Po ak, Lau a; Reinke, Rou en
A icle — Published Ve sion
The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods o economic
esea ch in an e a o polyc isis
Re iew o E olu iona y Poli ical Economy
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Po ak, Lau a; Reinke, Rou en (2024) : The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods o
economic esea ch in an e a o polyc isis, Re iew o E olu iona y Poli ical Economy, ISSN 2662-6144,
Sp inge In e na ional Publishing, Cham, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 31-49,
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1 3
ORIGINAL PAPER
The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods oeconomic
esea ch inane a o polyc isis
Lau aPo ak1· Rou enReinke2
Recei ed: 6 Oc obe 2023 / Accep ed: 5 Ap il 2024 / Published online: 23 Ap il 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
This a icle a gues ha he conside able socio-economic and poli ical challenges
posed by he polyc isis can be be e unde s ood h ough he applica ion o quali a i e
me hods in economic esea ch as quan i a i e me hods all sho in his con ex . We
a gue ha he in eg a ion o quali a i e me hods in o economic esea ch is c ucial o
wo main easons: i s , om a philosophical poin o iew, a mo e comp ehensi e
pe spec i e on economic phenomena inc eases he epis emic quali y o economic
knowledge, and second, o poli ical easons, mo e plu alism in economics inc eases
he democ a ic quali y o capi alis ic socie ies. We p o ide a e iew o he li e a u e
o he use o quali a i e me hods in economics and i s philosophical unde pinnings.
Using speci ic examples o he applica ion o quali a i e me hods in economic
policy esea ch, we show how aluable such pe spec i es a e in acili a ing a deepe
unde s anding o he polyc isis. We add ess conce ns agains quali a i e esea ch
in he economic discipline and how ou analysis se es o mi iga e some o hese
conce ns in he con ex o he polyc isis. We conclude wi h a discussion on he
po en ial ole o quali a i e me hods in economic esea ch.
Keywo ds Quali a i e me hods· On ology· Epis emology· Plu alism
JEL Classi ica ion A 12· B 41
1 In oduc ion
The cu en ly un olding polyc isis ep esen s he bigges socio-economic and
poli ical challenge o ou ime. We a e na iga ing h ough an unp eceden ed
pandemic; he clima e c isis p ojec ions om he In e go e nmen al Panel on
* Rou en Reinke
ou en. einke@uni-hambu g.de
1 Ins i u e o Comp ehensi e Analysis o heEconomy, Johannes Keple Uni e si y Linz, Linz,
Aus ia
2 Depa men o Socioeconomics, Uni e si y o Hambu g, Hambu g, Ge many
32
L.Po ak, R.Reinke
1 3
Clima e Change (IPCC) a e consis en ly wo sening, jeopa dizing ou abili y o
mee clima e a ge s and mi iga e he chao ic un olding o clima e c isis. The
Uk ainian-Russian wa has spa ked an ene gy c isis, impac ing he Eu opean Union
(EU) and se e al o he na ions. Simul aneously, he Middle Eas is wi nessing
escala ing ensions, and globally igh -wing and/o populis go e nmen s, such as
T ump’s elec ion in 2016 and Milei’s ascen in A gen ina in No embe 2023, a e
gaining powe . The di e si y o hese e en s unde sco es he polyc isis’ b oad and
in e connec ed e en s in a ious socie al domains. Social sciences only jus began o
ea his new phenomenon in a s uc u ed way. In his a icle, we a gue ha in an e a
o polyc isis, he analy ical ocus o (economic) esea ch mus lay on unde s anding
hese unp eceden ed, in e ela ed p oblems a di e en spa ial and empo al scales
and dep hs (Henig & Knigh 2023). This a icle con ibu es o answe he ques ion
how he poli ical economy can be analyzed in o de o unde s and he in e ela ed
na u e o he e en s, ongoing changes/dynamics, and expec ed u u e de elopmen s
by sugges ing quali a i e me hods o his end. Ye , economics is cau ious agains
quali a i e me hods: he economic mains eam is no in e es ed in quali a i e
( econs uc i e) esea ch as i does no align wi h economic esea ch in e es s
(see e.g., Bachmann 2017), also wi hin he e odoxy, quali a i e me hods ha e
no been u ilized much in he pas .1 Howe e , ecen ly, he e has been a g owing
p ominence o quali a i e me hods wi hin plu alis and he e odox economics ( o a
ew examples see Basole & Ramna ain 2016; Chamlee-W igh 2010; Coas 1999,
2017; Downwa d & Mea man 2007; Fas & Cla k 2008; Jemna 2016; Pickbou n &
Ramna ain 2016; Rado ić-Ma ko ić & Alecchi 2016).
Connec ing o his, we deepen he discussion on quali a i e me hods in economics
(Lee & C onin 2016; Lenge 2019; S a 2014) and ad oca e o hei applica ion
o unde s and economic policy in he polyc isis. We emphasize economic policy as
he polyc isis al e s he global poli ical economy. This poses new challenges o and
demands new esponses om policymaking: es ablished coali ions be ween in e es
g oups o capi al ac ions change, and dominan ideology is being ques ioned.
Unde s anding hese c isis de elopmen s, quali a i e me hods a e essen ially
equi ed. Howe e , he in en ion o his a icle is no only o demons a e he
ele ance o quali a i e esea ch du ing polyc isis bu o also ad oca e o a b oade
adop ion o quali a i e me hods in economics.
Mo e p ecisely, we emphasize wo a gumen s o he in eg a ion o quali a i e
me hods in economic (policy) esea ch in he polyc isis. (1) The e is a p essing
need o inno a i e heo ies ha can e ec i ely na iga e and analyze he
e ol ing poli ical economy. F om an epis emological s andpoin , quali a i e
esea ch is capable o analyze he esea ch subjec in in ica e de ail and, whe e
1 On he on ological le el, mains eam economics is de ined by Wal as’s law and he associa ed concep
o ha monious in e ac ion among a ional indi iduals in an exchange and ma ke economy. In con as ,
he e odox app oaches lean owa ds ecognizing c isis-p one dynamics wi hin a capi alis ma ke econ-
omy. On he me hodological le el, mains eam and he e odox economics usually ely on a combina ion
o deduc i e modeling and quan i a i e empi ical s udies. Howe e , i is wo h men ioning ha some
he e odox app oaches, such as Aus ian economics (Chamlee-W igh 2010) o egula ion heo y (Ches e
2016), ypically ely on quali a i e esea ch.
33
1 3
The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods oeconomic esea ch…
app op ia e, om di e se pe spec i es, o unde s and no el phenomena o
p ac ices. This inc eases — also combined wi h quan i a i e app oaches — he
chances o scien i ic p og ess and inno a ion (Downwa d & Mea man 2007;
Pickbou n & Ramna ain 2016). In his ega d, quali a i e esea ch di e ges
om mains eam economics. Since he so-called “empi ical u n,” (quan i a i e)
economic esea ch cen e s on es ing o , a bes , alsi ying exis ing heo ies
(Backhouse & Che ie 2017). Al hough he e odox app oaches o en ejec
his me hodological app oach ( o a ce ain ex en ), claim ha new heo ies
a e needed and ely on non-mains eam app oaches (e.g., pos -Keynesianism),
hey mos ly wo k deduc i ely, es hypo heses, o es ima e economic e ec s.
In con as , quali a i e esea ch aims o comp ehend social phenomena by
using econs uc i e and induc i e me hods (e.g., in e iews, ocus g oups,
e hnog aphy, documen analysis, o discou se analysis) and c ea e new heo ies
abou hem (Basole & Ramna ain 2016; Kanbu 2003). Thus, quali a i e me hods
empowe he e odox economis s o explo e a enues ha may be o e looked by
mains eam coun e pa s, o e ing a mo e nuanced analysis and unde s anding
o he mul i ace ed challenges inhe en in polyc isis. (2) The polyc isis also
is a c isis o democ acy, e iden in he ascen o igh -wing pa ies. F om
a democ a ic pe spec i e (Mou e 2005, 2013), we a gue ha economics
and he ounda ions o a democ a ic socie y a e on ologically connec ed in
dialec ic ela ionship (Reinke 2023). On one hand, he gene a ion o economic
knowledge is in luenced by non-epis emic ac o s, wi h social s uc u es and
powe ela ions playing a c ucial ole. On he o he hand, he dissemina ion o
academic knowledge (e.g., h ough expe s a emen s in newspape s) a ec s he
socie al/non-academic pe cep ions abou he economy and economic p ac ices
(Callon 1998). Quali a i e me hods o e insigh s c ucial o he ounda ions
o a democ a ic socie y. Thus, ou call o quali a i e app oaches aiming a
unde s anding a he han solely explaining poli ical economy is no me ely
an academic impe a i e bu also a dis inc socio-poli ical conce n. Rende ing
ecen socio-economic and poli ical phenomena accessible o a b oade audience
enhances mu ual unde s anding among di e se social g oups, he eby os e ing
social cohesion.
To p esen ou claim o using quali a i e me hods in economic esea ch in
he e a o polyc isis, he a icle is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion2 in oduces
quali a i e me hods, i s con ibu ions o economic esea ch and i s philosophical
ounda ions. Sec ion3 add esses gene al conce ns agains quali a i e esea ch in
he economic discipline and how hese migh be de e ed. Sec ion4 hen ocuses
on he applicabili y o quali a i e me hods o poli ical economic ques ions in
an e a o polyc isis. The concluding sec ion b ie ly summa izes he main
a gumen a ion and ou lines oles o quali a i e me hods in economics.
34
L.Po ak, R.Reinke
1 3
2 Quali a i e me hods — ano e iew
Quali a i e me hods is a e m e e ing o a speci ic g oup o esea ch me hods ( o
an o e iew, see P zybo ski & Wohl ab-Sah 2021; Rado ić-Ma ko ić & Alecchi
2016). In connec ion o he a ious ields o applica ion ha e ol ed o e he las
cen u y, he numbe o app oaches has mul iplied. Di e en ypes o in e iews
ha e de eloped, such as expe in e iews emphasizing he knowledge o specialis s
(Dö inge 2021; Meuse & Nagel 2009) o na a i e in e iews (Glinka 2016) ha
del e in o indi iduals’ na a i es abou he esea ch subjec . Va ious app oaches
also de eloped in discou se s udies, ollowing di e en de ini ions o discou se ( o
an o e iew see Kelle 2011; Wodak & Meye 2001). Fu he mo e, e hnog aphic
me hods eme ged, cha ac e ized by a mic o- ocus on indi idual p ac ices and hei
dialec ical ela ion o social s uc u e (see, e.g., Basole & Ramna ain 2016; O’Reilly
2012). Some o hese jus b ie ly desc ibed quali a i e app oaches a e highly open
and adap hei esea ch p og am owa ds he esea ch subjec . O he s a e mo e
explici in p esc ibing s anda dized me hodological s eps. This di e si y poses
challenges in p ecisely de ining quali a i e me hods. Ne e heless, hei common
g ounds is unde s anding complex, mul i-laye ed social phenomena, and he social,
poli ical, and economic s uc u es (Polanyi 1944) o his o ical and ongoing class
s uggles (Ma x 2000) ha ga e ise o hem. So, while analyzing speci ic e en s
o p ac ices, quali a i e esea che s conside hei speci ic his o ical con ex (e.g.,
shi ing powe ela ions on he wo ld ma ke a ec ing domes ic economic policy)
and dynamics be ween s uc u es and ac o s. Pu di e en ly: o comp ehend he
speci ic, also he abs ac mus be conside ed.2
Taking in o accoun his me a-idea, quali a i e app oaches can be de ined by wo
aspec s: i s , hey emb ace he dialec ic ela ionship be ween conc e e social e en s
and p ac ices, and abs ac social s uc u es (P zybo ski & Wohl ab-Sah 2021).
Second, he emphasis on unde s anding is cha ac e is ic o quali a i e esea ch.
The di e en ia ion be ween unde s anding and explaining was i s a icula ed by
he philosophe Dil hey (1894). He claims ha unde s anding in ol es g asping he
(in e subjec i ely cons uc ed) meaning and/o social p ac ices o bo h collec i e and
indi idual p ac ices wi hin he social wo ld. Besides, unde s anding seeks o explo e
how speci ic phenomena o e en s a e shaped and connec ed o social, poli ical, and
economic s uc u es. This app oach ecognizes he dialec ic ela ionship be ween
he conc e e and he abs ac . On he con a y, explana ion cen e s on causes and
e ec s, desc ibing obse able ela ionships. This pe spec i e is oo ed in he no ion
o social eali y as a ule-based sys em wi h cause-and-e ec ela ionships ha exis
independen ly o indi iduals. Wi h i s ocus on causes and e ec s o a iables,
quan i a i e esea ch is ela ed mo e closely o explaining, while quali a i e esea ch
is linked o unde s anding, as i del es in o he in ica e in e ac ions among a ious
2 This app oach becomes clea o ins ance in Le i as (2023). The au ho claims ha Mode n Mone a y
Theo y neglec s he ele ance o unpaid wo k and commi s un e lec i ely o economic g ow h as i dis-
connec s “ he economy” om a wide unde s anding o social s uc u es and p ocesses.
35
1 3
The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods oeconomic esea ch…
explana o y ac o s ha co-cons i u e social phenomena and s uc u es. (Pickbou n
& Ramna ain 2016, 78 .).3
Building on hese insigh s, his a icle con ends ha in an e a o polyc isis,
quali a i e esea ch, when compa ed o quan i a i e app oaches, possesses a
leas ou ad an ages o economic esea ch (e.g., Basole & Ramna ain 2016;
Ho sewood 2011; Lenge 2019). Fi s , quali a i e esea ch is ideally sui ed o
dealing wi h unce ain y o he limi ed p edic abili y o social in e ac ions (Simon
1992) in he economy and o dealing wi h he speci ic con ex s o economic
phenomena. In quali a i e esea ch, he ocus is on gaining a (mo e comp ehensi e)
unde s anding o he complica ed in e play o a ious explana o y ac o s ha
shape social phenomena and s uc u es. This is pa icula ly c ucial in he con ex
o he polyc isis, whe e comp ehending c isis e en s and he unde lying s uc u es
p oducing hem is pa amoun . Second, quan i a i e me hods objec i y hei objec o
obse a ion by ope a ionalizing and s anda dizing human beha io be o e he ac ual
esea ch p ocess. In con as , quali a i e me hods analyze new phenomena and/o
con ex s in an open manne . “The pa icipan s” beha io is eco ded in i s na u al
s a e, in i s ope a ing en i onmen ’ (Jemna 2016, 159). This app oach c ea es space
o gaining new insigh s abou economic p ac ices, especially in he e a o polyc isis.
Thi d, esea ch me hods mus align wi h he esea ch objec . Since he economy
is a complex, open, dynamic, and p ocessual social sys em (Dow 2002; Jessop
2004, 2010; Lawson 2006, 2012; Po s 2000), he (pu e) applica ion o quan i a i e
me hods ha ocus solely on es ing and alsi ying heo ies is inapp op ia e.
Ins ead, economic esea ch mus pe cei e social s uc u es and phenomena as
dynamic and in e ela ed. Me hodological plu aliza ion o economics (Dow 2023;
Reinke 2021) h ough quali a i e and mixed-me hods app oaches (C onin 2016;
Downwa d & Mea man 2007) can ensu e his. Mo eo e , quali a i e esea ch se es
as an essen ial ounda ion o quan i a i e esea ch and modeling ha necessi a es
a p o ound unde s anding o he economic elemen s unde in es iga ion, an
aspec e ec i ely p o ided by quali a i e app oaches. Fou h, gi en i s emphasis
on “unde s anding” (Dil hey 1894), quali a i e social science ca ies poli ical
signi icance by shedding ligh on di e se wo ld iews wi hin a plu alis ic socie y,
making hem comp ehensible o o he social g oups. Fo example, a s udy del ing
in o he mo i a ions o en ep eneu s add essing he wage gap be ween low- and
high-income wo ke s in hei companies can en ich ou unde s anding o he social
con ex and a ionale behind such decisions. Simila ly, in e iews wi h wo ke s may
e eal ha ca ee choices a e no solely d i en by u ili y maximiza ion bu may
ins ead s em om s uc u al cons ain s, pa icula ly in de egula ed labo ma ke s.
G asping al e na i e pe spec i es on social, poli ical, and economic phenomena
and de elopmen s con ibu es o os e ing cohesion in plu alis ic socie ies like ou s
3 In his con ex , agen -based modeling (ABM) is a ascina ing example o a he e odox app oach ha
s ands be ween quan i a i e and quali a i e app oaches (see e.g., Cinco i e al. 2022). An ABM equi es
a de ailed desc ip ion o he beha io o indi iduals and ocuses on unde s anding he e ec s esul ing
om agg ega ed indi idual ac ions. ABM is o en used o unde s and economic dynamics, especially he
e ec s o ce ain p ac ices a an agg ega e ma ke le el. Quali a i e s udies o economic p ac ices can be
used as a basis, while economic da a is o en used o es he model.
36
L.Po ak, R.Reinke
1 3
(Mou e 2005). This claim p esupposes success ul communica ion be ween science
and he public, a goal we belie e is p esen ly unme . Ra he han p esen ing scien i ic
indings as indispu able ac s, g ea e signi icance should be placed on he indi idual
case and i s con ex . In his espec , quali a i e me hods also enhance e lexi i y in
economic esea ch. Acco ding o Basole and Ramna ain (2016: 143), hey “allow
much mo e easily o acknowledgmen o he esea che ’s own class, ace, o gende
posi ion, and e lec ion on how i a ec s he da a gene a ion p ocess.”
Quali a i e me hods ely on speci ic philosophical ounda ions. On he
on ological le el, quali a i e esea ch o en ollows cons uc i is o c i ical ealis ic
app oaches.4 They depic economic phenomena and unde lying s uc u es as socially
cons uc ed as hey a e said o esul om he in e ac ion o indi idual and collec i e
ac o s. Howe e , cons uc i is posi ions di e ega ding o he ma e ial dimension:
social cons uc i ism (e.g., Be ge & Luckmann 1966; Ca s ensen & Schmid
2016; Schmid & Tha che 2013) assigns a limi ed ole o ma e iali y and ins ead
emphasizes he ole o social in e ac ion and communica ion in achie ing a sha ed
unde s anding o social eali y. In con as , his o ical ma e ialis app oaches (e.g.,
Biele & Mo on 2008; Jessop 1999, 2002) pay mo e a en ion o social ela ions o
p oduc ion as exp ession o powe ela ions. Besides, c i ical ealism emphasizes he
exis ence o a eali y ex e nal o he social cons uc ion o eali y, al hough i is also
acknowledged ha accessing his eali y is impossible wi hou language. This poses
a signi ican challenge o esea ch. In summa y, bo h cons uc i ism and c i ical
ealism sugges ha indi idual obse a ions esul om unde lying social s uc u es.
Quali a i e esea ch o e s empi ical access o hese s uc u es. As economic
analysis in an e a o polyc isis should be p ecisely in e es ed in econs uc ing
and unde s anding hose s uc u es, we a gue ha quali a i e app oaches a e well-
sui able o his end.
On he epis emological le el, quali a i e app oaches do no claim o gene a e
ep esen a i e knowledge abou he e ec s o speci ic a iables. Ra he , hey
analyze s uc u es and dynamics o di e en explana o y ac o s h ough a single
case o a selec ion o cases. This p o ides ei he p o ound insigh s in o a pa icula
phenomenon (minimum con as ) o an o e iew on di e en cases o he
phenomenon (maximum con as ). Bo h app oaches can deli e aluable insigh s in o
changes in he poli ical economy o he polyc isis. Cases can be selec ed acco ding
o he p inciple o con as abili y (Lenge 2019, 949) — based on li e a u e o
in iguing empi ical obse a ions. Bu as heo e ical conside a ions in luence he
case selec ion, i is desc ibed as heo e ical sampling (Glase & S auss 2017; Lenge
2019). Conside ing he s uc u e o he objec o obse a ion, cases can be chosen
based on he p inciples o minimum o maximum con as (P zybo ski & Wohl ab-
Sah 2021). Maximum con as means he mos di e se cases and minimum con as
ha he mos simila cases in one o mo e dimensions a e selec ed. Fo ins ance, o
4 Some quali a i e app oaches ha e a posi i is pe cep ion o social eali y, such as objec i e he meneu-
ics ( o an o e iew, see P zybo ski and Wohl ab-Sah 2021), bu hey sha e key insigh s wi h cons uc-
i is app oaches and a e no as widely sp ead in quali a i e esea ch. Fo his eason, we will no ea
such app oaches in dep h in his a icle.
37
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The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods oeconomic esea ch…
analyzing g een indus ial policy, one could selec coun ies wi h di e en economic
s uc u es, challenges, iscal space, and poli ical adi ions based on he p inciple
o maximum con as . Al e na i ely, minimum con as sugges s choosing coun ies
ha a e e y simila in hese dimensions. Simul aneously, he esul s o quali a i e
esea ch a e heo y-gene a ing; o ins ance, so-called “ideal ypes.” An ideal ype is
a cons uc o o ganize and cap u e essen ial aspec s o social eali y by emphasizing
and also delibe a ely exagge a ing hem. I di e s om empi ically obse able
phenomena bu allows conclusions o be d awn abou social phenomena and hei
unde lying s uc u es (c . Webe 1904). Pa icula ly, in an e a o changing global
socio-economic s uc u es, heo y-gene a ing esea ch is use ul as he “old” heo ies
migh no be adequa e o explain new phenomena. Fo ins ance, i he wo ld ma ke
o de signi ican ly changes, coun ies ha e o adap hei poli ical and economic
s a egies in o de o h i e in his new en i onmen . Thus, on he epis emological
le el, pa icula ly, he heo y-gene a ing dimension o quali a i e me hods quali ies
hem o economic (policy) analysis in he polyc isis.
On he me hodological le el, i is c ucial o dis inguish be ween me hodology
and me hods. Me hods e e o speci ic ins umen s, ools, and echniques used in
esea ch. Me hodology o mula es c i e ia o esea ch ha ep esen s a pa icula
on ological and epis emological s ance and o e s a jus i ica ion o he use o
speci ic me hods. In his ega d, me hodology and on ology mus complemen each
o he . Mos quali a i e app oaches a e g ounded in a cons uc i is on ology, which
is mani es ed in econs uc i e and induc i e me hods. O o pu i di e en ly: “a
quali a i e me hodology e e s o he epis emological and on ological jus i ica ion
o quali a i e me hods” (Pickbou n & Ramna ain 2016, 74). These me hods a e
p ima ily designed in close ela ion o he esea ch ield, ocusing on mul i ace ed
esea ch objec s o subjec s a he han on ela ionships be ween and/o e ec s
o a iables. Simul aneously, quali a i e esea ch p ocesses a e mo e open and
ci cula ly e lexi e han quan i a i e esea ch (Finlay & Gough 2003; Lenge 2019).
Hence, he esea ch ques ion migh be adap ed and speci ied h oughou and a e
he empi ical in es iga ion. Simila ly, subsequen esea ch s eps can be adjus ed;
o ins ance, in e iew guidelines/ques ions migh be adap ed a e he i s ound
o in e iews. Fu he mo e, quali a i e esea ch me hods can be complemen ed wi h
quan i a i e app oaches ui ully (mixed me hods), especially, i hey a e buil on a
cons uc i is on ology (e.g., ABMs i hey a e buil upon a cons uc i is on ology).
3 Con ibu ions o quali a i e me hods o heanalysis
o hepolyc isis ineconomics
This sec ion illus a es he con ibu ions o quali a i e me hods o he analysis o
a speci ic sub ield o economics, namely, o economic policy in an e a polyc isis.
Polyc isis signi ies a complex, simul aneously un olding and s uc u ally coupled se
o challenges and/o p oblems (Henig & Knigh 2023; Law ence e al. 2024) ha
a e no ully unde s ood ye . Thei cha ac e (i.e., he ampli ica ion, unboundedness,
and laye ing in ime and space) is unp eceden ed as he wo ld (economic) o de
has signi ican ly changed in he las cen u y (and pa icula ly since he ise o
38
L.Po ak, R.Reinke
1 3
neolibe alism and globaliza ion). Since i is no ye ully unde s ood how he
elemen s, s uc u es, and dynamics a e in e ela ed, he ocus o he empi ical
analysis should be on hese un esol ed issues a he han on in e ela ionships
be ween he a iables. Economic policy is o pa icula in e es in his con ex as
i is cu en ly unde going undamen al changes. Al hough neolibe alism domina ed
economic policy in Eu ope and beyond (Jessop 2019) in he pas decades, he
neolibe al belie s a e now, acing he new challenges, a s ake, as demons a ed in
he ollowing examples. Mo e p ecisely, he examples a e economic policy ad iso y;
ac o s a ec ing speci ic economic policy making p ocesses; ansna ional discou se
coali ions and policy making; key pe o mance indica o s; he social e ec s
o new o ms o p oduc ion; and he ole o in e na ional o ganiza ions in policy
esea ch. Howe e , we do no claim o comple ely ep esen quali a i e esea ch in
he polyc isis wi h his selec ion o examples bu aim o illus a e how quali a i e
esea ch is well-sui ed o he analysis o economic policy in an e a o polyc isis.
Fi s , he polyc isis p esen s signi ican challenges o es ablished economic policy
(ad iso y) while simul aneously demanding c ea i e solu ions om economic
expe s, whe he new o p e iously exis ing, o ackle hese eme ging p oblems.
Add essing his challenge and unde s anding how economic policy posi ions
align wi h indi idual pa adigma ic pe spec i es and socie al powe ela ions was
he p ima y ocuses o a esea ch p ojec conduc ed by Reinke and Po ak (2023).
Following Cul u al Poli ical Economy (CPE), hey use C i ical Discou se Analysis
(Fai clough 2013; Wodak & Meye 2001) o analyze in e iews wi h Ge man
public economis s (i.e., as head o a majo Ge man economic esea ch ins i u e
o as membe o he Ge man Council o Economic Expe s) conduc ed by he
YouTube Tilo Jung. The esea ch speci ically in es iga ed wo aspec s: i s , he
concep ualiza ion o “ he economy,” and second, pe spec i es on economic policy.
Despi e iden i ying ou dis inc posi ions, he s udy e ealed a p edominan ly
monis ic unde s anding o “ he economy,” emphasizing he in e play be ween
ma ke s and he s a e. Conce ning economic policy, a disce nible shi om
s aunch ee-ma ke app oaches owa ds mode a e Keynesianism and ma ke design
libe alism we e obse ed and cha ac e ized by Reinke and Po ak (2023) as lexible
p agma ism. In summa y, his a icle sheds ligh on he e ol ing na u e o economic
policy (ad iso y) in he e a o polyc isis. In he Ge man con ex , economic policy
ad iso y s ill exhibi s libe al belie s and ma ke -cen ism. Howe e , i has also
become mo e lexible compa ed o dogma ic neolibe alism, adap ing o add ess new
challenges as indica ed in policy inno a ions such as he gas p ice b eak.
Second, economic policy analysis in he polyc isis migh ocus on shi s in he
“logic” o policymaking: quali a i e app oaches can p o ide insigh in o how new
challenges a e p ocessed in policymaking and how powe ela ions shape hese
p ocesses. By inco po a ing ma e ialis s a e heo y, Po ak (2023a, b) add esses
he ques ion how compe i i eness, he wo ld (ma ke ), and he ole o he Eu opean
Union a his scope is concep ualized in he Eu opean socio-economic s a egy
since 2000 and how i is ansla ed in o compe i i eness policy. To achie e his,
policy documen s o he EU om 2000 o 2023 a e subjec ed o c i ical discou se
analysis. Po ak ocuses on key documen s such as he Lisbon Agenda (2000),
Eu ope 2020 (2010), he Eu opean G een Deal (2019), and S epping Up Eu ope’s
45
1 3
The con ibu ion o quali a i e me hods oeconomic esea ch…
p o ides a deepe unde s anding o he objec o obse a ion and i s ela ion o
social s uc u e. In challenging imes o c isis, quali a i e app oaches can con ibu e
o heo y de elopmen o make sense o newly eme ging economic p ac ices.
Quali a i e esea ch enables us o comp ehend phenomena o aspec s ha a e
no accessible o quan i a i e app oaches and a e o en o e looked in economics.
The e o e, in eg a ing quali a i e me hods in o he esea ch epe oi e o economics
would enhance he ield. Howe e , he me hodological plu aliza ion o economics is
no me ely a subjec i e p e e ence o sui able only in imes o c isis; i is a necessi y
a ising om he on ological openness o he poli ical economy as a social sphe e.
We iden i y h ee po en ial oles o quali a i e esea ch in mode n economics.
Fi s , quali a i e esea ch can se e as a c ucial supplemen o quan i a i e
economics. F om a quali a i e pe spec i e, economics possesses only a limi ed
unde s anding o i s objec s o obse a ion, as he economy and economic p ac ices
o indi idual o collec i e ac o s a e o en assumed a he han ho oughly
examined. Resea ch p ima ily ocuses on he causal ela ionship be ween speci ic
a iables and hei e ec s, he eby lacking a comp ehensi e unde s anding o
s uc u al dynamics and p ac ices in he poli ical economy. Since unde s anding
is a necessa y p econdi ion o all o he cogni i e scien i ic goals, quali a i e
me hods can enhance he o e all quali y o cu en economic esea ch by p o iding
a enues o comp ehend dynamics and p ac ices in he poli ical economy. This
in ol es add essing ques ions such as: why do we obse e hese e en s, elemen s,
o dynamics and no o he s? Wha powe ela ions, ins i u ions, o ideas gi e ise
o hem? The e o e, quan i a i e and quali a i e me hods a e complemen a y
elemen s in a holis ic concep ion o economics and can be combined in mixed-
me hod app oaches. Second, conside ing he on ological plu ali y o social
eali y, quali a i e esea ch app oaches con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o he
poli ical economy and i s his o ically con ingen cha ac e . By analyzing ongoing
de elopmen s in capi alis socie ies, quali a i e esea ch adds o c i ical social
science and seeks o ein eg a e a adi ional unde s anding o Poli ical Economy
in o mode n economics. Thi d, quali a i e esea ch may inc ease he e lexi i y o
academic economics. Quali a i e esea ch elies on economis s e lec ing on hei
own posi ion in ela ion o hei esea ch objec , he eby inc easing hei awa eness
o powe s uc u es and ins i u ions wi hin he discipline, as well as unde s anding
he connec ion be ween science and socie y and he special ole o economics in he
poli ical economy. Thus, quali a i e esea ch p o ides a me hodological oolki o
encou age e lec ion on he cons i u ion o academic economics.
Howe e , as hin ed a in he hi d ole, o us he in eg a ion o quali a i e me hods
is no me ely an epis emic issue imp o ing knowledge p oduc ion bu a he a
democ a ic impe a i e. Ou concep ion o plu alism as mul i-dimensionali y ex ends
beyond economic knowledge p oduc ion o encompass socie y. Conside ing he
dialec ic ela ionship be ween economics and socie y, he knowledge gene a ed
by he discipline always ca ies a pe o ma i e aspec . Theo izing and analyzing
e icien ma ke s, o ins ance, con ibu e o es ablish hegemonic ideas abou
how ma ke s should be s uc u ed and nudges policymake s o “enac ” e icien
ma ke s. Howe e , economics o en ails o accoun o he li ed expe iences in he
economy, economic p ac ices, and powe s uc u es wi hin he poli ical economy.
46
L.Po ak, R.Reinke
1 3
This blind spo esul s in a lack o public unde s anding o economic dynamics
and he indi idual and collec i e p ac ices o o he ac o s in he economic ield.
We a gue ha his unde s anding is a basic condi ion o unc ioning democ acies.
Thus, he plu aliza ion o economics and he democ a iza ion o socie y a e wo
sides o he same coin. Especially in an e a o polyc isis, democ acy and a plu al
socie y equi e economic knowledge om di e en on ological, epis emological,
and me hodological pe spec i es, which can only be p o ided by economic esea ch
inco po a ing quali a i e me hods. In his sense, his a icle can be conside ed as he
i s pa o an in ellec ual p ojec ha de elops a adical concep ion o plu alism,
connec ing scien i ic plu alism wi h democ acy.
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