The evolution of university technology transfer research: a text mining approach

Cunningham, James A.; Men e , Ma hias; S a ke, Felix
A icle — Published Ve sion
The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a
ex mining app oach
The Jou nal o Technology T ans e
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Cunningham, James A.; Men e , Ma hias; S a ke, Felix (2025) : The e olu ion
o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining app oach, The Jou nal o Technology
T ans e , ISSN 1573-7047, Sp inge US, New Yo k, NY, Vol. 50, Iss. 3, pp. 1231-1268,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10961-024-10133-2
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Accep ed: 6 Augus 2024 / Published online: 17 Feb ua y 2025
© The Au ho (s) 2024
James A. Cunningham
[email p o ec ed]
Ma hias Men e
[email p o ec ed]
Felix S a ke
[email p o ec ed]
1 Newcas le Uni e si y Business School, Newcas le Uni e si y, Newcas le upon Tyne, UK
2 Cen e o Inno a ion Resea ch (CIRCLE), Lund Uni e si y, Lund, Sweden
3 Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion, F ied ich Schille Uni e si y, Jena,
Ge many
The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a
ex mining app oach
James A.Cunningham1,2 · Ma hiasMen e 3· FelixS a ke3
The Jou nal o Technology T ans e (2025) 50:1231–1268
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10961-024-10133-2
Abs ac
O e he las ew decades, a subs an i e body o esea ch has been c ea ed ha ocuses on
uni e si y echnology ans e (UTT), esul ing in a ich and complex li e a u e. The pu -
pose o his pape , using a ex mining app oach, is o iden i y unde lying key opics ha
ha e shaped his ield o esea ch and o de e mine key eme ging hemes. Using compu-
a ional linguis ic echniques, we sys ema ically examine 1,944 pape s published be ween
1981 and 2022. Based on he iden i ica ion o 20 dis inc opics, we analyze he popula i y
o hese opics o e ime. Ou indings e eal ha UTT capaci ies a e widely discussed,
especially hemes ela ed o p ocesses, enable s, and he hi d mission. Mo eo e , opics
such as spin-o s and me ics a e gaining g ound in he UTT li e a u e. Howe e , opics
ela ed o he UTT con ex , including he ole o ins i u ions and ans e uni s, a e losing
esea ch momen um, as do hemes a ound legisla ion and comme cializa ion. Ou pape
de ines hema ic clus e s, posi s a amewo k o consolida e UTT esea ch, and sugges s
p omising u u e a enues o esea ch.
Keywo ds Technology ans e · En ep eneu ial uni e si y · Thi d mission ·
Comme cializa ion · Academic en ep eneu ship · Tex mining
1 3
J. A. Cunningham e al.
1 In oduc ion
The comme cializa ion o newly c ea ed knowledge o igina ing om uni e si ies and esea ch
ins i u ions has a ac ed inc easing a en ion wi hin he scien i ic communi y bu also beyond
(Cunningham e al., 2017). Since he 1980s, uni e si y echnology ans e (UTT) has expanded
as as an o iginal esea ch ield. UTT he eby pe sis s as a key opic o ele ance o scien is s,
indus y p o essionals, and public adminis a o s (Noh & Lee, 2019). Wi h he passage o he
Bayh–Dole Ac in he Uni ed S a es in 1980, uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u ions expanded
hei ocus in addi ion o eaching and esea ch o include ans e ac i i ies as he hi d mission
o uni e si ies (Link & an Hassel , 2019). Va ious ans e ac i i ies, including s a egic licens-
ing and uni e si y pa en ing, ha e been implemen ed by uni e si ies o p omo e he exploi a-
ion o hei esea ch esul s and o secu e (public) unding. This has also been d i en by he
need o inc ease he isibili y and impac o hei esea ch (Gulb andsen & Slipe sæ e , 2007).
As UTT becomes mo e widely ecognized as being a pa o a knowledge ecosys em,
he e has been a s eady inc ease in he numbe o s udies add essing his opic (Aud e sch
e al., 2024; Bozeman e al., 2015; Lands öm, 2020). Besides he p omise o his esea ch
ield, i has become e y agmen ed and di e se and has been s udied in di e en a eas a
he mac o-, meso-, and mic ole els (Cunningham & O’Reilly, 2018; O’Kane e al., 2021).
As a esul , he li e a u e on UTT has become complex. Se e al s udies ha e been ca ied
ou o iden i y esea ch ends and pa e ns in UTT (see Abdul Wahab e al., 2012; Aud e sch
e al., 2014; Beli ski & Siko ski, 2024; Bozeman, 2000; Cunningham e al., 2017). Acco d-
ing o Noh and Lee (2019), hese app oaches ha e wo inhe en limi a ions. Fi s , he e is
no consensus on pas esea ch s eams in UTT. Second, u he esea ch opics a e s ill o be
disco e ed o he u u e. Gi en he inc easing impo ance o UTT esea ch, i is impo an
o o e come hese limi a ions in o de o seize aluable esea ch oppo uni ies in his ield.
Agains his backg ound and in con as o ecen bibliome ic s udies ocusing on UTT
(see Bo ges e al., 2022; C aiu e al., 2022; Ol e a e al., 2021), we employ a ex mining
app oach in ou s udy. In using ex mining, ou ocus is no on keywo ds o co-au ho ship
and co-ci a ion ne wo ks, bu on he knowledge con en o he a icles, which we in es i-
ga ed by analyzing he i les and abs ac s (A oyabe e al., 2022). Speci ically, ou pape
aims o add ess he ollowing wo esea ch ques ions: Wha hema ic pa e ns can be iden i-
ied in he UTT li e a u e? Which a eas in he UTT li e a u e a e gaining a en ion and o e
signi ican po en ial o u he esea ch?
By applying opic modeling, i.e., a ex mining app oach, we a e able o unco e he
seman ic s uc u e o he di e se esea ch s eams and p o ide a de ailed o e iew o he
li e a u e by ex ac ing di e en opics and hei e olu ion by analyzing ci a ions o e ime
(Blei, 2012). Topic modeling has been used o e iew opics and iden i y salien hemes, o
example in he ield o en ep eneu ship (A oyabe e al., 2022), economics (Amb osino e
al., 2018), inno a ion managemen (Lee & Kang, 2018), o inance (Sol ani e al., 2023).
In addi ion, o he disciplines ha e chosen his app oach, such as heal hca e (Ali & Kannan,
2022), medicine (Po u as & Taylo , 2020), social science (Linds ed , 2019), o en i on-
men al science and enginee ing esea ch (Palanichamy e al., 2021) o unco e unde lying
hemes and ends. Ou pape p o ides a comp ehensi e o e iew o all he opics co e ed
in he li e a u e on UTT o e he las 40 yea s. The aim o ou s udy is o b ing mo e cla i y
and cohe ence o his complex a ea o esea ch, and o enable a deepe unde s anding and
e lec ion.
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
Ou empi ical indings e eal 20 di e en hema ic a eas, which, aken oge he , p o-
ide comp ehensi e insigh s in o he unde lying hemes ha a e p e alen in he li e a-
u e on UTT. Whe eas UTT opics such as p ocesses, enable s, missions, spin-o s, and
me ics ha e eme ged as p ominen hemes in he cu en esea ch landscape, o he op-
ics such as ins i u ions, comme cializa ion, and uni s (e.g., echnology ans e o ices)
appea o be losing momen um. Ou s udy hus makes se e al impo an con ibu ions
o he li e a u e on UTT, as we p o ide new insigh s in o he e olu ion o UTT esea ch.
Fi s , we b ing concep ual cla i y o he UTT li e a u e by o ganizing he la ge numbe o
s udies in o hemes ha ha e ne e be o e been s uc u ed using a ex mining app oach.
Second, we p o ide a holis ic pe spec i e o he li e a u e on UTT, which will help schol-
a s and p ac i ione s o na iga e he g owing li e a u e and iden i y he ele an opics o
UTT. Thi d, we iden i y inc easingly ele an and al eady explo ed opics, which helps
us o de e mine po en ial eme ging esea ch a eas and o examine he de elopmen and
ocus o opics in he ield o UTT o e ime. This will allow u u e esea che s o ocus
on ele an opics, as we ou line p omising u u e a enues o esea ch ha will mo e he
esea ch ield o UTT o wa d.
The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2 p o ides an o e iew o
he li e a u e, ocusing on he de ini ion and scope o UTT. In Sec . 3, we p esen ou me h-
odological app oach. The esul s a e p esen ed in Sec . 4 and discussed in Sec . 5. A inal
sec ion concludes and o e s ui ul a enues o u u e esea ch.
2 Uni e si y echnology ans e : a backg ound
2.1 De ini ions and mechanisms
De ining UTT is a challenging ask, as i is cha ac e ized by a a ie y o de ini ions ha a y
acco ding o esea ch disciplines and objec i es. In he li e a u e, a mul i ude o concep s
and de ini ions o UTT can be ound (see Hay e e al., 2023). Apa om inding he ue
and uni e sally accep ed de ini ion, a lo can be lea ned abou he di e en esea ch adi-
ions by s udying he dis inc de ini ions (Bozeman, 2000). Th ough a comp ehensi e dis-
cussion o i s concep s, an app oxima ion o he essence o echnology and i s componen s
can be achie ed (Abdul Wahab e al., 2012). While he e a e di e en de ini ions o UTT
(see Table 1), he li e a u e on academic en ep eneu ship e lec s ha knowledge de elop-
men , scien i ic ou pu , and in ellec ual p ope y a e immo able componen s o UTT, which
is e lec ed in he de ini ions (Bozeman, 2000; Hay e e al., 2023; Tuma, 1987). In e es -
ingly, no all o he de ini ions lis ed in Table 1 desc ibe echnology ans e as a co e ac i -
i y o uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u ions. One could in e om he de ini ions in he able
ha echnology ans e encompasses elemen s such as knowledge de elopmen , p ope y
igh s, and academic ou comes (Hay e e al., 2023). These elemen s a e also impo an in
he con ex o UTT esea ch (Hay e e al., 2023).
UTT can be implemen ed ia a ious mechanisms and channels, depending on he speci ic
objec i es o he ans e (Alexande e al., 2020; Radko e al., 2023). Possible a enues include
he dissemina ion o in o ma ion o a echnical o scien i ic na u e, he exchange o pe sonnel,
especially scien is s and s uden s, ac i e pa icipa ion in collabo a i e esea ch and de elop-
men pa ne ships, and he d a ing and ma ke ing o pa en s and o he o ms o in ellec ual
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
Table 1 Lis o selec ed de ini ions o echnology ans e
Das (1987, p. 171) “Technology ans e s can be o wo ypes basically: i s , p oduc ion o new
p oduc s (p oduc o embodied echnology ans e ) and second, mo e e icien
p oduc ion o exis ing p oduc s (p ocess o disembodied echnology ans e )”
Tuma (1987, p. 404) “Technology ans e means acquisi ion and adap a ion o a echnique om
one coun y o indus y o ano he and i s applica ion in he p oduc ion p ocess.
The ans e becomes comple e when he echnique has been domes ica ed and
u ilized as an in eg al pa o he domes ic p oduc ion economy. The e o e, i is
necessa y o di e en ia e be ween in en ing a echnique, o becoming awa e o
i , and applying i ”
Le in (1993, p. 499) “Technology ans e is […] a socio- echnical p ocess implying he ans e o
cul u al skills accompanying he mo emen o machine y, equipmen and ools.
T ans e o echnology is bo h he physical mo emen o a e ac s and also, a
he same ime, ans e o he embedded cul u al skills”
Ca lsson & F idh
(2002, p. 200)
“Technology dissemina ion o ans e can occu in many di e en o ms. The
publica ion o esea ch esul s in scien i ic jou nals and books is he mos com-
mon o m o dissemina ion. In some cases, he ans e may occu only i he
in ellec ual p ope y is p o ec ed and hen comme cialized”
Siegel e al. (2003a,
p. 113)
“Technology ans e is usually hough o as occu ing wi hin o ac oss i ms,
such as he dissemina ion o in o ma ion h ough ans e s o employees om
one di ision o coun y o ano he (in a- i m ans e s o echnology)”
Gopalak ishnan &
San o o (2004, p. 57)
“Technology ans e is a na owe and mo e a ge ed cons uc ha usually
embodies ce ain ools o changing he en i onmen ”
Maskus (2004, p. 9) “Technology ans e e e s o any p ocess by which one pa y gains access
o a second pa y's in o ma ion and success ully lea ns and abso bs i in o his
p oduc ion unc ion. Clea ly, much echnology ans e occu s be ween willing
pa ne s in olun a y ansac ions”
Aud e sch e al. (2012,
p. 9)
“Technology ans e is de ined […] as he exchange o ideas, indings, and
me hods o p oduc ion and managemen among esea ch ins i u ions, indus y,
and he public wi h he pu pose o making scien i ic and echnological ad ances
accessible and appealing”
Hsu e al. (2015, p. 25) “The ans e o uni e si y echnology o indus y in ol es a mul i ude o
mechanisms which can be b oken down in o an e en la ge numbe o ac i i-
ies. These mechanisms and ac i i ies include launching echnology-o ien ed
s a -ups, and p o iding he ollowing: collabo a i e esea ch, con ac esea ch,
consul ing se ices, echnology licensing, g adua e educa ion, ad anced aining
o en e p ise s a , exchange o esea ch s a , and o he o ms o o mal o
in o mal in o ma ion ans e ”
Associa ion o Uni-
e si y Technology
Manage s
“Technology ans e , and he p o essionals who wo k in he ield, change he
wo ld one disco e y a a ime. They’ e esponsible o success ul inno a ion
managemen , co po a e engagemen , p o ec ing and licensing in en ions o
companies, new en u e c ea ion and incuba ion, and economic de elopmen ”
Eu opean Commission “Technology ans e […] e e s o he p ocess o con eying esul s s emming
om scien i ic and echnological esea ch o he ma ke place and o wide
socie y, along wi h associa ed skills and p ocedu es, and is as such an in insic
pa o he echnological inno a ion p ocess”
Fede al Labo a o y
Conso ium o Tech-
nology T ans e
“Technology ans e is he p ocess by which exis ing knowledge, acili ies, o
capabili ies de eloped unde ede al R&D unding a e u ilized o ul ill public
and p i a e needs”
Wo ld In ellec ual
P ope y O ganiza ion
“Technology ans e […] is a collabo a i e p ocess ha allows scien i ic
indings, knowledge and in ellec ual p ope y o low om c ea o s, such as
uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u ions, o public and p i a e use s. I s goal is o
ans o m in en ions and scien i ic ou comes in o new p oduc s and se ices ha
bene i socie y. Technology ans e is closely ela ed o knowledge ans e ”
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
p ope y igh s (K a ze e al., 2010). Mo eo e , Gallaghe (1986) p o ides a b oad de ini ion
ha UTT is simply he use o o ganized knowledge o p ac ical applica ions. This b oad
de ini ion includes bo h physical objec s and p ocesses wi hin i s scope (Bozeman, 2000). The
ans e is comple e when he echnology in ques ion has been ully implemen ed and is used
as an in eg al pa o he en i y’s own p oduc ion p ocess (Tuma, 1987).
The e a e wo main ca ego ies o UTT componen s: ans e agen s and echnological
knowledge (see Noh & Lee, 2019). T ans e agen s, i.e. dono s, ecipien s, and in e media ies,
acili a e he ans e o knowledge, which is c ucial o UTT (Noh & Lee, 2019). Technologi-
cal knowledge is iewed as a aluable asse ha can be ansmi ed in bo h embodied and dis-
embodied o ms. T ans e agen s and echnological knowledge a e c ucial componen s o UTT
and highly impo an o he dynamics wi hin he p ocess (Noh & Lee, 2019). Wi hin uni e si-
ies, echnology and knowledge ans e p omo e collabo a ion be ween esea ch ins i u ions,
bu also wi h indus y. This collabo a ion is no jus abou gene a ing and publishing esea ch
da a (Bozeman, 2000). This p ocess o collabo a ion can be e y dynamic and agen s play a
i al ole in he ela ion o alue (Ab eu & G ine ich, 2024; Noh & Lee, 2019). Howe e , he
p ocess also a ies due o he ela ionships among he agen s. Ongoing and commi ed in e ac-
ion is necessa y o keep he complex mul is age p ocess unning (Go schek e al., 2006).
In o de o scien i ic indings o be applicable o comme cial use, UTT no mally encom-
passes a di e se, wide ange o di e en ac i i ies in his con ex (K a ze e al., 2010).
Consequen ly, UTT e e s o he complex p ocess o ans e ing knowledge, expe ise,
and echnological inno a ion om one en i y o o ganiza ion o ano he . The ans e can
he eby ake place in a ious sec o s, including academia, indus y, and go e nmen (Kim e
al., 2012), wi h he ul ima e objec i e o c ea ing alue (Cunningham e al., 2018).
2.2 Technology and knowledge ans e
Technology and knowledge ans e ha e a lo o do wi h each o he , o mo e p ecisely, hey
complemen one ano he (Asha i e al., 2023). Knowledge ans e is he p ocess h ough which
knowledge is communica ed o sha ed om one en i y o ano he (K a ze e al., 2010). This can
be a pe son, a place, o an objec (Bozeman, 2000). Fo knowledge ans e o be success ul in
o ganiza ions, knowledge mus i s be c ea ed and applied. Howe e , UTT is no only cha ac e -
ized by he ans e o echnological know-how, bu also he knowledge equi ed o i s success ul
use and implemen a ion. This shows how impo an he do e ailing o echnology and knowledge
ans e is in p omo ing lea ning and inno a ion in o ganiza ions (Wol mann & Alkæ sig, 2018).
UTT enables inno a ion and applies he esul ing new echnologies o di e ing ci -
cums ances (Abdul Wahab e al., 2012). Acco ding o Gibson and Smilo (1991), UTT is
o en a diso ganized p ocess, in ol ing di e en ac o s wi h di e en mo i a ions and goals
and indi iduals wi h di e en pe spec i es on he alue and u u e use o he echnology.
Th ough his app oach, UTT makes a signi ican con ibu ion no only o economic bu also
o social de elopmen (Men e , 2024). Collabo a ions be ween academia and indus y a e
essen ial o ad ance and comme cialize esea ch and echnological de elopmen and s imu-
la e egional weal h (Lehmann & Men e , 2016; Masca enhas e al., 2024). The p ocedu e
o con ex o a ans e p ocess can a y depending on he ype o ans e and he pu pose i
se es (La oie & Daim, 2019). This co esponds o he collabo a i e na u e o UTT, which,
among o he hings, should also make i easie o new scien i ic indings, knowledge, and
in ellec ual p ope y o igina ing om he c ea o s o be dissemina ed in socie y (Men e ,
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
2024). This dissemina ion se es he dual pu pose o mee ing public and p i a e needs while
gene a ing social o comme cial alue.
2.3 Some ba ie s and enable s
Some uni e si ies ha e s uggled o con e and ans e hei highly concen a ed esea ch
capabili ies suppo ed wi h public unding o esea ch in o locally based economic ac i i y
(Noh & Lee, 2019). Fo example, Johnson and Lybecke (2009) examine he mechanisms
o di usion, ma ke a iables, social a ibu es, and poli ical componen s ha bo h simpli y
and complica e he p ocess o dissemina ion. Thei indings indica e ha UTT has a num-
be o challenges in he indus ial sec o . In his ins ance, asymme ic in o ma ion, ma ke
powe , and ex e nali ies a e he h ee p ima y issues. Pa icula ly when i comes o esea ch
indings, echnology adap a ion o pa icula p oduc ion demands and ma ke equi emen s
is challenging. Addi ionally, he e a e issues and challenges in choosing app op ia e ech-
nology ans e mechanisms (G eine & F anza, 2003). Insu icien unding and suppo
s uc u es, along wi h a de iciency in in as uc u e and incen i e sys ems, a e he main
issues conce ning scien i ic pe sonnel (Alexande e al., 2020; B uneel e al., 2010; Mazu -
kiewicz & Po e alska, 2017). Technical, egula o y, and human ba ie s ha a ec UTT
p ocesses and ac i i ies a e also aken in o accoun (G eine & F anza, 2003).
Elemen s such as cul u e, ime ho izon managemen , alloca ion o acul y ime o de o e
o echnology ans e ac i i ies, and heo y- o-p ac ice adap a ion a e iewed as e ec i e
ways o enhance ans e (Van Ho ne & Du o , 2017; G zego czyk, 2019; Link e al., 2008).
The e ec i e managemen o uni e si ies’ dynamic capabili ies can p omo e knowledge
ans e and echnology comme cializa ion and acili a e he con igu a ion o he hi d mis-
sion, balancing a ising ensions and goal con lic s (Gue e o & Men e , 2024). UTT is a
complex p ocess in luenced by a a ie y o ac o s anging om indi idual a i udes and
skills o o ganiza ional s uc u es and ex e nal condi ions. Fo his eason, he e a e se e al
ac o s ha emphasize he impo ance o ull coope a ion and commi men o all pa ies
in ol ed in he p ocess. Communica ion, inno a ion, knowledge, p oduc quali y, and mo i-
a ion a e iden i ied as he i e mos impo an ac o s ha enable UTT p ocesses (Singhai
e al., 2021).
2.4 Uni e si y echnology ans e ou comes and measu able impac s
P e ious s udies o UTT highligh he po en ial o make a subs an ial impac on bo h eco-
nomic g ow h and e enue gene a ion (Gue e o e al., 2015; Hay e , 2013). The impac
o UTT has been assessed using adap i e econome ic s udies, ocused and well-designed
su eys conduc ed simul aneously ac oss mul iple o ganiza ions, and inpu –ou pu analy-
sis o he in e indus y e ec s o uni e si y spending (D ucke & Golds ein, 2007). The
measu able e ec o UTT is he eby closely linked o he e alua ion and assessmen o
scien i ic and echnological endea o s as a whole (Au io & Laamanen, 2014). Simila o
he li e cycle o a company, uni e si ies also go h ough se e al s ages o en ep eneu ial
de elopmen (Gue e o & U bano, 2012). As a esul , hei economic impac has a ac ed
he in e es o academics, go e nmen s, and policy make s a ound he wo ld, leading hem
o ac i ely p omo e hese ins i u ions (Gue e o e al., 2015; Leyden & Link, 2015; Link,
2024). Nume ous iable new businesses ha e been es ablished using echnologies de el-
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
oped h ough uni e si y esea ch (see Co s en, 1987; Go schek e al., 2006; Meoli & Vis-
ma a, 2016). Consequen ly, he e has been a g owing end owa d highe educa ion impac
s udies. These s udies ha e used a a ie y o da a collec ion and analysis me hods o assess
a b oade ange o economic impac s beyond me e expendi u e and employmen (Gue e o
e al., 2015). The p ima y objec i e o hese esea che s has been o quan i y ou pu s a he
han o ansla e hem in o economic a iables. Examples include quan i ying spin-o s (see
Fini e al., 2011; Hay e , 2013; Locke e al., 2005), assessing he quan i y and quali y o
uni e si y–indus y collabo a ion (see Cunningham e al., 2020), quan i ying echnology
ans e ou comes such as pa en s, licensing ag eemen s, and e enues (see Azoulay e al.,
2009; K a ze e al., 2010), and assessing he impac o highe educa ion policies (Ci e a e
al., 2020; Men e e al., 2018).
The e is also a need o changes ha a e an exp ession o a eo ien a ion o he hi d
mission o uni e si ies, which was o iginally ocused on he comme cializa ion o esea ch
esul s and scien i ic knowledge (Men e , 2024). Due o i s in e ac ion wi h he socioeco-
nomic en i onmen , he ans e mission o uni e si ies has g ea po en ial o achie ing
social impac and ac i ely add essing socie al challenges (Lehmann e al., 2024). Wi h his
eo ien a ion, he e has been an emphasis and esea ch ocus on he social impac o UTT
(Ca l & Men e , 2021; Pa ish, 2023). Concep ually, an inno a i e app oach o conside ing
and implemen ing social inno a ions is sough . This is in esponse o socie y’s demand o a
mo e sus ainable and in eg a i e g ow h s a egy in o de o add ess challenges o en i on-
men al p o ec ion and social de elopmen (Fini e al., 2018; Men e , 2024; Pa ish, 2023).
The impo an ole o academic en ep eneu ship, especially UTT, aises he hope o u iliz-
ing he knowledge a ailable in uni e si ies o p omo e local and na ional economic de elop-
men and ensu e compe i i eness o a na ion. UTT is hough o be he engine ha p opels
he coun y’s inno a ion sys em, making i i al o he sys em’s o e all quali y (Mowe y
& Sampa , 2006; Yo k & Ahn, 2012). O e all, he esea ch opic o UTT is an in e dis-
ciplina y ield ha has become inc easingly impo an o academia, policy, and p ac ice
communi ies.
3 Me hodology
3.1 Tex mining and opic modeling
To add ess ou esea ch ques ions, we employ a compu a ional echnique o ex ac he
ele an in o ma ion, enabling us o manage, sea ch h ough, and o ganize a la ge col-
lec ion o documen s au oma ically (Rangana han & Tsahai, 2021). Tex mining allows
aluable insigh s o be ex ac ed om la ge ex da ase s wi hou any unde lying s uc-
u e, making i a powe ul app oach o enable scien i ic disco e y by aking e ie al
and usabili y o a new le el (Noh & Lee, 2019; Wol mann & Alkæ sig, 2018). A pa icu-
la o m o ex mining is opic modeling, which enables he au onomous iden i ica ion
o subjec s wi hin ex ensi e documen se s (Po u as & Taylo , 2020). In addi ion o
o he in e disciplina y s udies, ex mining, especially opic modeling, was used o sys-
ema ically iden i y and analyze pa e ns and ends in la ge da ase s o ex s (A oyabe
e al., 2022; Noh & Lee, 2019; Wol mann & Alkæ sig, 2018). In di e en ields, ex
mining has been used o analyze and u he conside he unde lying s uc u e and e o-
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
lu ion o a esea ch s eam (Ali & Kannan, 2022; Ba ua e al., 2014; Linds ed , 2019;
Palanichamy e al., 2021; Po u as & Taylo , 2020). These s udies ha e also employed
opic modeling o iden i y a ious opics wi hin he ex o pape s and de e mine he
key e ms associa ed wi h each opic. By conduc ing his ype o analysis, hese s ud-
ies enable schola s o ob ain a comp ehensi e o e iew o he exis ing li e a u e and
assis scien is s and p ac i ione s in na iga ing he g owing body o li e a u e on a spe-
ci ic opic (A oyabe e al., 2022). Wi h he ad en o inc easing compu ing capaci y,
imp o ed p ocessing powe and he g owing olume o digi al da a, he social sciences
can apply mo e and mo e ex mining me hods, g ea ly expanding hei po en ial o
empi ical esea ch (A oyabe e al., 2022; Noh & Lee, 2019; Schmiedel e al., 2019;
Wol mann & Alkæ sig, 2018).
Using opic modeling, la ge amoun s o ex da a a e analyzed using ce ain algo-
i hms and ecu ing opics a e iden i ied in o de o ob ain a ep esen a ion o he op-
ics discussed (Blei & La e y, 2007; Schmiedel e al., 2019). This echnique is used o
examine a g oup o documen s, iden i y wo ds and pa e ns, and au oma ically g oup
wo ds o ca ego ize he documen s (Rangana han & Tsahai, 2021). Topic modeling
ea s documen s as collec ions o wo ds, whe e each wo d is assigned o a opic wi h
a ce ain p obabili y, and he equency o occu ence o wo ds associa ed wi h key
opics is g ea e han ha o o he wo ds (Blei e al., 2003). The app oach elies on he
p emise ha ex s a e composed o a a ie y o opics, each cha ac e ized by a dis inc
se o wo ds. The applica ion o opic modeling enables he u iliza ion o quan i a-
i e echniques o iden i y and analyze speci ic hemes wi hin indi idual ex s, he eby
acili a ing he analysis o he e olu ion o e ime (Blei e al., 2003; Blei & La e y,
2007). In his con ex , he la en Di ichle alloca ion (LDA) algo i hm p o ides a pow-
e ul opic modeling app oach ha enables he analysis o la ge olumes o documen s,
wi h he g ea ad an age o mi iga ing he biases inhe en ly in oduced by manual cod-
ing (A oyabe e al., 2022; Ma dones-Sego ia e al., 2022). The LDA algo i hm is a
p obabilis ic model o which ex s a e a composi ion o opics, wi h a unique dis-
ibu ion o opics in each ex o he collec ion (Blei e al., 2003).1 Topic modeling,
pa icula ly LDA, is capable o unc ioning wi hou he necessi y o ex classi ica ion
o labelling (Blei & La e y, 2007). In doing so, exis ing dic iona ies o in e p e a ion
esou ces a e no equi ed (Blei e al., 2003).
3.2 Da a scoping and collec ion
To add ess ou key esea ch ques ions, we used ex mining as a me hod o unco e key
opics and hemes. Ou app oach is dis inc ly di e en om ecen bibliome ic s udies ana-
lyzing he UTT li e a u e (see Bo ges e al., 2022; C aiu e al., 2022; Ol e a e al., 2021).
Compu a ional linguis ics, he scien i ic basis o ex mining, has become inc easingly el-
e an o empi ical s udies and plays a cen al ole in scien i ic esea ch (A oyabe e al.,
1 By analyzing he equency o wo ds in ex co po a, LDA calcula es he p obabili y dis ibu ions o wo ds
o each opic and he dis ibu ions o opics wi hin each documen . LDA assumes ha each documen is a
mix u e o opics and ha each opic is ep esen ed by a speci ic dis ibu ion o wo ds (Blei e al., 2003; Chen
e al., 2023). Based on hese p obabili y dis ibu ions, i is possible o ca ego ize ex s in ex co po a o o
iden i y la en opics p esen in he ex s (A oyabe e al., 2022; Blei e al., 2003; Ma dones-Sego ia e al.,
2022; Syed and Sp ui , 2017).
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
Au ho s Yea A icle Ti le Jou nal Ci a ions
G imaldi, Kenney, Siegel and
W igh
2011 30 yea s a e Bayh-Dole: Reassessing academic en ep eneu ship Resea ch Policy 457
Locke and W igh 2005 Resou ces, capabili ies, isk capi al and he c ea ion o uni e si y spin-ou companies Resea ch Policy 451
Bekke s and F ei as 2008 Analysing knowledge ans e channels be ween uni e si ies and indus y: To wha deg ee do
sec o s also ma e ?
Resea ch Policy 433
Siegel, Waldman, A wa e and
Link
2004 Towa d a model o he e ec i e ans e o scien i ic knowledge om academicians o p ac i io-
ne s: quali a i e e idence om he comme cializa ion o uni e si y echnologies
Jou nal o Enginee -
ing and Technology
Managemen
431
Kos o and Scalle 2001 Science and echnology oadmaps IEEE T ansac ion
on Enginee ing
Managemen
408
Table 2 (con inued)
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
4.2 Topic modeling and clus e building
In his sec ion, we p esen a comp ehensi e o e iew o ou analysis, add essing ou i s
esea ch ques ion: Wha hema ic pa e ns can be iden i ied in he UTT li e a u e? Ou anal-
ysis iden i ied 20 di e en opics ha ga e us a b oad o e iew o he unde lying hemes
in he UTT li e a u e. In e iewing he li e a u e, we ound ha he hemes we unco e ed
add ess ou dis inc a eas, namely, UTT con ex s (Ge bin & D no sek, 2020; Lehmann e
al., 2021), UTT capaci ies (Be co i z & Feldman, 2008; Siegel e al., 2003a), UTT mecha-
nisms (Chen e al., 2022; O’Kane e al., 2020), and UTT policy (Cunningham e al., 2019,
2021; Ja e & Le ne , 2001; Locke e al., 2005). We ca ego ized hese a eas in o clus-
e s and assigned ou iden i ied 20 issues o hese ou clus e s. The o ma ion o hese
ou clus e s p o ides an o ganized, e ec i e me hod o g ouping ou iden i ied issues in o
unde s andable and use ul ca ego ies. This leads o an easie unde s anding and o ganized
s uc u e o ou iden i ied issues. Table 4 lis s he clus e s and he co esponding hemes ha
we e ex ac ed, along wi h he en mos common wo ds. All abb e ia ions ha appea ed in
he mos equen wo ds ha e been w i en ou in ull so as no o hinde he low o eading.
4.2.1 UTT con ex
The UTT con ex clus e , cha ac e ized by ins i u ions, uni s, and s akeholde s, e e s o a
amewo k co e ing se e al s uc u al and o ganiza ional issues. The hemes in his clus e
conce n he in e ac ions and p ocesses equi ed o he success ul ans e o esea ch esul s
and scien i ic knowledge be ween academic esea ch and he p i a e sec o . The ocus is on
he ela ionships be ween esea ch ins i u ions and en e p ises, as well as on he en i on-
men s and condi ions in which UTT akes place (Ge bin & D no sek, 2020; Lehmann e
al., 2021).
Jou nals Numbe o
pape s
Sha e
The Jou nal o Technology T ans e 260 13.37%
Resea ch Policy 156 8.02%
Techno a ion 86 4.42%
Technological Fo ecas ing and Social
Change
65 3.34%
Science and Public Policy 46 2.37%
In e na ional Jou nal o Technology
Managemen
42 2.16%
Sus ainabili y 38 1.95%
Technology Analysis S a egic Managemen 34 1.75%
Scien ome ics 27 1.39%
IEEE T ansac ions on Enginee ing
Managemen
27 1.39%
R&D Managemen 24 1.23%
Small Business Economics 22 1.13%
Highe Educa ion 20 1.03%
Indus y and Inno a ion 20 1.03%
S udies in Highe Educa ion 20 1.03%
Table 3 Lis o jou nals wi h he
mos a icles published
No e: The able shows only
jou nals wi h a leas 20
a icles published on he opic
o uni e si y echnology
ans e . The sha e e e s o
he pe cen age o o al pape
iden i ied (1,944)
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
The heme o UTT ins i u ions examines all ac o s a he ins i u ional le el. E ec i e
use o he scien i ic capaci y o he scien i ic academies and o he specialised en i ies (such
as highe educa ion ins i u ions and esea ch cen es) is essen ial o he p o ec ion o in el-
lec ual p ope y (Vi yaz and Shche bin, 2022). This heme explo es he bene i s ha ins i u-
ions can de i e om esea che s’ disco e ies. Li e a u e in his a ea explo es issues such
as he poli ics o in ellec ual p ope y, cul u al ensions, bounda y wo k, and he public
good (Fishe & A kinson-G osjean, 2002). Fo example, pa icipan s in ol ed in knowledge
ans e p ocesses sha e a common knowledge base and adhe e o common no ms and spe-
Table 4 Lis o clus e s wi h opic labels and o he mos equen wo ds pe opic
Clus e Topic label Mos equen wo ds
UTT con ex UTT ins i u ions ins i u ional, con ex , ole, en i onmen , ac o , suppo ,
ocus, dynamic, condi ion, s uc u al
UTT uni o ice, p ac ice, s a egy, echnology ans e o ices, e-
sou ce, p ocess, decision, manage , s uc u e, e ec i eness
UTT s akeholde o ganiza ional, s akeholde , se ice, communi y, in e ac-
ion, o mal, mechanism, exchange, in o mal, agency
UTT capaci y UTT in as uc u e company, ins i u e, sys em, echnical, en e p ise, labo a-
o y, conduc , es ablish, make, access
UTT p ocess de elop, s age, ma ke , ba ie , c i ical, concep , po en ial,
iden i y, ool, skill
UTT enable s en ep eneu ial, en ep eneu ship, design, pu pose, me h-
odology, heo y, social, p ac ical, o ien a ion, con ibu ion
UTT mission science, scien i ic, scien is , mission, ield, social, socie y,
each, li e, change
UTT ac i i ies academic, ac i i y, esea che , engagemen , engage, expe-
ience, in ol emen , in en ion, mo i a ion, beha io
UTT mechanism UTT legisla ion p og am, in ellec ual, p ope y, issue, in e es , wo k,
a icle, enginee ing, ede al, c ea e
Spin-o spin, o s, c ea ion, en u e, esou ce, g ow h, c ea e, sup-
po , incuba o , uni e si y spin-o s
Pa en ing and licensing pa en , license, in en ion, acul y, in en o , licensing,
incen i e, owne ship, dole, bayh
UTT comme cializa ion comme cializa ion, p ojec , p ocess, p oduc , comme cial,
e o , capabili y, expe ience, comme cialize, gap
Uni e si y-indus y
collabo a ion
indus y, i m, collabo a ion, indus ial, coope a ion, ela-
ionship, pa ne , collabo a i e, in e ac ion, pa ne ship
UTT ou come inno a ion, sys em, echnological, inno a i e, eme ge,
in es men , d i e, low, sus ainable, p omo e
UTT policy UTT suppo policy, public, sec o , und, go e nmen , unding, ini ia-
i e, highe educa ion ins i u ions, p og amme, inancial
UTT impac impac , economic, ime, gene a e, inc ease, ou pu , ben-
e i , long, g ow h, di ec
UTT me ics esul , analysis, pape , da a, coun y, in e na ional, su ey,
empi ical, de e minan , e idence
UTT pe o mance pe o mance, ac o , e ec , in luence, a ec , measu e,
signi ican , e iciency, p oduc i i y, ou come
UTT ou pu knowledge, ne wo k, egion, capaci y, p oduc ion, sou ce,
clus e , spillo e , abso p i e, di usion
UTT e alua ion model, amewo k, p esen , me hod, u u e, e alua e,
e alua ion, objec i e, elemen , concep ual
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
ci ic amewo ks despi e ope a ing in po en ially di e en ins i u ional se ings, which also
applies o cul u al ba ie s (Kalan a idis e al., 2017).
UTT uni s se e as a link be ween uni e si ies and he p i a e sec o and encompass all
o ms o ans e o scien i ic knowledge and esea ch esul s in an economically iable
o m (K a ze e al., 2010; O’Kane e al., 2021). This includes he p o ision o scien i ic o
echnical in o ma ion, he exchange o pe sonnel, he ne wo king o scien is s and p i a e
en ep eneu s, and he licensing o sale o pa en s and o he indus ial p ope y igh s (Dolan
e al., 2019; K a ze e al., 2010). Fu he mo e, echnology ans e o ices ha e played a
c ucial and inc easingly impo an ole in he UTT li e a u e due o hei ole as in e media -
ies be ween uni e si ies and indus y. The con e sion o in en ions in o ma ke able inno a-
ions is based on ne wo k e ec s be ween science and he p i a e sec o , wi h ans e uni s
ac ing as bounda y spanne s be ween uni e si ies and companies (Hülsbeck e al., 2013).
UTT s akeholde s ep esen he a ious ac o s ha enable he success ul ans e o
inno a ions as pa o he collabo a ion. These include uni e si y scien is s, who disco e
new echnologies, echnology manage s, and adminis a o s who acili a e he in e ac ion
be ween scien is s and indus y (Cunningham & Men e , 2020). Fu he mo e, in es o s
and en u e capi alis s play a c ucial ole by p o iding he necessa y capi al and business
expe ise o na iga e he comme cializa ion pa hway, e ec i ely b idging he gap be ween
inno a ion and ma ke success (Clauss e al., 2018). Acco ding o Siegel e al. (2003a), com-
panies o en ep eneu s who ake on he comme cializa ion o echnologies and he s a e,
which o en p o ides inancial suppo o esea ch p ojec s, a e also conside ed impo an
ac o s in UTT p ocesses.
4.2.2 UTT capaci y
The UTT capaci y clus e includes in as uc u e, p ocess, enable s, mission, and ac i i ies
and is conce ned wi h he agg ega ed capabili ies and esou ces o an en i y o o ganiza-
ion o e ec i ely assimila e, unde s and, exploi , and subsequen ly dissemina e scien i ic
knowledge and esea ch esul s. I encompasses a se o capabili ies, s uc u es, and p o-
cesses ha enable an o ganiza ion o ac i ely engage in UTT ac i i ies (Bengoa e al., 2021).
I emphasizes he impo ance o in e nal expe ise, esou ce managemen , and he abili y o
adap o new echnological de elopmen s (Be co i z & Feldman, 2008; Siegel e al., 2003a)
o make UTT p ocesses smoo he in o de o maximize he po en ial o inno a ion and
en ep eneu ship and o imp o e he e iciency and success o UTT ac i i ies.
UTT in as uc u e ocuses on he ole o esea ch uni e si ies and possible in e ac ions
wi h key playe s and o ganiza ions in inno a ion ecosys ems. This opic explo es how col-
labo a ions be ween uni e si ies and companies and he di usion o inno a ion among
companies can be imp o ed. In as uc u es acili a e hese in e ac ions, as hey o en ely
hea ily on pe manen esou ces such as human and ma e ial asse s. The apid de elop-
men o echnological possibili ies and he cons an need o new in o ma ion equi e he
p o ision o esou ces o main ain highly specialized in as uc u es. Mo eo e , he need
o adap able in as uc u e amewo ks ha can mee he changing demands o di e en
echnological capabili ies and he apidly g owing inno a ion scene is ecognized (B odhag,
2013). I is he eby impo an o ha e lean in as uc u es, cha ac e ized by a lowe dis ibu-
ion o ixed esou ces and hus a be e abili y o adap quickly o un o eseen changes in he
con ex o he UTT en i onmen (Azzone & Macca one, 1997).
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The UTT p ocess, spanning he de elopmen o new scien i ic knowledge o i s ma ke
implemen a ion, is highly complex and in ol es nume ous ac ions and s ages. Wi hin hese
ac i i ies, he ou comes a e di icul o p edic . This is u he a i med by Ka anikic e al.
(2021), who emphasize ha he e is no single model wi hin he UTT p ocess. The s udy
desc ibes di e en phases wi hin his p ocess, including he ini ial disco e y by a uni e si y
scien is , he disclosu e o he disco e y, he e alua ion o he in en ion wi h a decision
o pa en , he pa en applica ion, he comme cializa ion o he echnology o companies o
socie y, he nego ia ion o an equi y in es men , and inally echnology licensing.
UTT enable s suppo he coope a ion be ween academia and indus y, which is c ucial
o economic g ow h, in s eps o UTT de elopmen (Jamison & Jansen, 2001). The key
equi emen s a y om phase o phase. Enable s p o ide suppo in o e coming us ba -
ie s and concluding ag eemen s on in ellec ual p ope y by u ilizing he expe ience and
knowledge complemen a i y o he pa ne s (Cunningham e al., 2022). In e ms o UTT
enable s, public unding and s a egic in es men a e con ibu o s o compe i i eness and
de elopmen . In addi ion, esea ch-based knowledge and echnology a e enabled by po en-
ial syne gies, c edible al e na i es, and he educ ion o unce ain y, which a e essen ial o
he success ul comme cializa ion o academic esea ch and p o ide s a egic insigh s.
UTT mission e e s o he ex ension o adi ional uni e si y unc ions o he so-called
hi d mission: he gene a ion, u iliza ion, and exploi a ion o knowledge in collabo a ion
wi h ex e nal s akeholde s and socie y as a whole (Gulb andsen & Slipe sæ e , 2007). I
complemen s eaching and esea ch wi h en ep eneu ial elemen s and he p omo ion o
social commi men . This o ien a ion in luences he en ep eneu ial in en ions o academics
and is c ucial o global de elopmen . As a esul , uni e si ies a e becoming en ep eneu ial
ins i u ions ha ca e o he needs o a wide ange o s akeholde s and e eal hei compe i-
i e ad an age in he global ma ke place (K a ze e al., 2010; T enche e al., 2014). The e
has also been an e olu ion in he ole o esea ch ins i u ions, om being he ini ia o o UTT
and ounde o knowledge-based s a -ups o a s onge ocus on en ep eneu ship in gene al
and a pe mea ion o socie y wi h en ep eneu ial cul u e (Aud e sch, 2014). Knowledge-
based en ep eneu ship has been ound o be a s ong d i e o economic g ow h (Gue e o
e al., 2015).
Wi hin he opic o UTT ac i i ies, he scope ex ends o ac i e collabo a ions wi h di e -
en s akeholde s, he impac o comme cializa ion on scien i ic esea ch, he ole o in en-
o s in he ans e p ocess, and he adop ion o a cen al ole in he knowledge-based socie y
(Be begal-Mi aben & Ma in-Sanchez, 2024). In pa icula , he key ac o s con ibu ing o
he mic oeconomic le el o academic en ep eneu ship a e analyzed. The impo ance o sci-
en is s’ pe spec i es in he con ex o hei pa icipa ion in echnology ans e and he in lu-
ence o ins i u ional and o ganiza ional esou ces, especially e hics and esea ch quali y, on
uni e si ies’ app oach o echnology and knowledge ans e a e highligh ed (Hewi -Dun-
das, 2012; Jain e al., 2009; Zhou & Baines, 2023). The s a egic ocus a eas o knowledge
ans e a e e iden in a ious ac i i ies, such as he di e se knowledge ans e channels,
he pa ne s uni e si ies collabo a e wi h, and he geog aphic ocus o hei o ganiza ional
engagemen (Fi zge ald e al., 2021; Masca enhas e al., 2024). Se e al s udies ocused on
pe sonal in en ions and compe encies ela ed o hei ac i i ies. The mo i es, incen i es,
mo i a ions, and social ac o s o scien is s o collabo a e wi h indus y o become en e-
p eneu s ha e been explo ed (Acs e al., 2013; Cla ysse e al., 2011; Cunningham e al.,
2020; D’Es e & Pe kmann, 2011; Philpo e al., 2011). The indi idual cha ac e is ics o
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
esea che s he eby ha e a s onge in luence han cha ac e is ics o hei depa men s o
uni e si ies (D’Es e & Pa el, 2007).
4.2.3 UTT mechanisms
The discussions wi hin he UTT mechanisms clus e co e a ious opics, such as legis-
la ion, spin-o s, pa en ing and licensing, comme cializa ion, uni e si y–indus y collabo-
a ion, and ou comes. This clus e he e o e includes o ganized p ocedu es, p ocesses, o
s a egies used by esea ch and scien i ic ac o s o acili a e he exchange o knowledge and
echnology. Acco ding o O’Kane e al. (2020), he mechanisms include opics dealing wi h
he ans e o esea ch esul s and emphasizes he impo ance o es ablished p ocedu es and
p ocesses o ensu e an op imal ans e o he ee economy.
UTT legisla ion e e s o he egula ions go e ning he UTT o esea ch ins i u ions—in
pa icula , laws and egula ions. Se e al s udies in he ield ha e examined he e ec s o ba -
ie s and challenges as well as he impac o legisla ion p omo ing UTT (Cunningham e al.,
2019; Siegel e al., 2007). The opic deals wi h in ellec ual p ope y igh s, he es ablishmen
o egula ions, o he legal aspec s o ag eemen s du ing a coope a ion. The esea ch exam-
ines how hese legal s uc u es may acili a e o hinde UTT (Gold a b & Hen ekson, 2003).
Spin-o s a e companies ounded by membe s o uni e si ies o esea ch ins i u ions
wi h he aim o comme cializing uni e si y esea ch esul s. Uni e si y spin-o s play a
c ucial ole in he dissemina ion o knowledge and ha e he capaci y o c ea e employmen
oppo uni ies and s imula e economic de elopmen (see Fini e al., 2011; Hahn e al., 2024;
Hay e , 2013; Locke e al., 2005). The e is less esea ch on he pe o mance and impac o
spin-o s, pa icula ly om he pe spec i e o academic en ep eneu s (Hay e , 2013). The
esea ch by Locke e al. (2005) and Pi nay e al. (2003) explo es he o ma ion o spin-o s,
including he p ocesses, ba ie s, and obs acles aced by scien is s, and hei subsequen
posi ion in he inno a ion ecosys em.
The opic pa en and licensing explo es a ious o ms o knowledge comme cializa ion
and p omo es inno a ion o es ablish i sel in he ecosys em o he ee economy (Kees a e
al., 2022; Mowe y e al., 2001). In addi ion, by de ining clea owne ship and use igh s, his
opic se es as an impo an mechanism o mi iga ing con lic s o e in ellec ual p ope y
igh s, ensu ing ha all pa icipan s a e ai ly compensa ed o hei con ibu ions o he
UTT p ocess (Mowe y e al., 2001). Acco ding o Wal e e al. (2016), pa en ing and licens-
ing ha e a high impac on he success ul in eg a ion o scien i ic disco e ies in o he ma ke .
In a b oade con ex , UTT comme cializa ion explo es how esea ch esul s can be ans-
o med in o p oduc s o se ices, how economic alue can be c ea ed, how sus ainable ways
o comme cializa ion can be iden i ied, how ma ke po en ial can be assessed, and how
s a egies can be de eloped o he in oduc ion and dissemina ion o he echnologies con-
ce ned. The p ocess o ans o ming and ans e ing esea ch esul s and scien i ic knowl-
edge in o ma ke able p oduc s and se ices is subjec o nume ous obs acles ha mus be
o e come (see Ja e & Le ne , 2001; Kalan a idis e al., 2017). Acco ding o Aud e sch e
al. (2014), he dispe sion o p oduc ion p ocesses ac oss di e en geog aphical loca ions in
he 1990s in luenced he shi in academic esea ch in e es s om a na ional-le el ocus o
a ocus on in e ac ions a he o ganiza ional le el.
Uni e si y–indus y collabo a ions suppo common objec i es in he comme cializa-
ion o inno a ions and deal wi h pa ne ships be ween academic ins i u ions and indus y
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
(Alba s e al., 2018). They eplaced s a e o ganiza ions as UTT’s main in e media ies. UTT
esea ch has inc easingly add essed he ans e om uni e si ies o he p i a e sec o and
i s impo ance o he g ow h o exis ing and he c ea ion o new i ms, wi h a ocus on he
c ea ion o new jobs (Ha mon e al., 1997; Jones-E ans e al., 1999). Acco ding o El-Fe ik
and Al-Nase (2021), s udies in his con ex ocus on he analysis o mode a o s and ba -
ie s, he managemen o join p ojec s, and he exchange o knowledge and echnology.
S udies on UTT wi h a ocus on ela ionships be ween academia and indus ial en e p ises
ha e ocused on how he de elopmen o new p oduc s can be le e aged h ough he use o
scien i ic wo k om uni e si ies (Boyle, 1986; Co s en, 1987). The ocus o in e es was he
mo i a ion o collabo a ion, wha obs acles a ose, and wha al e na i e ways he e could be
o ensu e an e icien exchange o knowledge (Boyle, 1986; Rahm, 1988).
UTT ou comes include he measu able and in angible bene i s o UTT, including new
p oduc s, se ices, business models, imp o ed indus ial p ocesses, job c ea ion, and con-
ibu ions o economic de elopmen (Fini e al., 2018; P okop, 2021; Sun e al., 2020). The
e alua ion o hese ou comes ocuses no only on esul s, bu also on speci ic pe o mance
indica o s ha co e he en i e li e cycle o esou ce alloca ion, e iciency in collabo a ions,
and he esul ing inno a ions (El-Fe ik & Al-Nase , 2021). UTT ou comes also add ess
u u e challenges and seize new oppo uni ies a he mac o-, meso-, and mic ole el, and
os e a cul u e o con inuous lea ning and adap a ion.
4.2.4 UTT Policy
The UTT policy clus e consis s o he opics suppo , impac , me ics, pe o mance, ou pu , and
e alua ion. This clus e ocuses on s a egies and measu es o acili a e he ans e o knowl-
edge and echnology om academic ins i u ions o he comme cial sec o . The clus e empha-
sizes he impo ance o policy amewo ks and p omo ion s a egies ha suppo and acili a e
UTT o e ec i ely ans o m inno a ion in o ma ke able p oduc s and se ices (Cunningham e
al., 2019, 2021; Ja e & Le ne , 2001; Locke e al., 2005). A leas in he Uni ed S a es, he e
we e also signi ican changes in public policy pe spec i es ega ding UTT du ing his pe iod,
due o he need o imp o e compe i i eness in a ious indus ies (Bozeman, 2000; Link, 2024).
The opic o UTT suppo ocuses on policies and laws ha p omo e he comme cializa-
ion and ans e o esea ch esul s o he ee economy. The aim is o p o ide elie o he
pa ies in ol ed in his p ocess and i mani es s i sel in a ious o ms. These ange om
suppo ing spin-o s in he ounding phase (Fini e al., 2011; Meoli & Visma a, 2016) o
go e nmen p og ams o suppo academic en ep eneu s (Song e al., 2020) and emale
en ep eneu ship (Men e , 2022; Me cie e al., 2018).
The signi icance o scien i ic esea ch in p omo ing inno a ion and economic success a
he i m and egional le el is included in he opic UTT impac . I highligh s he in e nal and
ex e nal ac o s ha con ibu e o p oducing e ec s on egional economic de elopmen by
looking a he spa ial each o hese e ec s and sepa a ing he in luences o a ious uni e si y
oles (Fini e al., 2018). These e ec s a e, ne e heless, placed wi hin he amewo k o UTT.
Se e al empi ical s udies in his a ea ha e examined he impac and e ec i eness o legis-
la ion designed by go e nmen s o p omo e e ec i e UTT (Cunningham & Men e , 2021;
Gue e o & U bano, 2019; Song e al., 2020). The idea o he en ep eneu ial uni e si y d aws
a en ion o he impo ance o uni e si ies o socie y and he economy, including he c ea ion
o spin-o s (Gue e o & U bano, 2012; Ki by, 2006; Cunningham e al., 2019; Yeo, 2018).
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
The opic UTT me ics deals wi h he quali y, p ocessing, and in e p e a ion o esea ch
esul s and hei applica ion in empi ical s udies. I is abou he impo ance o a solid da a
basis o ob aining eliable esul s and e idence in scien i ic esea ch ha is based on empi -
ical e idence and ca e ul analysis. The empi ical measu emen and alida ion o science and
echnology ini ia i es as a whole is closely linked o he quan i iable impac o UTT (Au io
& Laamanen, 2014). Resea ch in he ield o UTT me ics in ensi ely ocuses on empi ical
da a in o de o unde s and he complex mechanisms, success ac o s, and challenges o
UTT p ocesses (see Gibson & Smilo , 1991; Sun e al., 2020).
The success a e o ans e ing knowledge and echnologies om academic ins i u-
ions o he indus ial sec o is examined in he opic UTT pe o mance. The e iciency and
e icacy o he ans e p ocess a e examined in his opic, wi h an emphasis on os e ing
academic en ep eneu ship, including licensing, esea ch pa ne ships, and uni e si y s a -
ups (Siegel e al., 2007). UTT uni s a e o en challenged o quan i y and imp o e hei
pe o mance in o iable, ma ke able echnologies and solu ions. I is c ucial o measu e his
pe o mance, because i di ec ly a ec s he success o con e ing schola ly esea ch in o
wo kable, comme cially iable echnologies and solu ions (Hülsbeck e al., 2013; K a ze
e al., 2010; Zhang & Zeng, 2024).
The opic UTT ou pu e e s o he impac and measu able ou comes o UTT, pa icula ly
in he con ex o esea ch comme cializa ion. This opic includes an analysis o he ole o
pa en s and hei impac on he di ec ion and ou pu o academic esea ch, ocusing on he
posi i e aspec s and he challenges he e (Siegel e al., 2004). Fo example, Azoulay e al.
(2009) show ha pa en ing ac i i ies can ha e a posi i e impac on publica ion a es and
may lead o a eo ien a ion o esea ch ocus owa d comme cially ele an issues. In o de
o explo e measu es, s a egies, and ways o imp o e ans e poin s, he pe o mance o
coope a ion be ween uni e si y and indus y mus be assessed (Pujo omo e al., 2020).
The opic UTT e alua ion ocuses on he p ocess o measu ing he e ec i eness o UTT.
The scale o academic en ep eneu ship and he associa ed ac i i ies o he ans e uni s
inc ease o e ime, bu he missions, isions, and goals o he uni e si ies di e . Tha is why
choosing sui able pe o mance indica o s is c ucial (Su opo e al., 2019). A comp ehen-
si e app oach o pe o mance assessmen , combining quan i a i e measu es and quali a i e
assessmen s, is needed o adequa ely e lec he di e en impac s o UTT e o s, aking in o
accoun he di e en objec i es and scopes o uni e si ies (Noh & Lee, 2019; Ol e a e al.,
2021).
4.3 Popula i y o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch o e ime
As pa o ou analysis, we conside ed he popula i y o UTT esea ch o e ime, add essing
ou second esea ch ques ion: Which a eas in he UTT li e a u e a e gaining a en ion and
o e signi ican po en ial o u he esea ch? To disce n how he salience o each clus e has
e ol ed o e he pas decades, he clus e alloca ions ha e been agg ega ed o each a icle
ac oss he a ious publica ion yea s. Due o a ia ions in he numbe o opics encompassed
by each clus e , we ha e compu ed he a e age p opo ion o each yea . The e olu ion o he
20 di e en opics is also analyzed, whe eby all opics o each clus e a e included as inde-
penden a iables. We used linea eg ession analysis as a obus s a is ical ool o explo e he
dynamic ends among ou clus e s and o iden i y popula and unpopula hemes wi hin he
UTT esea ch domain (see Table 5). Ou esea ch shows a ema kable in e es in opics ela ed
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
Table 5 Popula i y o clus e s in he uni e si y echnology ans e li e a u e
Clus e /Yea 1991–1995 1996–2000 2001–2005 2006–2010 2011–2015 2016–2020 2020–2022
UTT con ex unpopula *** unpopula *** unpopula *** unpopula *** unpopula ***
UTT capaci y popula *** popula *** popula ***
UTT mechanism popula *** popula *** popula **
UTT policy unpopula *
Obse a ions 70 137 265 530 923 1542 1944
No e: In o de o ob ain a mo e comp ehensi e o e iew o he 20 opics ha we ha e iden i ied, we ha e unde aken he c ea ion o ou dis inc clus e s. The 20 indi idual
opic alloca ions pe a icle ha e been in eg a ed in o he ou espec i e clus e s o which each opic pe ains. Consequen ly, each a icle is associa ed wi h ou dis inc
clus e alloca ions. We con ol he numbe o opics o each clus e because hey a y in he numbe o opics hey con ain. The ex ac ed ci a ion epo acili a es he
examina ion o ci a ion pa e ns o e ime, enabling he obse a ion o ends and luc ua ions in ci a ion equencies. The eg ession coe icien (see Appendix III o de ails)
ep esen s he a e age inc ease in he dependen a iable “ci a ions eco ded by WoS” when he independen a iable “clus e sha e pe a icle” is inc eased by one uni . A
coe icien g ea e han ze o indica es a posi i e ela ionship (which we ha e p esen ed as a popula clus e ), while a coe icien less han ze o indica es a nega i e ela ionship
(which we ha e p esen ed as an unpopula clus e ). The numbe o s a s nex o each eg ession coe icien indica es i s le el o signi icance: “* = signi ican a he 10% le el”,
“** = signi ican a he 5% le el”, “*** = signi ican a he 1% le el”
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J. A. Cunningham e al.
o he clus e UTT capaci y. As he cu en opics and p oposals o u u e s udies show, he
clus e UTT capaci y seems o be a popula heme in UTT esea ch. Howe e , ou analysis
also shows ha he emphasis on issues in he clus e UTT con ex is dec easing, especially
wi h ega d o ins i u ions and uni s. Ou analysis o he da a shows ha esea ch in e es s in
ela ion o di e en clus e s in he ield o UTT ha e changed o e ime. The e olu ion o he
di e en clus e s o e ime can be analyzed on he basis o he da a p o ided.
Cu en opics in he clus e UTT capaci y, such as p ocesses, enable s, and mission, a e
e iden and seem o a ac signi ican esea ch a en ion in he UTT esea ch domain. How-
e e , he e a e also se e al opics om di e en clus e s, such as spin-o s and me ics, in
which he academic communi y is cu en ly showing in e es . This may indica e ha hese
opics a e conside ed pa icula ly ele an o p omising o u u e UTT esea ch. Wi hin
he clus e UTT con ex , ou analysis highligh s ha he e seem o be limi ed p ospec s o
u u e esea ch e o s h oughou he pe iod om 2001 o he p esen , as e idenced by he
low numbe o ci a ions. The clus e UTT capaci y has been ecognized as a popula a ea o
esea ch since 2011, as e idenced by he inc easing numbe o ci a ions. I is wo h no ing
ha he clus e UTT mechanisms showed a signi ican inc ease be ween 2001 and 2015.
Du ing his pe iod, esea ch ac i i y and academic in e es in his ield peaked, as e idenced
by ci a ion me ics. Be ween 2006 and 2010, he clus e UTT policy was losing momen um.
An analysis o he indi idual opics is shown in Appendix I.
5 Discussion
In many ways, opic modeling is a use ul me hod in social esea ch. On he one hand, i
allows esea che s o quickly gain insigh s in o he main con en o la ge-scale ex da a.
On he o he hand, opic modeling ans o ma ions allow schola s o disco e pa e ns in
la ge quan i ies o ex ha would o he wise only be isible by manual coding. This me hod
can hus be used as an induc i e ool o ind p e iously unexplo ed ca ego ies. Employ-
ing his me hod allowed us o ob ain an o e iew o ele an opics in he UTT li e a u e.
Resea ch has deal wi h how UTT ins i u ions and uni s success ully ans e knowledge
and echnology o he indus ial sec o , ocusing on ba ie s (Siegel e al., 2004), p oduc i -
i y (Siegel e al., 2003a), comme cializa ion (G ego io & Shane, 2003; Siegel e al., 2007),
and mechanisms (Debacke e & Veugele s, 2005). Consequen ly, analyzing he e iciency
o hese ac o s has been a pe inen ocus o he li e a u e (Teixei a & Mo a, 2012). Ou
esea ch consolida es knowledge abou UTT in o de o highligh he hemes and show he
impo ance o UTT in science. The esul s o ou in es iga ion he e o e p o ide u he
oppo uni ies o b oaden ou unde s anding o he UTT li e a u e.
Ou s udy makes se e al con ibu ions. Fi s , in con as o and o complemen bibliome ic
s udies o UTT, ou s udy o e s a di e en ia ed unde s anding o he complex s uc u e o UTT
esea ch and i s e olu ion o e ime. Ou indings con ibu e o he unde s anding ha esea ch
opics ha e e ol ed di e en ly o e ime. We show ha ea lie UTT esea ch ocused on unda-
men al aspec s such as ou comes, legisla ion, o uni e si y–indus y collabo a ions, while mo e
ecen esea ch ocuses on issues ela ed o UTT capaci y. This e lec s he ac ha success ul UTT
equi es a a ie y o skills and knowledge ac oss adi ional disciplina y bounda ies. We empha-
size ha he concen a ion o UTT esea ch inc easingly in eg a es in e disciplina y app oaches,
which is e lec ed in he e olu ion o ou iden i ied hemes. Ou s udy p o ides esea che s wi h an
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The e olu ion o uni e si y echnology ans e esea ch: a ex mining…
Acknowledgemen s The au ho s wish o hank P o esso Al Link and wo anonymous e iewe s o hei
in aluable eedback and sugges ions.
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