cashew nu
expo s, an ARDL model is used based on FAO and ITU da a. The indings
showed ha mobile cellula elephone subsc ip ion lessens cashew nu
expo in he sho - un bu imp o es cashew nu expo in he long- un
while indi idual using he in e ne had no signi ican e ec on cashew
nu expo in he sho - un bu nega i ely in luenced cashew nu expo
in he long- un. O he cashew nu expo de e minan s include wo ld
cashew nu p oduc ion and exchange a e. Wo ld cashew nu p oduc ion
posi i ely in luenced cashew nu expo while he exchange a e had a
posi i e e ec on cashew nu expo in long- un bu a nega i e e ec in
sho - un.
Ou indings suppo he s a emen ha ICT is a key elemen in in-
e na ional ade, especially o ag icul u al expo because i educes
he dis ance be ween coun ies and acili a es exchange and p ice
di usion h ough online pla o ms. Howe e , he es ablishmen o an
enabling amewo k o cashew nu expo is he esul o a combina ion
o se e al policy ins umen s pu oge he . To bene i om ICT’s posi i e
e ec on i s economy h ough cashew nu expo , Beninese’s go e n-
men mus (i) pu in place sa egua ds o con ol people’s access o he
in e ne o a oid cybe c ime ac i i ies ha in he long- un, can nega-
i ely a ec cashew nu expo and (ii) in es in echnologies in-
as uc u es o imp o e in e ne access and lowe he in e ne access
cos s. Also, he go e nmen mus in es in a me s’ educa ion because
educa ion will allow hem o be e unde s and and use ICT. Beninese
go e nmen mus in es mo e in ag icul u al ins i u ions o inc ease
cashew nu p oduc ion and p o i s o he lowes o i s de ices o expo
mo e cashew nu s on he in e na ional ma ke h ough ICT use.
In es men in ICT in as uc u es plays a c ucial ole in lowe ing he
in e ne cos o imp o e ag icul u al expo s. Howe e , he limi a ion o
his pape is ha i didn’ conside he ole o in es men in ICT in-
as uc u es in he ICT adop ion – cashew nu expo nexus and his
opens doo s o u u e esea ches. Fu u e s udy could o example
explo e he e ec o ICT on cashew nu expo wi h a ocus on he ole o
in es men in ICT in as uc u es. Also, ano he limi a ion o his s udy
is ha i is ocused on Benin. The e o e, u u e esea ch can ex end i o
o he coun ies.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
A mand F ´
ejuis Akpa: Concep ualiza ion, Da a cu a ion, W i ing –
o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Fo mal analysis,
Me hodology. Augus in Fos e Chabossou: Concep ualiza ion, W i ing
– o iginal d a , W i ing – e iew & edi ing, Supe ision.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape
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