Subash, Abhi ami; Ramana han, Ha eesh N.; Šos a , Ma ko
A icle
Ma ke -d i en mapping o echnological ad ancemen s in
he sea ood indus y: A coun y-le el analysis
Economies
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Subash, Abhi ami; Ramana han, Ha eesh N.; Šos a , Ma ko (2024) : Ma ke -
d i en mapping o echnological ad ancemen s in he sea ood indus y: A coun y-le el analysis,
Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 12, Iss. 11, pp. 1-15,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12110313
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/329240
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Ci a ion: Subash, Abhi ami,
Ha eesh N. Ramana han, and Ma ko
Šos a . 2024. Ma ke -D i en Mapping
o Technological Ad ancemen s in he
Sea ood Indus y: A Coun y-Le el
Analysis. Economies 12: 313. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/economies12110313
Academic Edi o : Tsu omu Ha ada
Recei ed: 13 Sep embe 2024
Re ised: 26 Oc obe 2024
Accep ed: 14 No embe 2024
Published: 18 No embe 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
A icle
Ma ke -D i en Mapping o Technological Ad ancemen s in he
Sea ood Indus y: A Coun y-Le el Analysis
Abhi ami Subash 1, Ha eesh N. Ramana han 1and Ma ko Šos a 2,*
1School o Indus ial Fishe ies, Cochin Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Fine A s A enue,
Kochi 682016, India; [email p o ec ed] (A.S.); [email p o ec ed] (H.N.R.)
2Facul y o Tou ism and Ru al De elopmen in Pozega, Josip Ju aj Uni e si y in Osijek, Vuko a ska 17,
31000 Pozega, C oa ia
*Co espondence: msos a @ .h
Abs ac : Sea ood p ese a ion echniques ha e e ol ed om ancien me hods o mode n inno a-
ions like canning, eezing, and su imi p oduc ion. Canning in he 19 h cen u y in oduced ai igh
con aine s, while comme cial eezing echnologies like lash eezing ex ended shel li e. Su imi
pas es in he 20 h cen u y led o a o dable imi a ion sea ood p oduc s. Eme ging echnologies
con inue o enhance sea ood p ese a ion me hods. Mo eo e , he in eg a ion o digi al echnology,
au oma ion, and da a sha ing, known as Indus y 4.0, is ans o ming a ious indus ies. This
in eg a ion encompasses blockchain echnology, au oma ion, obo ics, and big da a analy ics, aiming
o enhance p oduc ion, sus ainabili y, aceabili y, and e iciency in ish p ocessing. Wi h a ocus
on he sea ood ma ke dynamics a ec ing hese ad ances, his esea ch was conduc ed wi h he
aim o unde s and how echnical b eak h oughs in he sea ood business a e dispe sed and imple-
men ed ac oss di e en na ions. We aim o de e mine he co espondence be ween he echnological
sophis ica ion o machine y in sea ood p ocessing companies and map i ac oss di e en coun ies
ac oss he globe o ob ain an unde s anding o he gene a ion o echnology used in p ominence.
Va ia ions in adop ion a es and echnological ends e lec egional ma ke dynamics. The Sea ood
Expo ASIA 2023 s udy looked a he use o Indus y 4.0 echnologies, ope a ional p ocedu es, and
echnology adop ion in he global sea ood p ocessing indus y. No ably, coun ies like No way, he
Republic o Ko ea, Spain, Tu key, and he Ne he lands ha e apidly emb aced Indus y 4.0 echnolo-
gies. The ma ke ac o s d i ing hese echnological ad ancemen s ac oss di e en coun ies include
ising consume demand o sus ainable sea ood, economic incen i es, and global compe i ion. A
co espondence analysis was employed o analyze he co espondence be ween coun ies and he
le el o echnological sophis ica ion in he machine y used. We success ully mapped he le el o
echnology u ilized in machine y ac oss global sea ood p ocessing companies, p o iding insigh s
in o he echnological ad ancemen s shaping he indus y.
Keywo ds: echnological inno a ions; Indus y 4.0; sea ood p ocessing; echnology ad ancemen ;
Sea ood Expo ASIA 2023; echnology gene a ion; sea ood ma ke
1. In oduc ion
A egula and impo an occu ence o a na ion’s economic p og ess in a ma ke econ-
omy is compe i ion. In he sea ood indus y, compe i ion has long exis ed, and heo ies o
compe i ion, including he classical and con empo a y heo ies o compe i ion, we e among
he i s o be de eloped (T an 2020). The sea ood business plays a i al ole in he global
economy by gi ing millions o people access o ood, jobs, and money
(Fox e al. 2018).
Due
o globaliza ion, which has caused majo mul ina ional co po a ions o consolida e and
in eg a e e ically h oughou supply chains, om manu ac u ing o sale, sea ood is one
o he oods ha is aded mos o en wo ldwide (Bellmann e al. 2016;Gepha and Pace
2015). The majo challenges aced by ood business a e ge ing he ood ma ke o iden i y
Economies 2024,12, 313. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12110313 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/economies
Economies 2024,12, 313 2 o 15
and accep new meals made om in e c opping c ops (Mamine and Fa ès 2020), which
a e indeed simila o he challenges o he sea ood indus y ega ding b inging up easy
cooking and handling p oduc s (Ha e al. 2024). A la ge and g owing body o scien i ic
esea ch has documen ed he bene i s o sea ood in he human die (Campos and Qi 2024)
The sea ood p ocessing indus y employs app oxima ely 56 million people wo ldwide
and b ings in o e USD 200 billion in sales yea ly (FAO 2020). Sea ood supply chains
o en consis o many nodes, ep esen ing a dis inc p oduc ion o dis ibu ion o he
company. Be o e he inal sale, di e en nodes in he p ocessing sec ion p ocess and use
p oduc s o di e en deg ees (Vi din e al. 2022). Policy discussions o en ouch on he
sha e o domes ic ood goods in e ail, aiming o p omo e alue-added p oduc s and
job oppo uni ies and leading o u al de elopmen , which is a signi ican ac o o he
ishe ies sec o . The p ese a ion o local ood adi ion, which is equen ly linked o
na ional secu i y, sus ainabili y, and he local economy, is ano he highligh ing ea u e o
sea ood (Kasza e al. 2024).
O e he pas 60 yea s, he e ha e been signi ican echnical b eak h oughs in ish
pos -ha es echnology, including inc eased quali y con ol, ish p ese a ion, p ocessing,
packing, and p ocessing echnology (Majumde and Balange 2023). The loss o his nu ien -
ich ood p oduc is de imen al o a coun y wi h a high unde nu i ion a e (G aham e al.
2007). To mi iga e his loss, imp o ed handling and p ocessing, as well as p ese a ion
me hods, mus be used. The e o e, i is c ucial o de elop he ishing indus y as such in
ligh o all wo ldwide needs.
1.1. Sea ood P ocessing
The sea ood indus y plays a c ucial ole in he global ood supply chain. To adap
o he di e en in e es s o consume s, sea ood en e p ises need o engage in specialized
ac i i ies such as ha es ing, p ocessing, dis ibu ion, and ma ke ing. These co po a ions
manage complica ed na u al and comme cial ecosys ems o acqui e and ma ke a di e se
ange o aqua ic goods in a sus ainable manne . Sea ood companies s i e o supply
high-quali y sea ood o cus ome s all a ound he wo ld by concen a ing on quali y and
nu i ional con en .
Sea ood is a g ea sou ce o p o ein, i amins, mine als (pa icula ly i on, iodine,
calcium, and po assium), and polyunsa u a ed a y acids. When inges ed, hey ha e
been shown o p o ec agains many illnesses, including cance , high blood p essu e,
in lamma o y and ca dio ascula diso de s, and mo e (Ka hu ia e al. 2022). The adi ional
sea ood-p ocessing sec o has aced challenges due o he pe ishable na u e o sea ood.
Mode nis ic app oaches in ood science and echnology a e, howe e , a o ding inno a i e
ways by which hese challenges can be su moun ed. By ocusing on he imp o emen
in sea ood quali y, he ex ension o shel li e, and ensu ing i s sa e y, he indus y would
inc ease i s compe i i eness le el as well as mee he inc easing demand o high-quali y
sea ood p oduc s (Russo e al. 2023). Al hough he e ha e been signi ican b eak h oughs
in he p ocedu es used o ood sa e y es ing, se e al issues s ill exis (Vi din e al. 2022).
Fo ins ance, commonly used biosenso echnologies ha e he bene i s o low speci ici y,
cheap cos , and eal- ime de ec ion; ye hei speci ici y is s ill poo (Cheng e al. 2023).
Quali y assu ance is a majo conce n in he sea ood p ocessing indus y, as he e en ion o
consume con idence and egula o y equi emen s o quali y exis . P ecise labeling and
ce i ica ion a e wo impo an ools o communica e p oduc quali y a ibu es e ec i ely
o cus ome s, showing compliance wi h indus y s anda ds (Yasuda and Bowen 2006).
The sea ood sec o is subjec o manda o y con ol measu es, such as Haza d Analysis
C i ical Con ol Poin s (HACCP) sys ems, as well as ede al and s a e ules a ec ing ha es
echniques and aceabili y s anda ds (Jensen 2006). New App oach Me hodologies (NAM)
ha e begun o win ame o he oxicological es ing me hodologies ha can be used as
an al e na i e, especially in he pha maceu icals, cosme ics, ood, and sea ood indus ies.
Fu he mo e, in e es in he egula o y use o NAMs will emain high, mainly due o
hei wide applicabili y and he po en ial educ ion in animal es ing (Man ul e al. 2023).
Economies 2024,12, 313 3 o 15
The s udy o sea ood mic obio a has unde gone a e olu ion owing o high- h oughpu
sequencing (HTS) echnology, which o e s a be e ep esen a i e pic u e o he mic obial
popula ions in sea ood ecosys ems (Rönnbäck 1999). New p e alen bac e ia in sea ood
ha e been iden i ied h ough his echnique, including psych obac e , which was ound o
be a signi ican cause o sea ood spoilage (Anagnos opoulos e al. 2022).
The challenges acing sea ood p ocessing in he supply chain o p oduc sa e y and
quali y a e massi e: p oli e a ing labels, complexi ies in egula ion, quali y assu ance s an-
da ds, in icacies in labeling, ma ke luc ua ions, and ce i ica ion equi emen s (Caswell
2006). In he p ocessing sec o , he key componen s o quali y con ol include Good Manu-
ac u ing P ac ice (GMP), Haza d Analysis and C i ical Con ol Poin (HACCP), senso y
assessmen me hodologies, and aceabili y sys ems (Alam 2007). The need o a pa adigm
changes in he gua an ee o sea ood sa e y, di icul ies in moni o ing and iden i ying chem-
ical pollu an s in he sea ood chain, and he applica ion o HACCP sys ems is equi ed
(Egui aun e al. 2015).
The wo ld’s popula ion is an icipa ed o each 10 billion by 2050 (FAO 2022). The
sea ood indus y, pa icula ly in Asia, is c ucial o global ood supply chains. Howe e ,
i needs help wi h aceabili y and anspa ency. Despi e imp o emen s in aceabili y
p ac ices, in o ma ion low and go e nance s ill need o be imp o ed. A wide a ia ion in
echnology adop ion was obse ed by Peng e al. (2020), wi h some companies adop ing
inno a i e echnologies o aceabili y, making i as e , mo e eliable, and mo e cos -
e ec i e. These ad anced echnologies ha e enabled accu a e da a cap u e, imp o ed
supply chain managemen , and imp o ed business pe o mance. Despi e signi ican ad-
ances in obo iza ion and au oma ion, IR 4.0 echnologies a e o en unable o be ully
implemen ed in he sea ood indus y due o biological a ia ions in aw ma e ials, seasonal
p oduc ion, and he a ied dis ibu ion o ca ch and p ocu emen (Hassoun e al. 2022).
Following p ocessing p ac ices, including main enance a a low empe a u e, he speci ic
needs o wash and disin ec su aces should also be ca ied ou on a la ge scale wi h hy-
gienic disin ec ion. Economic iabili y due o he high cos s o hese echnological p ocesses
is also a majo challenge ha needs o be ackled (Echega ay e al. 2022). Sea ood was e
managemen , he sus ainable use o byp oduc s om sea ood p ocessing, and he signi i-
cance o ma ine-acqui ed biomolecules in ag icul u e, bio echnology, and he ood sec o s
a e all impo an sphe es o conside (Akhila e al. 2024). Jiao e al. (2024) emphasized
he need o a g een p ocessing ans o ma ion, speci ically in he adi ional su imi-based
indus y due o hei high pollu ion and ene gy consump ion, wi h mic owa e p ocessing,
which is iden i ied as an e ec i e me hod o p omo e he g een manu ac u ing o su imi-
based p oduc s. The Indus ial Re olu ion has been a con inuous p ocess o echnological
ad ancemen s and imp o emen s in a ious sec o s. Be o e Indus y 4.0, h ee indus ial
e olu ions (IR) occu ed: IR 1.0 in he la e 18 h cen u y, which ansi ioned om manual
o mechanized wo k and p oduc ion powe ed by s eam; IR 2.0 in he ea ly 1970s, which
in oduced he use o elec ical powe o mass p oduc ion; and IR 3.0 in he la e 19 h
cen u y, which in oduced elec onics and in o ma ion echnology, leading o au oma ed
p oduc ion. These e olu ions ha e signi ican ly impac ed a ious sec o s and con inue
o e ol e wi h ime and needs (Lin e al. 2018). Th ough he use o in elligen senso s
and ac ua o s, Indus y 4.0 seeks o inc ease manu ac u ing e iciency and communica ion
while concen a ing on cus ome cen ici y and new business p ospec s (G abowska 2018).
The scopes and di ec ions o implemen ing echnologies in Indus y 4.0 a chi ec u es
ha e also s a ed he impo ance o IR 4 (Rane and Shah 2022). Indus y 4.0 echnologies
con ibu e o sus ainabili y unc ions, such as isk and sa e y managemen , by p o iding
chances o g ea e p oduc ion e iciency, manu ac u ing cos educ ion, and en i onmen al
esponsibili y de elopmen (Ghobakhloo 2020). Thus, hese echnologies p omo e ene gy
and esou ce sus ainabili y by enabling he educ ion in ene gy use and was e h ough da a
analysis ac oss indus ial and supply chain p ocesses (Bai e al. 2020).
This s udy explo es he echnological sophis ica ion o machine y in sea ood p ocess-
ing ac oss di e en coun ies using co espondence analysis. I links ma ke dynamics
Economies 2024,12, 313 4 o 15
o echnological adop ion, highligh ing he in luences o consume demand, economic
incen i es, and global compe i ion. The esea ch ocuses on Indus y 4.0 echnologies in a
speci ic sec o , blockchain, au oma ion, obo ics, and big da a analy ics. I also p o ides a
c oss-coun y compa a i e analysis, e ealing why some coun ies, like No way and Ko ea,
a e leading in adop ion, while o he s a e slowing down. This s udy con ibu es o ood
echnology, indus ial inno a ion, and economic de elopmen .
1.2. Indus y 4.0
Indus y 4.0 is an in e disciplina y s a egy ha combines he physical, digi al, and bio-
logical wo lds. Indus y 4.0 echnologies in ag icul u e and ood include AI, IoT, sma sen-
so s, obo ics, and 3D p in ing (Hassoun e al. 2022). A i icial in elligence and blockchain
a e wo 4.0 echnologies ha can signi ican ly imp o e he aceabili y o sys ems in he
sea ood p ocessing sec o . These echnologies make aceabili y p ocedu es mo e e icien ,
accu a e, and secu e. The de elopmen o wholly new knowledge o he applica ion o
al eady-exis ing echnology a e he wo ways ha echnological ad ancemen is accom-
plished. The deg ee o human capi al in a na ion de e mines whe he new echnology is
success ully in en ed o i old echnology is abso bed (Dao and Khuc 2023). The ansi ion
o a Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 is bo h a p omising and demanding opic o s udy.
Fu he mo e, hese echnologies enable eal- ime da a collec ion and p ocessing, esul ing
in p omp de ec ion and esponse o possible ood sa e y haza ds (Be ossi 2024). In his
pape (Ma ini e al. 2023), he au ho s in es iga e he key d i e s o digi al inno a ion
wi hin mic o and small indus ies (MSIs) in Indonesia, ocusing on he ole o in e ne
adop ion and usage le els. The analysis conside s a ange o ac o s, including business
and ma ke ing s a egies, ope a ional cons ain s, access o c edi , and bo h en ep eneu ial
and i m-speci ic cha ac e is ics. The goal is o iden i y how hese elemen s collec i ely
in luence he digi al ans o ma ion o hese indus ies. Indus y 4.0 also plays a i al ole in
o he a eas, con ibu ing o he indus ial e olu ion. Con en ional app oaches ha e limi s,
whe eas ision-based echnologies allow o he apid and non-des uc i e examina ion o
ood composi ion and nu i ional con en compila ion (Kaushal e al. 2024). Using hese
mode n echnologies, sea ood p ocessing en e p ises can achie e end- o-end aceabili y,
om aw ma e ial sou ce o inal p oduc on shop shel es (Echega ay e al. 2022).
Renewable sou ces o ene gy and decen alized ene gy concep s will play a c ucial
ole in supply chain managemen in he coming gene a ions (Fleiß e al. 2024). In he
Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion, dis up i e echnologies like blockchain and cloud compu ing
a e an icipa ed o ans o m da a s o age, secu i y, and applica ions wi h a ocus on he
ex ensi e use o digi al echnologies in manu ac u ing, he e o e a ec ing se e al businesses
(Papakos as e al. 2020). Blockchain echnology can imp o e inancial ansac ions, supply
ne wo ks, and medical da a secu i y and anspa ency. Cloud compu ing allows companies
o g ow p o i ably, cu expenses, and imp o e eamwo k by acili a ing emo e wo k. These
echnologies a e p ojec ed o e olu ionize sec o s by p omo ing inno a ion, enhancing
da a managemen , and simpli ying p ocedu es (Rahman e al. 2017).
Supply chain managemen , en i onmen al conside a ions, in o ma ion and echnol-
ogy in eg a ion, co po a e cul u e, and social esponsibili y a e some c i ical acili a o s o
sus ainabili y in Indus y 4.0 in eme ging economies. These enable s can be applied by
adop ing echnology, aining pe sonnels on sus ainable p ac ices, o ming pa ne ships
wi h supplie s o p omo e sus ainable sou cing, and inco po a ing en i onmen al man-
agemen sys ems in o ope a ions. Addi ionally, aising knowledge abou he bene i s o
sus ainabili y and ewa ding sus ainable p ac ices can help encou age he adop ion o hese
enable s in eme ging economies (Jamwal e al. 2021).
2. Me hodology
The su ey app oach was used in he s udy o collec da a, wi h an emphasis on he
Sea ood Expo ASIA 2023 show. Exhibi ions a e essen ial enues o indus y pa icipan s o
mee , sha e knowledge, and p esen hei newes goods and se ices. An excellen enue
Economies 2024,12, 313 5 o 15
o ga he ing da a was p o ided by he Sea ood Expo ASIA, a majo e en in he sea ood
sec o ha d ew a sizable numbe o pa icipan s om a ious businesses.
The s udy wen h ough a desc ip i e esea ch design, aiming o iden i y he deg ee
o echnology o bo h he sea ood p ocessing machines and p ocessing me hods in each
coun y wi h espec o he aw ma e ials p ocessed and he le el o ma ke ing compe ence.
P ima y da a on he echnology le el o machines we e a ained by means o a su ey
me hod, and a co espondence analysis was used o da a analysis. Co espondence
analysis is a s a is ical me hod o isualizing and examining he connec ions be ween
ca ego ical a iables in a con ingency able. Con e ing complica ed and huge da a in o a
lowe -dimensional space makes pa e ns and s uc u es isible and simpli ies he da a. The
esul an g aphic illus a es how closely ela ed ca ego ies ha e s onge associa ions and
a e mo e compa able o one ano he (Ku ian e al. 2022).
A o al o 505 companies egis e ed in he Sea ood Expo ASIA 2023 (as men ioned
in Table 1), which se es as he sample ame. The Sea ood Expo ASIA 2023, held in
Singapo e om Sep embe 11 o 13, p o ided a aluable oppo uni y o collec 338 esponses
om companies. The ques ionnai e was de eloped wi h he help o li e a u e su eys
and pilo s udies conduc ed in he sea ood indus y. I comp ised ou segmen s which
included ques ions on he aw ma e ials p ocessed in he company, he ype o aw ma e ial
p ocessing, he cu en gene a ion o he machines used in he p ocessing sec ion, and
he ading de ails o he company. Companies we e seg ega ed and selec ed acco ding
o he c i e ia de i ed om he ques ionnai e, as men ioned in Table 2, o s udy hei
wo k a mosphe e and ma ke . Each s all a he Sea ood Expo Asia 2023 was indi idually
a ended, and basic da a we e eco ded.
Table 1. Coun y/ egion and company de ails.
SL NO. COUNTRIES/REGIONS TOTAL COMPANIES
1. ARGENTINA 8
2. AUSTRALIA 23
3. BAHRAIN 1
4. BANGLADESH 1
5. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 1
6. CANADA 15
7. CHILE 2
8. CHINA 47
9. ECUADOR 8
10. FALKLAND ISLANDS 1
11. FAROE ISLANDS 1
12. FIJI 1
13. FRANCE 5
14. GEORGIA 1
15. GREECE 1
16. HONG KONG 4
17. INDIA 10
18. INDONESIA 1
19. JAPAN 10
20. KIRIBATI 1
21. MALAYSIA 2
Economies 2024,12, 313 6 o 15
Table 1. Con .
SL NO. COUNTRIES/REGIONS TOTAL COMPANIES
22. MAURITANIA 1
23. MAURITIUS 1
24. NETHERLANDS 11
25. NEW ZEALAND 3
26. NICARAGUA 1
27. NORWAY 15
28. OMAN 1
29. POLAND 9
30. REPUBLIC OF KOREA 10
31. SINGAPORE 30
32. SOLOMON ISLANDS 2
33. SPAIN 9
34. SWEDEN 1
35. TAIWAN 10
36. TURKEY 10
37. UNITED KINGDOM 2
38. UNITED STATES 13
39. VIETNAM 26
40. YEMEN 5
No e: This Table shows he de ails collec ed om he Sea ood Expo Asia 2023.
Table 2. C i e ia o selec ion.
Majo companies
(excluding absen /daugh e companies)
Ca ego iza ions we e based on ques ionnai e
con en
1. P ocessing me hods: p e-p ocessing,
p ocessing, and packaging.
2. Raw ma e ials: in ish, c us aceans,
mollusks, and o he s.
3. T ading.
No e: F om he pa icipa ion lis o 505 companies, 338 companies we e selec ed unde he
abo e-men ioned condi ions.
No all companies a ended he expo, and some majo companies exhibi ed mul iple
s alls ep esen ing small coun e di isions. Hence, hese cons ain s led o a dec ease in
esponses conce ning he c i e ia in Table 2.
The da a included 338 en ies, collec ed om 40 coun ies/ egions ha pa icipa ed
in he Sea ood Expo Asia 2023, which we e analyzed using co espondence analysis.
Co espondence analysis uses a wo-dimensional co espondence able o desc ibe he
connec ions be ween wo nominal a iables, as well as he ca ego ies associa ed wi h each
a iable. Wi h ega d o he da a unde in es iga ion, he nominal a iables a e coun y and
echnology le els, espec i ely. Technological le els in he sea ood p ocessing machines
ca ego ized based on p ocessing echniques a e illus a ed in Table 3. The co espondence
analysis conduc ed clea ly shows he ela ion o he machines in he sea ood indus y a
di e en sec ions wi h echnology classi ica ion a he la es 3 le els o gene a ion.
Economies 2024,12, 313 7 o 15
Table 3. Gene a ion classi ica ion.
The Fi s Indus ial Re olu ion deno es he i s gene a ion T adi ional p ac ices include sal ing, sun d ying, pi cu ing, e c.
The Seconda y Indus ial Re olu ion deno es he second gene a ion. Basic eezing machines, me al de ec ing machines, pla e eeze s,
canning, e c.
The Thi d Indus ial Re olu ion deno es he hi d gene a ion. A s ep ahead o he basic machines, wi h modi ica ions, sys ema ic
con olle s o eezing, IQF, alue addi ion, e c.
The Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion deno es he ou h gene a ion. Senso applica ions, inge p in -con olled machines, big da a s o age,
au oma ic machines in applica ions, e c.
No e: This able consis s o he c i e ia based on which he companies we e classi ied acco ding o he
echnological ad ancemen s.
3. Resul and Discussion
Each coun y was assessed in e ms o he le el o echnology o i s sea ood p ocessing
machines and me hods, ocusing on aw ma e ial ca ego iza ion and he le el o comme ce.
A su ey was u ilized o collec esponses om 338 companies who indeed pa icipa ed
in he Sea ood Expo ASIA 2023 in Singapo e. The sample ame included 505 companies
om 40 Asian coun ies/ egions. The esul s show a s ong co ela ion be ween he le el o
echnology used and he sea ood indus y’s abili y o p ocess, ade, and s o e i s p oduc s.
Companies wi h highe le els o echnology we e be e able o adap o changing ma ke
condi ions and cus ome demand. The s udy concluded ha he le el o echnology in
sea ood p ocessing is a key ac o in he success o he sea ood indus y.
Table 4clea ly illus a es he numbe o sea ood en e p ises om a ious na ions based
on echnology gene a ion. The bulk o he i ms who pa icipa ed in he sea ood exhibi ion
we e om China, wi h a o al o 111 co po a e ep esen a i es, wi h jus ou en e p ises
alling in o he ou h gene a ion o echnology. China also anks op in he numbe o
en e p ises ha all in o he hi d gene a ion o echnology, wi h 71 companies on he lis .
Vie nam, wi h a o al o 40 companies, was he nex coun y wi h he majo i y o i ms (20)
alling in o he hi d gene a ion and 9 companies alling in o ou h-gene a ion echnology.
When compa ed o he ac i e ma gin o jus eigh companies, he o al pa icipan s ep e-
sen ing No way showed a lead o six companies alling in o he ou h-gene a ion le el o
echnology. No way’s sea ood p ocessing companies appea o ha e adop ed sec o 4.0 o a
g ea deg ee, as e idenced by he coun y’s p edominance o ou h-gene a ion echnology.
Table 4. Co espondence able. Coun y-wise di ision o companies ha all in o di e en ca ego ies
o echnology acco ding o gene a ion.
Coun y/Region Technology
2nd Gene a ion 3 d Gene a ion 4 h Gene a ion Ac i e Ma gin
A gen ina 1 4 0 5
Aus alia 4 14 0 18
Bah ain 0 0 0 0
Bangladesh 0 2 0 2
B unei
Da ussalam 0 2 0 2
Canada 0 4 0 4
Chile 0 3 0 3
China 36 71 4 111
Ecuado 2 0 0 2
Japan 0 9 0 9
Economies 2024,12, 313 8 o 15
Table 4. Con .
Coun y/Region Technology
2nd Gene a ion 3 d Gene a ion 4 h Gene a ion Ac i e Ma gin
Fa oe Islands 0 2 0 2
Fiji 0 0 0 0
F ance 0 7 0 7
Geo gia 0 0 0 0
G eece 0 1 0 1
Hong Kong 0 1 0 1
India 7 2 2 11
Indonesia 4 1 0 5
Ki iba i 0 0 0 0
Malaysia 3 0 0 3
Mau i ania 5 0 0 5
Mau i ius 0 0 0 0
Ne he lands 0 8 5 13
New Zealand 0 3 0 3
Nica agua 2 0 0 2
No way 0 2 6 8
Oman 0 0 0 0
Poland 2 5 0 7
Republic o
Ko ea 1 2 3 6
Singapo e 1 13 3 17
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0
Spain 3 2 3 8
Sweden 0 0 0 0
Taiwan 0 17 0 17
Tu key 0 1 1 2
Uni ed Kingdom
0 0 0 0
Uni ed S a es 6 3 0 9
Vie nam 11 20 9 40
Yemen 0 15 0 15
Ac i e Ma gin 88 214 36 338
Figu es 1–3show how he deg ees o echnology in di e en na ions a e compa ed
g aphically. The clus e s o g oupings o na ions wi h compa able echnical cha ac e is ics,
depic ed in he image, help explain he links be ween na ions and echnological gene a ions.
The a iables in he igu e we e ans o med in o a wo-way con ingency able using
ow a iables, column a iables, and supplemen al a iables. The ow a iables ep esen
he pa icipa ing coun ies/ egions, while he column a iables ep esen he le el o
gene a ions conce ning he echnology. Figu e 2illus a es a compa ison o he le el
o echnology in he coun y. I is e iden ha a g oup o coun ies, including China,
Aus alia, Poland, A gen ina, Chile, India, he Uni ed S a es, e c., concen a e on he hi d
gene a ion, whe eas No way s ays a he peak, indica ing ou h-gene a ion echnology,
wi h su ounding coun ies like he Republic o Ko ea, he Ne he lands, and Spain below i .
Economies 2024,12, 313 15 o 15
Johansen, Ul , Heidi Bull-Be g, La s H. Vik, A ne S okka, Roge Richa dsen, and Ul Win he . 2019. The No wegian sea ood
indus y—Impo ance o he na ional economy. Ma ine Policy 110: 103561. [C ossRe ]
Kasza, Gyula, Judi Oláh, Józse Popp, Zol án Lakne , LászlóFeke e, Enik˝o Pósa, Widya Sa ya Nug aha, and Dá id Szakos. 2024.
Food miles on he shel es: The sha e o local ood p oduc s in he Hunga ian e ail sec o . Ag icul u al and Food Economics 12: 3.
[C ossRe ]
Ka hu ia, Deepika, Anju K. Dhiman, and Su ekha A i. 2022. Sous ide, a culina y echnique o imp o ing quali y o ood p oduc s:
A e iew. T ends in Food Science & Technology 119: 57–68. [C ossRe ]
Kaushal, Sushan , Dushyan h Kuma Tammineni, P iya Rana, Minaxi Sha ma, Kandi S idha , and Ho-Hsien Chen. 2024. Compu e
ision and deep lea ning-based app oaches o de ec ion o ood nu ien s/nu i ion: New insigh s and ad ances. T ends in Food
Science & Technology 146: 104408. [C ossRe ]
Ku ian, Simmy, Ha eesh N Ramana han, and Ba ba a Piske . 2022. The Co espondence o Cul u e and E-Lea ning Pe cep ion Among
Indian and C oa ian S uden s Du ing he COVID-19 Pandemic. Asia Paci ic Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems 32: 656–83. [C ossRe ]
Lin, Jun, Zhiqi Shen, An ing Zhang, and Yue ing Chai. 2018. Blockchain and IoT based Food T aceabili y o Sma Ag icul u e. Pape
p es en ed a ICCSE’18: P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Con e ence on C owd Science and Enginee ing, Singapo e, July
28–31; pp. 1–6. [C ossRe ]
Majumde , Ranend a K., and Amjad K. Balange. 2023. Ad ances in Fish P ocessing Technologies: P ese a ion, Was e U iliza ion, and Sa e y
Assu ance. New Yo k: Apple Academic P ess Inc. [C ossRe ]
Mamine, Fa eh, and M’hand Fa ès. 2020. Ba ie s and Le e s o De eloping Whea –Pea In e c opping in Eu ope: A Re iew.
Sus ainabili y 12: 6962. [C ossRe ]
Man ul, Maame Ekua, Lubna Ahmed, and Ca he ine Ba y-Ryan. 2023. New App oach Me hodologies (NAMs) o sa e y es ing
o complex ood ma ices: A e iew o s a us, conside a ions, and egula o y adop ion. T ends in Food Science & Technology
142: 104191. [C ossRe ]
Ma ini, Ma ini, Doddy Se iawan, Re no Tanding Su yanda i, Rayenda Kh esna B ahmana, and Andi As ihapsa i. 2023. De e minan s
o Digi al Inno a ion in Mic o and Small Indus ies. Economies 11: 172. [C ossRe ]
Papakos as, Nikolaos, Ca men Cons an inescu, and Dimi is Mou zis. 2020. No el Indus y 4.0 Technologies and Applica ions.
Applied Sciecnes 10: 6498. [C ossRe ]
Peng, Daomin, Qian Yang, Hyun-Joo Yang, Honghong Liu, Yugui Zhu, and Yong ong Mu. 2020. Analysis on he ela ionship be ween
ishe ies economic g ow h and ma ine en i onmen al pollu ion in China’s coas al egions. Science o The To al En i onmen
713: 136641. [C ossRe ]
Rahman, Ai ini Ab, Uma Zaki Abdul Hamid, and Thoo Ai Chin. 2017. Eme ging echnologies wi h dis up i e e ec s: A e iew.
Pe in iseJou nal 7: 118–28.
Rane, Shi am, and P i esh Shah. 2022. Su ey o Technologies o Indus y 4.0. Pape p es en ed a 2022 6 h In e na ional Con e ence
On Compu ing, Communica ion, Con ol And Au oma ion (ICCUBEA), Pune, India, Augus 26–27; Augus 26. [C ossRe ]
Rönnbäck, Pa ik. 1999. The ecological basis o economic alue o sea ood p oduc ion suppo ed by mang o e ecosys ems. Ecological
Economics 29: 235–52. [C ossRe ]
Russo, Gio anni Luca, An onio L. Langello , Elena To ie i, and Paolo Masi. 2023. Eme ging echnologies in sea ood p ocessing: An
o e iewo inno a ions eshaping he aqua ic ood indus y. Wiley: Analy ical Science 23: e13281. [C ossRe ]
T an, AíHuu. 2020. Compe i i eness o sea ood en e p ises: The case s udy o Ba-Ria-Vung-Tau p o ince, Vie nam. Web o Con e ences
164: 06001. [C ossRe ]
Vi din, John, Tibo Vegh, Blake Ra cli , Elizabe h Ha ice, Jack Daly, and Jack S ua . 2022. Comba ing illegal ishing h ough
anspa ency ini ia i es: Lessons lea ned om compa a i e analysis o anspa ency ini ia i es in sea ood, appa el, ex ac i e,
and imbe supply chains. Ma ine Policy 138: 104984. [C ossRe ]
Yasuda, Tomohide, and Robe E. Bowen. 2006. Chain o cus ody as an o ganizing amewo k in sea ood isk educ ion. Ma ine
Pollu ion Bulle in 53: 640–49. A ailable online: www.else ie .com/loca e/ma polbul (accessed on 13 No embe 2024). [C ossRe ]
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
