Agui e, Flo encia; Rose h, Benjamin; San ama ia, Julie h
Wo king Pape
Does eluc ance o sha e pe sonal da a educe ci izen
demand o pe sonalized se ices? E idence om a su ey
expe imen
IDB Wo king Pape Se ies, No. IDB-WP-1540
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
In e -Ame ican De elopmen Bank (IDB), Washing on, DC
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Agui e, Flo encia; Rose h, Benjamin; San ama ia, Julie h (2024) : Does eluc ance
o sha e pe sonal da a educe ci izen demand o pe sonalized se ices? E idence om a su ey
expe imen , IDB Wo king Pape Se ies, No. IDB-WP-1540, In e -Ame ican De elopmen Bank (IDB),
Washing on, DC,
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Does Reluc ance o Sha e Pe sonal Da a
Reduce Ci izen Demand o Pe sonalized
Se ices?
E idence om a Su ey Expe imen
Flo encia Agui e
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WORKING PAPER No IDB-WP-1540
In e -Ame ican De elopmen Bank
Ins i u ions o Ci izen Se ices Di ision
May 2024
Does Reluc ance o Sha e Pe sonal Da a
Reduce Ci izen Demand o Pe sonalized
Se ices?
E idence om a Su ey Expe imen
Flo encia Agui e
Benjamin Rose h
Julie h San ama ia
In e -Ame ican De elopmen Bank
Ins i u ions o Ci izen Se ices Di ision
May 2024
1
Ca aloging-in-Publica ion da a p o ided by he
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Does eluc ance o sha e pe sonal da a educe ci izen demand o pe sonalized se ices?:
e idence om a su ey expe imen / Flo encia Agui e, Benjamin Rose h, Julie h San ama ia.
p. cm. - (IDB Wo king Pape ; 1540)
Includes bibliog aphical e e ences.
1. In e ne in public adminis a ion-La in Ame ica. 2. Da a p o ec ion-La in Ame ica. 3. Ci il
se ice-E ec o echnological inno a ions on-La in Ame ica. 4. In e ne go e nance-La in
Ame ica. I. Rose h, Benjamin. II. San ama ia, Julie h. III. In e -Ame ican De elopmen Bank.
Inno a ion in Ci izen Se ices Di ision. IV. Ti le. V. Se ies.
IDB-WP-1540
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Abs ac
Two seemingly con adic o y ends ha e accompanied he ise o digi al
ans o ma ion: a demand o be e and mo e cus omized se ices,
which equi e he use o pe sonal da a, and a conce n o da a p o ec ion.
How do we econcile hese di e gen ends? The answe o his ques ion
may in luence no only he design o pe sonalized se ices bu also he
s a egies o hei widesp ead adop ion. This s udy explo es how o
mi iga e he impac o ci izens’ eluc ance o sha e da a on he up ake o
pe sonalized public se ices. Th ough a su ey expe imen , we o e ed
wo hypo he ical pe sonalized se ices: one educa ional se ice (a
schola ship) and one heal h- ela ed se ice (a checkup). Each esponden
was andomly assigned o one o h ee possible in e en ion g oups,
ecei ing di e en ypes o in o ma ion: (i) a summa y ou lining he
se ice bene i s; (ii) de ails on bene i s wi h a da a use disclosu e; and (iii)
a da a usage disclosu e. The indings e eal ha ci izens exhibi a s ong
baseline in e es in pe sonalized se ices. Howe e , a equi emen o
sha e pe sonal da a had an ad e se impac on in e es in bo h he
educa ional and heal h- ela ed se ices, esul ing in declines o 2.6 o 3.0
pe cen age poin s. The e a e indica ions ha he dec ease in in e es may
be mo e p onounced o he heal h se ice. P o iding de ailed se ice
desc ip ions inc eased in e es by 4.5 and 5.5 pe cen age poin s o
educa ion and heal h se ices, espec i ely. This sugges s ha o e ing
in o ma ion abou he bene i s o he se ice can o se conce ns abou
da a p i acy. These e ec s emained consis en among di e en
popula ion g oups.
JEL Codes: D78, D90, H41, H83
Keywo ds: da a p o ec ion, pe sonal da a, go e nmen se ices, ci izen
p e e ences
2
1. In oduc ion
The ise o digi al ans o ma ion ushe s in wo seemingly con adic o y
ends: a
demand o he pe sonaliza ion o se ices, which ely on he use o pe sonal da a, and
a conce n o da a p o ec ion. On he one hand, he success o se ices p o ided by
companies in he p i a e sec o , such as Google, Amazon, and Ne lix, sugges s ha
use s app ecia e a pe sonalized p o ision o se ices despi e he ex ensi e use o
pe sonal da a. Con e sely, as shown by su eys and legisla i e ac i i y, he e has been
g owing conce n abou he way public and p i a e ins i u ions use ci izens’ da a. This
scena io aises an impo an ques ion in he de elopmen o new public se ices: how
do we econcile he desi e o be e , mo e pe sonalized se ices wi h g owing
conce ns abou pe sonal da a use? Finding an answe is c ucial; i no only shapes he
design o pe sonalized se ices bu also guides he s a egies o hei dissemina ion.
Va ious ac o s sugges a po en ial ension be ween p i acy and pe sonaliza ion in
La in Ame ica and he Ca ibbean (LAC), a egion cha ac e ized by high le els o dis us
in go e nmen (Kee e and Sca ascini, 2022). The e is also se ious conce n abou he
abuse o pe sonal da a (Rose h, Reyes, and Yee-Amézaga, 2021). On a global le el,
IPSOS (2023: 43) su ey ound ha 81 pe cen o people “ eel ha i is ine i able ha
we will lose some p i acy in he u u e because o wha new echnology can do.”
Howe e , he egion has a e y high pene a ion o social ne wo ks, whe eby pe sonal
da a se es as cu ency. In he same ein, P ince and Walls en (2022) ound ha in La in
Ame ica people a e willing o
pay
o pe sonalized ad e isemen s, unlike in Eu ope,
whe e indi iduals would
demand paymen
o he same hing, sugges ing a
p e e ence o pe sonalized a en ion o e p i acy in he egion.
This s udy assesses he ex en o he ension be ween se ice pe sonaliza ion and
pe sonal da a p i acy. I also explo es whe he elucida ing he bene i s o a se ice can
mi iga e his ension, pa icula ly when se ices ha e he po en ial o u ilize da a wi h
a ying deg ees o sensi i i y. Using a su ey expe imen , we assigned nea ly h ee
housand ci izens in he egion o one o h ee in e en ion g oups. G oup A (
bene i
)
ecei ed de ailed in o ma ion abou a hypo he ical new public se ice wi hou any
men ion o pe sonal da a usage. G oup B (
bene i + disclosu e
) no only ecei ed
de ailed in o ma ion abou he se ice bu was also in o med ha accessing i would
equi e he go e nmen o collec some sensi i e pe sonal da a. G oup C (
disclosu e
)
was only in o med ha he go e nmen would need access o hei pe sonal da a i
hey exp essed in e es in he se ice, wi hou p o iding de ails abou he bene i s.
3
A e ecei ing hei espec i e p omp s, all g oups we e asked i hey we e in e es ed
in accessing his se ice.
In his expe imen , compa ing G oups A and B made i possible o quan i y he impac
o he da a use disclosu e, while keeping he desc ip ion o i s bene i s cons an .
Simila ly, compa ing G oups B and C enables us o measu e he impac o desc ibing
he bene i s o he se ice, while main aining cons an he men ion o pe sonal da a
use). Las ly, compa ing G oups A and C demons a es he ex emes, showing how
in e es in he se ice a ies when a desc ip ion o i s bene i s is included wi hou a
men ion o pe sonal da a use, compa ed o when he bene i s a e no de ailed bu
pe sonal da a use is speci ied. Each g oup was p esen ed wi h wo ypes o se ices
ha could po en ially ha e di e en le els o sensi i i y o he use o da a: an
educa ional se ice (a schola ship) and a heal h se ice (a checkup).
Figu e 1. Impac o he Expe imen al S udy on In e es in P oac i e Se ices
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: The g ey po ion o he ba indica es he a e age le el o in e es in he p oposed se ices o he
con ol g oup. On he o he hand, he blue po ions show he coe icien s om independen linea
eg essions, whe e he a iable o in e es is he le el o in e es in he educa ion and heal h se ices
o e ed. Posi i e coe icien s, shown in ull colo , indica e a posi i e ela ionship be ween he in e en ion
and in e es in se ices, while nega i e coe icien s a e deno ed by diagonal lines. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, *
p<0.1.
-3.0** -2.8** 5.0*** 6.1*** 7.8*** 8.9***
Educa ion Heal h Educa ion Heal h Educa ion Heal h
E ec o da a use disclosu e
Compa ing scena ios wi h and
wi hou da a use disclosu e
(B s. A)
E ec o bene i desc ip ion
Compa ing scena ios wi h and
wi hou de ailed bene i
desc ip ion.
(B s. C)
Combined e ec
Compa ing scena ios whe e only
bene i s a e men ioned e sus
whe e only da a disclosu e is
made (A s. C)
Pe cen o esponden s in e es ed in he p oposed
se ices
4
We ound a widesp ead in e es among ci izens in accessing pe sonalized se ices,
wi h app oxima ely 85 o 95 pe cen o esponden s exp essing such in e es
ega dless o hei ea men s a us. Howe e , da a use disclosu e had a de imen al
e ec on hei in e es in educa ion and heal h se ices, dec easing i by app oxima ely
3.0 and 2.8 pe cen age poin s (pp), espec i ely. We ind modes e idence indica ing a
g ea e eluc ance o sha e ela i ely sensi i e pe sonal da a, as is he case o heal h-
ela ed in o ma ion compa ed o educa ion- ela ed da a. The e idence s ongly
sugges s ha a po en ial solu ion o alle ia ing conce ns abou sha ing da a lies in
communica ing in de ail he bene i s ci izens will ecei e om accessing pe sonalized
public se ices. As shown in Figu e 1, he e a e inc eases in in e es in educa ion and
heal h se ices o 5.0 and 6.1 pp, espec i ely, when se ice bene i s a e speci ied.
This inding may be a ibu ed o he addi ional in o ma ion se ing as a signal o
quali y, which, in u n, os e s g ea e us among p ospec i e use s. Al e na i ely, i
may al e he cos –bene i analysis o ci izens. They may be mo e willing o bea he
“cos ” o g an ing access o hei pe sonal da a when hey ha e g ea e cla i y abou
he bene i hey will ecei e om he se ice. Addi ionally, when compa ing he wo
ex emes ( he combined e ec ), he g oup ecei ing only bene i s e sus he g oup no
p o ided wi h bene i desc ip ions bu ecei ing he da a use disclosu e, we obse e
he mos signi ican gains in se ice in e es . These gains amoun o 7.8 and 8.9 pp o
educa ion and heal h se ices, espec i ely. In sum, his pape concludes ha da a use
disclosu es end o discou age se ice adop ion p ima ily when sensi i e da a is
in ol ed. Howe e , elucida ing he bene i s se es as a s ong incen i e o se ice
adop ion, e ec i ely ou weighing he educ ion in in e es caused by da a use
disclosu es. These indings hold consis en ly ac oss di e en popula ion g oups.
This pape con ibu es o policy discussions and exis ing li e a u e in se e al ways. Fi s ,
i adds o he li e a u e on he adeo s be ween pe sonaliza ion and p i acy, which
has i s oo s in s udies on comme cial in e ac ions p io o he In e ne e a. Lau e and
Wol (1977) pose a cos –bene i ela ionship in which he disclosu e o pe sonal da a
ep esen s a loss, while he pe sonaliza ion o se ices s ands as a bene i . O he
bene i s ha use s expec in exchange o he disclosu e o pe sonal da a include
highe con en ele ance (Tam and Ho, 2006), inc eased se ice quali y (Sheehan and
Hoy, 2000), and ime sa ings (Hui e al., 2006). Dine and Ha (2006) and Dine e al.
(2006) e ine he cos –bene i amewo k o an In e ne con ex , a guing ha
willingness o p o ide pe sonal da a in online ansac ions is con ingen on use s’
pe cep ion o he p i acy isk and hei o e all us on he In e ne . Taylo , Da id, and
5
Jillapalli (2009) a gue ha g an ing consume s mo e con ol o e how hei pe sonal
da a is used can alle ia e p i acy conce ns in comme cial ansac ions.
T eiblmaie and Pollach (2011) ind ha he cos –bene i ela ionship be ween he
disclosu e o pe sonal da a and he pe sonaliza ion o se ices depends on se e al
ac o s. These include whe he he ype o da a o be disclosed is deemed sensi i e o
no , he indi idual’s unde lying le el o conce n a ound he disclosu e o pe sonal da a,
and he deg ee o cla i y p o ided abou he ype o in o ma ion o be disclosed and
how i will be used. Su an o e al. (2013) coin he e m “pe sonaliza ion-p i acy
pa adox” in he con ex o a ield expe imen in which hey ind ha pe sonalizing
con en inc eased he usage o an ad e ising app, while g ea e p i acy con ols
esul ed in a highe a e o use s sa ing p oduc messages. Gold a b and Que (2023)
and Acquis i e al. (2016) p o ide e iews o he li e a u e on he economics o da a
p i acy, including concep s such as consume alua ion o p i acy, he pe sonaliza ion-
p i acy pa adox, pe sonalized p icing, and he ex e nali ies o da a, among o he s.
To ou knowledge, his is he i s causal s udy speci ically add essing he ension
be ween p i acy and pe sonaliza ion in public se ices. This is a ele an dis inc ion,
gi en ha public se ices a e equen ly monopolis ic, meaning ha use s dissa is ied
wi h how hei da a is managed ha e limi ed ecou se. Mo eo e , he po en ial uses o
pe sonal da a by go e nmen s gene ally su pass hose o p i a e companies.
Fu he mo e, i is he i s pape on he pe sonaliza ion–p i acy ension in he pas
decad—a decade du ing which a a o new da a p o ec ion laws has been
implemen ed wo ldwide, and ad ancemen s in a i icial in elligence and o he
echnologies ha e signi ican ly acili a ed da a manipula ion.
The second con ibu ion pe ains o he measu emen o he impac o da a use
disclosu es on he se ice up ake. A signi ican b anch o pe sonal da a p o ec ion
li e a u e has ocused on he impac s o he mos well-known pe sonal da a p o ec ion
egime globally: he Eu opean Union's Gene al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDPR).
A ido , Che, and Salz (2020) analyzed he impac o he GDPR on consume beha io
on websi es. The main inding, de i ed ia a di e ence-in-di e ences model, is ha he
implemen a ion o GDPR, which equi es websi e use s o ac i ely ag ee o sha e hei
pe sonal da a, led o a dec ease in he numbe o consume s by 12.5 pe cen . Fo hei
pa , Goldbe g, Johnson, and Sh i e (2019) analyzed online shopping beha io on he
websi es o 1,084 Eu opean i ms and ound ha he implemen a ion o consume
in o ma ion measu es ou lined in he GDPR educed bo h page iews and online sales
by 12 pe cen . This dynamic—whe e he implemen a ion o da a p o ec ion egula ions
12
Table 2. Sociodemog aphic Cha ac e is ics o he Sample
In e en ion g oup
Bene i
(G oup A)
Bene i
+
disclosu e
(G oup B)
Disclosu e
(G oup C)
To al
Sex
Male
67%
68%
66%
67%
Female
33%
32%
34%
33%
Age
18–29
3%
3%
3%
3%
30–39
13%
15%
15%
14%
40–49
29%
26%
27%
27%
50–59
30%
30%
29%
30%
60–69
19%
22%
20%
20%
70 o mo e
6%
5%
5%
5%
Educa ion
Seconda y o less
7%
7%
8%
7%
College Deg ee
27%
28%
27%
27%
Pos g adua e
66%
65%
65%
65%
Occupa ion
P i a e Employee
14%
16%
13%
14%
Public Employee
40%
39%
41%
40%
Unemployed
9%
8%
9%
9%
S uden
1%
1%
1%
1%
Sel -Employed
23%
25%
23%
24%
Re i ed o Pensione
10%
9%
9%
9%
Ano he
3%
2%
3%
3%
Child en in high school
No
63%
66%
65%
65%
Yes
37%
34%
35%
35%
F equency
958
904
951
2,813
34%
32%
34%
100%
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: The able p esen s desc ip i e s a is ics o 2,813 su ey esponden s, showing he dis ibu ion o
he sample wi hin each cha ac e is ic.
3. Resul s
This sec ion answe s h ee key ques ions ele an o he s udy. Fi s , we discuss he
e ec o disclosing he use o pe sonal da a o access pe sonalized se ices. Then, we
ou line he indings abou he impo ance o bene i desc ip ions in os e ing in e es
in p oac i e se ices. Finally, we examine how pe cep ions o da a use and us in
go e nmen a ec sensi i i y o di e en in e en ions.
13
3.1. Does Men ioning he Use o Pe sonal Da a Discou age In e es in
Pe sonalized Se ices?
In gene al, pe sonalized se ices ga ne ed signi ican in e es among esponden s:
app oxima ely 9 ou o 10 pa icipan s exp essed in e es in bo h educa ional and
heal h- ela ed pe sonalized se ices (Table 3). While no di e ences we e obse ed
acco ding o he ype o he se ice o e ed (ei he educa ion o heal h), he le el o
in e es in hese se ices a ied depending on how in o ma ion was p esen ed o
esponden s. Fo example, bo h G oup A and G oup B we e p o ided wi h
comp ehensi e in o ma ion on he se ice bene i s. Howe e , G oup B addi ionally
ecei ed a da a use disclosu e. Table 3 shows ha p io o he announcemen o he
da a use disclosu e, he a e age le el o in e es in G oup A was 3 pp highe han ha
o G oup B, ac oss bo h educa ional and heal h se ices. Simila ly, wi hin-g oup
compa ison o G oup A indica es ha he announcemen o he da a use disclosu e
educed in e es in educa ional se ices om 95 o 89 pe cen , and om 94 o 88
pe cen in heal h se ices. These p elimina y esul s sugges ha da a use disclosu es
indeed may diminish in e es in public se ices.
Table 3. Pe cen age o People Who Exp essed In e es in Pe sonalized Public
Se ices
In e en ion g oup
To al
Bene i
(G oup A)
Bene i
+
disclosu e
(G oup B)
Disclosu e
(G oup C)
In e es in he educa ional se ice
Be o e he da a use disclosu e
95%
(0.7%)
-
-
91%
(0.5%)
A e he da a use disclosu e
89%
(1.0%)
92%
(0.9%)
87%
(1.1%)
89%
(0.6%)
In e es in he heal h se ice
Be o e he da a use disclosu e
94%
(0.8%)
-
-
90%
(0.6%)
A e he da a use disclosu e
88%
(1.1%)
91%
(1.0%)
85%
(1.2%)
88%
(0.6%)
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: The able displays he pe cen age o indi iduals who exp essed in e es in each pe sonalized
public se ice, along wi h he espec i e s anda d de ia ion in pa en hesis. No e ha G oup A was
asked o exp ess hei in e es in he se ices wice: once be o e he da a use disclosu e and again a e
being in o med ha accessing hese se ices would equi e p o iding some da a, as explained in
Sec ion 2.
14
In addi ion, Table 3 shows he in e es o G oup C, which was only exposed o he ini ial
p omp o he se ices and he da a use disclosu e announcemen . A compa ison
be ween his g oup and G oup B, which ecei ed bo h he da a use disclosu e
announcemen and he de ailed desc ip ion o he bene i , may p o ide insigh s in o
he e ec s o desc ibing bene i s. The compa ison sugges s ha announcing he
bene i s inc eased in e es in he educa ional se ice om 87 o 92 pe cen and in he
heal h se ice om 85 o 91 pe cen .
When examining he easons behind indi iduals' eluc ance o access he educa ional
se ice, i becomes appa en ha in he g oup exclusi ely exposed o he da a use
disclosu e (G oup C), 84 pe cen o hose disin e es ed in he pe sonalized se ice ci ed
conce ns abou he use o hei da a as he p ima y ac o ( e e o Table B3 in Annex
B). Con e sely, in he o he in e en ion g oups, he p edominan eason o declining
he se ice was a lack o in e es o a pe cei ed unnecessa y need. In e es ingly, when
i comes o pe sonalized heal h se ice, he easons o disin e es di e ge.
To quan i y he ex en o which he pe sonal da a use disclosu e in luences in e es
and po en ial adop ion o public se ices, we use he expe imen o d aw in e ence
h ough linea eg essions. Speci ically, we compa e he le el o in e es in each public
se ice be ween he g oup ha ecei ed he de ailed bene i s (G oup A) and he g oup
ha ecei ed he de ailed bene i plus an announcemen abou he need o use
pe sonal da a o access said hypo he ical se ice (G oups A and B). A compa ison using
a linea eg ession model allows us o quan i y he s a is ical di e ence be ween hese
wo g oups. The model o be es ima ed is he ollowing:2
𝑌
!= 𝛼 + 𝛽𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒!+/𝑋!
"𝛾 +//𝜀! (1)
whe e 𝑌
! is a
dummy
ha akes he alue o 1 i he esponden exp esses in e es in
accessing he pe sonalized se ice, and 0 o he wise; 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒! akes he alue o 1 i
he esponden ecei ed he su ey wi h he de ailed bene i s and he da a use
disclosu e (G oup B) and 0 i he esponden ecei ed he su ey con aining only he
2 We chose o use linea p obabili y models (LPMs) because hey p o ide es ima es simila o he ma ginal
e ec s om p obi and logi models. Typically, he easons o a o ing logi o p obi models o e LPMs
a e: (i) The e o e m in LPMs can ha e a Be noulli s uc u e. Howe e , LPMs ha co ec o
he e oscedas ici y, as ou s do, mi iga e his issue; (ii) P edic ed alues om LPMs can all below 0 o exceed
1, complica ing o ecas ing, bu ou goal is no o p edic u u e p obabili ies o in e es in go e nmen
se ices; (iii) LPMs assume a linea ela ionship be ween he dependen and independen a iables,
whe eas logi /p obi models assume a non-linea ela ionship. Since we ha e no s ong eason o p e e
one s uc u e o e he o he , we op ed o LPMs due o hei simplici y, compu a ional e iciency, and ease
o in e p e ing coe icien s.
15
bene i explana ion wi hou he ad e isemen (G oup A); 𝑋! is a se o con ol a iables
ha includes esponden demog aphic cha ac e is ics; 𝜀! is a ec o o s anda d e o s
es ima ed using obus s anda d e o s. In his case, he es ima ed alue o 𝛽 will
measu e he pe cen age poin di e ence in in e es in ecei ing a pe sonalized se ice
when da a euse is men ioned compa ed o a scena io in which i is no .
Table 4. E ec s o Da a Use Disclosu e on he In e es in a Public Se ice
(1)
(2)
Panel A. Educa ional Se ice
Da a use disclosu e
-0.032***
-0.030**
(0.012)
(0.012)
A e age in e es o G oup A
0.954
0.954
R-Squa ed
0.004
0.032
Obse a ions
1710
1710
Panel B. Heal h Se ice
Da a use disclosu e
-0.030**
-0.028**
(0.012)
(0.012)
A e age in e es o G oup A
0.947
0.947
R-Squa ed
0.004
0.045
Obse a ions
1710
1710
Panel C. E ec Compa ison
p- alue (𝛽!"#$%&'() = 𝛽*!%+&*)
0.885
0.888
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
Yes
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: This able p esen s ou linea eg ession models. Panel A shows he esul s using in e es in
educa ional se ice as he dependen a iable, while Panel B uses in e es in heal h se ice. Column 1
shows he esul s o he eg essions wi hou con ols, while column 2 shows he esul s when
con olling o gende , age, educa ional le el, occupa ion, p esence o high school child en in he
esponden 's household, and coun y-le el ixed e ec s. The independen a iable is a
dummy
ha
akes he alue o 1 o esponden s in G oup B (
bene i s
+
Disclosu e
) and 0 o hose in G oup A
(
bene i s
). Panel C shows he p- alues esul ing om es ing he hypo hesis ha he coe icien s
ob ained o bo h se ices a e equal. Robus s anda d e o s a e displayed in pa en hesis. ***p<0.01,
**p<0.05, *p<0.1.
16
The indings sugges ha announcing da a use esul s in a dec ease in in e es in
public se ices. Table 4 p esen s he esul s o he educa ional se ice in Panel A,
showing a signi ican 3 pp dec ease in in e es a ibu ed o da a use disclosu e.
Simila ly, in Panel B o he heal h se ice, he e is a compa able decline o 2.8 pp. These
esul s emain obus e en a e inco po a ing demog aphic con ols and coun y-le el
ixed e ec s. Fu he mo e, a es o he di e ence be ween coe icien s (in Panel C)
indica es ha he di e ence be ween he coe icien s o bo h se ices does no each
s a is ical signi icance. Essen ially, da a use disclosu e unde mines he likelihood o
up ake o bo h educa ional and heal h se ices o a simila ex en .3
Figu e 3. He e ogeneous E ec s o Reques ing Pe sonal Da a on he In e es in a
Public Se ice
Panel A. Educa ional Se ice
Panel B. Heal h Se ice
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: The do s in he g aph ep esen he es ima ed coe icien s associa ed wi h he in e ac ion
be ween he ow a iable and he in e en ion
dummy.
Each g oup o
dummies
comes om an
independen eg ession in which gende , age, educa ional le el, occupa ion, and p esence o high
school child en in he esponden 's household a e used as con ols, along wi h coun y-le el ixed
e ec s. The base g oup o each se o coe icien s is speci ied in pa en heses in he g aph. The lines
associa ed wi h each poin ep esen he 95 pe cen con idence in e al, calcula ed using obus
s anda d e o s.
3 I is wo h acknowledging ha ques ions abou he heal h se ice we e asked a e he educa ional
se ice expe imen was conduc ed. Such sequence o e en s migh ha e in luenced esponden s'
suscep ibili y o accep he use o da a, bu we ha e no way o ei he con i ming o denying his
hypo hesis.
17
We obse e no a ia ions in he e ec s ac oss di e en demog aphic g oups. Figu e 3
illus a es he he e ogeneous e ec s o he abo e model by gende , educa ional le el,
and occupa ion o bo h he educa ional se ice (Panel A) and he heal h se ice (Panel
B). The con idence in e al o all coe icien s shown in e sec s wi h he e ical line
cen e ed a ze o. In he case o heal h se ice, his indica es ha he d op in in e es
caused by he announcemen o da a use holds ega dless o gende , educa ion le el,
o occupa ion o he esponden . Columns 1 and 2 o Tables B5 and B6 also exhibi he
he e ogeneous e ec s o he announcemen ega ding he pe cep ion o he quali y
o public educa ion se ices, public heal h se ices, and public se ices in gene al. We
also ind no di e ences in he decline o in e es a ibu able o he announcemen o
da a use among indi iduals wi h a posi i e pe cep ion o go e nmen se ices and
hose wi h a nega i e o neu al pe cep ion.
Al hough assignmen o ea men g oups was andomized, an al e na i e me hod o
ensu e ha he e ec s o he da a use disclosu e a e solely associa ed wi h he
ea men , a he han di e ences ac oss g oups, is o examine he wi hin-g oup
e ec s. As ou lined in Sec ion 2, pa icipan s in G oup A we e asked abou hei in e es
in public se ices on wo occasions: once p io o he da a disclosu e announcemen
and again a e wa d. As shown in Table B4, he indings e eal ha da a use disclosu e
also nega i ely impac s wi hin-g oup in e es in he se ices, wi h his e ec
pa icula ly no iceable in he case o public heal h se ices. Speci ically, he esul s
indica e a s a is ically signi ican dec ease in in e es in heal h se ices anging om
2.8 o 3.4 pp ac oss di e en speci ica ions. In con as , he e ec s on in e es in
educa ional se ices, while nega i e, a e only weakly signi ican . This a iance migh
be a ibu ed o he sensi i i y ypically associa ed wi h heal h da a.
3.2. How Impo an is i o De ail he Bene i s ha he Indi idual Will Recei e?
To answe his ques ion, we compa e in e en ion G oup B, which ecei ed he se ice
in oduc ion along wi h ex ensi e in o ma ion abou he bene i o he p oac i e
se ice, agains in e en ion G oup C, which ecei ed only he se ice in oduc ion. In
his case, bo h in e en ion g oups we e in o med ha hei pe sonal da a would need
o be eused o access he se ice. The e o e, compa ing hese wo g oups allows us o
es ima e he likelihood o wan ing o access a pe sonalized public se ice when
p esen ed wi h de ailed bene i desc ip ions. The compa ison be ween hese wo
g oups is done using he ollowing linea eg ession model:
𝑌
!= 𝛼 + 𝛾/𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡#! +/𝑋!
"𝛾 +//𝜀! (2)
18
whe e 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡#! is a
dummy
ha akes he alue o 1 i he pe son was andomly
assigned o G oup B (a b ie se ice in oduc ion + de ailed explana ion o he bene i )
and 0 i assigned o G oup C (a b ie se ice in oduc ion only).
Table 5. E ec s o In o ma ion P o ision on In e es in a Public Se ice
(1)
(2)
Panel A. Educa ional se ice
Bene i
0.046***
0.050***
(0.015)
(0.015)
A e age in e es o G oup C
0.876
0.876
R-Squa ed
0.006
0.055
Obse a ions
1672
1672
Panel B. Heal h Se ice
Bene i
0.057***
0.061***
(0.015)
(0.015)
A e age in e es o G oup C
0.860
0.861
R-Squa ed
0.008
0.058
Obse a ions
1672
1672
Panel C. E ec Compa ison
p- alue (
𝛽!"#$%&'() = 𝛽*!%+&*
)
0.466
0.431
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
Yes
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: This able p esen s ou linea eg ession models. Panel A shows he esul s using
in e es in educa ional se ice as he dependen a iable, while Panel B uses in e es in
heal h se ice. Column 1 shows he esul s o he eg essions wi hou con ols, while
column 2 exhibi s he esul s when con olling o gende , age, educa ional le el,
occupa ion, p esence o high school child en in he esponden 's household, and
coun y-le el ixed e ec s. The independen a iable is a
dummy
ha akes he alue o
1 o esponden s in G oup B (
bene i s
+
da a
) and 0 o hose in G oup C (
da a
). Panel C
shows he p- alues esul ing om es ing he hypo hesis ha he coe icien s ob ained
o bo h se ices a e equal. Robus s anda d e o s a e displayed in pa en hesis.
***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.
We ind ha desc ibing he bene i s gene a es an inc ease in in e es in he
educa ional se ice o 5.0 pp and in he heal h se ice o 6.1 pp. Table 5 shows ha he
e ec s ound a e obus ac oss speci ica ions. I is also wo h no ing ha he
magni ude o hese e ec s is la ge han he magni ude o he e ec o da a use
announcemen . Thus, he e idence sugges s ha i is ela i ely mo e impo an o
p o ide de ailed in o ma ion abou he se ice o which pe sonal da a use will be
19
needed han o elimina e he disclosu e o pe sonal da a use, which may no be
easible depending on na ional laws. When we es o iden i y po en ial di e ences in
he magni ude o he e ec be ween educa ional and heal h se ices, we ind ha he
coe icien s a e s a is ically indis inguishable.
Figu e 4. He e ogeneous E ec s o he Da a Use Disclosu e on Public Se ice In e es
Panel A. Educa ional Se ice
Panel B. Heal h Se ice
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: The do s in he g aph ep esen he es ima ed coe icien s associa ed wi h he in e ac ion
be ween he ow a iable and he in e en ion
dummy.
Each g oup o
dummies
comes om an
independen eg ession in which gende , age, educa ion le el, occupa ion, and p esence o high
school child en in he esponden 's household a e used as con ols, along wi h coun y-le el ixed
e ec s The base g oup o each se o coe icien s is speci ied in pa en heses in he g aph. The lines
associa ed wi h each poin ep esen he 95 pe cen con idence in e al, calcula ed using obus
s anda d e o s.
Wi h espec o he e ogeneous e ec s by demog aphic g oup, Figu e 4 shows ha
s uden s may be pa icula ly sensi i e o he announcemen o bene i s in he case o
he educa ion se ice. Announcing p oac i e se ice bene i s makes hem abou 3 pp
mo e likely o wan o ecei e he se ice compa ed o public sec o wo ke s, al hough
his coe icien is no s a is ically signi ican . This is likely due o he g ea e p opensi y
o s uden s and hei pa en s o be in e es ed in educa ional se ices. Also, his may be
an indica ion ha p o iding de ailed explana ions o he bene i s is especially
impo an o he popula ions o which he se ice is designed. We also assess
20
whe he he e a e he e ogeneous e ec s acco ding o esponden s’ pe cep ion o he
quali y o public se ices (Columns 3 and 4 o Tables B5 and B6), bu we ind no
s a is ically signi ican di e ence.
Table 6. E ec s o Bene i Desc ip ion Compa ed o No Desc ip ion wi h Da a Use
Disclosu e
(1)
(2)
Panel A. Educa ional Se ice
Bene i + da a use disclosu e
0.078***
0.078***
(0.013)
(0.014)
A e age in e es o G oup C
0.876
0.876
R-Squa ed
0.020
0.055
Obse a ions
1742
1742
Panel B. Heal h Se ice
Bene i + da a use disclosu e
0.087***
0.089***
(0.019)
(0.020)
A e age in e es o G oup C
0.861
0.861
R-Squa ed
0.022
0.055
Obse a ions
1742
1742
Panel C: E ec Compa ison
p- alue (𝛽!"#$%&'() = 𝛽*!%+&*)
0.545
0.434
Demog aphic cha ac e is ics
Yes
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
No e: This able p esen s ou linea eg ession models. Panel A shows he esul s using
in e es in educa ional se ice as he dependen a iable, while Panel B uses in e es in
heal h se ice. Column 1 shows he esul s o he eg essions wi hou con ols, while
column 2 displays he esul s when con olling o gende , age, educa ional le el,
occupa ion, p esence o high school child en in he esponden 's household, and coun y-
le el ixed e ec s. The independen a iable is a
dummy
ha akes he alue o 1 o
esponden s in G oup A (
bene i s
) and 0 o hose in G oup C (
da a
). Panel C exhibi s he
p- alues esul ing om es ing he hypo hesis ha he coe icien s ob ained o bo h
se ices a e equal. Robus s anda d e o s a e displayed in pa en hesis. ***p<0.01, **p<0.05,
*p<0.1.
Finally, we compa ed he wo ex emes— ha is, in e es in se ices o hose who
ecei ed de ailed bene i s bu no da a use disclosu e (G oup A) and hose who ecei ed
he da a use disclosu e bu no in o ma ion o he bene i s (G oup C). This compa ison
e eals he la ges di e ences in in e es in bo h educa ional and heal h se ices. The
linea eg ession model akes he same o m as in Equa ion 2; howe e , he
in e en ion a iable akes he alue o 1 o G oup A and he alue o 0 o G oup C.
21
We ound ha p o iding in o ma ion only abou he bene i , g an ing he se ice, and
hen making he consul a ion ega ding he use o he da a could be he scena io in
which he p oac i e se ices p o ided by go e nmen s a e bes ecei ed (Table 6).
Speci ically, when compa ing he scena io in which he use o pe sonal da a is
men ioned (wi hou men ioning bene i s) wi h he scena io in which only bene i s a e
p o ided, we obse e an inc ease in in e es in he se ices o e ed o 7.8 and 8.9 pp in
educa ion and heal h se ices, espec i ely. This e ec emains obus ac oss di e en
speci ica ions.
I is wo h no ing ha di e ences in he esul s be ween he heal h se ice and
educa ion se ice men ioned abo e may be, a leas in pa , due o he di e en
amings used. Whe eas he heal h se ice is o uni e sal ele ance, he educa ion
se ice is ele an o a limi ed popula ion, equi ing a esponden o whom he
educa ion se ice is no di ec ly ele an o specula e how hey migh beha e i i we e
ele an o hem—po en ially in oducing noise in o he esul s. Also, he heal h
se ice does no explici ly s a e ha i is ee, which may ha e dampened in e es . In
his scena io, he baseline in e es in he p oac i e se ice would be a lowe bound
(likely o be highe i esponden s we e in o med i was ee), and he e ec size could
be an uppe bound, i indi iduals we e mo e sensi i e o he disclosu e o pe sonal da a
i hey had o pay o he se ice.
3.3. A e he e Di e ences Be ween Audiences wi h Di e en Le els o T us in
Go e nmen ?
Following he p esen a ion o hypo he ical scena ios, we asked esponden s abou
hei pe cep ion and use o public se ices, hei us in go e nmen , and o he
a i udes and beha io s owa d pe sonal da a p o ec ion (Annex A). No e ha , due o
he o de o he ques ions, esponses o hese ques ions may ha e been pa ially
in luenced by he scena io aced by he esponden . In e ms o us , a dis inc ion was
made be ween ci izens' us in he go e nmen in gene al and hei us in i s abili y
o p o ec hei pe sonal da a. The majo i y o esponden s (68 pe cen ) s a ed ha
hey ha e li le o no us in he go e nmen . Dis us inc eases when i comes o he
p o ec ion o pe sonal da a: 80 pe cen o esponden s exp essed li le o no us in
he go e nmen 's abili y o sa egua d he p i acy o pe sonal da a. Con idence le els
do no a y signi ican ly by gende o age o he esponden . Howe e , hey do a y
depending on hei le el o educa ion. Figu e 5 shows ha dis us in he go e nmen
inc eases he highe he le el o educa ion a pe son has a ained. This di e ence is
especially ma ked o us in he go e nmen o p o ec i s ci izens' da a: while 21
28
Annex A. Su eys o Each In e en ion G oup
Module 1: Ques ions on he Implemen a ion o Pe sonalized Se ices in he Educa ion and Heal h Sec o
G oup A:
Bene i
G oup B:
Bene i
+
Disclosu e
G oup C:
Disclosu e
Q1. Suppose he Minis y o Educa ion
is in e es ed in p omo ing se ices o
acili a e access o uni e si y educa ion
among young people.
To his end, i will g an a subsidy o
amilies wi h young people in hei las
yea o high school based on di e en
ac o s, such as e hnici y, place o
esidence o amily income le el. This
subsidy will co e ei he pa ial o ull
expenses o uni e si y educa ion o he
du a ion o he deg ee, i espec i e o
he uni e si y o he ield o s udy
chosen. Eligible amilies will ecei e he
subsidy p omp ly upon quali ica ion.
Suppose you ha e a child in hei las
yea o high school, would you be
in e es ed in accessing a se ice like
his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o
answe .
Q1. Suppose he Minis y o Educa ion
is in e es ed in p omo ing se ices o
acili a e access o uni e si y educa ion
among young people.
To his end, i will g an a subsidy o
amilies wi h young people in hei las
yea o high school based on di e en
ac o s, such as e hnici y, place o
esidence o amily income le el. This
subsidy will co e ei he pa ial o ull
expenses o uni e si y educa ion o he
du a ion o he deg ee, i espec i e o
he uni e si y o he ield o s udy
chosen. Eligible amilies will ecei e he
subsidy p omp ly upon quali ica ion.
To de e mine i you amily quali ies o
his se ice, he Minis y o Educa ion
would need o access you pe sonal
in o ma ion held by o he public
ins i u ions, including:
• You biog aphical in o ma ion
(name, age, gende , and
e hnici y)
• The geog aphic loca ion o you
esidence
• You employmen his o y
• You income le el
Q1. Suppose he Minis y o Educa ion
is in e es ed in p omo ing se ices o
acili a e access o uni e si y educa ion
among young people in hei las yea o
seconda y school.
To de e mine i you amily quali ies o
his se ice, he Minis y o Educa ion
would need o access you pe sonal
in o ma ion held by o he public
ins i u ions, including:
• You biog aphical in o ma ion
(name, age, gende , and
e hnici y)
• The geog aphic loca ion o you
esidence
• You employmen his o y
• You income le el
Suppose you ha e a child in hei las
yea o high school, would you be
in e es ed in accessing a se ice like
his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o
answe .
29
Suppose you ha e a child in hei las
yea o high school, would you be
in e es ed in accessing a se ice like
his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o
answe .
Q2. (I Q1=Yes) To de e mine i you
amily quali ies o his se ice, he
Minis y o Educa ion would need o
access you pe sonal in o ma ion held
by o he public ins i u ions, including:
• You biog aphical in o ma ion
(name, age, gende , and
e hnici y)
• The geog aphic loca ion o you
esidence
• You employmen his o y
• You income le el
Would you like o access a se ice like
his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o
answe .
N/A
N/A
Q3. (I Q1=No o NSNR) Fo wha easons migh you p e e no o ha e access o his se ice? Please selec he op ion ha bes
applies o you si ua ion.
a. I am no in e es ed in accessing schola ships.
b. I p e e o look o schola ships mysel .
c. I am conce ned abou he use ha he Minis y o Educa ion may make o my da a.
d. O he .
e. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
30
H
e
a
l
h
Q4. Suppose he Minis y o Heal h is
in e es ed in p omo ing p e en i e
heal h se ices on a pe sonalized basis.
Fo he Minis y o Heal h o o e you he
pe sonalized heal h se ice, i would
need o access you pe sonal
in o ma ion held by o he public
ins i u ions, including:
• You biog aphical in o ma ion
(name, age, gende , and
e hnici y)
• The geog aphic loca ion o you
esidence
• In o ma ion om you heal h
insu e o heal h ca e p o ide
• De ails ega ding you las
clinic/hospi al isi and you las
gene al p ac i ione /in e nis isi
Would you like o access a se ice like
his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o
answe .
Q4. Suppose he Minis y o Heal h is
in e es ed in p omo ing p e en i e
heal h se ices on a pe sonalized basis.
To his end, you will ecei e an annual
in i a ion o a end an in-pe son
medical appoin men . Du ing his
appoin men , you i al signs will be
checked, and you will unde go ou ine
examina ions o de ec and p e en
diseases based on you indi idual
backg ound. The appoin men will be
scheduled a he same loca ion and
wi h he doc o you las isi ed. You
will ha e he op ion o modi y he da e
and ime o he appoin men , and he
a ending doc o h ough a i ual
po al ha will be p o ided o you
con enience.
Fo he Minis y o Heal h o o e you
he pe sonalized heal h se ice, i
would need o access you pe sonal
in o ma ion held by o he public
ins i u ions, including:
• You biog aphical in o ma ion
(name, age, gende , and
e hnici y)
• The geog aphic loca ion o you
esidence
• In o ma ion om you heal h
insu e o heal h ca e p o ide
• De ails ega ding you las
clinic/hospi al isi and you las
gene al p ac i ione /in e nis
isi
Q4. Suppose he Minis y o Heal h is
in e es ed in p omo ing p e en i e
heal h se ices on a pe sonalized
basis.
To his end, you will ecei e an annual
in i a ion o a end an in-pe son
medical appoin men . Du ing his
appoin men , you i al signs will be
checked, and you will unde go
ou ine examina ions o de ec and
p e en diseases based on you
indi idual backg ound. The
appoin men will be scheduled a
he same loca ion and wi h he
doc o you las isi ed. You will ha e
he op ion o modi y he da e and
ime o he appoin men , and he
a ending doc o h ough a i ual
po al ha will be p o ided o you
con enience.
Would you like o access a se ice
like his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don’ know/ I p e e no o
answe .
31
Would you like o access a se ice like
his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don’ know/ I p e e no o
answe .
H
e
a
l
h
N/A
N/A
Q5. (I Q4=Yes) Fo he Minis y o
Heal h o o e you he pe sonalized
heal h se ice, i would need o
access you pe sonal in o ma ion
held by o he public ins i u ions,
including:
• You biog aphical in o ma ion
(name, age, gende , and
e hnici y)
• The geog aphic loca ion o
you esidence
• In o ma ion om you heal h
insu e o heal h ca e p o ide
• De ails ega ding you las
clinic/hospi al isi and you
las gene al
p ac i ione /in e nis isi
Would you like o access a se ice
like his?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don’ know/ I p e e no o
answe .
32
Q6. (I Q4=No o NSNR) Wha a e you easons o p e e ing no o access his se ice?
Please selec he op ion ha bes applies o you si ua ion.
a. I am no in e es ed in accessing his ype o se ice.
b. I am conce ned abou he use ha he Minis y o Heal h may make o my da a.
c. O he .
d. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Module 2: Habi s and A i udes Towa ds Online P i acy
Q7. In gene al, how would you assess he quali y o public se ices in you a ea o esidence?
Would you a e hem as...
a. Ve y good
b. Good
c. Nei he good no bad
d. Bad
e. Ve y bad
. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q8. How do you assess he quali y o he ollowing public se ices?
1. Public educa ion
2. Public heal h
Response op ions
a. Ve y good
b. Good
c. Nei he good no bad
d. Bad
e. Ve y bad
. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q9. Du ing his yea , ha e you o any o you child en...
1. a ended any le el o public educa ion?
2. used heal h se ices in public cen e s, hospi als, o clinics?
Response op ions
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q10. How much con idence do you gene ally ha e in he go e nmen o you coun y?
a. A g ea deal
b. Some
c. Limi ed
d. None
e. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q11. How con iden a e you in he go e nmen 's abili y o p o ec he p i acy o you pe sonal
da a?
33
a. Ve y con iden
b. Somewha con iden
c. No e y con iden
d. No con iden a all
e. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q12. Do you suppo public ins i u ions sha ing you in o ma ion among hemsel es o o e
you a be e se ice?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q13. Please indica e how much you ag ee wi h he ollowing s a emen s:
1. I know wha pe sonal da a I sha e wi h he go e nmen .
2. I unde s and he pu poses o which he pe sonal da a I sha e wi h he
go e nmen is used.
Response op ions
a. Ve y much in ag eemen
b. Ag eed
c. Nei he ag ee no disag ee
d. Disag ee
e. S ongly disag ee
. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Q14. In he pas mon h, did you engage in any o he ollowing online ac i i ies?
1. You dele ed you cookies and b owsing his o y.
2. You dele ed o edi ed some hing you pos ed online in he pas .
3. You s opped using an applica ion o websi e because o p i acy conce ns.
Response op ions
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
Module 3: Sociodemog aphic Cha ac e is ics
Q15. Please indica e you gende
a. Male
b. Female
c. O he
d. I p e e no o answe .
Q16. Could you p o ide you age ange?
a. 18–29
b. 30–39
c. 40–49
d. 50–59
e. 60–69
34
. 70 o mo e
Q17. In which coun y do you cu en ly eside?
Q18. Wha is he highes le el o educa ion you comple ed?
a. Elemen a y school o less
b. Seconda y
c. Technical o oca ional educa ion
d. Non-uni e si y e ia y educa ion
d. Te ia y uni e si y
e. Pos g adua e
g. I p e e no o answe .
Q19. Wha is you cu en occupa ional s a us? Please selec he op ion ha bes applies o
you.
a. Public employee
b. P i a e employee
c. Sel -employed/own accoun
d. S uden
e. Unemployed
. Re i ed
g. O he
h. I p e e no o answe .
Q20. Do you ha e child en o o he dependen s cu en ly a ending high school?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don' know/ I p e e no o answe .
35
Annex B. Addi ional Tables
Table B1. Dis ibu ion o Responden s by Coun y
F equency
%
(1)
(2)
A gen ina
335
11.94
Boli ia
123
4.34
Chile
87
3.07
Colombia
281
9.96
Cos a Rica
77
2.72
Ecuado
238
8.44
El Sal ado
82
2.90
Gua emala
105
3.74
Hondu as
69
2.47
Mexico
276
9.78
Nica agua
53
1.87
Panama
60
2.19
Pa aguay
104
3.71
Pe u
559
19.92
Dominican Republic
78
2.79
U uguay
84
3.00
Venezuela
155
5.51
O he coun ies
46
1.62
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
36
Table B2. Pe cep ions o Go e nmen Se ices and Le els o T us in he Go e nmen
In e en ion g oup
Bene i
Bene i
+disclosu e
Disclosu e
To al
Panel A. Pe cep ion and Use o Public Se ices
O e all quali y o public se ices
Poo
44%
46%
51%
47%
Nei he poo no good
29%
27%
27%
28%
Good
27%
27%
22%
25%
Quali y o public educa ion
Poo
46%
47%
52%
49%
Nei he poo no good
29%
28%
25%
27%
Good
24%
26%
22%
24%
Quali y o public heal h
Poo
50%
52%
56%
53%
Nei he poo no good
26%
25%
23%
25%
Good
24%
23%
20%
22%
Use public educa ion se ices
39%
41%
38%
40%
Use public heal h se ices
56%
60%
57%
57%
Panel B. T us in he Go e nmen
Gene al us in he go e nmen
None
29%
33%
33%
32%
Li le
36%
36%
38%
37%
Some
25%
22%
20%
22%
A lo
10%
10%
9%
9%
T us in go e nmen ’s abili y o p o ec pe sonal da a
None
37%
41%
44%
40%
Li le
40%
40%
38%
39%
Some
18%
15%
15%
16%
A lo
5%
4%
4%
4%
Panel C. Pe cep ions and A i udes Rega ding Pe sonal Da a Use
Ag ees Tha Public Ins i u ions Should Sha e In o ma ion Among Themsel es
81%
79%
76%
79%
Is awa e o pe sonal da a sha ed wi h he go e nmen
Disag ee
34%
35%
38%
36%
Nei he ag ee no disag ee
17%
15%
17%
16%
Ag ee
49%
50%
46%
48%
Unde s ands he pu poses o da a sha ing wi h he go e nmen
Disag ee
48%
54%
55%
52%
Nei he ag ee no disag ee
22%
18%
19%
20%
Ag ee
30%
28%
26%
28%
Dele ed cookies and b owsing His o y
in he pas
62%
63%
60%
62%
Dele ed o edi ed online pos s in he
pas
37%
37%
37%
37%
S opped using app o websi e due o
p i acy conce ns
55%
53%
53%
53%
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
37
Table B3. Reasons o Lack o In e es in O e ed Se ices
In e en ion g oup
To al
Bene i
(G oup A)
Bene i
+
disclosu e
(G oup B)
Disclosu e
(G oup C)
Panel A. Educa ional Se ice
No in e es ed o no needed
44%
55%
10%
26%
Da a usage conce ns
8%
18%
84%
53%
Go e nmen dis us
5%
9%
2%
4%
P e e o he policies
24%
11%
1%
9%
Requi e mo e in o ma ion
1%
0%
1%
1%
O he easons
18%
7%
1%
6%
Panel B. Heal h Se ice
No in e es ed o no needed
7%
39%
6%
10%
Da a usage conce ns
72%
10%
85%
72%
Go e nmen dis us
4%
17%
1%
4%
P e e o he policies
7%
10%
3%
5%
Requi e mo e in o ma ion
0%
0%
1%
1%
O he easons
9%
24%
3%
8%
Sou ce: Au ho s’ elabo a ion.
