Lanzl, Julia; Gimpel, Henne ; A le bach, Pa ick Jü gen; Gimpel, Henne
A icle
Concep ualizing he in eg a ion o business and p i a e
componen s in indi idual in o ma ion sys ems
Schmalenbach Jou nal o Business Resea ch (SBUR)
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Schmalenbach-Gesellscha ü Be iebswi scha e.V.
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Lanzl, Julia; Gimpel, Henne ; A le bach, Pa ick Jü gen; Gimpel, Henne (2024) :
Concep ualizing he in eg a ion o business and p i a e componen s in indi idual in o ma ion
sys ems, Schmalenbach Jou nal o Business Resea ch (SBUR), ISSN 2366-6153, Sp inge , Heidelbe g,
Vol. 76, Iss. 1, pp. 29-61,
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
Concep ualizing he In eg a ion o Business and P i a e
Componen s in Indi idual In o ma ion Sys ems
Julia Lanzl · Lena U z · Pa ick A le bach · Henne Gimpel
Recei ed: 30 Augus 2021 / Accep ed: 4 No embe 2023 / Published online: 5 Decembe 2023
© The Au ho (s) 2023
Abs ac Indi iduals build hei indi idual in o ma ion sys em (IIS) wi h which hey
manage he bounda y be ween di e en domains o li e. In his age o pe manen
mobile accessibili y, howe e , he bounda y be ween he p i a e and business do-
mains can become blu ed. While some use s y o main ain a deg ee o sepa a ion
be ween he wo IIS sub-sys ems ( he p i a e and he business in o ma ion sys em),
o he s in eg a e hem. Unde s anding such in eg a ion is essen ial as i a ec s well-
being and pe o mance in bo h domains. To u he his unde s anding, we in oduce
a concep ualiza ion o IIS ha dis inguishes be ween ou laye s o IIS: de ices,
digi al iden i ies, ela ionships, and in o ma ion. To measu e IIS in eg a ion, we de-
elop a me hod based on he IIS componen s’ usage equencies in each domain. We
e alua e ou concep ualiza ion as well as ou measu emen me hod by empi ically
es ing a heo e ical model o IIS in eg a ion on mul iple laye s. Ou da a p o ides
empi ical suppo o he impo ance o ela ionship in eg a ion as one o he ou
This pape was o iginally submi ed and independen ly pee - e iewed a Business Resea ch, one o
SBUR’s p edecesso jou nals. I has been accep ed by he same Edi o -in-Chie o publica ion in he
successo jou nal SBUR.
Julia Lanzl · Lena U z · Henne Gimpel
B anch Business & In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing o he F aunho e FIT, Augsbu g, Ge many
E-Mail: julia.[email p o ec ed] .de
Henne Gimpel
E-Mail: henne [email protected]
Julia Lanzl · Lena U z · Pa ick A le bach · Henne Gimpel
FIM Resea ch Cen e o In o ma ion Managemen , Augsbu g, Ge many
E-Mail: lena.u z@ im- c.de
Pa ick A le bach
E-Mail: pa ick.a le bach@ im- c.de
Julia Lanzl · Henne Gimpel
Chai o Digi al Managemen , Uni e si y o Hohenheim, S u ga , Ge many
K
30 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
laye s. This leads us o he conclusion ha e en hough IIS a e composed o ou
laye s, only he ela ionship laye is o in e es ega ding IIS in eg a ion. Ou esul s
a e o in e es and se ice o indi iduals, o ganiza ions, and IT designe s who aim
o manage IIS in eg a ion o indi idual and o ganiza ional bene i s.
Keywo ds Indi idual in o ma ion sys ems · Bounda y heo y · IIS in eg a ion ·
S uc u al equa ion modeling
1 In oduc ion
Since Apple eleased he iPhone in 2007, sma phone use has inc eased apidly. By
2016, he sha e o adul s who owned a sma phone had eached 60% in Ge many
and an e en highe 72% in he Uni ed S a es (Poush e 2016). E e since, his ech
a ini y has sp ead o a wide ange o digi al echnologies, such as compu e s, able s,
and sma wa ches. Owing o he a ie y and po en ial o mobile de ices, he e has
also been a ema kable inc ease in social ne wo king si es, media s eaming, online
shopping, and o he online se ices ( o dem Esche and Hennig-Thu au 2014).
While his has a o ded use s g ea e mobili y, i has also led o mo e wo k ou side
o ices (Global Wo kplace Analy ics 2016), which people end o pe o m no only
on business bu also on p i a e de ices (Ha is e al. 2012). E o s o con ain he
sp ead o he SARS-CoV-2 i us and COVID-19 in ol ed unp eceden ed numbe s o
employees wo king om home wi h an asso men o de ices, hei digi al iden i ies
and he like s emming om bo h he p i a e and he business domains o hei li es.
The consequences o his con inuing digi aliza ion s and o eason: he p i a e and
business domains a e inc easingly o e lapping.
People build hei own indi idual in o ma ion sys em (IIS), which leads o mo e
o less o e lap be ween he p i a e and business domains. Baske ille (2011a, p. 1)
de ines IIS as “an ac i i y sys em in which indi idual pe sons, acco ding o idiosyn-
c a ic needs and p e e ences, pe o m p ocesses and ac i i ies using in o ma ion,
echnology, and o he esou ces o p oduce in o ma ional p oduc s and/o se ices
o use by hemsel es o o he s.” An IIS has wo sub-sys ems ha ei he se e he
use as a business pe son o as a p i a e pe son (Baske ille 2011b). We call hese
sub-sys ems he “business in o ma ion sys em” (BIS) and he “p i a e in o ma ion
sys em” (PIS). I is wo h no ing ha BIS and en e p ise in o ma ion sys ems (EIS)
di e in he sense ha a BIS is he sys em o an indi idual in he business domain,
while an EIS e e s o an en i e o ganiza ion. To manage he inc easing o e lap o
hei p i a e and business li es, indi iduals ei he use hei IIS o sepa a e he wo
domains as a as possible by keeping hei PIS and BIS apa , o hey in eg a e
he sys ems in o he opposi e spaces o li e o blend hei p i a e and business do-
mains. In bounda y heo y (Ash o h e al. 2000), his s a egy is called a bounda y
managemen ac ic (Nippe -Eng 1996).
High in eg a ion o he sub-sys ems, and o he wo domains o li e hey se e,
has been associa ed wi h highe domain blu ing, g ea e wo k-li e con lic , and
in ensi ied wo k s ess (e.g., Kö e e al. 2014a; Wang and Zhang 2015; Yun e al.
2012). To da e, mos o hese s udies on IIS as a bounda y managemen ac ic
K
Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 31
ha e ocused on he sma phone as a ep esen a i e de ice o a socio- echnical
IIS ha os e s domain in eg a ion. Wha hese s udies ha e no done, howe e , is
in es iga e IIS as a whole (Duxbu y e al. 2014; Yun e al. 2012). The e is, as ye , no
app ecia ion ha in eg a ion lies on a con inuum be ween comple e in eg a ion and
comple e segmen a ion (Kö e e al. 2015). The pu pose o his s udy is o ex end
he li e a u e by aking a holis ic iew on IIS and add essing he ollowing esea ch
ques ion:
How can IIS in eg a ion be concep ualized, and which componen s o an IIS ha e
o be conside ed?
To le us be e en ision IIS componen s, we conside a ic ional cha ac e named
“Bob.” Bob se es as an amalgama ion o en quali a i e use in e iews ha we
conduc ed in ad ance o unde s and be e and illus a e he issue o IIS in eg a ion.
All in e iewees a e employees o one knowledge-in ensi e o ganiza ion wi h he
same equipmen cha ac e is ics as a business no ebook, business cellphone, e c. So,
we build he basic s uc u e o Bob. Howe e , some ea u es we e di e en om
o he in e iewees. We ha e included hese ema kable ea u es in he example o
Bob:
Bob is 31 yea s old and li es wi h his pa ne . He is a p ojec manage wi h his
own space a his company’s o ice, ye he o en wo ks om home, whe e he uses
a dedica ed oom as his home o ice. Bob has bo h a p i a e and a business no ebook
bu uses only his p i a e de ice, be i o p i a e o business pu poses, and he does
so a home as well as a he company’s o ice. He uses his p i a e sma phone o
his wo k and p i a e li e, whe eas he does no use his business sma phone a all.
Howe e , he plans o ge a second SIM ca d, wo di e en numbe s, and di e en
ing ones o his business and pe sonal calls. Fu he mo e, he has a landline phone
in his o ice. Fo p i a e ins an messages, he uses Wha sApp, whe eas he uses
Mic oso Teams o hose ela ed o business. In some u gen cases, he con ac s
colleagues ia Wha sApp. Fo business ideo calls, he uses Mic oso Teams and
Zoom. Fo his email co espondence, he has p i a e and business email add esses.
Fo social ne wo king, he uses Facebook and Twi e . Bob’s business p ojec has i s
own Twi e accoun , and he is esponsible o communica ing news ela ing o his
p ojec . Occasionally, Bob uses YouTube o wo k- ela ed esea ch, bu o he mos
pa , he uses his channel o wa ch ideos in his spa e ime. Bob has been wo king
o his company o se e al yea s, and du ing his ime, some o his colleagues ha e
become close iends. He alks o hem abou his amily and aspec s o his p i a e
li e, such as holidays. Con e sely, he alks o his pa ne abou his business p ojec s.
In Bob’s si ua ion, h ee c i ical ques ions come o mind: Which s uc u e can we
disce n in Bob’s IIS? How does his IIS con ibu e o in eg a ing o segmen ing his
p i a e and business li es? Wha a e he posi i e and nega i e consequences o how
he handles his IIS?
Resea che s ha e p oposed di e en IIS concep ualiza ions, some a ying in he
sub-laye s o an IIS, o he s in i s sub-sys ems (e.g., Gaß e al. 2015; Lee e al.
2015). Ou i s s ep, he e o e, is o concep ualize he ou laye s o an IIS based on
he ex an li e a u e, whe eupon we will conduc a quali a i e p e-s udy and de ine
IIS in eg a ion on each o he ou laye s. To es he nomological alidi y (Judd
e al. 1991) o ou concep ualized cons uc , we build a esea ch model in line wi h
K
32 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
Ash o h e al. (2000). This model is i sel es ed based on su ey da a and he eby
ollows he guidelines ha MacKenzie e al. (2011) se o cons uc measu emen
and alida ion. We ind suppo o IIS in eg a ion on he ou laye s, and we ind
suppo o he measu emen me hod. We also ind ha IIS in eg a ion is highes a
he de ice le el and lowes a he ela ionship le el. Ou esul s indica e he ele ance
o dedica ed esea ch in o IIS in eg a ion, and hey p o ide a ame o e e ence o
i s analysis and managemen .
One con ibu ion o his pape is o be a p oposal o a ou -laye concep ualiza-
ion o IIS, combining a ious iews on he opic. The ou laye s a e as ollows:
de ices (i.e., ha dwa e ools like sma phones o lap ops), digi al iden i ies (i.e., he
ep esen a ion o he indi idual in di e en IT se ices by such means as an email
add ess o a phone numbe ), ela ionships (i.e., social ies wi h iends o colleagues
ia he echnology laye s o he IIS), and in o ma ion (i.e., da a p ocessing on he
echnology laye s o he IIS).
The second con ibu ion o his pape is he concep ualiza ion o IIS in eg a ion.
Use s can in luence he amoun o in eg a ion and segmen a ion o hei p i a e
and business li es by changing how hey use hei IIS on i s a ious laye s. When
hey keep hei PIS and BIS apa , he o e lap o p i a e and business domains
ends o be no ably smalle . Con e sely, use s can in eg a e he sys ems in o he
opposi e domains— o example, by using he p i a e de ices and digi al iden i ies
o p i a e and business ma e s— o in en ionally in eg a e hei p i a e and business
li es. Ou con ibu ion o he li e a u e, hen, is he inding ha he in eg a ion on
he ela ionship laye has he mos in o ma i e alue on IIS in eg a ion as a whole.
The emainde o his pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2 se s up he heo-
e ical ounda ion o bounda y heo y and IIS. Sec ion 3 in oduces he ou laye s
o IIS and ou concep ualiza ion o IIS in eg a ion. Sec ion 4 de elops a esea ch
model and desc ibes he design and ope a ionaliza ion o he su ey along wi h i s
esul s. Sec ion 5 discusses he indings, heo e ical con ibu ions, and p ac ical im-
plica ions o indi iduals, o ganiza ions, and IT designe s. This i h and inal sec ion
also p o ides a pe spec i e on u u e esea ch.
2 Theo e ical Backg ound
Fo his pape , we build on wo esea ch s eams, which we explain in his Chap e :
bounda y heo y om social psychology and indi idual in o ma ion sys ems om IS
esea ch. We hen elabo a e on he impo ance o conside ing he in eg a ion o di -
e en componen s when esea ching IIS and show how IIS esea ch has p e iously
inco po a ed knowledge om bounda y heo y in o i s heo izing on IIS.
2.1 Bounda y Theo y
Bounda y heo y eme ged om social psychology and he o ganiza ional sciences. I
posi s ha indi iduals pe o m di e en oles in di e en con ex s. A ole is de ined
as “ he building block o social sys ems and he summa ion o he equi emen s wi h
which such sys ems con on hei membe s as indi iduals” (Ka z and Kahn 1978,
K
Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 33
p. 219 .). To simpli y hei en i onmen , indi iduals c ea e and nego ia e bounda ies
be ween hei oles. These bounda ies b eak up hei li es in o agmen s, o so-called
domains, each con aining one o mo e oles. The wo majo domains a e he p i a e
and he business domains (Ash o h e al. 2000; Nippe -Eng 1996; Ro hba d e al.
2005).
Bounda ies a e e e y hing ha delimi s he scope o a domain (Ash o h e al.
2000). Indi iduals use di e en ools and ac ics o manage hei bounda ies; his can
be ime, space, beha io s, o physical a i ac s, such as calenda s, keys, o clo hes.
Telewo ke s, o ins ance, o en use ime o di ide hei day in o p i a e ime and
business ime. Al e na i ely, hey use spa ial bounda ies by se ing up one oom
solely o hei business ma e s (Fonne and S ache 2012;Jahne al.2016;K eine
2006; Nippe -Eng 1996;Pa kandJex2011).
C ea ing bounda ies causes highe domain segmen a ion, a s a e in which indi id-
uals c ea e bounda ies ha a e in lexible and impe meable. Domains a e sepa a ed
wi hou any o e laps in ime, space, a i ac s, o ac i i ies. A he o he ex eme,
domain in eg a ion deno es he s a e in which indi iduals delibe a ely design bound-
a ies as lexible and pe meable. In ha case, indi iduals make “no dis inc ion [...]
be ween wha belongs o ‘home’ o ‘wo k’ and when and whe e [one domain’s oles]
a e engaged” (Nippe -Eng 1996, p. 567). Time, space, a i ac s, and ac i i ies o he
domains o e lap en i ely. While heo e ically possible, howe e , in eg a ion and seg-
men a ion in hese ex eme o ms a e e y a e. The eal-li e shaping o bounda ies
lies on a con inuum be ween in eg a ion and segmen a ion, and indi iduals end o
ind hei com o zone somewhe e owa ds one o hese poles (Ash o h e al. 2000;
K eine 2006; Nippe -Eng 1996).
In eg a ion and segmen a ion ha e h ee main consequences: domain blu ing,
he le el o c oss-domain in e up ions, and he magni ude o ansi ion be ween
domains. Wo k- amily blu ing, o ins ance, is “ he expe ience o di icul y in dis-
inguishing one’s wo k om one’s amily [domain]” (Des oche s e al. 2005, p. 460).
C oss-domain in e up ions occu when ime spen in one domain is in e up ed by
an elemen belonging o he o he , o ins ance, a p i a e call om he wi e o hus-
band du ing business hou s (Ash o h e al. 2000; Chen and Ka ahanna 2014). The
magni ude o ansi ion be ween wo domains is he e o needed o psychologically
and physically lea e one domain and en e ano he (Ash o h e al. 2000). Highe
domain in eg a ion leads o ad anced domain blu ing and mo e c oss-domain in-
e up ions, while highe segmen a ion leads o a g ea e psychological and physical
magni ude o ansi ion be ween he domains (Ash o h e al. 2000).
The mos ex ensi ely esea ched consequence o domain in eg a ion is he so-
called wo k-li e con lic (also known as he wo k- amily o wo k-home con lic ).
This con lic a ises when “p essu es om he wo k and amily domains a e mu ually
incompa ible in some espec ” (G eenhaus and Beu ell 1985, p. 77). Des oche s
e al. (2005), o ins ance, ound an inc easing e ec o domain blu ing on wo k-
li e con lic . Wo k-li e con lic , in u n, can cause highe s ess o s ain and lowe
o ganiza ional commi men (Ahuja e al. 2007; Ayyaga i e al. 2011; Yun e al.
2012).
I is wo h no ing, hough, ha domain in eg a ion does no au oma ically cause
ad e se e ec s, and his b ings us o why an indi idual’s p e e ence o domain
K
34 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
in eg a ion o segmen a ion ma e s. The mode a ing e ec o he indi idual’s p e -
e ence is o en e e ed o as pe son-en i onmen i — he cong uence be ween an
indi idual’s p e e ence o in eg a ion and hei expe ience o he ac ual deg ee o
in eg a ion. A g ea e i has posi i e consequences, such as mo e job sa is ac ion,
highe o ganiza ional commi men , lowe s ess, and lowe wo k-li e con lic (Fonne
and S ache 2012;Kö e e al.2014a; K eine 2006; Ro hba d e al. 2005).
2.2 Indi idual In o ma ion Sys ems
Al e (2008) s udied exis en de ini ions o IS wi h he esul ha he mos con-
cep ualiza ions o IS exclude he indi idual componen s. He de ines IS as a “wo k
sys em,” “in which human pa icipan s and/o machines pe o m wo k (p ocesses
and ac i i ies) using in o ma ion, echnology, and o he esou ces o p oduce speci ic
p oduc s and/o se ices o speci ic in e nal o ex e nal cus ome s.” (Al e 2008,
p. 451). Wi h he choice o he e m “wo k,” he es ic s he de ini ion o me ely
business IS. This makes i di icul o conside such sys ems, whose design e e s
o wholly o pa ly leisu e ac i i ies as well as business ac i i ies. Today, indi idu-
als a e hei own adminis a o s and au onomously design e e mo e powe ul and
complex IS ha a e e en la ge and mo e complex han he o ganiza ional IS ad-
minis a ed by IT depa men s o he pas (Baske ille and Lee 2013). I is he e o e
e y impo an o look a he IIS as well.
An IIS is a speci ic IS ype. Baske ille (2011a, p. 1) de ines IIS as “an ac-
i i y sys em in which indi idual pe sons, acco ding o idiosync a ic needs and
p e e ences, pe o m p ocesses and ac i i ies using in o ma ion, echnology, and
o he esou ces o p oduce in o ma ional p oduc s and/o se ices o use by hem-
sel es o o he s.” Gaß e al. (2015) sugges ha an IIS has a a ie y o in o ma ion
and communica ion echnology componen s, such as de ices, se ices, applica ions,
websi es, and apps. Much like Baske ille (2011a), Gaß e al. (2015) u he a gue
ha he social con ex is impo an . Wha is mo e, hey make he alid poin ha
an indi idual has di e en IT iden i ies in di e en con ex s, each shaped by hei
alues, a i udes, mo als, knowledge, and skills (Gaß e al. 2015).
In a emp s o iden i y he consequences o IIS, schola s ha e la gely ocused on
he posi i es. On he pe sonal side, hese include inc eased au onomy, mo i a ion,
and ease o adop ion. Fo o ganiza ions, hey include highe adop ion speed and
g ea e employee a ailabili y (Dell and In el 2011; Mu doch e al. 2010;Nieha es
e al. 2012; Del P e e e al. 2011). Meanwhile, o he s udies ha e ocused on he
“da k side” o IIS. In hei me a-analysis, Pi kkalainen and Salo (2016) summa ized
hese s udies and di e en ia ed he ad e se e ec s ha indi iduals expe ience due
o IS ( a he han me ely IIS) in o ou clus e s: echnos ess, in o ma ion o e load,
IT addic ion, and IT anxie y. In addi ion o his classi ica ion, Pi kkalainen and Salo
(2016) iden i ied he con ex s in which hese ou phenomena can be obse ed: he
business o he p i a e domain.
K
Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 35
2.3 IIS In eg a ion
Wi h he g ow h o impo ance and e sa ili y, IIS has also become inc easingly
use ul o p o essional ac i i ies (Gaß e al. 2015). Nowadays, employees use hei
p i a e de ices o business pu poses o business de ices o p i a e pu poses. In
ex eme bu no so a e cases, i can be ha some de ices om one domain sub-
s i u e de ices om ano he (e.g., sma phones). Each IIS is designed indi idually
and di e en om ano he , depending on he equi emen s and needs o each in-
di idual and hei con ex . Bu p e ious IS li e a u e does no ully add ess hese
de elopmen s and lacks a holis ic concep ualiza ion o he IIS (Gaß e al. 2015). Fo
example, esea ch on consume iza ion (Moschella e al. 2004; Weiß and Leimeis e
2012) has in es iga ed IIS on an o ganiza ional le el and ocuses on he di usion
o echnologies o iginally made o he usage in an o ganiza ion. Resea ch on in-
di idualiza ion (Baske ille 2011a) desc ibes a simila consume iza ion p ocess on
he indi idual le el. Speci ically, i has examined he easons and consequences o
p i a ely owned IT used by employees o business pu poses (e.g., Nieha es e al.
2012; O bach 2015; O bach e al. 2013). IT consume iza ion on indi idual le el is
one o wo possible di ec ions ha IIS in eg a ion can ake. The esea ch in his a ea
has ound impo an consequences o indi iduals, such as inc eased lexibili y and
pe o mance bu also addi ional da a p i acy implica ions. As o o ganiza ions, he
esea ch has indica ed simila ly impo an consequences, such as ad anced inno a-
ion in business p ocesses bu also a la ge numbe o IT secu i y issues and a loss o
o ganiza ional con ol (Beh ens 2009; O bach 2015;Weege e al.2015). To da e,
howe e , he e is a ce ain gap in he IT consume iza ion li e a u e when i comes
o esea ch on he impac s o an IIS in which he p i a e and business domains a e,
o one deg ee o ano he , in eg a ed.
As he business and p i a e domains o li e inc easingly o e lap and hei bound-
a ies become blu ed, a comp ehensi e examina ion o bo h is necessa y o iden i y
how IIS in eg a ion a ec s he en i e y o an indi idual’s li e. To da e, such IIS
in eg a ion has no been s udied in su icien dep h, no ha e he consequences o
i s a ying deg ees.
2.4 Bounda y Theo y in IIS Resea ch
Bounda y heo y and i s ela ed cons uc s explain he e ec s o mo e o less in e-
g a ed domains o li e, ye he bounda ies be ween hem can be shaped and eshaped
wi h a a ie y o s a egies. IIS de eloped as a new possibili y o managing hese
bounda ies. Wi h i s help, indi iduals can connec o he p i a e and he business
domains, ega dless o ime o space, which is o say hey can o e come adi ional
bounda ies (Golden and Geisle 2007;Pa kandJex2011). As a esul , he ex en
o an indi idual’s o e all domain in eg a ion can o some ex en be de e mined
by bounda y managemen ac ics. Fo ins ance, elewo ke s may use wo di e en
ooms o segmen hei domains bu may also use hei compu e in ei he o hose
ooms o w i e bo h business and p i a e emails.
In esponse o his de elopmen , IIS- ela ed bounda y managemen has become
a key opic in bounda y heo y and IS esea ch (Duxbu y e al. 2014; Fenne and
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36 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
Renn 2010;Jahne al.2016;Kö e e al.2015;K eine 2006). While social science
esea che s ha e analyzed IIS as a new bounda y managemen ac ic ha can p o-
ide new ways o se ing bounda ies (Golden and Geisle 2007; MacCo mick e al.
2012), IIS esea che s ha e examined he mo e ex ensi e in eg a ion o domains and
i s associa ed e ec s, such as g ea e domain blu ing and mo e c oss-domain in e -
up ions (Chamakio is e al. 2014;Koche al.2012;Kö e e al.2014a). Fu he ,
in eg a ed app oaches combine knowledge om bo h disciplines o be e unde s and
he consequences o IIS in eg a ion and bounda y managemen (e.g., Duxbu y e al.
2014;Jahne al.2016).
Wi h ega d o bounda y managemen , p io s udies ha e de ined a ange o
s a egies. Jahn e al. (2016), o example, ha e dis inguished be ween in eg a ion
s a egies ha use in o ma ion echnologies, depending on whe he hei p ima y ob-
jec i e is segmen a ion, in eg a ion, o media ion be ween he wo. Ano he example
is he s udy o Duxbu y e al. (2014) in he cou se o which hey in e iewed 25
p o essional knowledge wo ke s abou hei indi idual sma phone use and how his
a ec s hei li es. The esul s indica ed h ee di e en g oups: in eg a o s, who end
o in eg a e domains by use o hei sma phone, segmen o s, who end o segmen
domains, and s uggling segmen o s, who only use hei business de ices du ing
non-business hou s i hey eel p essu e om hei employe o do so.
Conce ning he e ec s o IIS in eg a ion on indi iduals, mul iple s udies e ealed
ha he sha ed use o de ices o se ices o bo h p i a e and business asks had
a no able impac on domain blu ing, which was ound o exace ba e he wo k-li e
con lic (Kö e e al. 2014a; Wang and Zhang 2015; Yun e al. 2012). This, in u n,
has been associa ed wi h g ea e job s ess (Yun e al. 2012). Meanwhile, Kö e e al.
(2014b) concluded ha IIS in eg a ion has a posi i e e ec on job pe o mance.
In summa y, esea ch a he in e sec ion o bounda y heo y and IIS sugges s ha
IIS has o be conside ed as an impo an new bounda y managemen ool wi h he
po en ial o a ec ing an indi idual’s well-being in a meaning ul way, ye he e is
mo e esea ch o be done. So a , he li e a u e on IIS and bounda y heo y has no
ye add essed he ac ha any eal-li e in eg a ion o hose wo domains si s on
a con inuum be ween comple e in eg a ion and comple e segmen a ion.
3 Concep ualizing IIS In eg a ion
To measu e IIS in eg a ion, we i s de ine wha componen s we mean by IIS. The e-
o e, we build ou concep on he seminal s udies by Lee e al. (2015), Gaß e al.
(2015), and Baske ille (2011a). Acco ding o Lee e al. (2015), an IS is he com-
bina ional in e play o echnology, in o ma ion, and social a i ac s. A echnology
a i ac is unde s ood o be a human-c ea ed ool (e.g., ha dwa e o so wa e) ha is
“used o sol e a p oblem, achie e a goal o se e a pu pose ha is human de ined,
human pe cei ed o human el ” (Lee e al. 2015, p. 8). An in o ma ion a i ac is
“ he ins an ia ion o in o ma ion, whe e he ins an ia ion occu s h ough a human
ac ei he di ec ly [...] o indi ec ly” (Lee e al. 2015, p. 8). A social a i ac consis s
o “ ela ionships o in e ac ions be ween o among indi iduals” (Lee e al. 2015,
p. 9) (see Fig. 1, le ). Gaß e al. (2015) sugges ha an IIS has a a ie y o in o ma-
K
Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 43
Table 1 Cons uc De ini ions
Cons uc De ini ion Sou ce
IIS In eg a ion The deg ee o o e lap in he use o he IIS
sub-sys ems (PIS and BIS)
Sel -de eloped
Domain Blu ing “The expe ience o di icul y in dis in-
guishing” one domain om ano he
Des oche s e al. (2005,
p. 460)
C oss-Domain In e -
up ions
The expe ience o ha ing one domain
in ude in o ano he
Ash o h e al. (2000); Chen
and Ka ahanna (2014)
Physical Magni ude o
T ansi ion
The e o equi ed o lea e one domain o
en e ano he physically
Ash o h e al. (2000)
Psychological Magni-
ude o T ansi ion
The e o equi ed o lea e one domain o
en e ano he psychologically
Ash o h e al. (2000)
To assess con en and ace alidi y o he i em scales, we conduc ed a ca d
so ing among ellow esea che s (Moo e and Benbasa 1991; Tha che e al. 2018).
We asked pa icipan s o ma ch he i ems o he de ini ion o each laye in eg a ion
in an online mask. Six een pa icipan s comple ed he ask. Pa icipan s ma ched 38
o he 44 i ems co ec ly by a pe cen age o a leas 80%. We e iewed he o he six
i ems and e o mula ed hem acco ding o he pa icipan s’ eedback so as o do ull
jus ice o he con en o he espec i e cons uc .
Nex , we designed an online su ey o collec da a and empi ically es ou mea-
su es o he a ious cons uc s o he esea ch model as well as he demog aphics.
We es ic ed pa icipa ion o cu en ly o ecen ly employed o sel -employed in-
di iduals since he su ey sough o collec da a conce ning bo h domains. We
ec ui ed pa icipan s om he Uni ed S a es ia he online c owdsou cing ma ke ,
Amazon Mechanical Tu k (MTu k), an in e ne -based pla o m o ec ui pa ici-
pan s o small asks, such as he pa icipa ion in a su ey (S eelman e al. 2014).
This pla o m has al eady been used in se e al IS s udies (e.g., James e al. 2019;
Keh e al. 2015; Low y e al. 2016) and s udies on he popula ion o MTu k pa -
icipan s ha e shown ha hey a e no di e en om popula ions o o he in e ne -
based ec ui ed samples based on di e en psychome ic scales (Buh mes e e al.
2011). Howe e , o ensu e da a quali y, we execu ed di e en measu es, such as an
ins uc ional manipula ion check (Oppenheime e al. 2009), an a en ion check, and
ee ex ques ions o iden i y unusual commen s (Chmielewski and Kucke 2020).
Fu he , esponden s we e paid a small incen i e o pa icipa ion in he s udy. Fol-
lowing he ecommenda ions o Hai e al. (2014), we aimed o achie e a sample
size o a leas 191 esponden s. O he esponden s who ook pa in his s udy, 205
p o ided da a ha me ou quali y guidelines. 36% o he esponden s we e emale.
The a e age age o he esponden s was 37 yea s.
4.3 Resul s
4.3.1 Measu emen Model
Fo scale pu i ica ion and e inemen , we assessed ou measu emen model by s uc-
u al equa ion modeling (PLS-SEM) using Sma PLS 3.0 and ollowed he sugges-
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44 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
ions o Hai e al. (2014). When i came o assessing he o ma i e measu e o IIS
in eg a ion as he ex en o in eg a ion on he ou laye s, we examined con en a-
lidi y by pe o ming a “subjec i e bu sys ema ic e alua ion o how well he domain
con en o a cons uc is cap u ed by i s indica o s” (Hai e al. 2014, p. 115). Based
on he heo e ical de i a ion and ou ca d so ing, we deemed he con en alid. We
hen assessed he indica o s o collinea i y by checking whe he each indica o ’s
a iance in la ion ac o (VIF) alue was lowe han 5.0 (Hai e al. 2014). Ou da a
ul illed his c i e ion. We also examined he indica o s’ ou e weigh s and ou e
loadings. Rega ding he o me , only he ou e weigh o ela ionship in eg a ion
was signi ican . Howe e , based on he ecommenda ions o Hai e al. (2014)and
Cen e elli and Bassellie (2009), we e ained all ou indica o s, as hei ou e load-
ings we e all signi ican and highe han 0.5. See Appendix B o an o e iew o
he cons uc s’ ou e weigh s and loadings and he indica o s’ co ela ions.
The ou e weigh s and loadings also e ealed ha he ela ionship laye is o
highes impo ance o he cons uc , wi h an ou e loading o 0.994. This may
imply ha he o he h ee laye s could be omi ed om he cons uc . Howe e ,
he na u e o o ma i e cons uc s is ha he indica o s only oge he de e mine he
meaning o a cons uc since “each indica o [...] cap u es a speci ic aspec o he
cons uc ’s domain” (Hai e al. 2014, p. 43). Thus, we decided o e ain all ou
indica o s since hey e lec he ou heo e ical laye s o IIS in eg a ion, bu o
analyze he issue once again when es ing he s uc u al model (see las pa ag aph
o Sec . 4.3.3).
To assess he e lec i e measu es o domain blu ing, c oss-domain in e up ions,
psychological magni ude o ansi ion, and physical magni ude o ansi ion, we
s a ed by examining in e nal consis ency eliabili y. Acco ding o Hai e al. (2014),
his is bes assessed ia composi e eliabili y (CR), which should be highe han
0.708. All o ou cons uc s exceeded his h eshold. Wi h a iew o con e gen
alidi y, we examined indica o eliabili y and a e age a iance ex ac ed (AVE). To
assess indica o eliabili y, we checked each indica o ’s ou e loadings. All o hem
we e ound o be o e he expec ed 0.708. Also, AVE u ned ou o be sa is ac o y,
since he minimum AVE o all cons uc s was measu ed a 0.747 (Hai e al. 2014).
Fo disc iminan alidi y, we i s examined each indica o ’s c oss-loadings wi h
all o he cons uc s o check whe he hey we e lowe han he indica o ’s ou e
loading on he cons uc . Ou da a me his c i e ion. We hen made su e ha each
cons uc ’s squa e oo o he AVE was highe han he highes co ela ion wi h o he
cons uc s (Fo nell-La cke c i e ion). Disc iminan alidi y is he e o e suppo ed.
Table 2shows means, s anda d de ia ions (SD), and CR alues as well as he AVE
alues o all cons uc s. In o ma ion on con ol a iables, (c oss-)loadings, and he
Fo nell-La cke c i e ion can be ound in Appendix C.
Since he i em scales had al eady me he quali y c i e ia, we did no collec a new
sample, as sugges ed by MacKenzie e al. (2011). Ins ead, we inalized he p ocess
by assessing nomological alidi y, which will be p esen ed in Sec . 4.3.3.
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Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 45
Table 2 Desc ip i e S a is ics, Main Fac o Loadings, In e nal Consis ency, and A e age Va iance Ex-
ac ed
No. o
I ems
Mean SD Loadings CR AVE
IIS In eg a ion 4 0.626 0.279 0.564–0.994 – –
Domain Blu ing 2 4.568 1.885 0.857–0.897 0.870 0.770
C oss-Domain In e up ions 2 4.198 1.998 0.863–0.866 0.855 0.747
Psychological Magni ude o
T ansi ion
4 3.990 2.015 0.878–0.903 0.940 0.797
Physical Magni ude o T an-
si ion
4 3.990 2.011 0.868–0.910 0.939 0.795
4.3.2 Ini ial S a is ics On IIS In eg a ion
We calcula ed he deg ee o in eg a ion o each laye wi h he a o emen ioned
me hod. Fi s , we assigned alues o 1 o 7 o he se en-poin Like scales ha we
used o ask abou usage equency o de ices and digi al iden i ies and in eg a ion o
ela ionships and in o ma ion. See Fig. 4 o he co esponding his og ams. Table 3
p o ides an o e iew o he mean and s anda d de ia ions o he ou laye s di-
ided by gende , age, ma i al s a us, and weekly wo king hou s. We also es ed o
signi ican di e ences be ween he g oups, displaying he p- alues o he unpai ed
- es s and he analysis o a iance (ANOVA).
The esul s di e by IIS laye . The de ice laye shows he highes mean o
0.708, ollowed by digi al iden i ies wi h a mean o 0.641. Responden s use many
de ices o bo h business and p i a e ma e s, and some imes hey use di e en
digi al iden i ies on hese de ices o a end o di e en ma e s. As o he ela ionship
and he in o ma ion laye s, bo h show ela i ely high mean in eg a ion alues o
0.554 and 0.603. Responden s o en alk o exchange messages wi h hei amily/
iends and colleagues abou business as well as p i a e ma e s.
Ou esul s show no signi ican gende di e ences be ween IIS laye s. Rega ding
age, howe e , we can see a signi ican di e ence in digi al iden i y in eg a ion. The
highes a e was ound among esponden s be ween he ages o 45 and 54, ollowed
by he age g oup o 25 o 34. An in e es ing obse a ion wo h no ing he e is ha
esponden s who wo k less han 30h pe week end o in eg a e hei digi al iden i ies
and ela ionships mo e han ull- ime employees do. O en, hey use a p i a e digi al
iden i y like a sma phone numbe o email add ess in he business domain and ice
e sa. Fu he mo e, hey end o ha e mo e iends among hei colleagues.
4.3.3 S uc u al Model and Tes ing o he Hypo heses
The s uc u al models we e no impai ed by collinea i y issues, as indica ed by all
VIF alues being lowe han 5.0. See Fig. 5 o he model es ima es.
IIS in eg a ion was ound o be posi i ely ela ed o domain blu ing, c oss-do-
main in e up ions, and psychological magni ude o ansi ion, which lays c edence
o H1, H2, and H4. Howe e , i is also posi i ely ela ed o he physical magni ude
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46 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
Table 3 Mean, S anda d De ia ion, and Resul s o Tes s o Signi ican Di e ences o DOI
De ice In eg a ion Digi al Iden i y In eg a ion Rela ionship In eg a ion In o ma ion In eg a ion
N Mean SD p- alue Mean SD p- alue Mean SD p- alue Mean SD p- alue
To al
– 205 0.708 0.282 – 0.641 0.331 – 0.554 0.266 – 0.603 0.203 –
Gende a
Female 73 0.715 0.294 0.793 0.657 0.329 0.613 0.525 0.286 0.273 0.592 0.229 0.579
Male 132 0.704 0.276 0.632 0.333 0.569 0.253 0.609 0.187
Ageb
Unde 25 4 0.595 0.366 0.361 0.284 0.396 0.043* 0.514 0.305 0.088 0.583 0.134 0.511
25 o 34 109 0.732 0.252 0.682 0.303 0.591 0.238 0.61 0.183
35 o 44 44 0.709 0.294 0.568 0.365 0.48 0.278 0.563 0.217
45 o 54 22 0.714 0.323 0.704 0.307 0.601 0.315 0.655 0.251
>54 26 0.614 0.328 0.594 0.358 0.485 0.283 0.601 0.221
Ma i al S a usb
Single 38 0.701 0.265 0.003** 0.618 0.343 <0.001*** 0.529 0.297 <0.001*** 0.578 0.205 0.007**
In a Rela ion-
ship
14 0.580 0.262 0.470 0.307 0.417 0.275 0.530 0.171
Ma ied 143 0.742 0.271 0.690 0.314 0.594 0.244 0.629 0.186
Di o ced 8 0.426 0.360 0.235 0.239 0.274 0.168 0.451 0.355
Widowed 2 0.401 0.313 0.439 0.480 0.236 0.334 0.302 0.280
Weekly Wo king Hou sa,c
<30 23 0.755 0.256 0.346 0.783 0.179 0.001** 0.653 0.229 0.037* 0.629 0.215 0.565
30 o mo e 180 0.700 0.286 0.625 0.34 0.540 0.269 0.602 0.202
*p<0.05
** p<0.01
*** p< 0.001
ap- alue o unpai ed - es
bp- alue o ANOVA
cN= 203 owing o missing in o ma ion
K
Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 47
Fig. 4 His og ams showing he deg ees o in eg a ion o all Fou Laye s (n= 205)
o ansi ion, a he han nega i ely, as posi ed in H3. Resul s o con ol a iables
can be ound in Appendix D.
To u he alida e ou indings, we i s sc eened ou da a o non- esponse bias
by sepa a ely analyzing he model o he i s and second hal es o ou g oup o
esponden s (A ms ong and O e on 1977). We ound no indica ion o non- esponse
bias.
Second, we checked o common me hod a iance (CMV) by employing he co -
ela ional ma ke echnique as a pos hoc es (Lindell and Whi ney 2001;Richa dson
e al. 2009). We pa ialled ou he smalles and he second-smalles sha ed a iance
in bi a ia e co ela ions among subs an i e exogenous la en a iables. Since we
ound only mino changes in signi icance o he bi a ia e co ela ion among hese
a iables, we deem CMV no o be a conce n in his s udy. Fu he mo e, we im-
plemen ed he co ela ional ma ke echnique wi h a heo e ically un ela ed ma ke
a iable (Lindell and Whi ney 2001; Richa dson e al. 2009). Again, pa ialling ou
he smalles and second-smalles sha ed a iance be ween he ma ke and he sub-
s an i e exogenous a iables esul ed in no subs an ial changes in signi icance o
bi a ia e co ela ions. The e is, hen, no e idence o indica e CMV in ou s udy.
Thi d, we conduc ed a obus ness check on ou measu emen me hod by changing
one o i s speci ica ions. As p oposed, we calcula ed he DOI by weigh ing he pa ial
in eg a ions (doi) wi h he usage equency. Fo he obus ness check, we buil an
unweigh ed mean. We an he PLS algo i hm wi h he unweigh ed DOIs and ound
he same signi ican ela ionships. This inding lends u he suppo o he a ionale
o ou measu emen me hod, which is o calcula e he ex en o IIS in eg a ion by
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48 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
Fig. 5 Model Resul s
pu ing each componen ’s usage equency o one domain in o a ela ionship wi h
he o he domain’s usage equency, seeing as changing one subo dina e speci ica ion
did no al e he esul s.
Fou h, o u he es whe he all laye s a e impo an we an ou sepa a e models
measu ing IIS in eg a ion wi h only one o he IIS laye s each o es whe he
all laye s indi idually a e ela ed o he dependen a iables (see Table 4). The
esul s show ha each laye i sel shows signi ican ela ions wi h he ou dependen
a iables. Howe e , he pa h coe icien s wi hin he p ima y model, including all ou
indica o s, a e only sligh ly highe han in he model including only ela ionship
in eg a ion (Model 4), hus indica ing ha adding he o he h ee indica o s does no
inc ease he pa h coe icien s subs an ially.
These esul s om compa ing he models oge he wi h he high loadings o
ela ionship in eg a ion as compa ed o he lowe loadings o he o he laye s lead
us o he conclusion ha only he ela ionship laye is necessa y o explaining
ou comes o IIS in eg a ion. While we heo e ically concep ualized ou laye s o
IIS, only one o hem is necessa y o explaining he consequences o he in eg a ion
o IIS. We will discuss his issue in he ollowing discussion sec ion.
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Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 49
Table 4 Model Compa ison wi h Di e en Subse s o IIS In eg a ion Laye s
Pa h Coe icien s
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5
Ope a ionali-
za ion o IIS
In eg a ion
All ou
indica o s
Only de ice
in eg a ion
Only digi al
iden i y in e-
g a ion
Only e-
la ionship
in eg a ion
Only in-
o ma ion
in eg a ion
IIS In e-
g a ion!
Domain Blu -
ing
0.705 *** 0.354 *** 0.372 *** 0.696 *** 0.499 ***
IIS In e-
g a ion!
C oss-Do-
main In e -
up ions
0.601 *** 0.236 *** 0.289 *** 0.599 *** 0.398 ***
IIS In e-
g a ion!
Physical
Magni ude o
T ansi ion
0.703 *** 0.304 *** 0.376 *** 0.703 *** 0.498 ***
IIS In eg a-
ion!Psy-
chological
Magni ude o
T ansi ion
0.711 *** 0.291 *** 0.443 *** 0.695 *** 0.446 ***
*p<0.05
** p<0.01
*** p< 0.001
5 Discussion
Fo ou concep ualiza ion o IIS and IIS in eg a ion, we dis inguished be ween ou
laye s o IIS, de ined IIS in eg a ion as he o e lap o IIS sub-sys ems om he
p i a e and business domains, and de eloped a measu emen me hod o quan i y he
in eg a ion. We also de eloped a heo e ical model o he e ec s o IIS in eg a ion
and assessed his by means o a ho ough empi ical s udy.
5.1 Discussion o Resul s On IIS In eg a ion
Building on exis ing li e a u e and ou p elimina y in e iews, we concep ualized
IIS as a composi e o ou laye s: de ices, digi al iden i ies, ela ionships, and in o -
ma ion. Howe e , when looking a he in eg a ion o an IIS, ela ionship in eg a ion
was ound o ha e he mos in o ma i e alue on IIS in eg a ion as a whole, while
he o he h ee laye s do no con ibu e o explaining he ou comes as much. This
is in e es ing as i implies ha ega dless o he echnological (i.e., de ices and
digi al iden i ies) and in o ma ion laye s o IIS, he mos impo an ac o o de-
e mining whe he business and p i a e li es o e lap seems o be he ela ionships
he indi idual in e ac s wi h. This migh be because in eg a ion on he ela ionship
laye mani es s in eg a ion on he o he laye s o some ex en ep esen ing he in-
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50 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
di idual’s eal-wo ld ela ionships wi hin he IIS. I , o example, an indi idual has
a colleague who has also become a close iend o e he yea s, he indi idual will
alk o his colleague/ iend abou business- as well as p i a e-li e- ela ed opics
( hus, in o ma ion in eg a ion is a ec ed). Fo communica ing wi h he colleague/
iend, he indi idual migh no so much di e en ia e whe he he sha ed business
in o ma ion is only communica ed ia business de ices and digi al iden i ies and
ice e sa. These indings align wi h ep esen a ion heo y, which s a es ha in-
o ma ion sys ems a e ep esen a ions o domains (Wand and Webe 1995; Bu on-
Jones e al. 2017). Rega ding IIS in eg a ion, IIS a e ep esen a ions o he indi id-
ual’s eal-wo ld ela ionship. This also adds o he ecen discou se b ough up by
Baske ille e al. (2020), ha oday, digi al echnologies shape he physical eali y,
indica ing ha o IIS and IIS in eg a ion, in ou case, he eal-wo ld s ill shapes
he digi al ep esen a ion. Thus, we conclude ha e en hough IIS a e composed o
ou di e en laye s, only he ela ionship laye is o in e es when i comes o IIS
in eg a ion.
5.2 Theo e ical Con ibu ions
Ou i s heo e ical con ibu ion is he de ini ion o ou IIS laye s. We a i ed a
his by building on he wo k ha Baske ille (2011a) did in he ield when de ining
IIS. We also d ew on he esea ch o Lee e al. (2015) o ex end hei h ee-laye
de ini ion o IS o IIS. Fu he mo e, we included he no ions o Gaß e al. (2015).
Ou de ini ion allows esea che s o unde s and IIS be e since he ou laye s can
be analyzed and designed sepa a ely. Toge he , hese con ibu ions in o m he as ye
somewha ledgling esea ch on IIS and bols e i s signi icance wi hin he ield o
IS.
This s udy’s second con ibu ion o he li e a u e is he inding on IIS in eg a ion,
as his had me ely been examined on ce ain pa s o an IIS wi hou accoun ing o
all laye s. While we i s concep ualized IIS in eg a ion as he deg ee o o e lap
be ween i s sub-sys ems on all ou laye s, we came o he conclusion ha IIS in e-
g a ion is ep esen ed by he in eg a ion on he ela ionship laye alone h oughou
he empi ical in es iga ion. This conclusion adds o esea ch on IT consume iza ion,
in es iga ing he use o p i a ely-owned de ices and digi al iden i ies o business
pu poses (i.e., in eg a ion o de ices and digi al iden i ies) (e.g., Kö e e al. 2014a;
O bach 2015; O bach e al. 2013). Ou indings b ing a new pe spec i e on why
indi iduals engage in IT consume iza ion, as he eason o his may i s and o e-
mos lie in he ela ionships ha a e p esen in bo h domains o li e. Also, ou comes
o IT consume iza ion, such as blu ing domains, may no be because o he IT con-
sume iza ion i sel bu because o he unde lying ela ionship in eg a ion. Hence,
u u e esea che s would be well-ad ised o ake his o wa d, conduc u he in-
es iga ions, and in es iga e how ela ionship in eg a ion and in eg a ion on he o he
laye s a e ela ed. E en hough ela ionship in eg a ion appea s o mani es he in-
eg a ion o he o he IIS laye s, we can obse e some people p e e ing o use wo
sepa a e sma phones o communica ing wi h he same ela ionships—depending
on whe he he communica ion is business- o p i a e- ela ed. Explo ing he easons
o hese di e ences is a p omising a enue o u u e in es iga ion. Fo his, ou
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Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61 51
me hod o measu ing in eg a ion on he di e en laye s can be used o empi ically
in es iga e he ela ionships and e ec s o he single laye s o IIS in eg a ion.
Also, ou s udy ocuses on he wo majo domains o li e: he p i a e and he
business. Ou concep ualiza ion, howe e , can be adap ed o o he domains. I can
be used o examine sub-domains o he p i a e domain, such as he amily domain o
he domain o one’s engagemen in cha i y. Likewise, i can be used o di e en ia e
be ween sub-domains o he business domain, such as he domains o di e en
o ganiza ional eams o which he indi idual is a membe .
We made he hi d heo e ical con ibu ion o his s udy by being able o con i m
he impac ha IIS in eg a ion has on bounda y heo y cons uc s, such as blu ing
and in e up ions, since, in doing so, we ound suppo o he ans e o bounda y
heo y o IIS esea ch. In his con ex , i is also wo h no ing ha his s udy con-
ibu es o bounda y heo y by e ealing and demons a ing he ele ance o IIS as
a bounda y managemen ac ic o be deployed in andem wi h he mo e adi ional
ac ics. Fu he wo h men ioning a e he explo a o y indings his s udy p o ides
on he ela ionship be ween he ex en o IIS in eg a ion by laye and gende , age,
ma i al s a us, and wo king hou s. I is ou hope ha hese indings will in o m
u u e de elopmen s in IIS heo y.
5.3 P ac ical Implica ions
Ou esul s sugges di e en p ac ical implica ions o indi iduals, o ganiza ions,
and IT designe s. Indi iduals mus unde s and he a ious ways in which hei
in eg a ion o ela ionships a ec s se e al ou comes, such as blu ing and c oss-
domain in e up ions. They mus also unde s and ha we all di e in he ex en
o in eg a ion ha we deem o be mos e icien and sui able o ou sel es. Fu he
complica ing ma e s is he ac ha he indi idual use depends on he op ions o
cons uc an IIS ha a de ice p o ide like hei employe o e s. Some employe s
will no allow he use o business sma phones o no ebooks o p i a e pu poses.
The e can, hen, be a gap be ween an indi idual’s in en ion o cons uc a bespoke IIS
and he oppo uni ies a ailable o do so in he employmen con ex . I is, he e o e, in
each indi idual’s in e es o explo e he a ious posi i e and nega i e ami ica ions
along wi h he oppo uni ies o cons uc a pe sonalized IIS wi hin he pa ame e s
o hei o ganiza ional o social en i onmen .
O ganiza ions, meanwhile, should be awa e ha hei employees may di e con-
side ably in wha hey deem o be he op imal ex en o in eg a ion depending on he
ex en o hei ela ionship in eg a ion. A suppo i e employe will, he e o e, enable
employees o c ea e hei echnical and in o ma ion laye s o he IIS as in eg a ed o
segmen ed as hey p e e o ma ch he eal-wo ld ela ionship in eg a ion. Po en ial
ways o acili a e such lexible IIS in eg a ion a e so-called “b ing you own de ice
policies.” O he op ions include allowing p i a e use o business email and clea ly
de ining which wo k- ela ed in o ma ion may be sha ed wi h amily and iends.
Fu he mo e, o ganiza ions migh also wan o conside allowing hei employees o
keep hei espec i e IIS segmen ed. I employees a e gi en he means and libe y o
op imize he ex en o hei indi idual IIS in eg a ion, hei imp o ed pe sonal well-
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52 Schmalenbachs Zei sch i ü be iebswi scha liche Fo schung (2024) 76:29–61
being may p o e bene icial o hei p o essional pe o mance and hus also pay o
o hei employe .
The bes way o IT designe s o o e simila ly e ec i e suppo in cons uc ing
an indi idual’s op imized IIS is by p o iding echnology ha allows use s o swi ch
be ween in eg a ion and segmen a ion. Fo ins ance, sma phones should be able o
dis inguish i a call is ela ed o a p i a e- o business- ela ed ma e . This would
allow he use o decide whe he o no a c oss-domain in e up ion is desi able o
indeed pe missible a a gi en ime o place.
5.4 Limi a ions and Conclusion
Like all esea ch p ojec s, his s udy is subjec o ce ain limi a ions. We measu ed
he in eg a ion o IIS by he esponden s’ sel - epo ed usage equency o IIS com-
ponen s. Fu u e esea ch could ad ance da a collec ion o measu e IIS in eg a ion
objec i ely. One possible way o doing so would be au oma ed de ice and digi al
iden i y usage measu emen . Ano he limi a ion in ou measu emen a e he used
ma ke a iables o es o common me hod a iance. Bo h a iables we e sel -
de eloped and no subjec o scale de elopmen in p io esea ch.
Fu he mo e, we did no di e en ia e be ween he di ec ions o IIS in eg a ion.
We did no di e en ia e be ween p i a e IIS componen s ex ending in o he business
domain and ice e sa. Fu u e esea che s migh do well o b oaden he unde s and-
ing o IIS in eg a ion in ha ega d. They migh also do well o expand he da a
collec ion, seeing as we es ic ed i o communica ion as he main use case o IIS.
Al hough communica ion is an impo an use case in bo h business and p i a e do-
mains, u he s udies could yield in e es ing insigh s by measu ing he in eg a ion
o IIS as a whole. Fu he mo e, he e a e dynamic de elopmen s ha impac he
ope a ionaliza ion o IIS in eg a ion. App oaches such as Apple’s new ocus ea u e
change he way how indi iduals use di e se in o ma ion sys ems and o e hem
mo e oppo uni ies o sepa a e hei p i a e domains om hei business domains
and ice e sa (Apple 2021). Fu he esea ch should add ess he impac o hese
de elopmen s on he ope a ionaliza ion o ou ou -laye model.
By way o conclusion, i emains only o say ha , in his s udy, we in oduced ou
laye s o IIS, concep ualized IIS in eg a ion, and p esen ed a measu emen model
o IIS in eg a ion. Since bo h p i a e and business domains will emain impo an
o indi iduals, u u e esea che s should con inue o in es iga e he easons o IIS
in eg a ion and i s a ious ami ica ions. In doing so, hey should be guided by he
pu pose o p o iding indi iduals wi h solu ions o manage IIS in eg a ion on each
o i s ou laye s, solu ions ha should also enable use s o consciously de ine he
ex en o IIS in eg a ion ha is ideally sui ed o hem indi idually so as o educe
ad e se e ec s.
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