Innovation and Networks in the Bioeconomy: A Case Study from the German Coffee Value Chain

Venus, Te ese E.; Beale, Ca oline; Villalba, Robe o
A icle — Published Ve sion
Inno a ion and Ne wo ks in he Bioeconomy: A Case S udy
om he Ge man Co ee Value Chain
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Venus, Te ese E.; Beale, Ca oline; Villalba, Robe o (2024) : Inno a ion and
Ne wo ks in he Bioeconomy: A Case S udy om he Ge man Co ee Value Chain, Ci cula Economy
and Sus ainabili y, ISSN 2730-5988, Sp inge In e na ional Publishing, Cham, Vol. 4, Iss. 3, pp.
1751-1772,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s43615-024-00357-7
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Inno a ion andNe wo ks in heBioeconomy: ACase S udy
om heGe man Co ee Value Chain
Te eseE.Venus1 · Ca olineBeale2· Robe oVillalba2
Recei ed: 9 Augus 2023 / Accep ed: 19 Feb ua y 2024
© The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
The ansi ion o aci cula bioeconomy equi es inno a ion ac oss many sec o s, bu social
dynamics wi hin a sec o ’s ne wo k may a ec inno a ion po en ial. We in es iga e how
ne wo k dynamics ela e o he pe cep ions and adop ion o bioeconomy inno a ion using
a case s udy om he ood p ocessing sec o . Ou case s udy o he Ge man co ee alue
chain ep esen s a echnologically ad anced sec o wi h a s ong sus ainabili y ocus and
po en ial o esidue alo iza ion, which is an impo an dimension o a sus ainable ci cu-
la bioeconomy. We iden i y h ee dis inc iews (pionee s, adi ional and limi ed use s)
ela ed o esidue alo iza ion, map linkages be ween ac o s using social ne wo k analysis,
and highligh ba ie s o inno a ion. We collec ed da a h ough an online su ey and semi-
s uc u ed in e iews wi h key ac o s in he co ee oas ing sec o . Wi hin he social ne -
wo k analysis, we ind ha public was e manage s a e closely linked o he mos in luen ial
ac o s, s a e ac o s such as he cus oms and ax o ices can quickly in e ac wi h o he s in
he ne wo k and p omo e he sp ead o in o ma ion (highes closeness cen ali y) and spe-
ci ic oas e s play an impo an ole as in e media ies o e icien communica ion (highes
be weenness cen ali y). Finally, we iden i y ou main ba ie s including he s uc u e o
he co ee ne wo k, inconsis encies in ede al was e egula ions, economies o scale, and
isions o sus ainabili y. To suppo a sus ainable bioeconomy, we ecommend ha pol-
icy make s e ise he p ima y egula o y amewo ks o was e (e.g., Ge man Recycling
Ac ) o cla i y how o classi y ood esidues, hei disposal s uc u es and b oaden hei use
s eams.
Keywo ds Bioeconomy· Co ee· Value chain· Ge many· Social ne wo k analysis·
Residue alo iza ion
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
* Te ese E. Venus
e ese. [email p o ec ed]
1 Bioeconomy Economics, Uni e si y o Passau, D .-Hans-Kap inge -S aße 30, 94032Passau,
Ge many
2 Ag icul u al P oduc ion andResou ce Economics, Technical Uni e si y o Munich, Al e Akademie
14, 85354F eising, Ge many
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
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In oduc ion
The eme gence o a sus ainable bioeconomy depends on su icien a ailabili y o bio-
logical esou ces, which do no compe e wi h ood o eed p oduc ion [1]. To limi
compe i ion wi h ood and eed p oduc ion, an impo an aspec o he sus ainable bio-
economy is a c oss-sec o al use o esidues, especially hose s emming om he ood
indus y [2, 3]. This ollows he biomass cascading p inciple, which e e s o he in e-
g a ed op imiza ion o biomass usage o aw ma e ials and ene gy [4] and is a key
componen o he ansi ion o a sus ainable, ci cula bioeconomy [3]. This means ha
biomass should be used mul iple imes (i.e., o ma e ial uses) be o e i is ul ima ely
con e ed o ene gy [4, 5].
Gi en he g owing demand o biomass, esidual biomass p esen s many oppo uni-
ies o alo iza ion bu he p o i able exploi a ion o esidues (was e) is a complex
p oblem [6]. Residue alo iza ion in ol es a a ie y o ac o s including he egula o s,
was e manage s and he p i a e i ms p oducing was e. This ex ends o he b oade ca -
ego y o ci cula business models, in which he adi ional cus ome –supplie ela ion-
ships a e eplaced by mul i-ac o ela ionships [7].
In he con ex o he bioeconomy, i has been ound ha unde lying powe dynam-
ics in social ne wo k s uc u es can a ec inno a ion po en ial. P e ious s udies
ha e ocused on he ole o di e en ac o s in suppo ing he ansi ion o he bioec-
onomy. The s udies ocused on di e en aspec s o he ansi ion wi h ocus on ne -
wo ks a ound he wood-based bioeconomy [8, 9], bioene gy [10–12] and bioplas ic
[13]. Al e na i ely, a ew s udies ha e ocused on he ole o a speci ic ac o in he
ansi ion, such as p ima y p oduce s [14] o la ge companies h ough hei me ge s
& acquisi ions ac i i ies [15]. One case s udy in es iga ed he ne wo k suppo ing he
eeds ock o cassa a [16]. A case s udy om he Thessaly egion in G eece, whe e
ag icul u e is he p edominan economic ac i i y, explo ed he main challenges o he
ci cula was e bioeconomy. To exploi he po en ial o ag icul u al and ag o-indus ial
esidues, hey a gue ha o ganiza ional, socie al and knowledge ac ions a e key and
ha s akeholde s wi hin he ne wo k mus syne gize and collabo a e [17].
Al hough he majo i y o s udies om social sciences and economics li e a u e
ocused on holis ic and b oade aspec s o he bioeconomy (e.g. wood-based bioec-
onomy, bio uels, e c.), he echnical bioeconomy li e a u e o en ocused on alo iza-
ion o speci ic eeds ocks [18]. Al hough he e is a s ong echnical ocus on he use
o ag icul u al and ood indus y esidues, we ound ew pape s which in es iga e ba -
ie s o hei usage and he po en ial o key ac o s in p omo ing he adop ion o hese
inno a ions.
To be e align wi h he echnical expe ise de eloped o he use o di e en bio-
mass esidues, we ocus on a case s udy om he Ge man ood p ocessing indus y.
The Ge man co ee alue chain o e s he ideal case s udy due o he cascading po en-
ial o co ee esidues and he indus y’s s a us as a leade in ag icul u al commod-
i y eco-ce i ica ion [19, 20]. Thus, we ocus on bioeconomy ini ia i es in he down-
s eam co ee alue chain and he ole o co ee oas e s as key ac o s, who domina e
he downs eam ac i i ies (e.g., oas ing; packaging) o a highly e ically in eg a ed
indus y. Speci ically, we in es iga e pe cep ions o using co ee esidues, analyze how
ac o s such as oas e s can suppo bioeconomy ini ia i es by mapping hei posi ion
wi hin he ne wo k and iden i y policy ba ie s o he de elopmen o he bioeconomy
in he Ge man co ee oas ing indus y.
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Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
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Case S udy: heGe man Co ee Value Chain
The global co ee alue chain can be o ganized in o ups eam, downs eam and
consump ion segmen s (Fig. 1). In ou case s udy, we ocus on he Ge man co ee
alue chain. This includes he downs eam ac o s: impo e s, ade s, oas e s, a ious
go e nmen agencies (cus oms, axes) and oas e s. The global co ee indus y’s
downs eam ac i i ies usually a ac he highes p o i s and ma gins along he alue
chain, including co ee ading, oas ing, b anding and packaging. Globally, Ge many
has become an economic powe house in he co ee indus y. Many Ge man companies
oas beans, sell hem domes ically o e-expo hem.
Co ee p ocessing p oduces en million ons o ag icul u al esidues, which o en end
up in a was e incine a ion plan o a e le unused [20]. Co ee esidues may be used in
applica ions anging om ene gy p oduc ion o nu i ional supplemen s o e ilize s.
The high con en o phenolic compounds in co ee esidues makes hem pa icula ly
p omising o cascading. Al hough he po en ial applica ion o high-nu ien co ee esi-
dues has been s udied [20], and he concep o he bioeconomy has ga ne ed a en ion
on he in e na ional s age, i is unclea which ba ie s s and in he way o esidue usage
as pa o ci cula bioeconomy ini ia i es.
E e y s ep o g een co ee p oduc ion gene a es esidues including he husk h ough
he d y-me hod; pulp h ough he we -me hod; de ec i e and p ema u e co ee beans
h ough ha es ing and oas ing; co ee sil e skins h ough oas ing; and spen co ee
g ounds co ee h ough b ewing [20]. The esidues’ physical and chemical p ope ies,
consis ency and pe ishabili y la gely depend on how he g een co ee was p oduced
(i.e., d y- o we -me hod). Roas ing in ol es h ee majo s eps: he bean d ying s age,
he b owning s age ( he Mailla d eac ion) and he oas ing s age (exo he mic eac ion/
beans c ack). A la ge-scale co ee companies, an addi ional s ep using wa e ollows
hese s ages o cool he beans.
The co ee sil e skin is a hin laye which encloses he wo co ee beans and de aches
du ing he oas ing p ocess [21]. They a e es ima ed o amoun o abou 76 million
kg/yea and is one o he main co ee esidues a ailable in Ge many [22]. Al hough
esea ch on i s applicabili y is s ill in i s in ancy, co ee sil e skins a e conside ed a
compa a i ely s able p oduc due o hei lowe mois u e con en [23]. Addi ionally, sil-
e skins a e ich in p o ein, die a y ibe and soluble ibe [23] and hei an ioxidan
p ope ies could be used o an ioxidan be e ages, lakes, b ead, biscui s, and o he
snacks o weigh con ol [24].
Fig. 1 O e iew o he Co ee Value Chain
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Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
This means he sil e skins could ha e he bigges economic po en ial and heal h ben-
e i s. Howe e , as i s an ioxidan ac i i y is co ela ed wi h high amoun s o phenolic
compounds and ca eine, i can cause heal h issues. Thus, de oxi ica ion is essen ial o a
sa e and sus ainable use [25]. Mo eo e , depending on he p ocessing me hod o he g een
beans, he e a e di e en echnical dis inc ions be ween d y and we sil e skins. We sil e -
skins a e di icul o con e in o an economically iable p oduc because i can be ime-
consuming and cos ly o d y hem as he mos common means o d ying hem a e h ough
eeze-d ying and sp ay d ying [26].
O he esidues om co ee p oduc ion include de ec i e and p ema u e beans, spen
co ee g ounds and co ee oil. As hey could dec ease he inal p oduc ’s quali y, de ec-
i e and p ema u e beans a e emo ed be o e he oas ing p ocess. Al hough he e a e only
ew s udies on hei po en ial applica ion ields, i was ound ha chlo ogenic acid and ca -
eine can be ex ac ed om de ec i e/p ema u e beans [27]. Du ing he p oduc ion p ocess,
g ound co ee is ea ed in pe cola o s h ough which ho wa e lows o ex ac he soluble
componen s. In addi ion o la ge indus ial ope a ions, spen co ee g ounds a e p oduced
in la ge quan i ies in ca e ing es ablishmen s such as co ee houses, ho els o ca e e ias.
Howe e , he e is no s udy on he amoun o spen co ee g ounds gene a ed in hose acili-
ies, and p i a e households a e p obably he la ges sou ce o co ee g ounds. Based on a
s udy ha assessed he oil con en o spen co ee g ounds gene a ed du ing domes ic co -
ee b ewing, i is es ima ed o be up o 20% o con en [28]. The co ee oil can be p ocessed
in o biodiesel. Al hough spen co ee g ounds a e sui able o compos in c op p oduc ion,
i is no sui able as animal eed due o missing acid componen s [29].
F om a legal s andpoin , he amewo k o biogenic was e, esidual ma e ials and by-
p oduc s is de ined by Eu opean, ede al and s a e di ec i es, egula ions and laws. Acco d-
ing o he EU Was e F amewo k Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2008/98/EC on was e), all ag i-
cul u al esidual ma e ials o by-p oduc s accumula ed in he EU a e o be egula ed as
esiduals, co-p oduc s o by-p oduc s a he han was e. This is because hese a e gene -
a ed alongside he cul i a ed biomass [1]. Implemen ed in o Ge man law unde he K e-
islau wi scha sgese z” (Ge man Recycling Ac ), i s a es ha i esidual ma e ials, co-
p oduc o by-p oduc is eused, ma ke ed o used o p oduce o he p oduc s, i mus be
classi ied as a by-p oduc (§ 4 K WG). Howe e , he K WG does no p o ide clea guid-
ance on how o classi y a by-p oduc . Ra he han he s a e, he ede al s a es a e ul ima ely
esponsible o making he inal classi ica ion o ag icul u al by-p oduc s accumula ed in
hei ju isdic ion. This is because ede al law is supplemen ed by he was e legisla ion o
he espec i e ede al s a es, which ha e was e laws wi h supplemen a y p o isions and
adminis a i e egula ions in place. In p ac ical e ms, his means ha he ede al s a es can
legally classi y by-p oduc s i he ede al go e nmen has no done so. Mo eo e , ede al
s a e au ho i ies and subo dina e bodies ca y ou con ol asks o ensu e ha he o e all
use does no lead o ha m ul e ec s on humans and/o he en i onmen while he ede al
s a e’s ax and cus oms au ho i ies a e esponsible o he co ec axa ion o he by-p od-
uc s when hey a e esold.
In e ms o axes, Ge man co ee is also subjec o he Ge man co ee ax. This ax is
collec ed by he ede al s a es’ cus oms au ho i ies, bu he ax e enue is due o he ed-
e al go e nmen . Fo oas ed co ee, i is €2.19 pe kilog am and o soluble co ee, €4.78
pe kilog am [30]. Companies can eclaim he co ee ax i he co ee o co ee-con aining
goods we e o iginally axed bu jus i y a e und.
The de elopmen o he bioeconomy ela ed o co ee p oduc ion and p ocessing alls
wi hin he la ge issue o go e nance o sus ainabili y in he co ee alue chain. Sus ain-
abili y (en i onmen al, social and economic) has been o inc easing conce n o co ee
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Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
consume s wo ldwide wi h a s ong ocus on he ups eam alue chain. In a me a-analysis
o eco-labelling o co ee including o ganic, Coun y o O igin and ai ade labels, i was
ound ha o ganic labels gene a e he highes willingness o pay due o hei pe cei ed
heal h and en i onmen al bene i s [19]. In pa icula , he Ge man co ee landscape has
expe ienced se e al ecen changes. In a c oss-coun y compa ison o willingness o pay
o Fai T ade co ee, Ge mans we e ound o pay o Fai T ade co ee, bu only up o a
c i ical le el [31]. Fu he , in mo e ecen compa isons o sus ainabili y labels o co ee, i
was ound ha consume s eel en i onmen al sus ainabili y and biodi e si y is impo an ,
bu end o a oid choosing “Wild G own” co ee labels compa ed o Fai T ade o O ganic
Co ee [32]. Mo eo e , Ge many’s bigges co ee co po a ions, such as Tchibo, Meli a,
and Da bo en ha e become membe s o ce i ica ion o ganiza ions (e.g., Rain o es Alli-
ance/UTZ) allowing hem o sell speci ic co ee blends labelled as “ce i ied co ee”.
Despi e inc easing awa eness o sus ainably sou ced co ee amongs co ee co po a ions
and consume s, co ee esidues use has ound li le o no a en ion in s a e en i onmen al
s a egies.
Me hods
To unde s and how unde lying dynamics wi hin a ne wo k may a ec inno a ion po en ial,
we use a mixed-me hod app oach, which combines a su ey and in e iews. The su ey
was used o assess he in ensi y o each i m’s cu en bioeconomy p ac ices and hei pe -
cep ions o u u e ini a i es. The in e iews we e di ided in o wo sec ions: social ne wo k
ques ions (i.e. ela ional ques ions, which we e used o map lows o communica ion and
knowledge) and open ques ions abou he challenges aced by he i m in adop ing bioec-
onomy ini a i es.
Concep ual F amewo k
Social ne wo ks play an impo an ole in lea ning and he di usion o echnology, opin-
ions and beha io s [33]. Pa icula ly gi en he inno a ions needed o he ansi ion o he
bioeconomy and adop ion o bioeconomy ini ia i es (e.g. new business models), indi idual
ac o s may a ec he beha io o hei pee s. Fo example, in a ious ields, such as ag i-
cul u al economics, he e is a long adi ion o s udying he e ec s o pee s on echnology
adop ion [34].
Beyond s udying he e ec s o pee s, i is impo an o unde s and he posi ion o each
ac o wi hin he ne wo k o unde s and powe ela ionships [33]. In ou case, he ne wo k
i sel is si ua ed wi hin a global alue chain. F om a go e nance pe spec i e, he e a e h ee
main app oaches o unde s and chains, ne wo ks and hei unc ions in global p oduc ion:
global commodi y chains, global alue chains and global p oduc ion ne wo ks [35]. We use
he concep o he alue chain as i is bes sui ed o e alua e powe ela ionships [36] wi hin
he co ee alue chain and hei ole in go e ning and acili a ing sus ainabili y inno a ions
(i.e. ansi ion o he bioeconomy). In he alue chain concep , he concep ualiza ion o
powe is s ongly cen e ed on he linkages be ween lead ac o s link and o he membe s o
he chain. To unde s and hese linkages, we apply ne wo k heo y, which goes beyond he
depic ion o ac o s linked h ough a se o ies and a he e alua es why ac o s occupy a
speci ic posi ion wi hin a ne wo k and he e ec his has on he ne wo k as a whole [37].
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Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
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Da a Collec ion
The a ge popula ion was employees om co ee oas ing companies loca ed in Ge -
many. Acco ding o he Ge man Co ee Associa ion, hey ha e o e 360 membe s includ-
ing a ious o ganiza ions and ade s as well as la ge oas e s and 150 special y oas e s
[38]. Assuming ha mos oas e s a e membe s o he associa ion, we we e able o iden i y
83 p o essionals (e.g. sus ainabili y manage s, managing di ec o s, scien is s, enginee s),
which we in i ed o pa icipa ion. Thus, we es ima e ha ou sample ep esen s a ound
4% o he indus y. This included sus ainabili y manage s, managing di ec o s, scien is s,
o enginee s. Responden s we e in i ed o pa icipa e by email, phone and a co ee and
gas onomy ade ai s as well as ec ui ed ia he snowball p ocess.
In o al, 18 esponden s om 15 Ge man co ee companies pa icipa ed. Two compa-
nies had wo esponden s each, who esponded as a eam. O he companies, h ee we e
mic o-sized (up o 9 employees), se en we e small/medium-sized (up o 249 employees)
and i e we e la ge (mo e han 250 employees). In addi ion o in e iews wi h co ee com-
panies, wo expe in e iews wi h a ecycling company and he Ge man co ee associa ion
we e conduc ed o co obo a e he indings. One oas e (co ee11) did no pa icipa e in
he su ey.
Figu e2 shows he s uc u e o ou da a collec ion and anaylsis. Ou s udy comp ised
o (i) an online su ey and (ii) semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h 15 Ge man co ee oas ing
companies and wo expe s. Ou online su ey ocused on he echnical measu es used in
he con ex o co ee esidue alo iza ion and pe cep ions o he i m’s po en ial. Thus, in
"Case S udy: he Ge man Co ee Value Chain" sec ion, we explain he e minology and
p ocessing o co ee and i s esidues, which helped us design he su ey ins umen s. We
sen he online su ey in ad ance o he esponden s and used hei esponses in he su ey
o guide ou de elopmen o he in e iews. Bo h he ansla ed su ey and in e iew guide
can be ound in he Supplemen a y Ma e ial.
A e esponden s illed ou he online su ey, we scheduled ollow-up in e iews
online o in pe son. The in e iews we e o ganized in wo pa s. In he i s pa , we
asked open ques ions abou he i m’s challenges in implemen ing bioeconomy ini ia i es
(e.g. economic easibili y, use o was e and esidues as a esou ce, esou ce e iciency,
p ese a ion o p oduc alue, was e managemen , in eg a ed bio-bio e ine ies and gene al
sus ainabili y issues). In he second pa , we asked ela ional ques ions abou he ne wo k’s
s uc u e. Speci ically, we asked: “How o en a e you in con ac wi h ac o X du ing he
pas yea (Ap il 2021-Ap il 2022)?”. This included a ious mediums o communica ion:
in-pe son, phone calls and emails. I hey we e in con ac , esponden s we e asked o selec
one o ou ca ego ies, which we coded wi h he ollowing alues (wid h: 1–4): “ a ely
Fig. 2 O e iew o da a collec ion and analysis
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Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
in con ac ”, “in con ac ”, “o en in con ac ” and “ e y o en in con ac ”. In e linkages
be ween ac o s who did no ha e any con ac (0 – no in con ac ) we e no included.
Da a Analysis
Su ey
The esul s om he quan i a i e su ey we e used o desc ip i ely assess he esidues used
a each i m, iden i y pe cep ions owa ds esidue usage and o m he basis o he quali a-
i e in e iews. F om he ca ego ies o esidue ypes (sil e skins, de ec i e beans, co ee
g ounds and o he ), we c ea ed a coun o he numbe o sou ces used. We summa ized he
sha e o each esidue ype used and i s s eam.
Fo pe cep ions, we included 25 Like -scale ques ions abou he pe cep ion o esidue
usage. These we e o ganized in o 7 ca ego ies: knowledge, po en ial business a ea, cu en
business a ea, p o i abili y, laws and egula o y en i onmen , connec ions wi h o he ac o s
and adminis a i e capaci y. Simila o he analysis in he Q-me hodology, we use p incipal
componen analysis (PCA) o iden i y in e ela ionships be ween esponden s, a he han
he a iables as in egula PCA [39]. We use he qme hod package in R o analyze he da a
and speci y an un o ced dis ibu ion. This allows us o iden i y unique pe spec i es (i.e.
g oup indi iduals wi h simila opinions) among he di e en co ee i ms.
PCA is s anda d mul i a ia e da a educ ion echnique ha can be used o educe a com-
plex da ase o a lowe dimension [40]. In ou analysis, we we e aimed o unde s and com-
monali ies in a i udes abou esidue alo iza ion be ween di e en i ms. We o ganized
ou da a as ollowed: he pe cep ions abou esidue usage (each cell wi h a sco e based
on he deg ee ha each esponden ag eed/disag eed wi h each s a emen ) a e ea ed as
ows and esponden s a e ea ed as columns. In he i s s ep, a co ela ion ma ix is buil
and PCA educes he co ela ion ma ix in o componen s, which a e o de ed based on he
o al a iabili y explained [39]. Fo his eason, he i s componen s explain he g ea es
sha e o a iabili y. In he second s ep, se e al o he componen s a e selec ed and o a ed
o ob ain a clea e s uc u e o he da a. The o a ion o he componen s is ma hema ically
op imized ( a imax). The esea che may selec how many componen s o selec based on
se e al c i e ia. Based on a Sc ee plo , eigen alues, o al explained a iance, numbe o
esponden s signi ican ly associa ed wi h each componen and quali a i e in e p e a ion
[41, 42]; we ex ac h ee componen s.
We e alua e and desc ibe each pe spec i e by explo ing a plo o he z-sco es, which
ep esen he ypical opinion on each s a emen o a membe o a gi en pe spec i e. The
z-sco es ep esen he posi ion o each s a emen in he so ing g id. The sco ing was pe -
o med on a Like scale, which is ep esen ed by z-sco es anging om -2 (s ongly do no
ag ee) o 2 (ag ee s ongly). In he Appendix, Fig.5 compa es he h ee pe spec i es and
he z-sco e shows a ep esen a i e sco e o each opinion s a emen .
Social Ne wo k Analysis
To complemen his analysis, we pe o med a social ne wo k analysis o depic he go e nance
s uc u es o he Ge man co ee alue chain. We analyzed he social ne wo k using he ig aph
package in R [43]. This allowed us o e alua e ac o s’ speci ic posi ions wi hin a ne wo k
including he cen ali y; in-be weenness and eigen ec o me ics as well as he connec i ely o
1757
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
he whole ne wo k (i.e., g aph densi y.) The g aph densi y ep esen s he a io o he numbe
o edges and he numbe o possible edges [44].
By de ini ion, a ne wo k is a g aph on a se
N
o nodes wi h a ini e numbe o membe s
n
[33]. Nodes may also be e e ed o as agen s. The g aph is a pai (
N
,
g
) whe e
g
is an
nxn
adja-
cency ma ix on he se o nodes. Wi hin his,
gij
indica es he ela ionship be ween
i
and
j
.
The ela ionship (o link, edges o ies) be ween nodes can be p esen , absen o weigh ed. The
g aph can be di ec ed o undi ec ed, which depends on assump ions abou he ela ionship. I
he ela ionship equi es mu ual consen (e.g. con ac ), he ne wo k is o en ep esen ed as an
undi ec ed g aph.
We ocus on lows o knowledge and measu e he equency o con ac o each ac o
(e.g., on a e age, a co ee oas e is in con ac wi h a co ee impo e ou imes a mon h). We
ocused on con ac wi hin he pas yea (Ap il 2021-Ap il 2022). Fo example, we we e able
o de e mine whe he being in con ac wi h a co ee impo e wice a mon h is below o abo e
he a e age. As no all esponden s we e able o gi e p ecise nume ical answe s (e.g., some-
imes, o en, e c.), he ollowing esponses we e coded as 2.5 ( a ely in con ac ) o 100 ( e y
o en in con ac ). Mo eo e , in e linkages be ween ac o s who we e no in con ac (0 – no in
con ac ) – we e no included.
We p esen desc ip i e measu es o he ull social ne wo k (including he indi idual IDs
o each co ee oas e ). This allows us o unde s and he be weenness, deg ee, closeness and
eigen ec o calcula ed o each node in he g aph. The be weenness cen ali y is a measu e
o he sho es numbe o pa hs passing h ough each node, which allows us o measu e he
ac o ’s ole as a b idge. The sho es pa h be weenness o a gi en e ex
can be calcula ed
ollowing:
whe e
gijk
is he numbe o deodesics om
i
o
k
h ough
j
[45–47].
The deg ee cen ali y is a measu e o he numbe o edges connec ed wi h each node
(ac o ), which can be unde s ood as a measu e o popula i y o impo ance in he ne wo k.
Based on he adjacency ma ix,
A=(aij)
, deg ee cen ali y can be o mula ed as [48]:
Closeness cen ali y is a measu e o how close a gi en node is o o he nodes. Thus, ac o s
wi h highe closeness cen ali y ha e sho e a e age dis ances o o he ac o s. Thus, he lowe
he sco e, he mo e cen al he ac o . The closeness cen ali y e e s o he in e se sum o dis-
anaces o all o he e ices in he g aph. I can be o mula ed as [49]:
Eigen alue cen ali y is a measu e o he in luence o an ac o in he ne wo k, which also
conside ing he in luence o i s neighbo s. I an ac o has a highe eigen alue cen ali y, i is
connec ed o o he in luen ial ac o s. I can be o mula ed as a non-ze o ec o
c=(ci)i∈N
such
ha , o some scala
λ>0
, we will ha e [50]:
C
B( )=∑
i,j∶i≠j,i≠ ,j≠
gi j
gij
𝜎
D(x)=
n
∑
i=1
a
ix
1
∑i≠
d
i
λ
ci=
∑j≠i
gjicj o alli∈
N
1758
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
A he same ime, esponden s belie ed ha he s a e did no app op ia ely os e bioec-
onomy ini ia i es. Fo example, se e al pa icipan s men ioned he unsus ainable p ac ices
incen i ized by he co ee ax e und o bu n co ee ba ches. In he case o bu ned ba ches,
companies can eclaim he co ee ax i he co ee o co ee-con aining goods we e o iginally
axed. Responden s desc ibed he si ua ion in which, in o de o ecei e a e und o he p e i-
ously paid co ee axes, he s a e (in he ole o he cus oms au ho i y) may con amina e bu n
ba ches o ende hem unsellable (ID8, ID11, ID9). This was iewed c i ically as using hese
esidues o biogas gene a ion would no quali y o a ax e und.
Discussion
In ou explo a o y s udy abou bioeconomy ini ia i es in he Ge man co ee sec o , we
ocus on h ee key opics: pe cep ions o using co ee esidues, he ole o di e en ac o s
in suppo ing he ansi ion and ba ie s o he de elopmen o he bioeconomy in he Ge -
man co ee oas ing indus y.
The ou ba ie s ela e o s a e egula ions, con ac wi h adjacen indus ies and sus ainabil-
i y a i udes. One ba ie o he adop ion o bioeconomy ini ia i es in he co ee alue chain
is ela ed o he he s uc u e o he co ee social ne wo k. Acco ding o he oas e s, he s a e
Small/medium
Speciali yRoas e s
P i a eWas eManagemen
Co eeP oduce s
Impo e s
Consume s
Cus oms
Ce i ica ion
PublicWas eManagemen
Tax
Resea ch
Food e aile s
RegionalFa me s
O he businesses
Co eeAssocia ion
Gas onomy
Logis ics
Cha i ies
Ho els
S uden ini a i es
Mic o
BigTen
FacebookG oup Nu se ies
Pha ma,cosme ic,ag ibusinesses
La geWo ldCo eeO ganiza ion
Packaging
In e na ionalo ganiza ions
Fig. 4 Ge man co ee oas ing ne wo k (simpli ied o show size o oas ing i ms)
1765

Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
ac o s occupy a cen al ole wi hin he bioeconomy ne wo k and he e a e limi ed means o
o he ac o s o exe hei in luence o ini ia e bioeconomy p ojec s. Addi ionally, non-co ee
i m ac o s (e.g. pha maceu ical, cosme ic indus ies) a e iewed as in luen ial o he adop ion
o bioeconomy ini ia i es, bu a e weakly linked o co ee oas e s, who would be he main sup-
plie s o esidual biomass. Thus, i is c i ical ha non- i m ac o s (speci ically s a e ac o s) lead
e o s as hey de e mine he economic and poli ical condi ions o bioeconomy ini ia i es.
This is closely ela ed o he second ba ie , which is ela ed o egula ions o esidues a
s a e, ede al and Eu opean le els. Al hough he Ge man go e nmen has made e o s o os-
e bioeconomy by classi ying mos ag icul u al was e as esidues o by-p oduc s ( a he han as
was e) in he Recycling Managemen Ac (de: K eislau wi scha sgese z- K WG), ou indings
show ha he legal speci ica ion o co ee by-p oduc s is unclea . In ou s udy, mos pa icipan s
iewed he esidues om co ee p ocessing as was e and mo e impo an ly, disposed o hem as
o ganic was e o esidual was e. Only a mino i y o esponden s sold esidues o was e disposal
companies as was e p oduc s o gene a e biogas. Ano he example o challenges ela ed o esi-
due usage o ene gy gene a ion is ela ed o he bu eauc a ic implica ions o esale. Speci ically,
we ind ha he e a e di e en axa ion egula ions o each ede al s a e. This mus be simpli ied
as only la ge i ms had hee adminis a i e equi emen s o manage esidue esale.
This aligns wi h p e ious indings ha ound ha a lack o EU au ho iza ion o by-p od-
uc s use o cascading ep esen s he bigges obs acle o pha maceu ical and ag icul u al
use [56]. Thus, bioeconomy ini ia i es in he co ee alue chain equi e poli ical ini ia i es
o include co ee esidues on he ood con ac lis and he de elopmen o a comp ehensi e,
ede al egula o y amewo k ha suppo s s eams o ma e ial use (in addi ion o exis ing
ene gy gene a ion). As his could po en ially be he case o o he alue chains in Ge many,
addi ional esea ch is equi ed. Fu he , i he e is e idence ha legisla ion is also unclea o
he use o esidues om o he alue chains, policymake s would be mo e willing o adjus
he egula o y amewo k. The hi d ba ie is ela ed o he economies o scale and he logis-
ics o ga he ing, anspo ing and using esidues. The esale o esidues equi es signi ican
adminis a i e capaci ies, which means ha only la ge co ee companies would be capable o
coo dina ing esidue esale. Fu he , esidues (e.g. sil e skins) a e pe ishable and can only be
s o ed o a limi ed ime. Thus, hey equi e an e icien in as uc u e and s o age sys em o
p e en mold and con amina ion. Howe e , i is likely ha only la ge companies would ha e
su icien quan i ies o esidues o ende hese sys ems p o i able.
Finally, he ou h ba ie is ela ed o di e ing iewpoin s and isions abou he ci cu-
la economy and sus ainabili y in he co ee sec o . The e a e wo aspec s he e: (i) c i ical
iews o ci cula na u e o esidues o ene gy gene a ion and (ii) he ocus on he ups eam
alue chain in ce i ica ion. In he public discou se, he e ha e been c i ical iews as o
whe he esidue usage o ene gy gene a ion should be conside ed as pa o he ci cula
economy. Fo example, he en i onmen al NGO G eenpeace has decla ed ha only ma e-
ial use o esidues is pa o he ci cula economy. This s ongly con as s wi h he only
exis ing bioeconomy imi a i e cu en ly used in he co ee sec o : ene gy gene a ion.
In a b oade sense, he issue o he bioeconomy is closely ela ed bu no synony-
mous o discussions o sus ainabili y in he co ee alue chain. Fo example, while many
esponden s ocused on social and ecological sus ainabili y in p oduce coun ies wi hin
he ups eam alue chain (e.g. ai ade, o ganic labels), discussions o sus ainabili y in he
downs eam chain a e ocused p ima ily on packaging, bu do no ep esen a co e conce n.
Thus, he downs eam ac i i ies in he alue chain mus also be inco po a ed in o sus ain-
abili y discussion wi hin he co ee chain.
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Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
Conclusions
As he unde lying powe dynamics in social ne wo k s uc u es can a ec inno a ion po en-
ial, we ocus on a case s udy om he Ge man co ee alue chain o unde s and he cas-
cading po en ial o co ee esidues based on he pe cep ions o key ac o s and he s uc u e
o he social ne wo k. Speci ically, we in es iga e pe cep ions o he economic easibili y
o using co ee esidues, analyze how ac o s such as oas e s can suppo bioeconomy ini-
ia i es in co ee alue chain and iden i y policy ba ie s o he de elopmen o he bioec-
onomy in he Ge man co ee oas ing indus y.
We ind ha in e ms o esidue collec ion, sil e skin is he mos collec ed esidue, ol-
lowed by de ec i e beans and spen co ee g ounds. Awa eness o esidue amoun s does
no appea o be a ba ie o usage as he majo i y o pa icipan s a e awa e o he ac ual
accumula ed gene a ed amoun o di e en esidues. In e ms o cu en s eams o esidue
usage, 40% o pa icipan s om all companies ega dless o size dispose o hei sil e skins
as was e. The esidues (i.e. sil e skin) a e p ima ily ea ed as o ganic was e, which means
i is ei he disposed o by was e acili ies o gi en away o ee (e.g. o a me s o biogas).
Addi ionally, we iden i y h ee pe spec i es ela ed o esidue alo iza ion: (i) esidue
pionee s, (ii) exclusi e oas u ilize s and (iii) con en ional oas e s. These ep esen di -
e en a i udes owa d esidue usage among co ee oas e s. While esidue pionee s dem-
ons a e willingness o explo e o he channels o esidue usage, exclusi e oas e u ilize s
only ocus on explo ing po en ial business oppo uni ies ela ed o co ee g ounds, beans,
and sil e skin in he ene gy sec o . Finally, con en ional oas e s a e no ye pu suing
oppo uni ies associa ed wi h esidues om co ee oas ing due o lack o knowledge o
adminis a ion/logis ical capaci ies.
In ou social ne wo k analysis, we ind ha public was e manage s ha e he highes
deg ee and eigen ec o cen ali y, speci ic co ee oas e s ha e he lowes closeness
cen ali y (closes o o he ac o s) and speci ic oas e s ha e he highes be weenness
cen ali y (i.e. in e media ies).
To suppo bioeconomy ini ia i es in he co ee alue chain, policymake s mus add ess
he ou main ba ie s ela ed o he s uc u e o he co ee ne wo k, inconsis encies in ed-
e al was e egula ions, economies o scale, and isions o sus ainabili y. Speci ically, he e
a e inconsis encies be ween Ge man ede al s a es in e ms o was e egula ions, which has
made i di icul o use esidues (e.g., co ee sil e skins) o ma e ial usage. Ins ead, co ee
esidues a e used p ima ily o ene gy use. Fu he , he esale o esidues equi es signi i-
can adminis a i e capaci ies, which means ha only la ge co ee companies a e capable
o coo dina ing esidue esale.
As we ocused on esidues om downs eam ac i i ies in he co ee alue chain, ou
s udy could be complemen ed by s udies on he ups eam side o he alue chain (e.g.,
g een co ee beans; ole o p oduce s and ade s) as well as he demand-side o esidues
(e.g. buye s o biomass, adjacen indus ies). F om a p ac ical pe spec i e, u u e esea ch
should in es iga e he speci ic equi emen s wi hin Ge man and Eu opean was e egu-
la ions o unde s and o he legal amewo ks o handling co ee and o he ood ins u y
esidues in he con ex o he EU Was e Di ec i e. F om he echnical pe spec i e, u -
he esea ch is needed o de elop speci ic echnologies o p e en mold and con amina ion
o esidues om he ood indus y a di e en scales. F om he heo e ical pe spec i e,
esea ch is needed on addi ional policy and egula o y ools o os e ing he adop ion o
inno a ions in he ansi ion o a sus ainable bioeconomy.
1767
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
Appendix
−2 −1 0
123
z−
s
co e
s
s a emen s
2
16
1
5
3
15
7
21
22
18
23
17
13
8
19
20
14
6
25
4
9
11
24
12
10
Fac o 1
Fac o 2
Fac o 3
Fig. 5 O e iew o z-sco es o he h ee pe spec i es. No e: he z-sco es ep esen sco e o each o he
h ee ac o s (pe spec i es). Fo example, he igu e shows ha o s a emen 10, pe spec i e 3 highly
disag ees whe eas pe spec i es 1 and 2 highly ag ee. The shape is illed in i i is signi ican ly di e en
om he o he g oups
1768
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
Table 4 Lis o s a emen s abou esidue usage pe cep ions. No e: These s a emen s we e p e-de ined by he esea che and he esponden s a ed hem on a Like scale
acco ding o how much hey ag eed/disag ee wi h each s a emen (scale o 1–5). The numbe o he s a emen co esponds o he s a emen s ep esen ed in Fig.5
No Ca ego y S a emen
1 Knowledge Sil e skin: Ou company knows how many (i.e., in kg) by-p oduc s a e p oduced du ing he oas ing p ocess
2 Knowledge Beans: Ou company knows how many (i.e., in kg) by-p oduc s a e p oduced du ing he oas ing p ocess
3 Knowledge G ounds: Ou company knows how many (i.e., in kg) by-p oduc s a e p oduced du ing he oas ing p ocess
4 Knowledge O he : Ou company knows how many (i.e., in kg) by-p oduc s a e p oduced du ing he oas ing p ocess
5 Po en ial Business Sil e skin: Co ee by-p oduc s ep esen a po en ial business a ea o ou company/co ee oas e
6 Po en ial Business Beans: Co ee by-p oduc s ep esen a po en ial business a ea o ou company/co ee oas e
7 Po en ial Business G ounds: Co ee by-p oduc s ep esen a po en ial business a ea o ou company/co ee oas e
8 Po en ial Business O he : Co ee by-p oduc s ep esen a po en ial business a ea o ou company/co ee oas e
9 Cu en Business Sil e skin: Co ee by-p oduc s a e al eady a business o ou company/co ee oas e
10 Cu en Business G ounds: Co ee by-p oduc s a e al eady a business o ou company/co ee oas e
11 Cu en Business Beans: Co ee by-p oduc s a e al eady a business o ou company/co ee oas e
12 Cu en Business O he : Co ee by-p oduc s a e al eady a business o ou company/co ee oas e
13 Need in o ma ion Sil e skin: Ou company would like o know whe he i would be p o i able o sell ou by-p oduc s
14 Need in o ma ion Beans: Ou company would like o know whe he i would be p o i able o sell ou by-p oduc s
15 Need in o ma ion G ounds: Ou company would like o know whe he i would be p o i able o sell ou by-p oduc s
16 Need in o ma ion O he : Ou company would like o know whe he i would be p o i able o sell ou by-p oduc s
17 Laws I would make sense o he s a e o s anda dize he esale o co ee by-p oduc s by law, as i would make i easie
18 Laws Fo ou company, economic suppo om he s a e/EU (e.g. subsidies) would be an impo an impe us o he esale o co ee by-
p oduc s
19 O he ac o s usage Ou company is awa e o ecycle s ha ecycle co ee by-p oduc s
20 O he ac o s usage I is luc a i e o ou company ha co ee by-p oduc s a e o be used o gene a e ene gy (e.g. biogas)
21 O he ac o s usage I is luc a i e o ou company ha co ee by-p oduc s a e o should be used in he pha maceu ical, cosme ics, ood and ag icul u al
indus ies, among o he s
22 Adminis a ion Ou company has he adminis a i e capaci y (e.g. s a ) o handle he esale o by-p oduc s
23 Adminis a ion Ou company has su icien acili ies and capaci y o s o e co ee by-p oduc s
24 Adminis a ion Ou company has he logis ical means o anspo he co ee by-p oduc s o a ecycling acili y
25 Adminis a ion Ou company has he inancial means o s o e and ship he co ee by-p oduc s o a ecycling acili y
1769
Ci cula Economy and Sus ainabili y (2024) 4:1751–1772
1 3
Supplemen a y In o ma ion The online e sion con ains supplemen a y ma e ial a ailable a h ps:// doi.
o g/ 10. 1007/ s43615- 024- 00357-7.
Funding Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek DEAL.
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