Asad, Muza a e al.
A icle
G een en ep eneu ial leade ship, and pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial i ms: does g een p oduc inno a ion
media es?
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Asad, Muza a e al. (2024) : G een en ep eneu ial leade ship, and pe o mance
o en ep eneu ial i ms: does g een p oduc inno a ion media es?, Cogen Business &
Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 1-16,
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G een en ep eneu ial leade ship, and
pe o mance o en ep eneu ial fi ms: does g een
p oduc inno a ion media es?
Muzaffa Asad, Mohammed Ali Bai Ali Sulaiman, Ali Mohsin Salim Ba Awain,
Malek Alsoud, Za ul Allam & Muhammad Uzai Asi
To ci e his a icle: Muzaffa Asad, Mohammed Ali Bai Ali Sulaiman, Ali Mohsin
Salim Ba Awain, Malek Alsoud, Za ul Allam & Muhammad Uzai Asi (2024) G een
en ep eneu ial leade ship, and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial fi ms: does g een
p oduc inno a ion media es?, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2355685, DOI:
10.1080/23311975.2024.2355685
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ManageMen | ReseaRch aR icle
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2355685
G een en ep eneu ial leade ship, and pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial i ms: does g een p oduc inno a ion media es?
Muza a asada , Mohammed ali Bai ali sulaimanb , ali Mohsin salim Ba awainc ,
Malek alsoudd , Za ul allame and Muhammad Uzai asi
aDepa men o en ep eneu ship, Business school, ecnologico de Mon e ey, Mexico; bDepa men o Ma ke ing and
en ep eneu ship, College o Comme ce and Business adminis a ion, Dho a uni e si y, salalah, sul ana e o oman;
csupply Chain Managemen , uni e si y o echnology and applied science, salalah, sul ana e o oman; dal-ahliyya amman
uni e si y, amman, Jo dan; eDepa men o Managemen and Ma ke ing, College o Business, uni e si y o Bah ain, Zallaq
Kingdom o Bah ain; school o Business Managemen , uni e si y u a a Malaysia, sin ok, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Pu pose: g een p ac ices ecen ly gained a en ion o pe o mance whe eas inancial
and ma ke pe o mance has ha dly been add essed by he esea che s. Based on
dynamic capabili y heo y and esou ce-based iew, we hypo hesized ha g een
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and g een ans o ma ional leade ship ha e a signi ican
impac o e g een p oduc inno a ion as well as o e all pe o mance.
Me hodology: he esea che s collec ed da a om 384 en ep eneu ial i ms using
adop ed ques ionnai es. he analysis has been made by applying s uc u al equa ion
modelling using a boo s apping sample o 5000 wi h he help o sMaR Pls 3.
Findings: he s udy esul s e ealed ha g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and g een
ans o ma ional leade ship ha e a signi ican impac o e pe o mance. Mo eo e ,
in e ening e ec o g een p oduc inno a ion is signi ican be ween g een
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms, whe e g een
p oduc inno a ion ailed o media e be ween g een ans o ma ional leade ship and
pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms.
Resea ch Limi a ions: he sample was collec ed om limi ed ci ies and only om one
de eloping coun y whe e he consume s do no ha e an ele a ed le el o awa eness
o en i onmen al conce ns.
IMPACT STATEMENT
he cu en esea ch i led ‘g een en ep eneu ial leade ship and Pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial Fi ms: Does g een P oduc inno a ion Media es?’ emphasized on
g een en ep eneu ship and ans o ma ional leade ship o p omo ing g een p oduc
inno a ion o boos he pe o mance o sMes. Using a s uc u al equa ion modelling
he esea ch no only con i med he impo ance o g een p ac ices bu also
ecommends ha such p ac ices signi ican ly boos pe o mance. he indings o he
s udy a e i al o he business people, and also o he policy make s o p o ide
incen i es o he sMes ha a e ollowing g een p ac ices, o p omo e economic
g ow h and b ing sus ainabili y, ia compe ing in he global ma ke in line wi h he
sus ainable De elopmen goals (sDgs).
1. In oduc ion
in cu en indus ialized e a en i onmen al conce ns ha e become a challenge o economic g ow h,
en e p ises ha e also ecognized he impo ance o human heal h is i al o hei success in he ma ke
(hassan e al., 2019). go e ning bodies and esea che s a e p oac i e owa ds en i onmen al deg ada ion
and a e h i ing hei bes o adop en i onmen p ac ices (ilyas e al., 2020). au ho s in he ield o
sus ainable p ac ices a gued ha g een en ep eneu ial O ien a ion (geO) ins ead o en ep eneu ial
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Muza a asad muza a [email p o ec ed] en ep eneu ship, ecnologico de Mon e ey, Business school, 45222, Mexico
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2355685
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 24 May 2023
Re ised 25 ap il 2024
accep ed 11 May 2024
KEYWORDS
g een en ep eneu ial
o ien a ion; g een
ans o ma ional
leade ship; g een p oduc
inno a ion; pe o mance
o en ep eneu ial i ms;
sus ainabili y
REVIEWING EDITOR
Ma ia ga cia-ha o,
Uni e si y o cas illa-la
Mancha: Uni e sidad de
cas illa-la Mancha, spain
SUBJECTS
en i onmen al
Psychology;
en i onmen al economics;
Business, Managemen
and accoun ing
2 M. asaD e al.
o ien a ion, has now become impo an o achie ing pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms and lessening
ecological in luences (Muangmee e al., 2021).
geO is ac ing in such a way ha while pu suing he po en ial oppo uni ies, economic along wi h
ecological aspec s a e ca e ed by p oducing en i onmen iendly p oduc s (li e al., 2021; Khan e al.,
2019). in pas esea che s ha e add essed g een en ep eneu ship, bu wi h espec o en i onmen al
pe o mance (Fa inelli e al., 2011; sha ique e al., 2021; Ullah e al., 2021; Za a e al., 2021), and he
in luence o geO o e pe o mance has emained unadd essed.
Recen ly, g een p ac ices we e conside ed o ha e a posi i e e ec o e pe o mance (agyabeng-Mensah
e al., 2020; saeed e al., 2018), howe e , some esea che s ha e also con adic ed and claimed a nega-
i e in luence o geO o e pe o mance (sh i as a a & am ada, 2019). e en some e u ed and a gued
ha g een en ep eneu ship is no app op ia e o bene i s o en ep eneu ial i ms (W igh e al., 2007;
K eise e al., 2013). he e o e, keeping he con o e sial indings abou geO in he exis ing li e a u e, i
is belie ed ha some ex e nal in o ma ion which is ha dly aken in o conside a ion by he esea che s
i.e. g een p oduc inno a ion, should be add essed.
o add ess he issues in he pe o mance li e a u e, by aking he heo e ical suppo o dynamic
capabili y iew, we e-examined geO om he pe spec i es o o dina y capabili ies and dynamic capa-
bili ies collec i ely ( eece, 2014). Dynamic capabili ies co e unde s anding he en i onmen and ac ing
acco dingly whe eas o dina y capabili ies look o e o dina y unc ional a eas. Dynamic capabili ies a e
ad anced le el compe encies which a e equi ed o c ea e, coo dina e, and execu e o dina y capabili ies
success ully ( eece e al., 1997). hence, igo ous compe ences a e lea ning and suppo ing expe imen a-
ion o de eloping new inno a i e p oduc s by upg ading he a ailable sys ems ( eece, 2016; Jiang
e al., 2018).
en e p ises adop ing geO may gain se e al bene i s om di e en pe spec i es. ini ially, geO pay sig-
ni ican impo ance o en i onmen al conce ns, and he e o e, ocus on p oducing g een p oduc s (lin &
chen, 2018). secondly, leade s ollowing geO pa a en ion owa ds he heal h and sa e y issues o he
consume s as well as employees (niciejewska & Ki iliuk, 2020; Qala i e al., 2022). simila ly, geO enables
en e p ises o boos hei ea nings by h ee di e en modes. Fi s ly, ene gy and sa ing h ough inno a-
i e p ocesses (s ucki, 2019; s ucki e al., 2018; Fadhel e al., 2022). secondly, becoming pionee and
achie ing i s mo e ad an age because o p oac i e s a egies (Pacheco e al., 2010). hi dly, by in es -
ing subs an ial amoun s in esou ces he g een p ojec s which c ea e good will (Moelle e al., 2005;
Woldesenbe e al., 2012), geO may imp o e o e all pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms.
o pa icipa e in geO, leade ship mus play a signi ican ole, and in his si ua ion g een
ans o ma ional leade ship (g l) is also conside ed pa icula ly impo an . cu en esea ch a ge ed
he impac s o g een p oduc inno a ion be ween geO, g l, and pe o mance (singh e al., 2020). g l
helps p ocess o acqui ing, ecognizing, abso bing, and ans e ing o ganiza ional ac i i ies in o en i-
onmen iendly ac i i ies h ough g een p oduc inno a ion (Zhao & huang, 2022). simila ly, en e -
p ises adop ing geO succeed in de eloping compe i i e edge by le e aging in e nal in o ma ion o
en e p ises o de elop new knowledge which may ac as ounda ion o g een p oduc inno a ion
(P a ono e al., 2019; she e al., 2019; Muangmee e al., 2021). hence, we p opose ha geO and g l
in luence g een p oduc inno a ion which ul ima ely cause imp o emen in pe o mance o en ep e-
neu ial i ms.
cu en esea ch ocused Pakis an o se e al ob ious easons. geO may help in de eloping an eco-
nomically sus ainable Pakis an and may also p o ide long e m bene i s (asad e al., 2023). e en hough,
public conce ns o en i onmen al issues a e inc easing, ye en ep eneu ial i ms in Pakis an a e no
alking ca e hey way hey should educe en i onmen al deg ada ion h ough en ep eneu ial ac ions.
and e en i some en ep eneu ial i ms a e ca e ing o he conce n, i has ha dly been add essed by he
esea che s. he issue a ises he ques ion ha why he p ac i ione s a e no adop ing g een p ac ices,
likewise, why he esea che s and academicians a e no paying a en ion owa ds g een ans o ma ional
leade ship, g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, and g een p oduc inno a ion. Mo eo e , he li e a u e
o e he en ep eneu ial i ms in Pakis an is sca ce which calls o esea ch o e he pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial i ms especially ega ding g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, g een ans o ma ional lead-
e ship, and g een p oduc inno a ion. in addi ion o ha , he con o e sial indings o he esea che s
in he ela ionship be ween g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion, g een ans o ma ional leade ship, and
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
pe o mance a ises he need o conduc esea ch in unde s anding he oo cause because o which he
indings a e inconsis en .
he e o e, cu en esea ch is an e o o analyze he media ion e ec o g een p oduc inno a ion
be ween geO along wi h g l and pe o mance by using he heo e ical suppo o RBV and Dc . he
heo ies a e suppo ed and en iched by conduc ing a media ion analysis o g een p oduc inno a ion
be ween geO, g l, and pe o mance. in he es o he pape , ini ially heo e ical suppo and amewo k
ha e been add essed and a e wa ds hypo hesis de elopmen has been deba ed. a e wa ds, me hodol-
ogy applied o e alua e he hypo hesis has been men ioned ollowed by analysis and discussion. a he
end conclusions and limi a ions o he s udy a e men ioned.
2.Theo e ical ounda ions and hypo hesis de elopmen
now a days wi h he inc easing conce n o en i onmen impo ance o g een p ac ices in con inuously
inc easing which calls o he syne ge ic collabo a ion o esou ces based and dynamic capabili y iews
(Wu, 2010). Dynamic capabili y heo y (Dc ) explains he abili y o he en e p ises o adop , change, and
inno a e he p oduc s in an imp o ed way which is liked by he consume s and di icul o he compe -
i o s o ollow (hasegan e al., 2018; Zahid e al., 2022; asad e al., 2023). F om he p oposi ions o
Dynamic capabili y heo y (Dc ), his s udy p opose ha geO has a s ong and momen ous impac o e
pe o mance. he dynamic capabili y iew is based on de eloping and ca ying in o ma ion h ough he
employees which helps de elop he g een inno a ion which is needed o he consume s in he exis ing
in o ma i e e a (cao e al., 2019).
Dynamic capabili ies o en e p ises a e ex ao dina y capabili ies which a e linked wi h inno a ion
equi ed o he implemen a ion o g een p oduc inno a ion (lü jen e al., 2019). Dynamic capabili ies
a e he epe i i e p ocedu es o expe imen a ion o inno a ion based on ma ke oppo uni ies (gup a
e al., 2020). in he cu en wo ld g een p oduc s a e in high demand. en e p ises a e s i ing hei le el
bes o add ess he conce ns o consume s ega ding g een p oduc s which mo i a es en ep eneu ial
i ms o ge in ol ed in g een p oduc inno a ion. geO being he pa o dynamic capabili ies iew
which is an ex ension o esou ce-based iew along wi h g l helps en e p ises o go o g een p oduc
inno a ion which can gene a e supe io pe o mance.
likewise, om he Resou ce Based View (RBV), we p oposed ha g l is a majo sou ce o he en e -
p ises and has a s ong impac o e pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms (Ba ney, 1991). Resou ces a e
he key when u ilized p ope ly a e help ul in gaining supe io pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms
(hamdoun, 2020). g een p oduc inno a ion equi es o ganiza ional esou ces o be deployed wi h an
in en ion o p ese e en i onmen (ande sén, 2021). in he pas li e a u e bo h he cons uc s g een
en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and g een ans o ma ional leade a e used independen ly, simila ly, dynamic
capabili ies and esou ce based iew a e supposed o be independen o each o he (hasegan e al.,
2018; cao e al., 2019; hamdoun, 2020).
g een p ac ices especially geO and g l bo h a e conside ed impo an o he la ge en e p ises in he
de eloped coun ies ( eece, 2014; eece, 2016; Jiang e al., 2018), howe e , en ep eneu ial i ms in he
de eloping coun ies ha e ha dly succeed in ge ing a en ion by he esea che s owa ds implemen a-
ion o geO and g O. Fu he mo e, g een p oduc inno a ion is mos ly conside ed as an ac o la ge
en e p ises only, bu i is c ucially impo an o he en ep eneu ial i ms as well. Fu he mo e, i is
expec ed ha hese ela ionships a e also in luenced by g een p oduc inno a ion. he e o e, conside ing
his gap in unde s anding he syne ge ic in luence o geO as well as g l o de eloping g een p oduc s,
he esea che s p opose he ollowing esea ch amewo k using heo e ical lenses o RBV and Dc along
wi h he suppo o con ingency heo y:
heo e ical amewo k d awn in Figu e 1 shows he model u ilized o e alua e he di ec impac o
geO and g l on pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms. h ough he amewo k he media ing ole o
g een p oduc inno a ion be ween geO and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms as well as g l and
pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms has also been analyzed by he esea che s. he model is based on
he combined e ec o he wo heo ies, and i is assumed ha independen ly bo h he heo ies a e
ha ing some sho comings due o which he li e a u e has shown some inconsis encies. Fu he mo e, he
in oduc ion o g een p oduc inno a ion is a majo heo e ical con ibu ion buy he suppo o he wo
4 M. asaD e al.
heo ies he amewo k has been d awn. hus, he indings o he esea ch a e expec ed o s eng hen
bo h Dc and RBV by adding he media ion e ec o g een p oduc inno a ion wi h he heo e ical
suppo o con ingency heo y o enhance he impac o geO and g l o e pe o mance o en ep e-
neu ial i ms.
2.1. G een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
he concep o g een en ep eneu ship s a ed back in 1960’s wi h he ecogni ion o en i onmen al
deg ada ion in de eloped coun ies due o mass le el indus ializa ion and i was hen iden i ied ha
g een en ep eneu ship is he solu ion owa ds sus ainabili y (Khalil e al., 2018), and pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial i ms is ce ainly linked wi h he same (Fa inelli e al., 2011). Based on Dc , en e p ises
ollowing geO a e capable o syne gizing esou ces o de elop un amilia en i onmen iendly p oduc s,
meanwhile, designe s may also conside he ease o eusing, ecycling, o eco e y be o e s a ing a
manu ac u ing ac i i y (Jiang e al., 2018). Fu he mo e, ecycling o ma e ial mos ly used o p oduc ion
o inno a i e p oduc s o du ing he deli e y p ocess (lo i e al., 2018) leads o posi i e image o en e -
p ises ega ding co po a e social esponsibili y. in addi ion o ha , in oduc ion o eco- iendly p oce-
du es may unc ion as a good ma ke ing oll and may help in a oiding any kind o penal y by he
go e nmen (nguyen e al., 2020).
Majo i y o he s udies ha ha e been conduc ed o e geO o g een en ep eneu ship mainly ocused
en i onmen al pe o mance o he ex e nal en i onmen including consume s ha mo i a es en e p ises
o ge in ol ed in g een en ep eneu ial p ac ices (silajdžić e al., 2015; lin & chen, 2018; salem e al.,
2023). likewise, s udies ha ha e conside ed g een ac i i ies as a sou ce o pe o mance ha e igno ed
he impo ance o geO (lin & niu, 2018) pa icula ly o pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms.
While e alua ing he esul s o geO i has been obse ed ha g een en ep eneu ship concu en ly
encou age inancial as well as en i onmen al gains, like exploi ing ma ke oppo uni ies in such a way
ha en i onmen is no dis u bed and his ac is used as a ma ke ing oll by he en e p ises o u he
exploi ma ke by hei en i onmen iendly p ac ices (azzone & noci, 1998; allen & Malin, 2008; De
B uin & lewis, 2016; Demi el e al., 2019). he e m geO is mos ly discussed in he con ex o eu ope
and schola s as well as en ep eneu s in de eloping coun ies ha e ha dly paid any a en ion o e g een
p ac ices due o which hey a e lacking in compe i ion in he o eign ma ke s. Fo example, De B uin and
lewis (2016) highligh ed mul iple easons ha p omo e o hinde s g een en ep eneu ship. his shows
ha he e is a signi ican con ex ual gap o he de eloping coun ies.
Fu he mo e, majo i y o he esea che s conduc ed esea ch on g een en ep eneu ship o iden i y-
ing i s impac s o e en i onmen (Keogh & Polonsky, 1998; schape , 2002; allen & Malin, 2008). hus,
by ollowing p io s udies in he domain o g een en ep eneu ship he cu en s udy conside ed geO
as a p edilec ion o engage in sui able oppo uni ies which along wi h en i onmen al bene i s will also
gi e ui ul esul s o business ac i i ies inancially (Dean & McMullen, 2007; schal egge e al., 2016;
Demi el e al., 2019). in keeping he consis ency wi h he p io s udies geO is e lec ed in g een inno-
a ion, ma ke p o-ac i eness, and isk- aking beha io s in he ope a ions o he en ep eneu ial i ms
as suppo ed by he dynamic capabili y heo y. Dynamic capabili y heo y ocuses o e he dynamic
Figu e 1. heo e ical amewo k.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
capabili ies o he i m which gi e he i m a mo i a ion and con idence o inno a e and expe imen .
likewise, g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion calls o g een expe imen a ion no only in he p oduc s bu
also in he p ocesses, howe e , g een p oduc inno a ion is pu ely de eloping a p oduc which is en i-
onmen ally iendly. he e o e, while unde s anding he signi icance o geO and gap o i s impac o e
pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms, his s udy p oposes ha :
ha1: g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion has a signi ican impac o e pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms.
2.2. G een ans o ma ional leade ship
li e a u e o e ans o ma ional leade ship and pe o mance is abundan (Maqbool e al., 2017; endang
& Raha dja, 2018), howe e , limi ed s udies ha e been conduc ed o e g l and pe o mance o en e-
p eneu ial i ms (singh e al., 2020). likewise, s udies on he impac o ans o ma ional leade ship o e
pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms media ed by inno a ion a e limi ed (ga cía-Mo ales e al., 2012),
bu g een p oduc inno a ion as a media o be ween g l and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms has
ha dly been s udied especially wi h ega d o de eloping coun ies. Whe eas such a link become pe i-
nen when he en ep eneu ial i ms in end o g een p oduc inno a ion o gaining sus ainable and
supe io pe o mance. Fo he pu pose o cu en s udy g l is conside ed as such a leade ship beha io
(asad e al., 2021; allam e al., 2022), which ocuses on communica ing an unclouded ision, inspi a ion,
and mo i a ion o he employees o he ul illmen o o ganiza ional objec i es (Mi al & Dha , 2016).
g een ans o ma ional leade s allow expe imen a ion (singh e al., 2021) and con ince hei human
esou ce o gain la es knowledge (le & lei, 2018) which is compulso y o gaining supe io pe o mance.
li e a u e in he pas also sugges ed o conduc u he esea ch o e in luence o g l and pe o mance
o en ep eneu ial i ms by adding he mos sui able in e ening a iable be ween he ela ionship
(chang, 2011; Pa a-gonzález e al., 2018; le & lei, 2019). in addi ion, leade ship ac s as a majo esou ce
o he en e p ises as p oposed by RBV. conside ing he p essu e om di e en s akeholde s o pu suing
en i onmen al managemen au ho s sugges ed g een ans o ma ional leade as a key esou ce o
add essing he issue o sus ain pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms (Mi al & Dha , 2016; singh e al.,
2020; Kusi e al., 2021). hence, i would be igh o p opose he ollowing hypo hesis:
ha2: g een ans o ma ional leade ship has a signi ican impac o e pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms.
2.3. G een p oduc inno a ion
in he mode n wo ld, consume s a e awa e o en i onmen al conce ns and en e p ises canno igno e he
p essu e o consume o he same (chu e al., 2018). o succeed in he p essu ized en i onmen , en e -
p ises adop g een en ep eneu ial p ac ices wi h he suppo o g l. howe e , conside ing he p io
li e a u e, whe e i is sugges ed o add he in e ening a iables o u he s eng hening he p oposi ion
o RBV and Dc , g een p oduc inno a ion is conside ed o play a signi ican media ing ole (chang,
2011; ga cía-Mo ales e al., 2012; chen e al., 2016; Wang, 2019; Muangmee e al., 2021). g een inno a-
ion is an ex emely b oad cons uc which co e s new p oduc de elopmen , new p ocess adop ion,
inno a i e ma ke ing ac ics, and likewise (li e al., 2021). inno a ion is dependen upon he cul u e o
he en e p ise (Wang, 2019). and cul u e is de eloped by he leade ship (le & lei, 2019), hus, i he
leade ship is de ia ed owa ds g een p ac ices hey will adop geO (silajdžić e al., 2015), hey will apply
g l which will p omo e g een p oduc inno a ion (Jiang e al., 2018; le & lei, 2019).
en e p ises ha engage in g een inno a ion a e mo e sus ainable and pe o ms be e as compa ed
o hei i al en e p ises, because o en i onmen al conce ns hey a ac mo e cus ome s. simila ly, o ga-
niza ional cul u e and o ganiza ional policies ha e he capabili y o con e inno a ion in o g een inno-
a ion (singh e al., 2020). he e o e, en e p ises c ea e compe i i e ad an age by ge ing in ol ed in
g een p oduc inno a ion by de eloping a cul u e in he o ganiza ion o adop ing en i onmen iendly
p ac ices (Wang, 2019). en e p ises ha a e en ep eneu ial in na u e and a e il ed owa ds g een p ac-
ices, always in es hei esou ces o e g een p oduc inno a ion which gi es hem supe io pe o -
mance o en ep eneu ial i ms (Jiang e al., 2018; Majali e al., 2022).
6 M. asaD e al.
a he same ime, p io li e a u e has concen a ed o e he impac o g l o p omo ing g een p od-
uc inno a ion which can gi e supe io pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms (Kusi e al., 2021; Khan
e al., 2021) suppo ed by RBV, whe e as dynamic capabili y heo y suppo g een en ep eneu ial o ien-
a ion, howe e he e was gap in he li e a u e whe e he wo heo ies a e combined o using a single
amewo k in he con ex o a de eloping coun y. ans o ma ional leade s de elop compe encies in
hei employees and de elop hei capabili ies h ough sha ed decision-making p ocesses. collec i e
decision making and compe ency de elopmen , hese wo cha ac e is ics o he ans o ma ional leade s
help en e p ises o achie e hei a ge ed goals o g een p oduc inno a ion, as well as o ganiza ional
pe o mance. conside ing he abo e discussion and add essing he impo an media ing e ec o g een
p oduc inno a ion, he ollowing wo hypo heses ha e been p oposed:
ha3: g een p oduc inno a ion media es g een en ep eneu ial o ien a ion and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial
i ms.
ha4: g een p oduc inno a ion media es be ween g l and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms.
3. Me hodology
Fo e alua ing he hypo hesis, he esea che s ollowed a quan i a i e esea ch me hodology. P ima ily,
800 i ms we e chosen om he lis p o ided by he sialko chambe o comme ce and indus y as well
as Ka achi chambe o comme ce and indus y. he eason behind choosing hese wo ci ies is ha
maximum p opo ion o sMes belong o hese wo ci ies and hese wo ci ies ha e a majo sha e in he
gDP as well as sMes expo s o he coun y. Fu he mo e 800 sMes we e chosen based on simple an-
dom sampling using sPss 25. o be su e ha he en e p ise is en ep eneu ial in na u e o no a il e
ques ion was se by asking ha is you i m ha ing esea ch and de elopmen depa men o no . Only
hose esponses we e inco po a ed in he analysis, whe e he i ms we e ha ing esea ch and de elop-
men depa men s. he da a has been collec ed om 384 owne s and manage s o en ep eneu ial i ms
om h ee di e en ci ies o Pakis an. he de ails o he indus ies ha pa icipa ed in he su ey is
men ioned in able 1:
Fo collec ing he p ima y da a, he lis o sMes was aken om sialko chambe o comme ce and
indus y. he e a e almos 16000 sMes egis e ed wi h sialko chambe o comme ce and indus y. he
ques ionnai es we e dis ibu ed among he owne s and manage s o en ep eneu ial i ms om he
abo emen ioned sec o s. he esponden s we e sen wi h a il e Ques ion o sc een ou con en ional
sMes and choosing en ep eneu ial i ms only. ini ially, hey we e in o med h ough emails and ele-
phone calls, upon app o al, ques ionnai es we e sen o hem. a co e le e was a ached wi h he
ques ionnai es o be e unde s anding o he esponden s abou he pu pose o su ey. a e wo
weeks, ollow-up calls we e gi en o encou age he esponden s and o gi e any explana ion, i equi ed.
almos all he esponden s esponded wi h in one mon h du ing ap il 2023 o May 2023. comple ely
illed 384 ques ionnai es showed a esponse a e o 40% app oxima ely as 620 ques ionnai es we e dis-
ibu ed in o al. common me hod biaseness was analyszed by spli hal e echnique (Podsako
e al., 2003).
Fo collec ing he da a ins umen was adop ed om p io esea ch. a i e-poin like scale was used
o measu e he esponses om he owne s and manage s o en ep eneu ial i ms. he scale o measu -
ing geO was adop ed om asad, Majali, e al.(2023), likewise, scale o g l was adop ed om singh
e al. (2020), and inally, scale o measu ing pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms was adop ed om
Table 1. s udy pa icipan s.
indus ies F equency Pe cen age
spo s goods manu ac u ing 101 26.3
Lea he p ocessing 55 14.3
Lea he goods manu ac u ing 45 11.7
su gical ins umen s manu ac u ing 39 10.2
elec ical goods manu ac u ing 43 11.2
Cosme ics ins umen s manu ac u ing 27 7
ex ile and appa els 73 19
o al 384 100
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
asad e al. (2021). he i ems o g een p oduc inno a ion we e adop ed om singh e al. (2020).
Pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms is measu ed using ques ionnai es because o i ms in de eloping
coun ies he majo issue is in o mal eco d keeping he e o e, i is be e o measu e pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial i ms based on pe cep ual measu es o he en ep eneu s (asi e al., 2021). all he
adap ed i ems used o measu ing he cons uc s o he s udy ha e been men ioned in appendix a.
he collec ed da a has been analyzed using sPss ini ially o ensu e ha he issue o common me hod
bias does no exis s and o
4. Analysis and indings
e en hough we collec ed he da a using p e-de eloped and p e es ed ques ionnai e, s ill we con i med
he eliabili y and alidi y o he collec ed da a because he ins umen was used in a di e en demo-
g aphical se ing. Fo he same pu pose be o e applying s uc u al equa ion modeling i em loadings,
c onbach’s alpha, composi e eliabili y, a e age a iance ex ac ed, and disc iminan alidi y ha e been
analyzed. in his esea ch, indi idual i em loadings a e assessed ini ially, o iden i y and assess any issues
wi h he i ems aken in he ins umen o he collec ion o he da a o s udy a iables. able 2 shows
he calcula ed alues o ou e loadings. he h eshold le el o i em loadings is 0.7, i he calcula ed
loading alue all below 0.7, i is conside ed ha he i em is no eliable. all i em loading alues ange
be ween 0.7 o 0.922 as illus a ed in able 2.
he calcula ed alues o i em loadings in able 2 showed ha i ems ha ing loading alues equal o
o abo e 0.700 ha e been e ained in he model and i ems ha ing loading alues below 0.700 we e
emo ed om he model o u he analysis. none o he i ems we e emo ed om g een p oduc
inno a ion and pe o mance o en ep eneu ial i ms, howe e , one i em was emo ed om geO, and
wo i ems we e emo ed om g l. a e excluding he i ems ha ing loading alues below 0.7, enough
i ems we e e ained in he model. as, i less han 10% o he i ems a e emo ed, he scale’s eliabili y is
una ec ed as well as he scale is s ill can be used wi h con idence.
a e ou e loadings, he esea che s analyzed he calcula ed alues o c onbach’s alpha, composi e
eliabili y, and a e age Va iance ex ac ed (aVe) o con i m he eliabili y and alidi y o he ins umen .
Fo c onbach’s alpha he h eshold le el is 0.7 (hensele e al., 2015), o composi e eliabili y he h esh-
old le el is 0.60 (hensele e al., 2009), bu alues 0.70 and g ea e a e p e e ed (hai e al., 2013), and
Table 2. i em loadings.
i ems en ep eneu ial o ien a ion
g een P oduc
inno a ion
g een ans o ma ional
Leade ship
Pe o mance o
en ep eneu ial Fi ms
geo1 0.899
geo2 0.869
geo3 0.855
geo4 0.917
geo5 0.802
geo6 0.734
geo8 0.748
geo9 0.867
gPi1 0.700
gPi2 0.834
gPi3 0.879
gPi4 0.835
gPi5 0.870
g L1 0.772
g L2 0.755
g L3 0.922
g L4 0.871
PeF1 0.828
PeF2 0.79
PeF3 0.771
PeF4 0.819
PeF5 0.753
PeF6 0.827
PeF7 0.815
PeF8 0.783
PeF9 0.758
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Appendix A
no i ems 1 2 3 4 5
G een En ep eneu ial
o ien a ion
1ou i m a o s a s ong emphasis
on g een p ac ices.
2ou i m a o s a s ong emphasis
on R&D.
3ou i m a o s a s ong emphasis
on echnological leade ship.
4ou i m a o s a s ong emphasis
on inno a ion.
5When acing unce ain y, we
ypically adop a p oac i e
pos u e.
6When acing unce ain y, we ca ch
po en ial g een oppo uni ies.
7in dealing wi h compe i o s, we
ypically ini ia e g een ac ions
ha compe i o s espond o.
8ou i m a o s a endency o be a
leade , and always in oduce
g een p oduc s, se ice, o
echnology i s .
9in dealing wi h compe i o s, we
ypically adop a compe i i e
‘undo- he compe i o s’ pos u e.
G een P oduc Inno a ion
1My company uses ma e ials ha
p oduce leas pollu ion.
2My company uses ma e ials ha
consumes less ene gy and
esou ces.
3My company uses ma e ials ha o
design en i onmen iendly
p oduc .
4My company uses ma e ials ha a e
easy o ecycle, euse, and
decompose.
5 he manu ac u ing o my company
e ec i ely educes use o aw
ma e ials.
(Con inued)
16 M. asaD e al.
no i ems 1 2 3 4 5
G een T ans o ma ional
leade ship
1ac i e lis ening and join ag eemen
on annual lea ning goals o
g een ac i i ies.
2expe imen a ion and open
discussion o g een p ac ices
be ween employee and leade .
3 ans o ma ional leade ship
a icula e a common ision o
g een p ocesses.
4Leade s ne e ep imand o
employee in public o g een
ini ia i es.
Pe o mance o En ep eneu ial
Fi ms
1income (ne p o i ) o ou i m has
inc eased.
2 he numbe o i ems sold inc eased.
3Business and domes ic expenses a e
easily se led.
4ou pu o ou i m has inc eased.
5Cus ome s’ ou pu demand is me
(imp o ed se ice).
6in es men o ou i m has
inc eased.
7ou i m has bough new machine/
equipmen .
8 o al Business wo h has dec eased.
9ou i m has a new ull- ime s a .
Appendix A. Con inued.
