Pa appallil Ma hew, Benoie
A icle
People cen ic go e nance model o sma ci ies
de elopmen : A sys ema ic e iew, hema ic analysis, and
indings
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Else ie
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Pa appallil Ma hew, Benoie (2024) : People cen ic go e nance model o sma
ci ies de elopmen : A sys ema ic e iew, hema ic analysis, and indings, Resea ch in Globaliza ion,
ISSN 2590-051X, Else ie , Ams e dam, Vol. 9, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2024.100237
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/331163
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
A ailable online 6 July 2024
2590-051X/© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc/4.0/).
People cen ic go e nance model o sma ci ies de elopmen : A
sys ema ic e iew, hema ic analysis, and indings
Benoie Pa appallil Ma hew
*
, Deepak Bangwal
Uni e si y o Pe oleum and Ene gy S udies, Deh adun, P.O. Bidholi, Via-P em Naga , Vikasnaga , U a akhand 248007, India
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Sma
Ci ies
Go e nmen
Policies
People
Quali y o Li e
ABSTRACT
In he Gul Coope a ion Council (GCC) egion, comp ising Saudi A abia, he Uni ed A ab Emi a es, Kuwai ,
Bah ain, Qa a , and Oman, ad anced u ban planning and cu ing-edge p ojec s signi y a dedica ion o mode ni y
and p ospe i y. These na ions, enowned o subs an ial ene gy ese es, a e c ucial playe s in he global ene gy
landscape, con ibu ing 45% o p o en oil ese es, 25% o oil expo s, and 18% o p o en na u al gas ese es.
Signi ican in es men s in planned ci ies showcase he GCC egion’s commi men o enewable ene gy wi h
megap ojec s se ing as key p omo e s o a na ionalis ision o mode niza ion and sus ainabili y. C i icism has
been di ec ed a ambi ious designs and sus ainabili y he o ic, as seen in p ojec s like Masda Ci y, o iginally
en isioned as ca bon-neu al bu encoun e ing challenges in ealiza ion.
The implemen a ion o Sma Ci ies in Oman is in i s ea ly s ages, ma ked by a lack o comp ehensi e indus y-
le el s udies and an absence o an es ablished amewo kbased app oach. Limi ed indus y-le el s udies add ess
ci izen-cen ic Sma go e nance he eby impac ing Quali y o Li e. Cu en esea ch emphasizes echnology and
inno a ion a he han he cul u al sen imen s o he local communi y esul ing in gaps in people-cen ic
app oach. Mo eo e , he e’s no empi ical esea ch o alida e he in luence o People on Public-P i a e Pa -
ne ship en e p ises in Sma Ci y de elopmen , necessi a ing he de elopmen o a concep ual amewo k o
model o highligh he in luence o people on Sma Ci ies. This de iciency is esul ing in a s agna ion o inno-
a ion and an insu icien quali y o li e. The goal is o measu e he e ec i eness o he pa icipa o y go e nance
model in imp o ing he quali y o li e o esiden s wi hin he sma ci y. By add essing he iden i ied de iciencies
h ough he applica ion o pa icipa o y go e nance, he esea ch aims o pa e he way o a mo e e ec i e and
people-cen ic app oach o sma ci y de elopmen , ul ima ely os e ing inno a ion, enhancing he quali y o li e,
and p omo ing sus ainable and inclusi e ou comes.
1. In oduc ion
Ci ies occupying only 4 % o he wo ld land a ea a e he epicen e o
economic g ow h wi h 80 % o wo ld GDP, esul ing in apid u al- o-
u ban mig a ion wo ldwide, an es ima ed 1.4 million eloca ing o ci -
ies e e y week. The p ojec ion is ha ci ies will accommoda e 68 % o
he wo ld’s popula ion by 2050, p esen ing a mul i ude o challenges o
go e nmen ins i u ions o add ess, including housing in as uc u e
limi a ions, mobili y and logis ics challenges, o e c owding, unem-
ploymen , inc eased c ime a es, wa e sca ci y, ene gy demands, was e
managemen cons ain s, and en i onmen al conce ns esul ing in he
need o igo ous egula ions, educed ax bases, and inc eased expenses
impac ing he li elihood o ci y dwelle s. (Kankaala e al., 2018; Zheng
e al., 2019; Macke e al., 2018)Fig. 1.
Go e nmen ’s adap abili y o sma ci ies echnologies a e e e
inc easing, bu p opo ionali y wi h ci izens discon en ela ed o u i-
lizing he igh echnology, in o ma ion p o ocol ules, educa ion,
empowe men and pa icipa ion oppo uni ies. Go e nmen needs o
connec and co-o dina e ci izen beha io and e ec i eness o Go e n-
men policies o gua an ee democ a ic engagemen and us (Twis
e al., 2023). Sma ci ies a e speci ically designed o sa e and sus-
ainable li ing en i onmen he eby equipped o mi iga e he impac o
clima e change and wi hs and na u al disas e s enhancing he o e all
quali y o li e and con ibu es o economic g ow h d i ing inno a ion
and en ep eneu ship he eby a ac s highly skilled indi iduals. The
apid pace o inno a ion in sma ci ies c ea es an ideal b eeding g ound
o en ep eneu ship, wi h a ious s akeholde s, including academies,
go e nmen s, sha eholde s, and ameni y p o ide s, all playing a ole in
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] (B. Pa appallil Ma hew), [email p o ec ed] (D. Bangwal).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Resea ch in Globaliza ion
jou nal homepage: www.sciencedi ec .com/jou nal/ esea ch-in-globaliza ion
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. esglo.2024.100237
Recei ed 1 Ma ch 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 8 June 2024; Accep ed 25 June 2024
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
2
os e ing an en ep eneu ial ecosys em. The de elopmen o sus ainable
in as uc u e add essing he di e se mode n ci ies challenges which
includes in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs) emains a
c i ical quali y o he sma ci y. These inno a ions ha e esul ed in
c ea ion o an in as uc u e de elopmen amewo k capable o
handling he mul i ace ed demands o a apidly e ol ing u ban condi-
ions, being he backbone upon which sma ci ies can h i e and
lou ish in he yea s o come. (Macke e al., 2018; Mi a e al., 2022;
Kankaala e al., 2018; Kinelski, 2022). Mode n u baniza ion is c edi ed
o he ela ionship be ween echnology, au oma ion and sus ainabili y.
E en hough human in elligence conglome a es wi h echnology p og-
ess o c ea e syne gies, collabo a ion be ween au oma ion and inno-
a ion deli e s sma u ban ecosys em o e ing simplici y, ease,
p oduc i i y and unc ionali y (Huda, Ahmed, Adnan, Ali, & Naeem,
2024).
A sma ci y is an u ban a ea ha u ilizes he digi al amewo k o he
In e ne o Things (IoT) o imp o e he quali y o li e o ci izens,
s eng hen ela ionships be ween go e nmen and he public, and p o-
mo e comp ehensi e and sus ainable g ow h (Alam & Siddiqui, 2023;
Baya & Kawalek, 2021). The mode n u ban en i onmen is composed
o a di e se ange o s akeholde s including en ep eneu s, elec ed o -
icials, public adminis a o s, echnology designe s, me chan s, ma -
ke places, and ci izens (Mi a e al., 2022). The pi o al ole o ICT as an
enable o in e ac ion be ween ci izens, business and di e en go -
e nmen s akeholde s leading o sma go e nance e-p og ams encou -
ages local le el collabo a ion o add ess communal issues. This enable
go e nmen o ga ne suppo , inpu om ci izens and os e pa ici-
pa o y en i onmen (Seka & Sasip iya, 2021). Fu he mo e, Go e n-
men s aim o use sma ci y ini ia i es op imizing ene gy and esou ces
u iliza ion c ea ing economic lou ishing and sus ainable businesses.
Thus, sma ci ies a e a pla o m o inno a ion and en ep eneu ship,
p o iding social and economic bene i s o bo h he go e nmen and
ci izens wi h ocus on compe i i eness in economic p ospe i y, espon-
sible go e nance, and sus ainabili y. Sma ci ies enhances local
compe i i eness h ough inno a ion o a ac la en digi ally in lu-
encing u ban g ow h and compe i i e en i onmen . Speci ic policy
ailo ed o he needs o he sma ci y aligned wi h he complexi y
de i ed om he analysis o each ci ies needs o be implemen ed o he
success o he sma ci y (Ma chesani, Mascia elli, & Bik al i, 2023).
Ci ies such as London, Pa is, Be lin, and B ussels consume nea ly 68
% o he wo ld’s ene gy gene a ion and accoun o 70 % o g eenhouse
gas emissions, p esen ing a signi ican challenge o policy make s who
a e o ced o design u ban in as uc u e p o iding sus ainable solu ions
and endo sing en i onmen al wellness no only o hei p esen and bu
also o he u u e ci izens o hese ci ies’. The concep o sma ci ies,
which o igina ed as pa o he Sma e Plane Ini ia i e in 2008 (P a-
kash, 2019), has e ol ed signi ican ly wi h UNESCO now aking a
leading ole wi h espec o he implemen a ion o he New U ban
Agenda and he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen . The cen al
ole o ci ies based on ision and expandabili y has been sha pened by
UNESCO, as ecognized by he Global Goals o deli e sus ainable and
equi able de elopmen which align wi h i s co e manda e o p omo ing
people-cen e ed de elopmen in he a eas o educa ion, he sciences,
cul u e, and communica ion and in o ma ion, aiming o shape u u e
ci ies (Ca hela , 2019).
This pape in ends o a icula e he need o a People-Cen ic
Go e nance model app oach o Sma Ci ies in he mode n e a. The
p esen de ini ion o how sma ci y b ings alue o mode n socie y is
mo e ied o echnology inno a ion and weal h, a he same ime he
human ac o and how hei e e dynamic essen ials can be paci ied
needs o be accoun ed o mee cus ome sa is ac ion. Wi h booming
Sma Ci y concep on a global scale as ne e seen be o e, d i ing he
sus ainabili y model o u u e li ing is key o he success o he u u e
gene a ion. Hence a deep di e in o how he sma ci y concep ha e
e ol ed ill da e, mo i a ion behind his s udy and con ibu ions o he
u u e sma ci y de elopmen will be comp ehensi ely ealized in his
a icle. Following a Thema ic Li e a u e Re iew based on below will be
de ailed o iden i y he majo indings and he ocus o he cu en
esea ch based on in e e ences and gaps.
Theme 1: T ans o ming GCC/Oman economy dependency on Oil &
Gas in o sus ainable Sma Ci ies economy.
Theme 2: Sma Ci ies – In o ma ion and Communica ion Technol-
ogy (ICT) go e nance model wi h Passi e Ci izen Pa icipa ion.
Theme 3: Sma Ci ies – Poo Quali y o Li e based on poo people
cen ic go e nance.
Theme 4: Sma Ci ies – In as uc u e o Sus ainable Ecosys em.
Theme 5: Sma Ci ies wi h Public-P i a e Pa ne ship.
This enables ex apola ion o he Business P oblem S a emen
he eby mapping ou om a ious managemen heo ies, how in luen-
ial and unde pinning heo y needs o be designa ed o de elop a People
Fig. 1. Rapid U baniza ion o ci ies om yea 1800 o 2050. (Ib ahim e al., 2016).
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
3
cen ic Go e nance model o a u u is ic sus ainable sma ci y.
2. Sma ci y
Mode n ci ies o en lacks essen ial componen s p edominan ly
Quali y o Li e, which can only be achie ed h ough well-planned
in as uc u e which p io i izes sus ainabili y and is acili a ed by IoTs
and Big Da a in Sma Ci ies, bene i ing bo h go e nmen s and pop-
ula ions, p og essi ely being c edi ed as a i al esolu ion o he chal-
lenges posed by apid u baniza ion (Mamlook e al., 2019; Minis y o
Housing and U ban A ai s Go e nmen o India, 2021; P akash, 2019).
Being “sma ” means ha he ci y is expec ed o p o ide compe en ,
inhabi able, and sus ainable su oundings (Joshi e al., 2016). Academic
esea ch on sma ci ies p ima ily ocuses on p o iding be e se ices o
he socie y by u ilizing in o ma ion echnology which enhances eco-
nomic e ec i eness by in eg a ing people and in as uc u e h ough
u ban managemen (Al-Kindi & Al-Khanja i, 2020).
Th ough in eg a ion o ad anced echnologies and essen ial se ices
Sma y ci ies aim o op imize and sus ain he ope a ions o a communi y,
p omo ing p ospe ous, ib an , and heal hy li ing. This in eg a ion
consis s o six co e componen s: People, Economy, Mobili y, Li ing,
Go e nance, and En i onmen (Fig. 2). The success o a sma ci y is
closely ied o he Quali y o Li e (QOL) o i s ci izens (Macke e al.,
2018), as de ined by he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion as “an indi idual’s
pe cep ion o hei posi ion in li e, in ela ion o hei goals, expec a-
ions, s anda ds, and conce ns, wi hin hei cul u al and alue sys ems
(Chen & Chan, 2022; H. Kuma e al., 2018).
Wi h he con inual ad ancemen s in In o ma ion Technology, he
concep o a sma ci y has e ol ed o e ime, beginning wi h he no ion
o an “in elligen ,” “digi al,” and “sma ” ci y, o he cu en emphasis on
“sma sus ainabili y.” The Six Sma Componen s, as ou lined in he
Table 1 below (Apana iciene e al., 2020; Chen & Chan, 2022; Janu o a
e al., 2020; Samee e al., 2022b), ep esen he co e elemen s o his
e ol ing de ini ion.
3. Backg ound o he s udy
The Gul Coope a ion Council (GCC) na ions, including he Kingdom
o Saudi A abia, he Uni ed A ab Emi a es, Kuwai , Bah ain, Qa a , and
he Sul ana e o Oman, a e ac i ely shaping hei u u e h ough
implemen a ion o inno a i e a chi ec u e ha showcases mode nism
and a luence h ough u ban planning and cu ing-edge p ojec s u iliz-
ing he s a e-o - he-a echnologies (al Jab i e al., 2022; Ali & al Hinai,
2018; Al-Kindi & Al-Khanja i, 2020; Al-Saidi & Zaidan, 2020; Asmya-
ullin e al., 2020a; Hamed e al., 2020; Samee e al., 2022a). These
coun ies a e also known o hei abundan ene gy ese es, which
accoun o app oxima ely 45 % o he wo ld’s p o en oil ese es, 25 %
o he wo ld’s oil expo s, and 18 % o he wo ld’s p o en na u al gas
ese es (He ehe & El Kenawy, 2020). The GCC coun ies ha e expe-
ienced apid economic g ow h and inc eased ene gy consump ion,
which is expec ed o con inue ising in line wi h popula ion g ow h and
indus ializa ion in he egion (Al-Saidi & Zaidan, 2020; Mondal e al.,
2016).
The 2008 and 2014 economic c ises ha e had signi ican impac on
Fig. 2. Sma Sus ainable Ci y Six Dimensions and ICTs (Ib ahim e al., 2018).
Table 1
Componen s o Sma Ci y.
Componen s o Sma Ci y Associa ed o U ban Li e
Sma Economy Indus y, Inno a ion and Compe i i eness
Sma People Educa ion, C ea i i y and Social Capi al
Sma Go e nance E-democ acy, Pa icipa ion and Empowe men
Sma Mobili y Logis ics, In as uc u es and T anspo a ion
Sma En i onmen E iciency, Sus ainabili y and Na u al Resou ces
Sma Li ing Secu i y, Quali y and Cul u e o Li e
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
4
oil-expo ing coun ies like Oman, due o he consequen ial damages o
low oil p ices and associa ed go e nmen expenses s ickiness c ea ing
de icien o he high pe cen age o oil e enue in luencing he p ojec ed
o al go e nmen e enue (Samee e al., 2022b). The decline in oil
p ices in 2014–2016 had a nega i e impac on Omani expo s and GDP,
esul ing in a downg ade o he coun y’s c edi a ing due o i s eliance
on oil o gene a ing go e nmen e enue, expo s, and ou pu s. In
esponse, he go e nmen emo ed uel p oduc subsidies, es uc u ed
co po a e axes, and imposed a 5 % alue-added ax (VAT). Oil p ice
luc ua ions and deple ing Oil ese es a e he wo main challenges
Oman aces o sus ainable economic g ow h. Along wi h o he Gul
Coope a ion Council (GCC) coun ies, Oman has emba ked on planned
ci ies o ien ed owa ds economiza ion and sus ainable de elopmen ,
which equi es economic di e si ica ion and sa ings p og ams, which
has been embedded in o he co e o he Na ional Visions (Al-Saidi,
2020a).
The p opo ional ene gy demand in co- ela ion wi h inc easing
popula ion d i es enewable ene gy sou ces, like sola and wind o be
apped o d i e his expansion, o which wind is mo e e ec i e han
sola . This long- e m ansi ion in o enewable ene gy no only will
educe dependance on hyd oca bon bu also di e si y he economy and
ene gy segmen (Al Lawa i, 2022a; Al-Saidi, 2020a; Azam e al., 2018).
Oman’s geog aphical loca ion is posi ioned o gene a e enewable en-
e gy h ough wind and sola ene gy wi h po en ial o posi ion i sel as a
o e unne in he enewables sec o . This demands a clea oadmap in
he coun y’s ene gy landscape wi h key miles ones o p opel he shi o
enewable ene gy (Al Ha mi e al., 2014a). S udies ha e con i med
u iliza ion o sma g id echnology as a p omising op ion o in eg a e
he signi ican enewable ene gy sou ces like sola , idal, and wind en-
e gy o Oman (Al-Badi e al., 2020; Khalil, 2021). Howe e , his an-
si ion om hyd oca bon ene gy in o sus ainable enewables p esen s
subs an ial obs acles (Al-Saidi, 2020a).
In he Gul Coope a ion Council (GCC) egion, majo i y o dis ib-
u ed sola capaci y is concen a ed in planned ci ies, such as Masda Ci y
in he Uni ed A ab Emi a es and Educa ion Ci y and Mushei eb in Qa a .
Ene gy- ela ed megap ojec s in he egion also include nuclea powe
plan s, such as in Saudi A abia and UAE (Ba akah nuclea powe plan ),
playing a signi ican ole o in he GCC egion ene gy ansi ion
conside ing he ex insic alues o his cen alized and la ge-scale ac ic
(Al-Saidi, 2020a; Al-Saidi & Zaidan, 2020). The e o e, his Megap oj-
ec s, in a o mal one, se es in p omo ing a na ionalis ision o he GCC
s a es inco po a ing global ci y s a us, bes p ac ices, and ca ego ize
mode niza ion and sus ainabili y while a emp ing o main ain local
e hos and uniqueness. Howe e , he challenge o sus ainabili y a ises
due o he subs an ial ca bon emissions, calo ies, was e, and wa e de-
mand, esul ing in impo dependencies. The os en a ious design and
he o ic o sus ainabili y in hese p ojec s ha e been c i icized, such as
he non- ealiza ion o Masda Ci y, deemed ca bon neu al. These
limi ed ci y p ojec s a e in di e en phases o implemen a ion as iden-
i ied in Table 2 (Al-Saidi, 2020a; Al-Saidi & Zaidan, 2020; Asmya ullin
e al., 2020).
Gi en he sca ci y o consis en da a pe aining o he GCC coun ies,
i is di icul o accu a ely assess he na u e and ca ego iza ion o he
exis ing and new mega-p ojec s’ u ban expansion. Fu he mo e, due o
he subs an ial ossil uel consump ion o hese p ojec s ha ing a sig-
ni ican impac on he en i onmen , con as ing he sus ainabili y goals
ou lined in he oadmap o u ban de elopmen and ecological
mode niza ion. This de iance om he sus ainabili y goals also o e -
looks he cul u al adi ions and he i age o he local communi ies, as a
conside able po ion o hese socie ies s ill place g ea impo ance on
local cus oms and cul u e (Al Ha mi e al., 2014b; Papa e al., 2017;
Samee e al., 2022b). The local popula ion in GCC coun ies p edomi-
nan ly esides in luxu ious subu ban homes, which isola es hem om
he mains eam popula ion, hinde ing he ealiza ion o a low-ca bon
u u e (Al-Saidi & Zaidan, 2020; Mamlook e al., 2019).
The ad ancemen o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies
has a p o ound impac on all human ac i i ies, philan h opically map-
ping he in o ma ion socie y ci ies as a hub o he di e se ac i i ies ha
a e inc easingly dependen on echnology (Chen & Chan, 2022;
Fle che , 2020). The eby se e al ci ies ha e been b anded as digi al,
elec onic, i ual, in o ma ional, and sma , wi h bo h socie y and he
con empo a y economy depending on ICT as he p ima y engine o he
de elopmen o ci ies u ilizing elec onic use da a, applica ions, and
se ices o add ess complex p oblems o collabo a e in online en i on-
men s (Alam & Siddiqui, 2023; Joshi e al., 2016).
The Vision 2040 plan o he Sul ana e o Oman aims o es ablish
comp ehensi e sma ci ies, in eg a ing a ange o unc ions such as join
in elligence, echnology, c ea i i y, and public de elopmen . This plan
se es as a 20-yea na ional guide and posi ioning o mul i-sec o
planning ac i i ies and ep esen s a key e e ence o he Sul ana e’s
u u is ic de elopmen goals (Oman Vision 2040 −Vision Documen ,
2020). The objec i e o he plan is o es ablish a lou ishing and he -
e ogeneous economy ha is buil upon inno a ion, in eg a ion, and
equal oppo uni ies aiming o a ain inclusi e and sus ainable de el-
opmen h ough e ec i e economic leade ship. This will help ensu e
inancial sus ainabili y and di e si y public e enues acco dingly
inc easing he Omani na ionals pa icipa ion in he p i a e sec o and
inc ease o eign in es men GDP o 42 % and 10 % espec i ely (Al
Lawa i, 2022a). Thus Oman Vision 2040 is a comp ehensi e oadmap
aimed a enhancing Oman’s economic compe i i eness and social well-
being by emo ing obs acles o keep pace wi h global changes. Educa-
ion echnology e o ms a e c ucial o coope a ion be ween IT and
communica ion, and ecen ad ancemen s in his a ea a e key o global
educa ion (Al Lawa i, 2022a; Al-Kindi & Al-Khanja i, 2020; Bib i,
2021a). The planned ci y a chi ec u e in he egion is imp essi e, bu he
inal economic and u ban de elopmen model has ye o be ealized. The
ci y labels need o be e-e alua ed, conside ing he con ibu ion o
planned ci ies o a low-ca bon u u e in he egion (Al-Saidi & Zaidan,
2020; Mamlook e al., 2019).
4. Mo i a ion and con ibu ion o he s udy
Al hough he e has been an excessi e ocus on In o ma ion and
Communica ion Technologies (ICTs) in ela ion o he global imple-
men a ion o Sma Ci ies, he eali y is ha he e has been a discon-
nec ion be ween hese echnologies and he ac ual occupan s o hese
ci ies. This has led o he ailu e o Sma Ci ies ini ia i es. I s ake-
holde s and go e nmen s can iden i y and add ess he ba ie s and
bo lenecks be o ehand, hey can implemen app op ia e co ec i e
Table 2
Sma Ci ies in GCC.
Sl.
No.
#
Pa ial o in inal phase o
implemen a ion (To al In es men :
$141.25 Billion)
In ini ial phase o implemen a ion
(To al In es men : $693.35
Billion)
1 Lusail Ci y, Qa a ($45 Billion) Sou h Al-Mu aa Ci y, Qa a ($ 20
Billion)
2 Al-Ralidah Digi al Ci y, S.A ($70
Billion)
P ince Abdulaziz bin Mousaed
Economic Ci y, S. A ($ 8 Billion)
3 FinTec Bay, Bah ain ($100 Million) Medina Knowledge Economic
Ci y, S. A ($ 7 Billion)
4 Inno a ion Pa k, Oman ($ 120
Million)
King Abdullah Economic Ci y, S. A
($ 100 Billion)
5 Sha jah En ep eneu Cen e , UAE
($130 Million)
Jeddah Economic Ci y, S. A ($ 20
Billion)
6 Mushe i eb Ci y, Qa a ($ 5.5 Billion) Jazzan Economic Ci y, S. A. ($ 23
Billion)
7 MASDAR Ci y, UAE ($ 20 Billion) Qiddiya Wa e Theme Pa k Ci y, S.
A. ($ 750 Million)
8 Educa ion Ci y, Qa a ($ 400 Million) King Salaman Ene gy Pa k, S. A. ($
1.6 Billion)
9 Neom, S. A. ($ 500 Billion)
10 Madina Al I an, Oman. ($13
Billion)
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
5
ac ions o o e come hese obs acles and acili a e he implemen a ion
and g ow h o Sma Ci ies. P e ious expe ience wi h p e iously
implemen ed Sma Ci ies has shown ha go e nance ine iciencies and
a lack o collabo a ion wi h ci izens can hinde he ealiza ion o hese
ini ia i es and he g ow h o ela ed sec o s in he communi y, esul ing
in a lack o bene i s o s akeholde s. In o de o de e mine he mos
e ec i e means o enhancing he Quali y o Li e wi hin a people-cen ic
app oach o Public P i a e Pa ne ship en e p ise, a concep ual model
o he Sma Ci y Ecosys em will be de eloped and analyzed o iden i y
and ank he key ac o s and sub- ac o s ha ac as ba ie s o bo le-
necks o i s success ul implemen a ion.
As no Sma Ci y has been implemen ed in Oman, he e is a sca ci y
o indus y-le el s udies ega ding he implemen a ion o Sma Ci ies
wi hin he coun y. No comp ehensi e amewo k-based app oach o
hese s udies has been de eloped, and he e has been no examina ion o
how ba ie s a ec local people’s engagemen o pa icipa ion in Sma
Ci y de elopmen . Exis ing s udies a he indus y le el ha ocus on
ci izen-cen ic o people-cen ic Sma Go e nance a e limi ed.
Al hough a ious amewo ks o Sma Ci ies exis , a people-cen ic
concep ual model in eg a ing Sma Go e nance wi h he Sma
Ecosys em and En i onmen (In as uc u e) is missing.
Addi ionally, limi ed indus y-le el s udies add ess he Quali y o
Li e o ci izens in he con ex o Sma Ci ies. Al hough amewo ks o
Sma Ci ies ha e been de eloped, hey lack a concep ual model ha
in eg a es Sma People wi h he Sma Ecosys em. Resea ch in his ield
has p edominan ly ocused on echnology and inno a ion a he han on
he cul u al sen imen s o he local communi y o end use s. While
amewo ks based on he Sma En i onmen o Sma Ci ies exis , hey
ail o inco po a e a people-cen ic app oach ha in eg a es local sen-
imen s wi h he Sma En i onmen and Ecosys em.
Fu he mo e, he e is an absence o empi ical esea ch o es and
alida e he in luence o people on Public-P i a e Pa ne ship en e -
p ises in he de elopmen o Sma Ci ies. Thus, he e is a need o
de elop a concep ual amewo k o model ha highligh s he in luence
o people on Sma En i onmen , Sma Go e nance, and Ecosys em
policies. This will help in c ea ing a mo e inclusi e and e ec i e
app oach o Sma Ci y de elopmen in Oman.
5. Li e a u e Re iew hemes
Theme-based sea ch was pe o med on Scopus, Google Schola ,
Eme ald, Else ie , Sp inge , UNESCO, Science Di ec , Sage, Wiley, e c.
o iden i y a ious sou ces o li e a u e conduc ed in he pas ela ed o
he key wo ds: Sma , Ci ies, Go e nmen , Policies, People, Quali y o
Li e. Sou ces which we e e iewed a e esea ch a icles and pape s,
newspape a icles and indus y epo s. 94 Li e a u es we e collec ed
om he abo e sea ch a e compiled and seg ega ed acco ding o he
ollowing hemes pe Table 3.
The no ion o he sma ci y is mul i ace ed because he e exis s no
single, uni e sal way o making a ci y ‘sma ’ is in p ac ice. Almos all
he me opoli an ci ies ha e ca ied ou economic ad ancemen s a e-
gies h ough ad ancemen in manu ac u ing & p oduc ion, ICT, heal h
machine ies, se ice sec o s and mos ecen ly on sma ci ies p omo ing
inno a ion, c ea i e businesses, and sus ainabili y (Nei o i e al., 2014).
This esea ch in ends o iden i y ba ie s o Quali y o Li e in people
cen ic app oach o Public P i a e Pa ne ship en e p ise o manage
success ul implemen a ion o Sma Ci ies ocused on i e majo hemes,
which a e:
6. Theme 1: T ans o ming GCC/Oman economy dependency on
oil & Gas in o sus ainable Sma ci ies economy
GCC coun ies, including Oman ha e boa ded on a majo inancial
di e si ica ion p og am p incipally on ene gy supply sec o which a e
hea ily bes owed wi h eno mous ossil uel esou ces and ample
enewable ene gy, especially sola (Al Ha mi e al., 2014b) and, o a
lesse ex en , wind (Azam e al., 2018). Due o he p esence o s ong
wind in he coas al geog aphy in he Sul ana e o Oman, he wind u -
bine has g ea po en ial o deli e ene gy demands in he communi ies
(Ahshan e al., 2018). The GCC coun ies’ awa eness abou hei
deple ing hyd oca bon ese es and luc ua ing oil p ices a e co ela ed
o slow upwa d end in he economic b eake en cos esul ing in budge
sho age, high liabili y, and exhaus ion o ese e esou ces. These
consequen ly hampe s he economic legacy o upcoming gene a ions
un il p ope spending con ols a e es ablished o ca e ully di ec s he
public commi men (Al Jab i e al., 2022). A a ionale in es ing
app oach in Renewable Ene gy Technology (RETs) o inal ene gy en-
ables he coun ies o educe eliance on hei aluable and ini e ossil
uel esou ces o domes ic use and inc ease hei expo ea nings.
Techno-economic easibili y in es iga ions unde lines ha hese coun-
ies could manage o de elop hei long- e m s a egy, engage in R&D,
and aim o p oduce a ce ain pe cen age o o al elec ici y om sola
and wind (Bhamba e e al., 2018; He ehe & El Kenawy, 2020). Bu lack
o coo dina ion wi h na ional and egional de elopmen and lack o
s akeholde s’ in ol emen hinde s his ad an age (Mondal e al., 2016).
The uel consump ion o Desalina ion plan s which a e powe ed
97.5 % h ough Na u al Gas and 2.5 % h ough Diesel is inc easing
annually a 3 % (Bhamba e e al., 2018). Oman has less han 5 % CAAGR
(Compound A e age Annual G ow h Ra e) o non-Oil and Gas expo
e enue and ha en’ shown any isible shi owa ds low-ca bon ene gy
sys em (Bi ol, 2021). The in eg a ion o sola , idal and wind ene gy
h ough sma g id echnology looks e y p omising o Oman wi h
abundan enewable ene gy a ailable o u iliza ion (Al-Badi e al.,
2020). Ene gy ansi ion om powe ing h ough ossil uels o sus ain-
able enewable ene gy including was e managemen comes wi h
immense challenges (Al-Saidi, 2020b; Okedu e al., 2022).
The g owing e olu ion o in o ma ion and communica ion echnol-
ogies has led o de elopmen in human ac i i ies ela ed o elec onics
and ne wo ks ha e ma u ed ci ies in o digi al, elec onic, i ual,
in o ma ional, and sma ci y (Chidubem Iluyemi e al., 2022). The
ange o unc ions pe o med by sma ci ies: collec i e in elligence,
echnology exchange, c ea i i y, and communi y de elopmen (Ghola-
mian e al., 2020). The Sul ana e o Oman seeks o embody he mech-
anisms o sma ci ies h ough Sul ana e’s 2040 plan, o es ablish an
in eg a ed sma ci y inclusi e o scien i ic, p ac ical, and social
b anches (Hamed e al., 2020). The abili y o he Sul ana e o Oman o
de elop an in as uc u e in consis en wi h he sma ci y sys em. Wo k
is s ill ongoing o make i a beacon and a beam o be ollowed in his ield
(Ahshan e al., 2018; Asmya ullin e al., 2020).
Oman Vision 2040 oadmap p ojec s long e m s a egic goals
aspi ing o di e si y e enue gene a ion he eby be independen o hy-
d oca bon sec o , p omo ing economic compe i i eness and social well-
being. This ision empowe s knowledge-based socie y, leading heal h-
ca e, ac i e li es yle, and li elong lea ning educa ion o de elop u u e
skills h ough scien i ic esea ch o build na ional capaci y h ough
Public P i a e Pa ne ship (Oman Vision 2040, 2020). Componen s o
Sma Ci ies acco ding o Oman Vision 2040 consis s o 1) Sma
economy, 2) Sma people, 3) Sma en i onmen , 4) Policy, 5) Sma
mobili y, 6) Sma Go e nmen , 7) Sma li ing and Managemen and
Table 3
Majo Themes o he Li e a u e Re iew.
Sl.
No.
Desc ip ion
1 T ans o ming GCC/Oman economy dependency on Oil & Gas in o
sus ainable Sma Ci ies economy.
2 Sma Ci ies – ICT/Big Da a Managemen go e nance model wi h passi e
ci izen pa icipa ion.
3 Sma Ci ies −Poo Quali y o Li e based on poo people cen ic
go e nance.
4 Sma Ci ies −in as uc u e o sus ainable ecosys em.
5 Sma Ci ies wi h Public-P i a e Pa ne ship.
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
6
O ganiza ion (Al Lawa i, 2022a; Samee e al., 2022a). Speci ically
designed policymake s and sha eholde s assigns uling amily membe s
o he associa ion boa ds o bene i he ene gy ansi ion oadmap (Al
Lawa i, 2022b; Alshubi i e al., 2020). S a egic planning ini ia i es
needs o align wi h sus ainabili y and quali y assu ance o he sma ci y
p og am in Oman h ough ini ia i e de i ed up-down (Masaud e al.,
2022).
Sus ainabili y and compe i i eness in sma ci ies depend on he
ci izen’s adap i i y o consen new li es yle which is possible h ough
educa ing he ci izens u ilizing sma knowledge ools h ough In e ne
and Communica ion Technology (ICT) p o iding adequa e lea ning e-
sou ces and con enien ools o in e ac ion (Al-Kindi & Al-Khanja i,
2020). ICT no only empowe ci izens, bu also os e s a sense o
owne ship and accoun abili y owa ds hei ci ies (Seka & Sasip iya,
2021). Su eys ha e es ablished ha he sho all in lack o ci izen
pa icipa ion despi e he ole o Digi al Pa icipa o y P og am (DPP) was
emphasized in sus ainable sma ci y. Bo h Go e nmen and People
needs o collabo a e o gua an ee g adual ansi ion o sma ci ies
h ough key policies o asce ain eadiness o local communi y digi al
in ol emen o empowe he planning p ocess o Sma Ci y de elop-
men (Samee e al., 2022b). GCC ci izens’ us on echnology, p io i-
izing co po a e wel a es, su eillance and con iden iali y aises
conce ns, less explo ed in he p e ailing li e a u es. Sample magni ude
o pa icipan s’ demog aphics limi a ion ad oca es scope o u u e
esea ch o de elop gene alizabili y and ep esen a i eness. Fu he -
mo e, necessi a es demand o balanced communica ion and s ake-
holde engagemen policies (Mu ambik, 2023).
Based on he abo e li e a u e e iew, he e is limi ed s udies a in-
dus y le el wi h e e ence o implemen a ion o Sma Ci ies in Oman.
Fu he mo e, limi ed s udy done in con ex on ba ie s o local people
engagemen o pa icipa ion in de elopmen o Sma Ci y in Oman is
pe o med (Fig. 3).
7. Theme 2: Sma ci ies – In o ma ion and communica ion
echnology (ICT) go e nance model wi h passi e ci izen
pa icipa ion.
Ad anced In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies (ICT) a e
u ilized in design o Sma Ci ies h ough a i icial In elligence, senso s
and Sma phone apps os e ing obus economic and en i onmen al
ad ancemen h ough hands-on go e nance g ounded on echnological,
wel a e and social ision (Baya & Kawalek, 2021; Sabe i & Menes,
2020).
The Sma Ci ies ha e e ol ed o e he ages, as e e ed below
(Kinelski, 2022).
- Sma Ci y 1.0 u ilizes ad anced echnology h ough ICT.
- Sma Ci y 2.0 is p edominan ly d i en by public managemen and
local au ho i ies aking ad an age o mode n echnologies o
imp o e ci izens’ quali y o li e.
- Sma Ci y 3.0 since 2015, u ilizes inno a i e echnologies o o e -
come communi y p oblems he eby imp o ing he quali y o li e in
sma ci ies popula izing sha ed economy.
London and Ba celona a e da a-d i en ci ies designed o ap capaci y
o in eg a ed sma and sus ainable u banism deli e ing sus ainable
sma ci ies h ough big da a inno a ion ocused on enhancing sus-
ainabili y. This unique sma ci y model will enhance new o mulae
wi h e e ence o he policies and de elopmen based on big da a
he eby e ining, ad ancing, and upholding he objec i es o sus ain-
abili y o he sma ci y h ough in eg a ion o inno a i e echnologies
and u ban s a egies (Bib i & K ogs ie, 2019). This will gua an ee pol-
icymake s clea ly acknowledge hese ac o s as key elemen s o success
(Bib i & K ogs ie, 2020a).
Un o una ely, inno a i e echnologies and au oma ed mode o op-
e a ions places ci izens as passi e bene icia ies wi h possible weakened
con idence among he communi y and mos likely esul ing in losing he
us and genuineness in he long- e m o a hope ul ci y p ospec due o
possibili y o exploi a ion o pe sonnel da a by he Sma Ci y de-
elope s, Ins i u es and Go e nmen es ablishmen s. In he case o
Cha anooga and Mon gome y in USA, despi e he mos ad anced
echnology used, sus ainabili y oge he wi h democ a ic socie y canno
be p ospe ed due o esen men and ac ions ha con inued o hampe
inno a ion and c ea i i y in people pa icipa ion (Fle che , 2020). In he
case o Na al, B azil, he local popula ion we e p edomina ely young,
lacked educa ional and occupa ional skills leading o inc ease in c im-
inal ac i i ies like mu de , obbe y, assaul , chea ing and na co ics.
O he challenges we e he less a o dabili y o he local popula ion in
occupying he sma ci y housing and poo mobili y ne wo k connec ing
he adjacen ci ies wi h Na al (Cacho e al., 2016). Due o lack o people
pa icipa ion and op-down sma ci y de elopmen app oach in Hong
Kong, ine icien ICT design and poo cul u al in eg a ion esul ed in
Fig. 3. Li e a u e Re iew Theme-1: Re e ences, In e e ence and Gaps.
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
7
go e nmen modi ying he applica ion o go e nance and new de el-
opmen e o ms we e ini ia ed o align wi h local cul u e (Sun e al.,
2022).
Sma Ci ies 4.0 a e hype -connec ed u ilizing la es echnology and
bigda a ensu ing us o a ac alen s o os e c ea i e en i onmen
and ole ance o ci izen pa icipa ion he eby accomplishing sus ain-
abili y a ge s o imp o ing he quali y o li e and en i onmen iendly,
o deli e a high alue o he inhabi an s. Sus ainable g ow h objec i es
ela ed o people a e ela ed o no sca ci y, good well-being, decen
ca ee s, and espec able educa ion whe eas obs acles a e based on
complica ed policies and egula ions, ob aining he p ope pa ne o
supplie and con ol da a secu i y and p i acy (Kinelski, 2022).
Dis inguishabili y o sma ci y o in luence ci izen pa icipa ion is
associa ed o he unique public demand image as de ined a s a egic
p og am aligned among all s akeholde s in e ms o wha he sma ci y
is and how i is o be implemen ed in he u ban ealm. Th ee di e en
s a egies o isibili y 1) he COR, Rio de Janei o (B azil), 2) Pluss aden,
Sweden and 3) p ojec Sidewalk To on o, Canada ep esen s h ee
di e en s a egies o making he sma ci y isible: symbolic p esence,
modelling sma en i onmen s, and ubiqui ous in isible sma espec-
i ely (To isson, 2022). As gene ally unde s ood, sma ci y policies
commence wi h inc edibly ambi ious p oposals, which e en ually ge
con on ed wi h challenges es ic ing om local con ex and a e o ced
o downsize, cancel, o modi y he scope. Hence sma ci ies need o
de elop clea and ealis ic implemen a ion s a egy deli e ing sus ain-
abili y capi alizing on comp ehensi ely ou lined en e p ise and go e -
nance amewo k o include people pa icipa ion(Papa e al., 2017).
Based on esea ch s udy on Sma Ci y Namu , Belgium, lack o ci izen
pa icipa ions esul ed in sma ci y policy manda ed bo om-up
app oach o sma ci y de elopmen as democ a ic, co-c ea o s and
ICT use s. Fu he s a egies o mo e ci izen cen ic app oach h ough
documen ing and assessing in a scien i ic manne ensu es ci izen
pa icipa ion (Simono ski e al., 2017).
Sma ci y e o ma ion is less abou wholesale ans o ma ion and
mo e abou he inc emen al enac men o nume ous ini ia i es and in-
e en ions by he s akeholde s like go e nmen s, co po a es, in-
s i u ions, and ci izens h ough apps (Taylo Buck & While, 2017). Da a
cap u ed om he ci izens a e hei inpu s shall eed in o he u u e
design on he Sma Ci y Ini ia i e (SCI), he eby enabling “ci izen-
enabled u ban da a” (CEUD) o local u ban go e nance. Masda Ci y
(Uni ed A ab Emi a es), Songdo In e na ional Business Dis ic (Sou h
Ko ea) and NEOM (Kingdom o Saudi A abia) a e designed based on
cen alized go e nance and o Quayside, To on o (Canada) is based on
pa ne ship be ween go e nmen and p i a e en i y. Sma ci ies in
adi ional ci ies like Ba celona, New Yo k and London adap ed go e -
nance con ol be ween go e nmen , ins i u ions, and co po a e o gani-
za ion wi h democ a ic ci izen pa icipa ion. La ge ci ies like London,
Manches e , Bi mingham, B is ol, and Glasgow la ely ha e a weak ack-
eco d associa ed wi h local au ho i y-led sma ci y inno a ion (Taylo
Buck & While, 2017). Ci ies wi h a leade ship and legacy o democ a ic
app oach emphasize openness, p i acy, and ci izen engagemen wi h
hyb id a angemen ci y as a p o ide (Baya & Kawalek, 2021).
Aus alian Sma Ci ies align wi h digi al e olu ion based on h ee ie
go e nmen go e nance consis ing o na ional, s a e and egion esul -
ing in composi e sma policy a ising om mul iple ela ionships which
ul ima ely align his complex go e nance model in o echnology and
digi al amewo k o shaping sma ci ies. Hence Aus alian go e n-
men s ha e i-la e al go e nance sys em wi h no au ho i y es ed on
he end use o local go e nmen au ho i ies esul ing in poo people
cen ic sma ci ies (Dowling e al., 2021).
Sma ci ies need in a-s uc u e wi h pa icipa o y go e nance
model ha ing adequa e unding o a ac alen s and a he same ime
deli e sma echnologies, sma people, and Sma collabo a ion
(Dong e al., 2022). The e o e, sma ci ies need o in es in human
esou ces, social capi al, and ICT in as uc u e o suppo public
pa icipa ion he eby ueling sus ainable economic g ow h wi h high
quali y o li e h ough pa icipa o y go e nance (Meije & Bolí a ,
2016).
Communi y engagemen is key o deli e ing u ban sma ness u i-
lizing he embedded co e alues o ci izen-cen e edness and g eenness.
The implemen a ion o a echno-bu eauc a ic go e nance model is ex-
pec ed o enhance he ci izens’ pa icipa ion in he decision-making
p ocesses o sma ci ies, inc easing he anspa ency o bu eauc a ic
ac ions, minimizing he isks o exploi a ion o disad an aged classes by
social eli es, and pa ing he way o g ea e oppo uni ies o ci izens’
in ol emen . Sma Ci y u ilizing digi al echnologies, communica ion
ools and da a analy ics o os e an e ec i e se ice en i onmen ,
enhancing quali y o li e and sus ainabili y. Go e nance applica ion
o e s anspa ency, accoun abili y and ci izen engagemen s le e aging
IoT de ices and senso s, sma ci y op imizes in as uc u e u iliza ion
and p o ide eal ime a ic managemen , imp o ing sa e y and
educing conges ion, os e ing ci izen go e nmen in e ac ion os e ing
us and collabo a ion en iching quali y o li e (G acias, Pa nell,
Specking, Pohl, & Buchanan, 2023). Da a so e eign y is he i s s ep
owa ds echnological so e eign y s imula ing he ci izens’ willingness
o an ac i e ole in he design o a sma ci y in ended o awaken he
‘do man ’ asse s o ci izens ac ua ing he pu pose o co-c ea ion (Pal-
umbo e al., 2021).
“Sma ” go e nance is iewed as ounda ional o c ea ing sma
ci ies capable o e ec i ely suppo ing he objec i es o he gi en sma
ini ia i e (Deakin, 2014). Despi e no able simila i ies in he go e nance
model in h ee ci ies like Tu in, I aly, Munich, Ge many and Sea le, USA
and one mul i-ci y coope a ion, eCi yGo Alliance, Paci ic No hwes
wi h each case exhibi s speci ic me hods o con lic esolu ion. Howe e ,
s akeholde in ol emen in go e nance was ound undamen al ac oss
all cases, he e o e s akeholde ela ionship managemen is a c i ical
success o ailu e ac o o ini ia i es (Alawadhi & Scholl, 2016; Pen-
me sa & Cama a, 2022). Since each ci y has i s own cha ac e is ics, he e
is no one echnological solu ion ha wo ks o all he ci ies. Hence he
echnology iabili y needs o be ewo ked based on ecological and
echnology ad ancemen s o he speci ic ci y o deli e he u u e ision
(Bib i & K ogs ie, 2019). Sen imen al analysis iden i ies, di e en ia e,
o ganize and ca ego ize sen imen s based on c owd sensing p o ides
ma ke insigh and public a i udes in o knowledgeable and p ospec i e
decision-making hus ensu e e ec i e sma -ci y-go e nance (A. Kuma
& Jaiswal, 2022). The e o e, he d i ing ac o o achie e he sus ain-
able socie y as de ined by he p ojec ’s s akeholde s is engaged wi h
uni e si ies, esea ch councils, he ene gy sec o , local go e nmen , and
ci izens, who a e in e es ed o de elop, compile, and dissemina e
knowledge o sus ainable socie y (Bib i, 2018). The ou sma ci y
ini ia i es used di e en go e nance models anging om ne wo k, o e
hyb id, o hie a chical. These models encompassed se e al simila and
highly ins umen al elemen s such as b oad and inclusi e s akeholde
pa icipa ion, consensus-seeking mechanisms, con lic a oidance and
esolu ion mechanisms, anspa ency, igh p ojec moni o ing, and isk
con ol (Alawadhi & Scholl, 2016).
Based on he abo e li e a u e e iew, despi e Technology ad ance-
men s he e a e limi ed s udies ocusing on ci izen o people cen ic
Sma go e nance. E en hough me hodologies and models ha e been
de eloped o Sma Ci ies, people cen ic based go e nance model
app oach is missing in eg a ing Sma Go e nance wi h Sma People &
Sma En i onmen (Fig. 4).
8. Theme 3: Sma ci ies – Poo quali y o li e based on poo
people cen ic go e nance
Quali y o Li e (QOL) is a c ucial ing edien and closely co ela ed o
sup eme go e nance o a sma ci y de elopmen . Acco ding o he
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (Mokh a i-Hessa i & Mon aze i, 2020;
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, 1998), QOL is de ined as “an indi idual’s
pe cep ion o hei posi ion in li e in hei con ex o he cul u e and
alue sys ems in which hey li e and in ela ion o hei goals,
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
8
expec a ions, s anda ds and conce ns.” QOL can in luence he sus ain-
able de elopmen in e ms o communi y, economic, in as uc u e and
en i onmen well-being (Felce e al., 1995; Theo ilou, 2013). E en
hough Sma Ci y De elopmen (SCD) in ends o deli e enhanced
in as uc u e, li ing condi ions and quali y o li e, he ci izens’
pe spec i e and p io i ies a e lacking due o poo ci izens’ pa icipa ion
in SCD p ocess. Due o low cos , In o ma ion and communica ion
echnologies (ICTs) is le e aged o s eng hen public se ices e iciency,
well-being o ci izens, sus ainabili y and iscal g ow h h ough sma
applica ions imp o ing connec i i y, li ing o e heads, os e ing g een
u ban planning wi hou human in e en ion (H. Kuma e al., 2018;
Macke e al., 2018). Mo eo e , he demog aphic o he ci izens like
educa ion ank, age and sma echnology handling capabili y also im-
pac s he ci izens’ pa icipa ion (Chen & Chan, 2022). Consequen ly,
acing secu i y and p i acy conce ns in sma ci ies due o u ban com-
plexi ies, cos and en i onmen al challenges enhances Quali y o Li e
u ilizing ICT h ough Block chain Technology (Ullah, Naeem, Co ona o,
Ribino, & De Pie o, 2023). The u iliza ion o In e ne o Things (IoT) in
sma ci ies enables quali y o people li ing imp o ing employmen
oppo uni y, educe c ime a e, women empowe men , encou age mo e
lea ning, p e en ing ax scam and imp o ed job ul illmen (Alam &
Siddiqui, 2023; Mous aka e al., 2019). Mo eo e , insu icien IoT se-
cu i y, main enance challenges, highe ope a ing cos , consume p i-
acy conce ns and con idence o esiden s on new echnologies can be
o e whelmed h ough e iciency, democ a izing, in ac abili y, and
in e ope abili y o Blockchain echnology (Chinnasamy e al., 2021).
In eg a ing echnologies IoT, Big Da a, Fog compu ing in Sma Ci ies
ele a es chances o leakage o con iden ial in o ma ion due o inade-
qua e secu i y, da a managemen issues and p i acy conce n. Block-
chain le e ages he po en ial ad an ages he po en ial ad an ages wi h
e e ence o secu i y and con iden iali y which can be u ilized in sma
ci ies (Panda, Jena, Swain, & Sa apa hy, 2021). Fede a ed lea ning
sa egua ds sensi i e in o ma ion ocusing on secu i y, p i acy and
p ac ical applica ion in sma ci ies (Pandya, e al., 2023).
Go e nance is a signi ican challenge in he de elopmen o a Sma
Ci y h ough s akeholde s’ engagemen which includes ci izens, busi-
nesses, ci y managemen eams and echnology p o ide s h ough
collabo a i e app oach o he O ganici y amewo k enabling he ci y
communi ies o eng oss echnology p o ide s and ci y managemen
add essing speci ic ci y challenge h ough digi al solu ion. Inapp op i-
a ely go e nance mechanism emains unde explo ed globally. U ban
inno a ion managemen has limi ed ocus o sma go e nance due o
manage ial and policy aspec s alongside echnology app ehensions om
heo e ical and p ac ical pe spec i es (Mo a, Ge li, A di o, & Pe -
uzzelli, 2023). Theo e ical implica ion on how echnology impac s
socio-economic beha io and p ac ical implica ion like policy make s
and p ac i ione le e aging echnology o ci izen engagemen and
sus ainable de elopmen a e key o success o u u is ic sma ci y.
Unde s anding and maximizing in eg a ion o digi al echnologies and
sus ainabili y will d i e o shape he new en i onmen al beha io o
sma ci ies on u ilizing echnology o di ec ci izens owa ds sus ain-
abili y based a i udes and pe o mance (Capu o, Magliocca, Canes ino,
& Rescigno, 2023).
Sma Ci y u ilizing ICT o in eg a e all he ci y se ices h ough ci y-
wide go e nance. The wo p oposed componen s o Sma Ci ies p o-
ide a di ec line-o -sigh o ci izen equi emen s, he ci y se ices ob-
liga ions and he in as uc u e quali ies ha ul ima ely alida e
ul illmen o he ci izen equi emen s (Ca hela , 2019).
Fu u e Sma Ci ies ocus on he u ban expansion challenges like
echnology, comp ehensi e u ban p og am, inancial sus ainabili y,
good go e nance, and en i onmen h ough in eg a ion he eby
imp o ing he quali y o li e (Ri a e al., 2016). Bu sus ainabili y is a
balance be ween u ban de elopmen and en i onmen al p o ec ion
keeping an eye on ai ness among he occupan s. The eby sma and
sus ainable ci y needs o deli e adap abili y, eliabili y, scalabili y,
accessibili y and esilien o manda e he ollowing (T indade e al.,
2017):
•Enhance quali y o li e
•Gua an ee economic p og ess and employmen p ospec s
•Gain access o public and municipal acili ies o se ices
•En i onmen ally sus ainable de elopmen add essing clima e
change
•Manage anspa en ope a ional egula o y and communi y go e -
nance p ocess.
Good go e nance and s akeholde managemen plays a pi o al ole
by u ilizing echnological ad ancemen s op imally while e ol ing sho -
and long- e m managemen , o ganiza ion and expansion s a egies o
ealize he an icipa ed objec i es (Ri a e al., 2016).
Based on India’s Sma Ci ies Mission, ou ea u es: ease o li ing
(u ban mobili y and housing de elopmen ), sma go e nance (sma
applica ions), connec ed communi ies (IoT & ICT) and u ban esilience
(g een in as uc u e) a e key o sma ci ies. In eg a ing Machine
Fig. 4. Li e a u e Re iew Theme-2: Re e ences, In e e ence and Gaps.
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
15
ool/se ice, he au ho (s) e iewed and edi ed he con en as needed
and ake(s) ull esponsibili y o he con en o he publica ion.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Benoie Pa appallil Ma hew: W i ing – o iginal d a . Deepak
Bangwal: Supe ision.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Re e ences
Ahshan, R., Al-Badi, A., Hosseinzadeh, N., & Sha iq, M. (2018, Augus 21). Small Wind
Tu bine Sys ems o Applica ion in Oman. 2018 5 h In e na ional Con e ence on
Elec ic Powe and Ene gy Con e sion Sys ems, EPECS 2018. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/
EPECS.2018.8443520.
Al Ha mi, Y., Tan, C. S., Al Badi, A., & Cha abi, Y. (2014). Assessmen o he
consciousness le els on enewable ene gy esou ces in he Sul ana e o Oman.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews, 40(1), 1081–1089. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j. se .2014.08.012
Al Ha mi, Y., Tan, C. S., Al Badi, A., & Cha abi, Y. (2014b). Assessmen o he
consciousness le els on enewable ene gy esou ces in he Sul ana e o Oman. In
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews (Vol. 40, pp. 1081–1089). Else ie L d.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. se .2014.08.012.
Al Jab i, S., Ragha an, M., & Vespignani, J. (2022). Oil p ices and iscal policy in an oil-
expo e coun y: Empi ical e idence om Oman. Ene gy Economics, 111(1), 1–18.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106103
Al Lawa i, H. (2022a). Poli ically Connec ed Fi ms and Fo wa d-Looking Disclosu e in
he E a o Oman Vision 2040. Jou nal o Risk and Financial Managemen , 15(6), 1–22.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/j m15060233
Al Lawa i, H. (2022b). Poli ically Connec ed Fi ms and Fo wa d-Looking Disclosu e in
he E a o Oman Vision 2040. Jou nal o Risk and Financial Managemen , 15(6), 233.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/j m15060233
Alawadhi, S., & Scholl, H. J. (2016). Sma go e nance: A c oss-case analysis o sma
ci y ini ia i es. In P oceedings o he Annual Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em
Sciences. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/HICSS.2016.370
Al-Badi, A. H., Ahshan, R., Hosseinzadeh, N., Gho bani, R., & Hossain, E. (2020). Su ey
o sma g id concep s and echnological demons a ions wo ldwide emphasizing on
he Oman pe spec i e. Applied Sys em Inno a ion, 3(1), 1–27. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/asi3010005
Al-Kindi, I., & Al-Khanja i, Z. (2020). A no el a chi ec u e o SQU SMART LMS: The new
ho izon o SMART Ci y in Oman. P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Con e ence on
Sma Sys ems and In en i e Technology, ICSSIT 2020, 751–756. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1109/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214141.
Al-Saidi, M. (2020a). F om economic o ex insic alues o sus ainable ene gy: P es ige,
neo- en ie ism, and geopoli ics o he ene gy ansi ion in he a abian peninsula.
Ene gies, 13(21), 1–16. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/en13215545
Al-Saidi, M. (2020b). F om economic o ex insic alues o sus ainable ene gy: P es ige,
neo- en ie ism, and geopoli ics o he ene gy ansi ion in he a abian peninsula.
Ene gies, 13(21). h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/en13215545
Al-Saidi, M., & Zaidan, E. (2020). Gul u u is ic ci ies beyond he headlines:
Unde s anding he planned ci ies mega end. Ene gy Repo s, 6, 114–121. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2020.10.061
Alshubi i, F. N., Taw ik, O. I., & Jamil, S. A. (2020). Impac o pe oleum and non-
pe oleum indices on inancial de elopmen in Oman. Financial Inno a ion, 6(1),
1–22. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40854-020-00180-7
Apana iciene, R., Vanagas, A., & Fokaides, P. A. (2020). Sma building in eg a ion in o
a sma ci y (SBISC): De elopmen o a new e alua ion amewo k. Ene gies, 13(9).
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/en13092190
Asmya ullin, R. R., Ty kba, K. V., & Ruzina, E. I. (2020). Sma Ci ies in GCC:
Compa a i e S udy o Economic Dimension. IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ea h and
En i onmen al Science, 459(6), 1–6. h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1755-1315/459/6/
062045
Azam, M.-H., Abushammala, M. F. M., & Qazi, W. A. (2018). E alua ion o he Signi ican
Renewable Ene gy Resou ces in Sul ana e o Oman Using Analy ical Hie a chy
P ocess. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL o RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH, 8(3),
1528–1534.
Baya , A., & Kawalek, P. (2021). Digi iza ion and u ban go e nance: The ci y as a
e lec ion o i s da a in as uc u e. In e na ional Re iew o Adminis a i e Sciences,
1–18. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/00208523211033205
Bhamba e, P. S., Majumde , M. C., & V, s. c.. (2018). Sola The mal Desalina ion: A
Sus ainable Al e na i e o Sul ana e o Oman. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL o
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH, 8(2), 733–751. h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /
publica ion/326096266.
Bib i, S. E. (2018). Backcas ing in u u es s udies: A syn hesized schola ly and planning
app oach o s a egic sma sus ainable ci y de elopmen . Eu opean Jou nal o Fu u es
Resea ch, 6(1). h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40309-018-0142-z
Bib i, S. E. (2021a). A no el model o da a-d i en sma sus ainable ci ies o he u u e:
The ins i u ional ans o ma ions equi ed o balancing and ad ancing he h ee
goals o sus ainabili y. Ene gy In o ma ics, 4(1). h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s42162-
021-00138-8
Bib i, S. E. (2021b). Da a-d i en sma eco-ci ies and sus ainable in eg a ed dis ic s: A
bes -e idence syn hesis app oach o an ex ensi e li e a u e e iew. Eu opean Jou nal
o Fu u es Resea ch, 9(1), 1–43. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40309-021-00181-4
Bib i, S. E., & K ogs ie, J. (2019). Gene a ing a ision o sma sus ainable ci ies o he
u u e: A schola ly backcas ing app oach. Eu opean Jou nal o Fu u es Resea ch, 7(1),
1–20. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40309-019-0157-0
Bib i, S. E., & K ogs ie, J. (2020a). The eme ging da a–d i en Sma Ci y and i s
inno a i e applied solu ions o sus ainabili y: The cases o London and Ba celona.
Ene gy In o ma ics, 3(1), 1–42. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s42162-020-00108-6
Bib i, S. E., & K ogs ie, J. (2020b). The eme ging da a–d i en Sma Ci y and i s
inno a i e applied solu ions o sus ainabili y: The cases o London and Ba celona.
Ene gy In o ma ics, 3(1). h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s42162-020-00108-6
Bi ol, D. F. (2021). Wo ld Ene gy Ou look 2021. www.iea.o g/weo.
B ueckne , A. R. K. (2002). Go e nmen & Communi y Building: A S udy o Michigan
Local Go e nmen s Online. P oceedings o he ASIST Annual Mee ing, 39, 539–541.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/mee .14503901101
Cacho, A., Mendes-Filho, L., Es a egue, D., Mou a, B., Cacho, N., Lopes, F., & Al es, C.
(2016). Mobile ou is guide suppo ing a sma ci y ini ia i e: A B azilian case
s udy. In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism Ci ies, 2(2), 164–183. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1108/IJTC-12-2015-0030
Ca hela , B. (2019). SMART CITIES SHAPING THE SOCIETY OF 2030 (1s ed., Vol. 1).
UNESCO. h p://www.unesco.o g/open-access/ e ms-use-ccbysa-en.
Chen, Z., & Chan, I. C. C. (2022). Sma ci ies and quali y o li e: A quan i a i e analysis
o ci izens’ suppo o sma ci y de elopmen . In o ma ion Technology and People, 1
(1), 1–23. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/ITP-07-2021-0577
Chidubem Iluyemi, D., Nundy, S., Shaik, S., Tahi , A., & Ghosh, A. (2022). Building
ene gy analysis using EC and PDLC based sma swi chable window in Oman. Sola
Ene gy, 237, 301–312. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.solene .2022.04.009
Chinnasamy, P., Vino hini, C., A un Kuma , S., Allwyn Sunda aj, A., Annlin Jeba, S. V.,
& P a eena, V. (2021). Blockchain echnology in sma -ci ies. In In elligen Sys ems
Re e ence Lib a y (Vol. 203, pp. 179–200). Sp inge Science and Business Media
Deu schland GmbH. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-69395-4_11.
Deakin, M. (2014). Sma ci ies: The s a e-o - he-a and go e nance challenge.
Theo e ical Chemis y Accoun s, 1(1). h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40604-014-0007-9
Dong, F., Li, Y., Li, K., Zhu, J., & Zheng, L. (2022). Can sma ci y cons uc ion imp o e
u ban ecological o al ac o ene gy e iciency in China? F esh e idence om
gene alized syn he ic con ol me hod. Ene gy, 241(1), 1–15. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j.ene gy.2021.122909
Dowling, R., McGui k, P., Maalsen, S., & Sadowski, J. (2021). How sma ci ies a e made:
A p io i, ad hoc and pos hoc d i e s o sma ci y implemen a ion in Sydney.
Aus alia. U ban S udies, 58(16), 3299–3315. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/
0042098020986292
Dupon , L., Mo el, L., & Guida , C. (2015). Inno a i e public-p i a e pa ne ship o
suppo Sma Ci y: The case o “Chai e REVES”. Jou nal o S a egy and Managemen ,
8(3), 245–265. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/JSMA-03-2015-0027ï
Falcone , G., & Mi chell, S. (2012). Poin o View Sma Ci y F amewo k A Sys ema ic
P ocess o Enabling Sma +Connec ed Communi ies. www.cisco.com/go/
sma connec edcommuni ies.
Felce, D., Pe y, J., Landesman-Ramey, S., Cummins, R., B own, R., Jacobson, J., &
Mansell, J. (1995). Quali y o Li e: I s De ini ion and Measu emen . In Pe gamon
Resea ch in De elopmen al Disabili ies (Vol. 16, Issue 1).
Fle che , A. L. (2020). Sma ci y isions: Pa hways o pa icipa o y planning in wo
Ame ican ci ies. Fo esigh , 22(5–6), 689–702. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/FS-04-2020-
0036
Gholamian, E., Ahmadi, P., Hana izadeh, P., & Ashjaee, M. (2020). Dynamic easibili y
assessmen and 3E analysis o a sma building ene gy sys em in eg a ed wi h hyb id
pho o ol aic- he mal panels and ene gy s o age. Sus ainable Ene gy Technologies and
Assessmen s, 42, A icle 100835. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.se a.2020.100835
Hamed, A.-H., Al-Rawahi, H., Hossain, S. M. E., & Aissa, M. (2020). Sma ci y: A
u u is ic solu ion o Oman. In e na ional Jou nal o La es T ansac ions in Enginee ing
And Science (IJLTES), 10(1), 1–7. h ps://www.oman ou ism.go .om/.
Hea on, J., & Pa likad, A. K. (2019). A concep ual amewo k o he alignmen o
in as uc u e asse s o ci izen equi emen s wi hin a Sma Ci ies amewo k. Ci ies,
90(1), 32–41. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ci ies.2019.01.041
He ehe , M., & El Kenawy, A. M. (2020). Explo ing he po en ial o sola , idal, and wind
ene gy esou ces in Oman using an in eg a ed clima ic-socioeconomic app oach.
Renewable Ene gy, 161(1), 662–675. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. enene.2020.07.144
Ib ahim, M., El-Zaa , A., & Adams, C. (2016). Pa ing he way o Sma Sus ainable
Ci ies: T ans o ma ion Models and Challenges. Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems and
Technology Managemen , 12(3). h ps://doi.o g/10.4301/s1807-
17752015000300004
Ieli e, I., Ole sky, G., & Sa iulins, T. (2016). Iden i ica ion and p io i iza ion o
s akeholde s in he planning p ocess o sus ainable de elopmen o he sma ci y.
2015 IEEE 7 h In e na ional Con e ence on In elligen Compu ing and In o ma ion
Sys ems, ICICIS 2015, 251–257. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/In elCIS.2015.7397229.
Janu o a, M., Chaloupko a, M., & Kunc, J. (2020). SMART CITY STRATEGY AND ITS
IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS. Sou ce: Theo e ical and Empi ical Resea ches in U ban
Managemen , 15(2), 5–21. h ps://doi.o g/10.2307/26915287
Jayasena, N. S., Chan, D. W. M., & Kuma aswamy, M. (2020). A sys ema ic li e a u e
e iew and analysis owa ds de eloping PPP models o deli e ing sma
in as uc u e. Buil En i onmen P ojec and Asse Managemen , 11(1), 121–137.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/BEPAM-11-2019-0124
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
16
Joshi, S., Saxena, S., Godbole, T., & Sh eya. (2016). De eloping Sma Ci ies: An
In eg a ed F amewo k. P ocedia Compu e Science, 93, 902–909. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j.p ocs.2016.07.258
Kandpal, V. (2018). A Case S udy on Sma Ci y P ojec s in India: An Analysis o Nagpu ,
Allahabad and Deh adun. The Web Con e ence 2018 - Companion o he Wo ld Wide
Web Con e ence. WWW, 2018, 935–941. h ps://doi.o g/10.1145/3184558.3191522
Kankaala, K., Vehil¨
ainen, M., Ma ilainen, P., & V¨
alim¨
aki, P. (2018). Sma ci y ac ions o
suppo sus ainable ci y de elopmen . TECHNE, SpecialSe ies1(1), 108–114. h ps://
doi.o g/10.13128/Techne-23569.
Kenwo hy, J. R. (2006). The eco-ci y: Ten key anspo and planning dimensions o
sus ainable ci y de elopmen . En i onmen and U baniza ion, 18(1), 67–85. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1177/0956247806063947
Khalil, E. E. (2021). Dis ibu ed ene gy in sma ci ies and he in as uc u e. In E. E.
Khalil (Ed.), Sol ing U ban In as uc u e P oblems Using Sma Ci y Technologies (1s
ed., Vol. 1, pp. 249–268). Else ie . h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/B978-0-12-816816-
5.00012-7.
Kinelski, G. (2022). Sma -ci y ends in he en i onmen o sus ainabili y as suppo o
deca boniza ion p ocesses. Poli yka Ene ge yczna, 25(2), 109–136. 10.33223/epj/1
49739.
Kuma , A., & Jaiswal, A. (2022). Scalable in elligen da a-d i en decision making o
cogni i e ci ies. Ene gy Sys ems, 13(3), 581–599. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12667-
019-00369-5
Kuma , H., Singh, M. K., Gup a, M. P., & Madaan, J. (2018). Sma neighbou hood: A
TISM app oach o educe u ban pola iza ion o he sus ainable de elopmen o
sma ci ies. Jou nal o Science and Technology Policy Managemen , 9(2), 210–226.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/JSTPM-04-2017-0009
Liu, T., Mos a a, S., Mohamed, S., & Nguyen, T. S. (2021). Eme ging hemes o public-
p i a e pa ne ship applica ion in de eloping sma ci y p ojec s: A concep ual
amewo k. Buil En i onmen P ojec and Asse Managemen , 11(1), 138–156. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1108/BEPAM-12-2019-0142
Macke, J., Casag ande, R. M., Sa a e, J. A. R., & Sil a, K. A. (2018). Sma ci y and
quali y o li e: Ci izens’ pe cep ion in a B azilian case s udy. Jou nal o Cleane
P oduc ion, 182(1), 717–726. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.02.078
Malik, A. S. (2022). Sus ainable and E icien Elec ici y Ta i s – A Case S udy o Oman.
Saudi Jou nal o Enginee ing and Technology, 7(3), 118–127. h ps://doi.o g/
10.36348/sje .2022. 07i03.001.
Mamlook, R., Al-Jayyousi, O., Alabyooki, S., & A allah, S. A. A. (2019). Sma Ci y and
Technology T ans e : Towa ds Sus ainable In as uc u e in Bah ain. In R. Mamlook
(Ed.), Sp inge P oceedings in Complexi y (pp. 255–268). Resea ch and Inno a ion
Fo um, Rii Fo um 2019. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-30809-4_24.
Masaud, K., Maadi, A., & Ka e yna Vo obyo a, D. (2022). The E ec O S a egic
Planning Ini ia i es On The Sus ainabili y O Oman Telecommunica ion Company
(Oman el). In Jou nal o Posi i e School. Psychology (Vol. 2022, Issue 5). h p://jou n
alppw.com.
Meije , A., & Bolí a , M. P. R. (2016). Go e ning he sma ci y: A e iew o he li e a u e
on sma u ban go e nance. In e na ional Re iew o Adminis a i e Sciences, 82(2),
392–408. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0020852314564308
Milenko ic, M., Rasic, M., & Vojko ic, G. (2017). Using Public P i a e Pa ne ship
models in sma ci ies - p oposal o C oa ia. 2017 40 h In e na ional Con en ion on
In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology, Elec onics and Mic oelec onics (MIPRO),
1412–1417. h ps://doi.o g/10.23919/MIPRO.2017.7973643.
Minis y o Housing and U ban A ai s Go e nmen o India. (2021). MAKING A CITY
SMART.
Mi a, S., Kuma , H., Gup a, M. P., & Bha acha ya, J. (2022). En ep eneu ship in sma
ci ies: Elemen s o S a -up Ecosys em. Jou nal o Science and Technology Policy
Managemen , 1–20. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/JSTPM-06-2021-0078
MoHUA. (2021). ICCC Ma u i y Assessmen F amewo k (IMAF).
Mokh a i-Hessa i, P., & Mon aze i, A. (2020). Heal h- ela ed quali y o li e in b eas
cance pa ien s: Re iew o e iews om 2008 o 2018. Heal h and Quali y o Li e
Ou comes, 18(1), 338. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s12955-020-01591-x
Mondal, M. A. H., Hawila, D., Kennedy, S., & Mezhe , T. (2016). The GCC coun ies RE-
eadiness: S eng hs and gaps o de elopmen o enewable ene gy echnologies.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews, 54, 1114–1128. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
j. se .2015.10.098
Mous aka, V., Theodosiou, Z., Vakali, A., Kounoudes, A., & An hopoulos, L. G. (2019).
Еnhancing social ne wo king in sma ci ies: P i acy and secu i y bo de lines.
Technological Fo ecas ing and Social Change, 142, 285–300. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/
j. ech o e.2018.10.026
Naq i, B., Riz i, S. K. A., Hasnaoui, A., & Shao, X. (2022). Going beyond sus ainabili y:
The di e si ica ion bene i s o g een ene gy inancial p oduc s. Ene gy Economics,
111(1), 1–14. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106111
Nei o i, P., De Ma co, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Sco ano, F. (2014). Cu en
ends in Sma Ci y ini ia i es: Some s ylised ac s. Ci ies, 38, 25–36. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.ci ies.2013.12.010
Okedu, K. E., Ba ghash, H. F., & Al Nadabi, H. A. (2022). Sus ainable Was e Managemen
S a egies o E ec i e Ene gy U iliza ion in Oman: A Re iew. F on ie s in
Bioenginee ing and Bio echnology, 10. h ps://doi.o g/10.3389/ bioe.2022.825728
Oman Vision 2040. (2020). Oman Vision 2040 - Mo ing Fo wa d Wi h Con idence.
Vision Documen , 1–52.
Oman Vision 2040 - Vision Documen . (2020).
Palumbo, R., Manesh, M. F., Pelleg ini, M. M., Capu o, A., & Flamini, G. (2021).
O ganizing a sus ainable sma u ban ecosys em: Pe spec i es and insigh s om a
bibliome ic analysis and li e a u e e iew. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 297(1),
1–15. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2021.126622
Papa, R., Ali, M., De Ke ckho e, D., Deakin, M., Kelle man, A., Le inson, D. M.,
Malanima, P., Nuzzolo, A., Ba a a, R., Anna, R., Rocca, L., & Mazzeo, G. (2017).
METHODS, TOOLS AND BEST PRACTICES TO INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF
URBAN SYSTEMS TO ADAPT TO NATURAL AND MAN-MADE CHANGES. TeMA
Jou nal o Land Use, Mobili y and En i onmen , 10(1), 79–93. www. ema.unina.i .
Penme sa, M. K., & Cama a, S. J. B. (2022). Building a Supe Sma Na ion: Scena io
Analysis and F amewo k o Essen ial S akeholde s, Cha ac e is ics, Pilla s, and
Challenges. Sus ainabili y (Swi ze land), 14(5), 1–37. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
su14052757
P akash, A. (2019). Sma Ci ies Mission in India: Some de ini ions and conside a ions.
Sma and Sus ainable Buil En i onmen , 8(4), 322–337. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/
SASBE-07-2018-0039
Rasmy, M. O., Abu A a, T. A. L., & Mohamed Ib ahim, A. A. (2021). Sus ainable s a egy
o c ea e mul isec o o unisec o sma economic hubs. Sma and Sus ainable Buil
En i onmen , 11(1), 1–25. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/SASBE-06-2020-0084
Ri a , S., Powell, R., & Aydin, D. (2016). Fu u e ci ies and en i onmen al sus ainabili y.
A Sp inge Open Jou nal, 2(1), 1–23. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2
Sabe i, O., & Menes, R. (2020). A i icial In elligence and he Fu u e o Sma Homes. www.
i c.o g/ hough leade ship.
Samee , N., Alalouch, C., Saleh, M. S., Al-Saadi, S., & Saleem, A. (2022a). Towa ds
Sus ainable Sma Ci ies: A Con ex ual S udy on Digi al Pa icipa o y Planning
Policies and Readiness Assessmen in Oman. P oceedings o he Ins i u ion o Ci il
Enginee s: U ban Design and Planning. h ps://doi.o g/10.1680/ju dp.21.00040.
Samee , N., Alalouch, C., Saleh, M. S., Al-Saadi, S., & Saleem, A. (2022b). Towa ds
sus ainable sma ci ies: A s udy on digi al pa icipa o y planning in Oman.
P oceedings o he Ins i u ion o Ci il Enginee s: U ban Design and Planning, 175(2),
72–90. h ps://doi.o g/10.1680/ju dp.21.00040
Sandulli, F. D., Fe a is, A., & B esciani, S. (2017). How o selec he igh public pa ne
in sma ci y p ojec s. R&D Managemen , 47(4), 607–619. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/
adm.12250
Selim, A. M., Youse , P. H. A., & Hagag, M. R. (2018). Sma in as uc u e by (PPPs)
wi hin he concep o sma ci ies o achie e sus ainable de elopmen . In e na ional
Jou nal o C i ical In as uc u es, 14(2), 182. h ps://doi.o g/10.1504/
IJCIS.2018.091943
Se e o, E. A., & De Guima ˜
aes, J. C. F. (2022). An eceden and consequen s o eco-
inno a ion o sus ainabili y: gene a ions’ pe cep ions in b azil and po ugal.
In e na ional Jou nal o P o essional Business Re iew, 7(1), 1–30. h ps://doi.o g/10.2
6668/business e iew/2022. 7i1.280.
Sha i i, A. (2020). A ypology o sma ci y assessmen ools and indica o se s.
Sus ainable Ci ies and Socie y, 53(1), 1–15. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
scs.2019.101936
Simono ski, A., Asensio, E. S., De Smed , J., & Snoeck, M. (2017). Ci izen pa icipa ion in
sma ci ies: E alua ion amewo k p oposal. P oceedings - 2017 IEEE 19 h Con e ence
on Business In o ma ics, CBI 2017, 1, 227–236. h ps://doi.o g/10.1109/
CBI.2017.21.
Sma Ci ies Mission. (2019). Ease o Li ing Index 2019: Me hodology Repo .
Sun, S., Ye, H., Law, R., & Hsu, A. Y. C. (2022). Hind ances o sma ou ism
de elopmen . Jou nal o Hospi ali y and Tou ism Technology, 13(4), 763–778. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1108/JHTT-10-2021-0300
Taylo Buck, N., & While, A. (2017). Compe i i e u banism and he limi s o sma ci y
inno a ion: The UK Fu u e Ci ies ini ia i e. U ban S udies, 54(2), 501–519. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1177/0042098015597162
Theo ilou, P. (2013). Quali y o li e: De ini ion and measu emen . Eu ope’s Jou nal o
Psychology, 9(1), 150–162. h ps://doi.o g/10.5964/ejop. 9i1.337
To isson, F. (2022). S a egies o isibili y in he sma ci y. Ci y, Te i o y and
A chi ec u e, 9(1), 1–12. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40410-022-00161-6
T indade, E. P., Hinnig, M. P. F., da Cos a, E. M., Ma ques, J. S., Bas os, R. C., &
Yigi canla , T. (2017). Sus ainable de elopmen o sma ci ies: A sys ema ic e iew
o he li e a u e. Jou nal o Open Inno a ion: Technology, Ma ke , and Complexi y, 3(3).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40852-017-0063-2
Villanue a, F. J., San o imia, M. J., Villa, D., Ba ba, J., & Lopez, J. C. (2013). Ci i as: The
sma ci y middlewa e, om senso s o big da a. In P oceedings - 7 h In e na ional
Con e ence on Inno a i e Mobile and In e ne Se ices in Ubiqui ous Compu ing. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1109/IMIS.2013.80
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion. (1998). WHOQOL Use Manual PROGRAMME ON MENTAL
HEALTH. h ps://www.who.in / ools/whoqol.
Yang, F., Wen, X., Aziz, A., & Luhach, A. K. (2021). The need o local adap a ion o sma
in as uc u e o sus ainable economic managemen . En i onmen al Impac
Assessmen Re iew, 88(1), 1–11. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.eia .2021.106565
Yang, J. Q., & You, J. L. (2019). Resea ch on he applica ion o PPP model in sma ci y
p ojec s. IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science, 330(5), A icle
052039. h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1755-1315/330/5/052039
Zheng, L., Kwok, W. M., Aqua o, V., & Qi, X. (2019). Digi al go e nmen , sma ci ies and
sus ainable de elopmen . ACM In e na ional Con e ence P oceeding Se ies, Pa ,
F148155, 291–301. h ps://doi.o g/10.1145/3326365.3326403
Alam, M., & Siddiqui, M. I. (2023). E ec i e amewo k o ackle u ban unemploymen
by e-go e nmen : An IoT solu ion o sma /me o ci ies in de eloping na ion. U ban
Umploymen , 213–238, (1).
Capu o, F., Magliocca, P., Canes ino, R., & Rescigno, E. (2023). Re hinking he Role o
Technology o Ci izens’ Engagemen and Sus ainable De elopmen in Sma Ci ies.
Sus ainabili y, 1-19. (4).
G acias, J. S., Pa nell, G. S., Specking, E., Pohl, E. A., & Buchanan, R. (2023). Sma
Ci ies—A S uc u ed Li e a u e Re iew. Sma ci ies, 1719–1743. (4).
Huda, N. U., Ahmed, I., Adnan, M., Ali, M., & Naeem, F. (2024). Expe s and in elligen
sys ems o sma homes’ T ans o ma ion o Sus ainable Sma Ci ies: A
comp ehensi e e iew. Expe Sys ems Wi h Applica ions, 1–26, (4).
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
Resea ch in Globaliza ion 9 (2024) 100237
17
Ma chesani, F., Mascia elli, F., & Bik al i, A. (2023). Sma ci y as a hub o alen and
inno a i e companies: Explo ing he (dis) ad an ages o digi al echnology
implemen a ion in ci ies. Technological Fo ecas ing & Social Change, 1–13, (4).
Mo a, L., Ge li, P., A di o, L., & Pe uzzelli, A. M. (2023). Sma ci y go e nance om an
inno a ion managemen pe spec i e: Theo e ical aming, e iew o cu en
p ac ices, and u u e esea ch agenda. Techno a ion, 1–24, (4).
Mu ambik, I. (2023). The GlobalWhi ewashing o Sma Ci ies: Ci izens’ Pe spec i es.
Sus ainabili y, 1–16.
Pandya, S., S i as a a, G., Jha e i, R., Babu, M., Bha acha ya, S., Maddikun a, P. R., . . .
Gadekallu, T. R. (2023). Fede a ed lea ning o sma ci ies: A comp ehensi e
su ey. Sus ainable Ene gy Technologies and Assessmen s, 1-13. (4).
Plia sios, A., Ko is, K., & Goumopoulos, C. (2023). A sys ema ic e iew on seman ic
in e ope abili y in he IoE-enabled sma ci ies. In e ne o Things, 1–25, (4).
Quan, X., & Solheim, M. C. (2023). Public-p i a e pa ne ships in sma ci ies: A c i ical
su ey and esea ch agenda. Ci y, Cul u e and Socie y, 1–8, (4).
Twis , A. ., Ruije , E., & Meije , A. (2023). Sma ci ies & ci izen discon en : A sys ema ic
e iew o he li e a u e. Go e nmen In o ma ion Qua e ly, 1–11, (4).
Ullah, A., Anwa , S. M., Li, J., Nadeem, L., Mahmood, T., Rehman, A., & Saba, T. (2024).
Sma ci ies: he ole o In e ne o Things and machine lea ning in ealizing a da a-
cen ic sma en i onmen . Complex & In elligen Sys ems, 1607–1637. (4).
Ullah, Z., Naeem, M., Co ona o, A., Ribino, P., & De Pie o, G. (2023). Blockchain
Applica ions in Sus ainable Sma Ci ies. Sus ainable Ci ies and Socie y, 1–16, (4).
B. Pa appallil Ma hew and D. Bangwal
